| 1. |
- Jonsson, Anna-Carin, et al.
(författare)
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Stability and variability in the realism of confidence judgments over time, content domain, and gender
- 2003
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Pergamon. - 1873-3549 .- 0191-8869. ; 34:4, s. 559-574
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the influence on the realism of confidence judgments of four different factors, the individual, the knowledge domain (crystallized and fluid intelligence), gender and cognitive style (Need-for-Cognition, NfC). Seventy-nine high-school students answered questions on word knowledge (WORD) and logical/spatial ability (DTK), both tests were administered on three occasions with two weeks between each trial. After each test question, each individual gave a confidence rating of his or her answer. The results showed some, but not perfect, individual stability. Furthermore, within-subject differences were found between domains (WORD/DTK); the participants showed better calibration and less overconfidence for the WORD-test as compared to the DTK-test. No stable gender differences were found for any of the two tests. Finally, the results show that having high NfC is not associated with better realism in confidence judgments. These results suggest that the realism of confidence judgments is, at least on the distal level, influenced by many different factors.
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| 2. |
- Alm, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Attributions of shyness–resembling behaviors by shy and non–shy individuals
- 1999
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869. ; 27:3, s. 575-585
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shy and non-shy individuals attributions of shyness-resembling behaviors in scenarios involving either themselves or other, hypothetical, people were studied through the use of a questionnaire. The participants were Swedish high-school students who rated the extent to which a number of such behaviors could be explained by four different causes, two internal (shyness and lack of interest) and two external (other persons and situational circumstances) causes. The results showed that shy participants attributed their own shyness-resembling behaviors to internal causes to a higher degree than did non-shy participants. Furthermore, non-shy participants attributed their own behaviors to external rather than internal causes, whereas shy participants judged internal and external causes to be about equally good explanations of their own behaviors. Both shy and non-shy participants attributed other peoples behaviors to internal rather than external causes. The differences between shy and non-shy participants were discussed in terms of differences in focus of attention, meaning that shy individuals seem to be much more self-focused than non-shy ones.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953-
(författare)
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Differences between severely conduct-disordered juvenile males and normal juvenile males: the study of personality traits
- 1999
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 26:5, s. 827-845
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Personality traits among a group of 47 severely conduct-disordered (C-D) juvenile males from four Swedish national correctional institutions for serious offences were studied. The Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-I), including an impulsivity scale from the Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness-Empathy (IVE) inventory, and the Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scales (SSS) form V, were administered to the C-D juveniles. The scores from the KSP for this group were compared to scores from a presentative group of 82 normal juvenile male subjects from the Swedish longitudinal research program Individual Development and Adaptation (IDA). Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated between the KSP scales and scales from the EPQ-I, and between the SSS and scales from the EPQ-I and KSP inventories. The C-D juveniles displayed notably higher scores than the mean normal scores on psychopathy-related personality scales. The present results are consistent with earlier findings concerning personality dimensions in adult criminal psychopaths: high scores on impulsivity and sensation seeking, and low scores on conformity reflected in low socialization and high psychoticism.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Koivula, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
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Self-esteem and perfectionism in elite athletes : effects on competitive anxiety and self-confidence
- 2002
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 32:5, s. 865-875
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The setting of high standards is an integral part of elite sports, and often beneficial for the athlete's performance. However. individuals who are characterized by frequent cognitions about the attainment of ideal, perfectionistic standards, have been shown to be likely to experience heightened levels of anxiety. due to discrepancies between ideal and current self 1 situation. This could Of Course be detrimental to their sport performance. The aim Of the Study Was to investigate the relationship between different patterns of perfectionistic dimensions and sport-related competitive anxiety and self-confidence. for elite athletes with different self-esteem strategies. The results revealed that the relation between self-esteem and perfectionism differs depending on which dimensions of self-esteem and perfectionism that ire being considered. Athletes with a high self-esteem based on a respect and love for themselves had more positive patterns of perfectionism, whereas athletes who have a self-esteem that is dependent on competence aspects showed I more negative perfectionism. Further, negative patterns of perfectionism were in the present Study related to higher levels of cognitive anxiety and lower levels of self-confidence, Hence, it seems that sport related anxiety is positively associated to certain patterns of perfectionism. patterns that are more common in individuals with specific self-esteem strategies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Saboonchi, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Perfectionism, anger, somatic health, and positive affect
- 2003
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 35:7, s. 1585-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The associations between perfectionism, anger, somatic health, and positive affect were examined in 184 Swedish adults from a randomly selected population sample. Somewhat unexpectedly, trait anger was found to be associated with self-oriented perfectionism rather than with socially prescribed perfectionism. Both socially prescribed perfectionism and self-oriented perfectionism showed weak positive correlations with self-reported somatic complaints, particularly symptoms of tension and fatigue, and more clearly in women than in men, whereas other-oriented perfectionism appeared as a predictor of whether the participants were undergoing medical treatment or not. Finally, the results did not support the notion of self-oriented perfectionism representing a positive, adaptive dimension of perfectionism; on the contrary, this dimension was found to be negatively associated with positive affect.
