| 1. |
- Brismar, Anna
(författare)
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The Atatürk Dam project in south-east Turkey : Changes in objectives and planning over time
- 2002
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : Wiley. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 26:2, s. 101-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Atatürk Dam was constructed on the Euphrates River in Turkey in the 1980s as the central component of a large-scale regional development project for the South-eastern Anatolia region, known as GAP. Since the first development plan for the region was presented in 1970, the objectives for regional development have changed significantly.This article aims to analyze how the functions, design, and capacities of the Atatürk Dam project have been modified since 1970, paralleling changes in the regional development objectives and ambitions, and to identify accomplishments and constraints in the realization of the dam project.Since 1970, ambitions to develop the region have grown significantly, resulting in major changes to the original project plans. The most important change occurred in 1978, when the design for the Middle Karababa Dam, recommended in 1970, was abandoned and the Atatürk Dam design was adopted. This change considerably increased the storage and power generation capacities of the dam. Yet, the sparse rainfall throughout the catchment in recent years has hampered full utilization of the dam’s storage and generation capacities and increased the need for tradeoffs between conflicting demands for water use.
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| 2. |
- Brukas, Vilis, et al.
(författare)
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Resource availability, planning rigidity and Realpolitik in Lithuanian forest utilization
- 2011
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Ingår i: Natural Resources Forum. - : Wiley. - 0165-0203. ; 35, s. 77-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As tensions among diverse forest-use interests in Lithuania are on the rise, this study examines the actual resource availability, the underlying planning approaches and the pertinent policy arena. Two 5-year cycles of sampling-based forest inventory provide accurate data showing that the overall timber harvest/increment ratio (or utilization intensity) is 61%. Utilization intensity is similar in state and private forests. It could potentially be raised to 70-80%, with due account for environmental values. Such an increase is inhibited by rigid routines of forest management planning, involving inflexible rotation ages and cutting norms. Age-class analysis indicates that the current planning practice counters its underlying aim of achieving a long-term even flow of timber. According to a survey of key forest stakeholders, those who directly benefit from forest utilization have a weak position in the policy arena, the dominant powers being vested in the national forestry authorities. State forest enterprises have to follow restrictive plans from above, private forest owners are constrained by stern regulations and suffer from the bad image caused by the persistent myth of overuse in private forests. More rational management of Lithuanian forests is hardly possible without major shifts in the institutional set-up accompanied by transformation of the professional ideology.
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| 3. |
- Carlsson, Lars
(författare)
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Towards a sustainable Russian forest sector
- 2000
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : Wiley. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 24:1, s. 31-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Russia's forest resources are enormous, but despite almost ten years of transition, problems are still immense, in terms of commercial output and with respect to forest management. This article suggests that one way of changing the situation is to introduce community management of forests. Using the Swedish forest commons as an example, this article argues that such a change in property rights will provide an alternative to massive privatization of the forests and to the undesirable continuation or strengthening of state forest management. Finally, it is concluded that such an introduction of new property rights regimes will not provide the solution to the problems, but rather will contribute to the establishment of a better institutional framework in the Russian forest sector
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| 4. |
- de Jong, Johnny
(författare)
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Extending the EU Renewable Energy Directive sustainability criteria to solid bioenergy from forests
- 2014
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Ingår i: Natural Resources Forum. - : Wiley. - 0165-0203. ; 38, s. 129-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solid bioenergy from forests plays and is expected to continue to play a key role to fulfil the renewable energy targets at the European Union level. When the Renewable Energy Directive was enacted, sustainability criteria were incorporated solely for biofuels and bioliquids. Sustainability criteria for solid bioenergy are also needed in order to prevent wood and primary forest residues from posing additional environmental risks to ecosystems. Acknowledging this, the European Commission has been working on extending the biofuels and bioliquids provisions to solid biomass. An internal draft was circulated in August 2013 which addressed the ways to both balance and mitigate the risks in three main topics: biodiversity; sustainable forest management; and greenhouse gases. This paper presents a set of criteria and indicators, developed during workshops with experts from Governments, scientific institutions, businesses and NGOs, that may be considered by the EU to assure that solid biomass from forests is obtained in an environmentally sustainable way.
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| 5. |
- Fenton, Paul David, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Contesting sustainability in urban transport — perspectives from a Swedish town
- 2015
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : Wiley. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 39:1, s. 15-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents findings from a document study, survey, and workshops held in a Swedish municipality. The empirical focus of the study is on the role of transport in municipal planning and transport's potential contribution to urban sustainability in the municipality. The case study highlights a problem familiar to many municipalities — a transport sector largely dependent on fossil fuel private vehicles that generates significant impacts on the climate and environment, along with other economic and social costs. However, despite awareness of these negative impacts, it is difficult to implement measures to reduce the use of private vehicles and enable a transition towards a sustainable transport sector. In Sweden, municipalities have exclusive planning monopolies and an extensive range of other powers. Despite this, many municipalities are struggling to reduce car dependency and enable sustainable mobility. This paper questions the extent to which the municipality and its governance processes are capable of contributing toward sustainable development, both locally and globally, in the absence of radical measures. In particular, the paper considers why, despite having adopted objectives to promote sustainable mobility, does the municipality struggle with the implementation of measures to enable sustainable mobility? Why is there a difference between words and actions?
