| 1. |
- Ejigu, Alazar Gedamu, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable urbanism : Moving past Neo-Modernist & Neo-Traditionalist housing strategies
- 2014
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601. ; 39:1, s. 5-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing alienation of modernist public housing estates and their ethnically and socially excluded residents, as well as the neglected human potential-capital they symbolize (not social burden), is a grotesque expression of the failure of a system driven by the profit motive and failed housing, planning and social policy, rather than by the requirement to satisfy sustainable urbanism and dignified and just housing for all. The modernist concept of architecture & urban planning, which emerged in response to a very particular set of regional circumstance, spread throughout the world in the 20th century. The result, where the idea was simplistically accepted, had disastrous consequences. The postmodernist approach on the other hand has given up altogether on the social agenda of architecture and housing. Paying particular attention to housing, this paper discusses the contrasting results of modernist and –or post modernist planning approaches in housing and its consequences. It also looks at the rather recent Sustainable Urbanism paradigm and the possibility that it might offer as an alternative or a new complement to housing planning and design; this in contrast to the modernist satellite-suburban generic type of living in most major European cities as well as in the developing countries. The study is based on multiple methods which include, descriptive and exploratory qualitative approach (observation, introspection, analysis and deduction), as well as Futurescape Method of selected cases in the American Housing Program HOPE VI, and from ethnographic survey of an ongoing large scale housing program in Ethiopia known as Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP).Keywords: Sustainable Urbanism, Modernism, Hope VI, Integrated Housing Development Program, IHDP.
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| 2. |
- Ekman, Jörgen, et al.
(författare)
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Retention of Pb isotopes in glass surfaces for retrospective assessment of radon exposure
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 249:1-2, s. 544-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years there has been increasing interest in radio-epidemiological techniques to retrospectively measure the radon dose exposure by determining the activity of 210Pb, the longest-lived 222Rn progeny, in glass surface layers. In this study the diffusion of 39 keV 209Pb+ ions implanted into glass using the IGISOL facility has been studied under conditions that mimic the recoil implantation of 210Pb from 222Rn. The resulting depth distributions of 209Pb were then measured after heat treatment in vacuum at different temperatures by a sputter erosion technique. The diffusion coefficient could be described by an Arrhenius equation D = D0exp(−H/kT) where and H = 2.81 ± 0.11 eV. No statistically significant loss of 209Pb from the sample was observed for annealing between 470 and 600 °C.
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| 3. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Haas, Tigran, 1969-
(författare)
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Traditional European Squares in Contemporary Urbanism : Dubrovnik's Medieval Squares
- 2009
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601. ; 34:4, s. 57-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Buildings clone do not matter, it is only the ensemble of streets, squares, and buildings and the way they fit together that comprises the true principles of good urbanism and place making. One of the main rules of good urban design is the quality of the public space. This paper analyzes the importance of creating & maintaining a true public square in contemporary urban condition, as one of the built environments' pillars for sustaining social and cultural identify. Criticism has been posed towards the (neo) romanticizing the importance of European squares (as some critics would call it "Postcard Squares") in everyday life and contemporary town planning. Movements such as New Urbanism, which promote good urban design hove not put squares that high on their urban design agendas. Also the usage of the historic European city's public realm model - the square - as the important ingredient for all urban places has not been forthcoming. To investigate this phenomena, and facilitate the discourse, The Square of the St. Blaise Church (Luzo Square) and the Gunduliceva Poljana Square in the Old City of Dubrovnik, are analyzed and reflected upon through various data collection, theory reflections and urban design evaluation methods, such as Gorham's Sense of Place Typology-Taxonomy. If cities hove livable and vibrant social spaces, do residents tend to hove a stronger sense of community and sense of place? If such places ore locking, does the opposite happen?. This paper seeks out to answer these questions. Finally the paper also looks at how the phenomenon of creating good social spaces through creating 'third places' is achieved and confirmed in the squares of Dubrovnik.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Rolf
(författare)
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On case study methodology
- 2007