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| 18. |
- Saboonchi, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Perfectionism, self-consciousness and anxiety
- 1997
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 22:6, s. 921-928
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relation between perfectionism, anxiety, and self-consciousness was studied in a normal sample. The perfectionism dimensions of Concern over Mistakes, Doubts about Action, and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism showed a pattern of correlations not only with measures of social anxiety, but also with measures of agoraphobic fears, and fears of bodily injury, death and illness. Public self-consciousness also correlated with various measures of anxiety, but these correlations disappeared when the relevant dimensions of perfectionism were controlled for. It is concluded that perfectionism is a more relevant construct in the study of anxiety than is public self-consciousness. The results are discussed in terms of possible causal relationships between perfectionism and anxiety.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Stenberg, Georg, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Attention and personality in augmenting/reducing of visual evoked potentials
- 1990
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 11:12, s. 1243-1254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earlier research has shown that extraverts tend to increase their visual evoked potential amplitudes with increasing light intensity (augmenting), while introverts reach their maximum amplitude at lower intensities (reducing). The evoked response has normally been measured from association areas of the brain (at the vertex). The present study measured VEP amplitudes over visual cortex and at the vertex, using four light intensities in two conditions, where attention was either directed towards the light stimuli, or away from them by a concurrent auditory task. Forty subjects were classified as extraverts or introverts based on the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The results show that attention interacted significantly with extraversion. Introverts exhibited a narrower focus of attention, with higher amplitudes and amplitude-intensity functions when attending to the light flashes and lower when distracted. Extraverts showed smaller differences between conditions, indicating a more evenly distributed attention. Higher arousal in introverts is the probable cause of their narrower focus of attention. There were marked differences in the distribution of activity between vertex and occipital cortex. Introverts showed relatively stronger occipital responses and extraverts stronger vertex responses across all intensities and in both conditions. The predisposition for mainly perceptual responses to aversive stimuli in introverts, and for general alerting and motor preparatory responses in extraverts, are interpreted as supportive of Brebner & Cooper's hypothesis that introverts are "geared to inspect" and extraverts are "geared to respond".
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| 21. |
- Stenberg, Georg, 1947-
(författare)
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Extraversion and the P300 in a visual classification task
- 1994
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 16:4, s. 543-560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amplitude differences between extraverts and introverts in the P300 component of visual event-related potentials were examined in a picture classification task. A set of pictorial stimuli was used with three types of instructions, requiring responses based on colour, semantic category, or a combination of both criteria. Forty university students (22 men, 18 women) served as subjects. Based on their scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, they were divided into 3 groups of Low, Medium or High Extraversion. The pictures evoked large late positivities, with higher amplitude in the right hemisphere. P300 amplitude increased with increasing degrees of extraversion. The effect of extraversion on amplitude (High > Medium > Low) was larger for target stimuli in posterior derivations. The extraversion effect was mainly attributable to the impulsivity subtrait. Whereas some earlier studies have found higher P300 amplitudes for introverts in tasks inducing habituation or attention decrement, the present tasks differed by using more varied stimuli and by requiring more processing. The results are discussed in relation to theories on the biological basis of extraversion.