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| 6. |
- Fenton, Paul
(författare)
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Sustainable mobility as Swiss cheese? : Exploring influences on urban transport strategy in Basel
- 2016
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 40:4, s. 143-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the development and implementation of strategies for sustainable mobility in Basel, Switzerland. Basel (Bâle, Basilea, Basle) has been identified as a ‘relatively successful’ practitioner of sustainable mobility, with an urban form that is not only conducive to walking and cycling, but also has an extensive public transport system and high levels of commuting using these sustainable modes of transport. With a low share of journeys by motor vehicles compared to many other European cities – combined with a legally-binding objective to reduce vehicle traffic by a further 10% from 2010 to 2020 – Basel appears to be a forerunner with regard to sustainable mobility policy and practice. Five years after this objective was passed into law – following a public vote, as Basel is part of the Swiss confederation and practices direct democracy – this study aims to assess the extent of policy implementation and reflect on challenges and opportunities for the future. The paper presents findings from a series of interviews with stakeholders in Basel on the theme of sustainable mobility. Key questions include: is it possible to develop coherent strategies and policies to further reduce the role of motor vehicles and in doing so, achieve a modal shift? How does participation in a direct democracy influence strategy and policy development and outcomes? Do compromises and trade-offs mean strategies and policies promoting sustainable mobility are, like Swiss cheese, riddled with holes? By illustrating challenges and opportunities when advancing sustainable mobility in a participative culture, the study provides insights for policymakers and researchers in other contexts. Among the conclusions is an emphasis on the importance of committed individuals capable of expanding the ‘strategy space’ of processes. Participation provides one such opportunity, yet may also generate divergent or contradictory trends causing incrementalism. A rapid transition to sustainable mobility is thus likely to require increased politicisation of the topic by both politicians and civil servants.
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| 7. |
- Hermann, Sebastian, et al.
(författare)
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Climate, land, energy and water (CLEW) interlinkages in Burkina Faso : An analysis of agricultural intensification and bioenergy production
- 2012
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : Wiley. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 36:4, s. 245-262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses climate, land, energy and water (CLEW) interactions in Burkina Faso. It shows that integrated assessments of resource use at the national level can provide important insights and benefits, especially for a resource constrained least developed country. Agricultural policy is shown to have strong implications for energy use, whereas energy policies are found to be strongly interrelated with water constraints. Without an integrated and coordinated approach, strategy and policy formulation efforts to increase energy, food and water security could become both incoherent and counter-productive.
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| 8. |
- Keskitalo, E. Carina H., et al.
(författare)
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Working with sustainability : Experiences of sustainability processes in Swedish municipalities
- 2012
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 36:1, s. 16-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Working with sustainability goals at the local level places large requirements on developing and integrating priorities within the budgeting and organization of local government. This study reviews how selected Swedish municipalities have dealt with developing local sustainability processes, in particular in regard to the Aalborg Declaration commitments. The study highlights difficulties, including the lack of funding and staff time for clearly relating to outside sustainability documents and strategies. It also focuses on the requirement for dedicated resources to development, prioritization and follow-up of sustainability goals, especially in smaller municipalities.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Muchapondwa, Edwin, et al.
(författare)
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The economic impacts of tourism in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa : Is poverty subsiding?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : Wiley. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 37:2, s. 80-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tourism in southern Africa is based on the region’s wildlife and nature assets and is generally environmentally sustainable, but the extent to which it contributes to other aspects of sustainable development – overall income generation, or poverty eradication – is less well explored. In this paper, we use social accounting matrices to compare economic impacts of foreign tourism in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. Overall impacts on GDP range from 6% (South Africa) to 9% (Namibia). However, South Africa’s economy is more diversified than its neighbours’ and more of the goods and services used by tourists and by the tourism industry are supplied domestically. Consequently, the impact per Rand spent is considerably larger for South Africa than for Botswana or Namibia. The poorer segments of the population appear to receive shares of tourism income that are smaller than their share of overall income in all three countries.
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| 11. |
- Nilsson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Foreign direct investment and institutional obstacles : The case of Russian forestry
- 2002
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : Wiley. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 26:4, s. 302-313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines why, in spite of vast forest resources, Russia has been unable to attract foreign investors into its forest industry. A survey of 32 influential Western European forest companies indicates that purely economic factors, such as labour or raw material costs, are not the main reasons these companies refrain from investing. Instead, the companies identify a number of institutional factors: ambiguous legal systems; difficulties in negotiating with local authorities; unfair tax enforcement; and general political instability as the main impediments to FDI in the sector. These factors have led many companies to abandon previously considered investments in Russia, and also to terminate existing business relationships with Russian partners. The survey results also indicate that, while many investors in forestry were attracted by the potential for a growing Russian market in the early days of the transition period, they have become more and more aware of the many institutional obstacles challenging growth in the sector. The article concludes, therefore, that FDI in the Russian forestry sector is likely to remain low until a fundamental change takes place in the legal and political systems.