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601. ; 32:3, s. 48-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A case study is expected to capture the complexity of a single case, which should be a functioning unit, be investigated in its natural context with a multitude of methods, and be contemporary. A case study and, normally, history focus on one case, but simultaneously take account of the context, and so encompass many variables and qualities. When a physical artefact is the case the gap between case study and history tends to diminish and case studies often become more or less historical case studies. Case study methodology also bridges the gap between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences. Still the different concepts of validation in quantitative and qualitative research sometimes create confusion when they are combined, as they often are in case studies. The case might be studied with an intrinsic interest in the case as such, or with an interest in generalising. When a generalisation is based on the deductive principle, the procedure of testing hypothesis is used. A second mode of generalisation is inductive theory-generation, or conceptualisation. The third mode depends on the principle of abduction. Abduction is the process of facing an unexpected fact, applying some rule and, as a result, positing a case that may be. But there are two kinds of abduction: One is when a case is created from a few facts; for instance, historical data or clues. The other is operative when generalisations are made from known cases and applied to an actual problem situation by making appropriate comparisons. This is also called naturalistic generalisation. In a case study, the different modes of generalisation are often combined. The conclusion is that case studies has the potential for further development through the mastery of the combination on different levels of techniques, methodologies, strategies, or theories, like; the combination of case study and history, which is important when the case is an artefact; the combination of differing quality standards in qualitative and quantitative research, which are difficult to codify; and the combination of different modes of generalisation.
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| 8. |
- Löfstrand, Cecilia, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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The Construction of Gender and Homelessness in Sweden
- 2004
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601. ; 29:2, s. 6-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The varying conditions for different groups of people - men, women, couples and families - risking eviction and in a situation of homelessness have not attracted much attention as a research area in Sweden, although their needs are an issue which is emphasized among practitioners. This article deals with the ultimately political question of how the assumed special needs and characteristics of homeless people are discussed and responded to in existing social services and housing provisions. It presents, specifically, an analysis of the way in which constructions of gender differences affect formal and informal Swedish homelessness policies, as well as the outcome of these policies for the homeless people concerned. Discourse theory and the concepts of street-level bureaucracy and gender are the main theoretical tools. The article focuses on the intersection of discourses on homelessness and gender in order to understand the organization of help offered to households risking eviction and to homeless people.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Nord, Catharina
(författare)
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Confidentiality in architectural space : A study of HIV healthcare facilities in Uganda
- 2008
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601. ; 33:4, s. 53-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyses and discusses spatial conditions contributing to confidentiality in HIV healthcare facilities carried out by two non-governmental organisations in Uganda, the AIDS Information Centre (AIC) and The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO). The provision of confidential space was found to be the most important architectural quality promoting client wellbeing, where Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) as well as ongoing services to people living with HIV ore provided. The study shows that confidential space is a requirement in a number of situations: when the client approaches the health centre; during the visit; and in the meeting between client, counsellor and medical staff. An unobtrusive location of the centre and separate, private counselling rooms are thus the mast favourable spatial conditions.This article is based on a qualitative, explorative case study carried out in Jinja, Uganda during four months in 2004. Direct observation, interviews, primarily with clients and staff, spatial analyses and a qualitative content analysis were carried out.
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| 11. |
- Sahlin, Ingrid, 1950
(författare)
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Enclosure or Inclusion? Urban Improvement and Homelessness Policies
- 2004
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601. ; 29:2, s. 24-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social authorities and charity organisations develop programmes for help, treatment and control of the homeless, which aim at their inclusion in the community. At the same time new strategies emerge for improving order and safety, commerce and “quality of life” in the city centres, which entail closure of urban spaces and/or expulsion of homeless people from city centres. This paper explores some implications for homeless people of (the interaction of) these different strategies. The empirical basis includes reports and programmes regarding city renewal, crime prevention, zero-tolerance policing, and social and charity work with homeless people, as well as interviews with rough-sleeping homeless people in a Swedish city. It is argued that both kinds of policies, although they differ in purposes, means and perspectives, encourage and motivate the enclosure of homeless people in shelters. However, since these institutions sustain their order through exclusion – as a means for selection and as a sanction for misbehaviour – the conflicts of urban space use are reproduced.