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| 22. |
- Stenberg, Georg, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Personality and augmenting/reducing in visual and auditory evoked potentials
- 1988
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 9:3, s. 571-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies have indicated a relationship between evoked potential augmenting/reducing and extraversion or sensation seeking. However, the proposed mechanism of protective inhibition can account for this fact only if the relationship generalizes across different modalities and response definitions. The present study was designed to test this, using six intensities of visual and six intensities of auditory stimuli along with the EPI and SSS questionnaires.For the visual stimuli, the slope of the P90-N120 amplitude at the vertex correlated significantly with both the extraversion and the disinhibition scales in the way that augmenting/reducing theory predicts. However, over the primary visual area, no component showed the same personality relationship as the vertex wave, and one early component showed the opposite. This result suggests that personality differences in VEPs may reflect different ways of allocating processing resources between primary and association areas, rather than a generalized tendency to inhibit strong stimuli. In the auditory modality, personality differences were not apparent in the amplitude slopes, possibly due to the confluence from primary and association areas in AEPs in the vertex lead. There was a general tendency for latencies to correalte positively with extraversion and disinhibition, in congruence with Eysenck's theory on the biological basis of extraversion.
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| 23. |
- Stenberg, Georg, 1947-
(författare)
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Personality and the EEG : arousal and emotional arousability
- 1992
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 13:10, s. 1097-1113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eysenck's theory asserts that low cortical arousal accompanies extraversion (or the sub-component impulsivity). In Gray's theory, impulsivity is associated with high sensitivity to signals of reward, and anxiety with high sensitivity to signals of punishment. These hypotheses were tested by recording EEG signs of arousal and phasic arousability in emotional imagery, using 17 EEG channels and frequency analysis by Fourier transform. Three conditions were used: a neutral control task, and two emotional conditions involving imagery about pleasant and unpleasant personal memories. Forty subjects participated (23 men, 17 women; median age 23 years). Orthogonal personality dimensions of impulsivity and anxiety were derived from a joint analysis of the EPI and KSP questionnaires. The results showed, as expected, lower arousal, defined by more posterior theta activity, in impulsive subjects than in non-impulsives. These differences extended across all conditions. The EEG responses to the emotional conditions, in relation to the neutral one, consisted primarily of a right-lateralized frontal theta increase and changes in temporal beta activity (an increase in the positive condition, and a decrease in the negative one). These responses were expected to be amplified for impulsive subjects in positive emotion, and for anxious subjects in negative emotion. The right-sided frontal theta activity was stronger in high-anxious subjects than in low-anxious ones across all conditions, suggesting higher overall emotionality. For the temporal beta activity, the expected amplification of the response to negative emotion in the high anxiety group was confirmed, but the corresponding prediction for impulsives and positive emotion was not upheld. It is concluded that anxiety is related to EEG signs of heightened emotionality, especially in negative affect, and that impulsivity is associated with lowered arousal.
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| 24. |
- Stenberg, Georg, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Regional cerebral blood flow and extraversion
- 1993
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 15:5, s. 547-554
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regional cerebral blood flow was examined in a group of 17 subjects (8 men, 9 women, ages 22-35) at rest and during three mental activations, inducing perceptual and spatial processing. The subjects completed two personality questionnaires, the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Karolinska Scales of Personality. The aim of the study was to examine the relation between rCBF and the extraversion-introversion dimension. Earlier studies of rCBF at rest have found higher blood flow in the temporal lobes for introverts than for extraverts, and a negative correlation between extraversion and global cerebral blood flow among women. Both findings were confirmed in this group. The importance of related personality dimensions, such as impulsivity and anxiety, for rCBF differences between extraverts and introverts were examined, using scales from the KSP questionnaire. It was found that anxiety-proneness aspects of introversion were more important in determining high temporal blood flow than low-impulsivity aspects. Global CBF in women, as a measure of general arousal, was mainly related to the sensation-seeking aspects of extraversion. Results from the spatial processing tasks showed more right-hemispheric activation for introverts than extraverts in a mental rotation task.
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| 25. |
- Stenberg, Georg, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Regional patterns of cortical blood flow distinguish extraverts from introverts
- 1990
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 11:7, s. 663-673
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eysenck's hypothesis of higher cortical arousal in introverts was examined using regional cerebral blood flow measurement in 37 healthy subjects . The measurement was made at rest, using the133Xe-inhalation method. Estimates of gray matter flow were obtained for 32 brain regions. There was no significant evidence of personality differences in general arousal, as measured by the mean flow level, averaged over all regions. There were, however, regional differences. An overall test of the blood flow distribution indicated different patterns of activity in introverts and extraverts. Follow-up tests attributed this to higher flow in the temporal lobes for introverts than for extraverts. Higher temporal lobe activity in introverts may be interpreted as increased functional connections between cortex and the limbic system.