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| 12. |
- Quin, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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How to "walk the talk" : The perspectives of sector staff on implementation of the rural water supply programme in Uganda
- 2011
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : Wiley. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 35:4, s. 269-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have adopted similar approaches to tackle the challenges of rural water supply, including community-based management, community participation and the demand-responsive approach. These are often combined with nationwide programmes of capacity-building and decentralization. This paper first shows how Uganda has adopted these approaches in its rural water supply programme. Based on Government documents, we construct an organizational framework that illustrates the overall programme and outlines the roles and responsibilities which actors are expected to fulfil. Second, based on interviews with sector staff and a review of Government documents, the paper examines challenges to successfully walk the talk; that is, it provides insight into challenges affecting programme implementation. Among numerous difficulties, two key issues are highlighted: local political interference and the weak capacity of local governments. Concerning local political interference, local planning processes need to be reformed so that local politicians commit more strongly to improving water supply. Regarding local government capacity, the Government department responsible for the programme has established eight regional units that provide support to local governments. This promising strategy, combined with more appropriate engagement and the commitment of local politicians, should help to improve the implementation of the rural water supply programme in Uganda.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Radetzki, Marian, et al.
(författare)
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Can scrap save us from depletion?
- 1979
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : Wiley. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 3:4, s. 365-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Old scrap constitutes varied proportions of consumption of different metals. The paper constructs a model in which the share of scrap in total supply is explained by three factors, the growth rate in overall demand for the metal; the share of metal contained in scrapped products actually recovered; and the durability of metal containing products. The model is used to study the impact on the share of scrap in total supply from changes in each of the factors. The strongest impact appears to follow from changes in the growth rate of overall demand. Inserting empirical data for copper into the model, the paper suggests, for instance, that in the long run old scrap could satisfy 100 per cent of copper demand, provided that this demand contracted by 1 per cent per year.
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| 15. |
- Singh, Nandita, et al.
(författare)
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Women and community water supply programmes : An analysis from a socio-cultural perspective
- 2005
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : Wiley. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 29:3, s. 213-223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Community water supply programmes are seen as instrumental in achieving the goal of 'safe' water for all. Women, a principal target group of these programmes, are to be benefited with greater convenience, enhanced socio-cultural opportunities and better health for themselves and their families, provided through improved water facilities. Water supply programmes largely consist of three essential components, namely: technology, people and institutions. Although such programmes are intended to benefit women members of local communities, scant attention is paid to the impacts of the socio-cultural context of the community on these programmes. This article explores the influence of social and cultural intricacies on the implementation of community water supply programmes, and assesses their effectiveness. The article offers important lessons for the design and implementation of this type of programme. It concludes that the local sociocultural context sets the stage for programme implementation, being a dynamic factor that determines actual access to water sources, more so than mere physical availability, which is often used as a criterion for programme performance. The article stresses the urgent need to integrate socio-cultural factors as a fourth dimension in designing community water supply programmes, and suggests practical measures for enhancing the effectiveness of such programmes.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Söderholm, Patrik
(författare)
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The political economy of power generation in Zimbabwe since 1980
- 1999
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : Wiley. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 23:4, s. 335-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a historical analysis of the power generation choices in Zimbabwe since independence in 1980; their causes and consequences. In the early 1980s, the electricity supply choices of the country were dictated by a policy of self-sufficiency, and least-cost supply options (e.g. imports and hydropower) were rejected at a not negligible economic cost. At the end of the 1980s, a new political environment and pressures from the World Bank prompted substantial changes towards least-cost alternatives. In the early 1990s, security of supply motives still played an important role and financial constraints were severe, At present, however, there is little evidence that imported power is still as cheap a source of electricity as it was about 15 years ago. This situation together with the ongoing trend towards higher discount rates imply that thermal power, in particular coal-fired power, will dominate future electricity supply investments in Zimbabwe.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Will, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Trade in fisheries services under the WTO and GATS framework
- 2020
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Ingår i: Natural resources forum (Print). - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0165-0203 .- 1477-8947. ; 44:2, s. 161-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies how fisheries services are classified in the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework for trade in services and discusses the potential impact of unclear classifications. The WTO plays a key role in regulation and assessment in the area of trade in services, mainly due to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which contains the only set of multilateral rules managing such trade internationally. The purpose of GATS is to create a credible and reliable system of international trade rules that ensures fair treatment of all participants. Through negotiations, individual countries establish commitments to provide market access and limiting national treatment in various service sectors. During such negotiations, the classification of services is a prerequisite to ensure unambiguous and comparable commitments. However, the classification list used by the WTO, namely the W/120, is based on, and corresponds to, old versions of other classification lists, leading to unclear classifications. This lack of clarity in sectoral classifications makes policy analysis unnecessarily difficult and creates a risk that trade agreements may be interpreted differently by different parties.
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| 20. |
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