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| 12. |
- Sandström, Greger, et al.
(författare)
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Smart home systems - Accessibility and trust
- 2010
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601. ; 35:3, s. 6-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the residents' attitudes to and acceptance of Smart Homes. The results are based on surveys of two residential units fit with advanced smart home systems. The systems offered functionalities of different kinds as alarms, energy measurement, booking of common facilities, broadband connections and electronic keys. The buildings were first occupied in mid 2001 and early 2002, respectively. The original smart home systems were in operation until end of 2005, when they ultimately were replaced by simpler ones, based on the web, a change not foreseen from the beginning. The extended period of time offered the possibility to study the residents' long term attitudes, expectations and demands on smart homes with their installed and perceived functionality. The questionnaire surveys focused on the residents experiences and included questions of their actual use of the smart home systems and opinions regarding accessibility and easy of use. Albeit functionality related to current demand is a basic requirement, two other concepts, viz, accessibility and trust, have appeared to be fundamental for a positive attitude and acceptance of various functions that constitute a smart home. Related issues are developed and further discussed in the article.
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| 13. |
- Sharif, Ahlam Ammar, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting, tinkering, adjusting and resisting : a typology of user translations of the built environment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Open House International. - : Emerald. - 0168-2601. ; 46:2, s. 266-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Architectural theorists have a long tradition of acknowledging the centrality of building users to architectural production. This article contributes to the discourse on architecture, actor-network theory (ANT), and users by proposing a typology of user translations ranging from supporting to tinkering to adjusting to resisting. Design/methodology/approach The research utilises an ANT-inspired ethnography of sustainable lighting scripts at the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology (MIST). It comprises semi-structured interviews with MIST designers and students, and site visits and participant observation to understand how the users interpret the scripts and how they interact and change them on a daily basis. Findings There is a shared understanding that users do not simply receive architectural designs but interpret and change them to suit their preferences. The findings reveal the multiple ways that users interpret and respond to the assumptions of designers and in the process, recast the relations between themselves and their material surroundings. Originality/value The research contributes to acknowledging the centrality of users to architectural design processes and the interpretation of design scripts, addressing the limitation in current literature in demonstrating the diversity of ways that users react to such scripts. The research suggests that user actions have significant implications on long-term building performance. It accordingly points to the need for devising multiple means of user involvement in the design process and allowing greater flexibility in design scripts to improve the alignment with user preferences.
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| 14. |
- Siggelsten, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of the Accuracy of Individual Heat Metering and Charging.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Open House International. - : Open House International Association. - 0168-2601. ; 39:2, s. 69-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individual metering and charging (IMC) allows energy costs to be apportioned among tenants in multi-apartment buildings based on their own energy use. This can result in reduced energy use due to an increased saving behaviour by tenants, which has caught the attention of the European Parliament. In the EU-directive 2012/27/EU there is a requirement for IMC to be installed by December 31, 2016 in multi-apartment buildings. Two techniques are mentioned in the directive for IMC: individual consumption meters and individual heat cost allocators. Either of these two techniques can be used as a method to measure the supplied energy to an apartment. Another method, not mentioned in the EU-directive, is temperature metering which means that the heating cost is instead based on measurements of the actual temperatures through sensors in certain locations in the apartment. However, some shortcomings have been identified with the aforementioned methods. The purpose of this study is to investigate how internal heat production, solar radiation, an apartment's location within the building and local defects in the building envelope affect the accuracy of IMC. The Energy demands of three apartments in different locations within the building have been simulated in the computer program VIP-Energy. The results of energy calculations prove that the accuracy of IMC is highly questionable in some of the investigated cases. The implication of the study is that it is difficult to measure the actual heat used for an individual apartment, which obstructs accurate and fair apportioning of heating costs among individual tenants.