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| 26. |
- Thunholm, Peter
(författare)
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Decision-making style : habit, style or both?
- 2004
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 36:4, s. 931-944
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to explore the relations between individual decision-making styles as measured by the General Decision-making Style (GDMS) test, developed by Scott and Bruce (1995), and some mental abilities theoretically related to decision-making. Participants were 206 Swedish military officers from all services. The multiple regression analysis showed that the Rational, Dependent and Avoidant, but not the Intuitive and Spontaneous decision-making styles could be partly predicted from scores on the Self-esteem Scales (Forsman & Johnson, 1996) and from scores on the Action Control Scales (Kuhl, 1994). The result indicates that decision-making style is not only reflective of habits and thinking practices as proposed in earlier research. Decision-making style also involves basic self-evaluation and the general ability to initiate and maintain intentions (i.e. self-regulation). This calls for a wider definition of the term decision-making style, a holistic definition that takes the whole individual into consideration.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Abdollahi, Abbas, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional intelligence moderates perceived stress and suicidal ideation among depressed adolescent inpatients
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 102, s. 223-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Because it remains one of the third leading causes of death among adolescents around the world, suicide is a major public health concern. This study was designed in response to this concern by examining the relationships among perceived stress, emotional intelligence, and suicidal ideation and to test the moderating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between perceived stress and suicidal ideation. A sample of depressed adolescents (n = 202) was recruited from five hospitals in Tehran, Iran, and then asked to complete measures of patient health, suicidal ideation, perceived stress, and emotional intelligence. Structural Equation Modeling showed that depressed adolescent in-patients with high levels of perceived stress and low levels of emotional intelligence were more likely to report suicidal ideation. Multi-group analysis indicated that depressed in-patients high in both perceived stress and emotional intelligence had less suicidal ideation than others. The findings support the notion that perceived stress acts as a vulnerability factor that increase suicidal ideation among depressed inpatients. Suicidal history moderated the relationship between emotional intelligence and suicidal ideation. These findings also highlight the importance of emotional intelligence as a buffer in the relationship between perceived stress and suicidal ideation.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- af Klinteberg, Britt, et al.
(författare)
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Smoking habits – Associations with personality/behavior, platelet monoamine oxidase activity and plasma thyroid hormone levels
- 2017
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 118, s. 71-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective was to outline results from our scientific studies on the associations among childhood behavior, adult personality, and biochemical factors in smoking habits. The studies consisted of: (1) follow-up of young criminals and controls, subdivided into risk for antisocial behavior groups, based on childhood rating levels of a projective test; and adult smoking habit groups; and (2) a large group of young adults examined on the same inventories. Personality in terms of KSP and EPQ-I scale scores, controlled for intelligence, indicated that the high and very high risk groups displayed significantly higher self-rated impulsiveness, anxiety, and nonconformity, as compared to the low risk group. Further, the very high risk group subjects, found to be overrepresented among subjects with heavy smoking habits, displayed lower mean platelet MAO-B activity and higher thyroid hormone levels than the low risk group. Thus, the higher the childhood risk for antisocial behavior, the clearer the adult personality pattern making subjects more disposed for smoking appeared; and the higher smoking habits, the stronger the relationships with biochemical measures. Results are discussed in terms of possible underlying mechanisms influencing personality and smoking habits.
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| 32. |
- Akrami, Nazar, et al.
(författare)
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Personality scale response latencies as self-schema indicators : The inverted-U effect revisited
- 2007
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 43:3, s. 611-618
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two studies, we examined the relationship between participants’ responses to the items in the NEO-PI Big Five personality inventory and their response latencies to the same items. Extending previous research, we used polynomial regression analysis to examine if the relation between participants’ position on each of the Big Five factors and their average response latencies (regarded as self-schema indicators) across items on the same factors is characterised by a curvilinear (inverted-U) trend or not. The analyses in both studies yielded consistent support for a quadratic (curvilinear) relation between personality scores and response latencies for all Big Five factors. Those scoring high or low on a factor responded faster than those scoring around the mean, which lends support to the notion that the relation between personality scores and response latencies is characterised by an inverted-U effect. The results are discussed in the light of previousattempts to examining the inverted-U effect as self-schema evidence. Further, we discuss the potential of using response latency data to improve precision in personality assessment and prediction.