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| 15. |
- Vazquez, Elena
(författare)
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Teaching parametric design : fostering algorithmic thinking through incomplete recipes
- 2023
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Algorithmic and computational thinking are necessary skills for designers in an increasingly digital world. Parametric design, a method to construct designs based on algorithmic logic and rules, has become widely used in architecture practice and incorporated in the curricula of architecture schools. However, there are few studies proposing strategies for teaching parametric design into architecture students, tackling software literacy while promoting the development of algorithmic thinking.Design/methodology/approach: A descriptive study and a prescriptive study are conducted. The descriptive study reviews the literature on parametric design education. The prescriptive study is centered on proposing the incomplete recipe as instructional material and a new approach to teaching parametric design.Findings: The literature on parametric design education has mostly focused on curricular discussions, descriptions of case studies or studio-long approaches; day-to-day instructional methods, however, are rarely discussed. A pedagogical strategy to teach parametric design is introduced: the incomplete recipe. The instructional method proposed provides students with incomplete recipes for parametric scripts that are increasingly pared down as the students become expert users.Originality/value: The article contributes to the existing literature by proposing the incomplete recipe as a strategy for teaching parametric design. The recipe as a pedagogical tool provides a means for both software skill acquisition and the development of algorithmic thinking.
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| 16. |
- Wamsler, Christine
(författare)
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Integrating risk reduction, urban planning and housing: Lessons from El Salvador
- 2006
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601. ; 31:1, s. 71-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasingly, attention has been given to the need to mainstream risk reduction in development work in order to reduce the vulnerability of the urban poor. Using El Salvador as a case study, the paper analyses the mainstreaming process in the developmental disciplines of urban planning and housing. The overall aim is to identify how the existing separation between risk reduction, urban planning and housing can be overcome and integration achieved. Since Hurricane Mitch in 1998, and especially after the 2001 earthquakes, not only relief and development organisations, but also social housing organisations hove initiated a shift to include risk reduction in their fields of action in order to address the underlying causes of urban vulnerability. The factors that triggered the process were: 7) the negative experiences of organisations with non-integral projects, 2) the organisations' increased emphasis on working with municipal development, 3) political changes of national level, and more importantly, 4) the introduction and promotion of the concept of risk reduction by international and regional aid organisations. However, required additional knowledge and institutional capacities were mainly built up independently and internally by each organisation, and not through the creation of co-operative partnerships, thus duplicating efforts and increasing ineffective competition. Whilst positive experience has been gained through the implementation of more integral projects, the creation of adequate operational, organisational, institutional and legal frameworks is still in its initial stage. Unfortunately, four years after the 200 7 earthquakes, emergency relief funding for post-disaster risk reduction is coming to on end without the allocation of resources for following up and consolidating the initial process. Based on the findings, on integral model is proposed which shows how mainstreaming risk reduction in urban planning and housing could be dealt with in such a way that it becomes more integrated, inclusive and sustainable within a developmental context.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Wamsler, Christine
(författare)
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Managing urban disasters
- 2006
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601. ; 31:1, s. 4-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 19. |
- Wamsler, Christine
(författare)
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Reducing Risk in a Changing Climate: Changing Paradigms Toward Pro-poor Adaptation
- 2010
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Ingår i: Open House International. - 0168-2601. ; 35:1, s. 6-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses how disaster risk management paradigms have gradually developed since the 1960s, shaped by practical experience of—and the debate about—the rising number of disasters, growing urbanization, and changing climatic conditions. In this context, climate change is shown as driving an urban pro-poor adaptation agenda, which could allow current shortcomings in urban risk reduction to be overcome. However, as past lessons in disaster risk management are rarely considered, any potential for improvement remains untapped. Possible ways of rectifying this situation are discussed, and a comprehensive framework for the reduction of both disaster and climate risks is presented.
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