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| 33. |
- Al-Mahdawi, Abdullah Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in malevolent creativity among Sudanese students
- 2022
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Malevolent creativity refers to employing creative processes for one's own selfish gain, often combined with detrimental effects on others. Sex differences in malevolent or negative creativity are to be expected due to the established finding that males are higher in the Dark Triad traits. However, the only previous study of this issue, using a sample of Indian students, did not find a sex difference. Here, we administered the Malevolent Creativity Behaviour Scale (MCBS) to a sample of 1619 Sudanese students, and found a small sex difference in that females rated themselves higher. Reasons for the finding are explored, including possible problems with the MCBS instrument.
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| 34. |
- Alwall, N., et al.
(författare)
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The gender difference in gaze-cueing: Associations with empathizing and systemizing
- 2010
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Ingår i: PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. - 0191-8869. ; 49:7, s. 729-732
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gaze-cueing effect refers to the phenomenon that another person’s gaze direction transiently moves an observer’s attention in the corresponding direction. It has been reported that women show a stronger gaze-cueing effect than men (Bayliss, di Pellegrino, & Tipper, 2005). The present study confirmed this gender difference, females showing a larger cueing effect (i.e. a shortening of reaction times) than males, particularly at 300 ms viewing times. A multivariate procedure identified items from the Empathy- and Systemizing Quotient self-reports (Baron-Cohen, 2003) which together related significantly to the gaze-cueing effect, such that an enhanced tendency to empathize was associated with a larger gaze-cueing effect. This result is in line with the finding (Bayliss et al., 2005) of diminished gaze-cueing in people reporting many autistic-like traits such as reduced empathizing.
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| 35. |
- Andersson, Gerhard
(författare)
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The benefits of optimism: A meta-analytic review of the life orientation test
- 1996
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Ingår i: PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0191-8869. ; 21:5, s. 719-725
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1985 Scheier and Carver set out to begin to explore the possibility that optimism, construed as a stable personality characteristic, has implications for the manner by which people regulate their actions. They developed a scale to measure optimism, th
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| 36. |
- Andersson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Even the stars think that I am superior : Personality, intelligence and belief in astrology
- 2022
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869. ; 187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Belief in astrology is on the rise, although the reasons behind this are unclear. We tested whether individual personality traits could predict such epistemically unfounded beliefs. Data was collected for 264 participants through an anonymous online survey shared on social media. The survey consisted of four instruments: Belief in Astrology (BAI), the Big Five personality traits (IPIP-30), narcissism (SD3) and intelligence (ICAR16-R3D). Data analysis was done with multiple linear regression. Narcissism was surprisingly the strongest predictor, and intelligence showed a negative relationship with belief in astrology. Overall, our novel results suggest that something as innocent as astrology could both attract and possibly reinforce individual differences.
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| 37. |
- Bachleda, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Individual-level differences in negativity biases in news selection
- 2020
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869. ; 155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019 Elsevier Ltd Literatures across the social sciences highlight the tendency for humans to be more attentive to negative information than to positive information. We focus here on negativity biases in news selection (NBNS) and suggest that this bias varies across individuals and contexts. We introduce a survey-based measure of NBNS which is used to explore the correlates of negative news bias in surveys in the U.S., Canada, and Sweden. We find that some respondents are more prone to NBNS than others. There is evidence of contextual effects, but panel data suggests that some of the individual-level differences persist over time. NBNS likely reflects some combination of long-term personality differences and short-term situational factors, and is systematically related to a number of economic and political attitudes.
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| 38. |
- Bakhiet, Salaheldin Farah Attallah, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the Simber Effect : why is the age-dependent increase in children's cognitive ability smaller in Arab countries than in Britain?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 122, s. 38-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research indicates that the typical increase in IQ during childhood is greater in European countries than in Arab countries. A systematic literature review of age-dependent IQ in Arab countries is conducted, yielding relevant studies for 12 countries that fulfil the inclusion criteria. In almost all of these studies, Arab children exhibit an age-dependent IQ decline relative to Caucasian children, from 5 to about 12 years of age in particular. We term this phenomenon the Simber Effect. We propose two non-exclusive explanations. (1) The Flynn Effect is less intense in Arab countries because of localised differences, including poorer education quality and greater religiosity. (2) Those from Arab countries follow a faster Life History Strategy than Europeans, for environmental and possibly genetic reasons. Either way, the Simber Effect may amount to a Wilson Effect, meaning that the impact of genetic IQ increases with age.
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| 39. |
- Berggren, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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The Generalizability of Machine Learning Models of Personality across Two Text Domains
- 2024
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Machine learning of high-dimensional models have received attention for their ability to predict psychological variables, such as personality. However, it has been less examined to what degree such models are capable of generalizing across domains. Across two text domains (Reddit message and personal essays), compared to low-dimensional- and theoretical models, atheoretical high-dimensional models provided superior predictive accuracy within but poor/non-significant predictive accuracy across domains. Thus, complex models depended more on the specifics of the trained domain. Further, when examining predictors of models, few survived across domains. We argue that theory remains important when conducting prediction-focused studies and that research on both high- and low-dimensional models benefit from establishing conditions under which they generalize.
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| 40. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Are non-agreeable individuals prejudiced? : Comparing different conceptualizations of agreeableness
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 101, s. 153-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has documented associations between prejudice and agreeableness, as well as openness to experience, from the five-factor model (FFM). Still, empathy/altruism and narcissism/honesty-humility are related traits and also potent predictors of prejudice. Thus, we examined whether there is an association between prejudice and agreeableness, as a global trait, or if the correlations depend on facets that are part of the broader FM factor, but belong to other dimensions in the HEXACO model. We further analyzed how well the documented relations of agreeableness on prejudice hold up when entered alongside empathy/altruism and honesty-humility within the HEXACO framework. Results from Sweden and the United States showed that only FFM agreeableness, and not the HEXACO counterpart, correlates with an index of prejudice (racism and sexism). Furthermore, the negative relations of FFM agreeableness were absent or reversed in regression analyses with the other HEXACO predictors. Instead, we found negative effects of honesty-humility and empathy/altruism on prejudice. Thus, the effect of agreeableness on prejudice is directly contingent on its definition in relation to honesty-humility and empathy/altruism. In conclusion, we found little evidence of an association between a global agreeableness trait and prejudice.
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| 41. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Social identity and prejudiced personality
- 2010
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 48:3, s. 317-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that the relation between personality and prejudice varies as a function of identity salience but previous empirical results are not conclusive. Extending previous research, we conducted an experimental study (N = 122) with pre- and post-manipulation measures of personality, and a post-manipulation measurement of prejudice, under conditions of control (no identity manipulation), personal or national identity. The results revealed no differences in the magnitude of the personality-prejudice correlations across conditions, neither for the pre- nor post-manipulation scores. Correlations based on pre- and post-manipulation variables, within each condition, did not differ significantly either. This indicates that neither prejudice nor personality variables were affected by identity salience. Thus, the study provides no support for the contention that the personality-prejudice relation varies as a function of social identity.
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| 42. |
- Berna, Chantal, et al.
(författare)
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Developing a measure of interpretation bias for depressed mood : An ambiguous scenarios test
- 2011
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 51:3, s. 349-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The tendency to interpret ambiguous everyday situations in a relatively negative manner (negative interpretation bias) is central to cognitive models of depression. Limited tools are available to measure this bias, either experimentally or in the clinic. This study aimed to develop a pragmatic interpretation bias measure using an ambiguous scenarios test relevant to depressed mood (the AST-D).(1) In Study 1, after a pilot phase (N = 53), the AST-D was presented via a web-based survey (N = 208). Participants imagined and rated each AST-D ambiguous scenario. As predicted, higher dysphoric mood was associated with lower pleasantness ratings (more negative bias), independent of mental imagery measures. In Study 2, self-report ratings were compared with objective ratings of participants' imagined outcomes of the ambiguous scenarios (N = 41). Data were collected in the experimental context of a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner. Consistent with subjective bias scores, independent judges rated more sentences as negatively valenced for the high versus low dysphoric group. Overall, results suggest the potential utility of the AST-D in assessing interpretation bias associated with depressed mood. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 43. |
- Borghans, Lex, et al.
(författare)
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Identification problems in personality psychology
- 2011
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 51:3, s. 315-320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses and illustrates identification problems in personality psychology. The measures usedby psychologists to infer traits are based on behaviors, broadly defined. These behaviors are producedfrom multiple traits interacting with incentives in situations. In general, measures are determined bythese multiple traits and do not identify any particular trait unless incentives and other traits are controlledfor. Using two data sets, we show, that substantial portions of the variance in achievement testscores and grades, which are often used as measures of cognition, are explained by personality variables.
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| 44. |
- Borroni, Serena, et al.
(författare)
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Psychopathy dimensions, Big Five traits, and dispositional aggression in adolescence : Issues of gender consistency
- 2014
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 66, s. 199-203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to evaluate the nomological network of associations between psychopathy and its sub-dimensions, and Big Five domains and dispositional aggression in adolescence, and its consistency across gender-based sub-groups, 1253 Italian high school students (F = 429, M 824) were administered the Italian translations of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI), Big Five Inventory (BFI) and the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire. Males scored on average significantly higher than females on all measures of psychopathy and aggression, whereas females scored significantly higher than males on the BFI O, C, A and N scales. Bivariate correlations between psychopathy scores, and aggression and BFI domains measures were highly similar in females and males. The majority of regression coefficients based on hierarchical regression models were consistently replicated across gender-based groups; effect size estimates for regression models were large, supporting the hypothesis that psychopathy can be described in terms of general personality traits in adolescence and that the relationships between psychopathy, its sub-dimensions and Big Five personality dimensions, and aggression generally are very similar across gender. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 45. |
- Brown, Nicholas, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Reanalysis of Vedhara et al. 's (2015) study of personality and gene expression
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 91, s. 133-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A recent study by Vedhara et al. appearing in Psychoneuroendocrinology (2015, 52, 72–82) concluded that the personality traits of conscientiousness and extraversion were associated with the decreased and increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes, respectively. A reanalysis of the data from this study indicates that these results are fragile and ambiguous, and depend on (a) the inclusion or exclusion of two study participants missing values for one of the control variables and (b) the accumulation of statistical suppression effects in the regression analyses.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Is the general factor of personality based on evaluative responding? Experimental manipulation of item-popularity in personality inventories.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3549 .- 0191-8869. ; 96, s. 31-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The general factor of personality (GFP) is understood as a hierarchically superordinate factor, which suggests that it and the subordinate personality traits are mutually dependent on one another. If a personality inventory captures the subordinate traits the GFP should appear too. Likewise, manipulating the GFP should affect the subordinate traits and vice versa. The current study was an attempt to uniquely affect the size of the GFP by manipulating the evaluativeness of the inventory. First we estimated a general factor in a standard (evaluative) personality inventory, and found it to be robust. Then we estimated it in an inventory with evaluatively neutralized items, and found it to be unreliable. Finally, the neutralized inventory was made evaluative again. As expected, the GFP reappeared, suggesting the increased evaluative content to be the cause. Results are discussed in relation to personality assessment and to higher order factors in personality theory. It is suggested that for determining whether the GFP exists or not researchers should turn to other measures than personality inventories.
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| 48. |
- Chen, Bin-Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Factor structure of positive youth development : Contributions of exploratory structural equation modeling
- 2018
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 124, s. 12-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The five Cs model of positive youth development describes adolescents' development as reflecting five distinct but related domains of Competence, Confidence, Character, Connection, and Caring. This research used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to test the five Cs model in a Chinese sample of 384 adolescents (49.6% males; mean of age = 15.13 years old). The results showed that ESEM had better fit and relatively smaller factor correlations than CFA. In addition, factors such as Connection and Caring were well defined by their target indicators, although several non-target indicators significantly loaded onto Confidence factor in ESEM analysis. These results suggest that the correlations between some factors might be greatly overestimated in previous research based on CFA. The implication that ESEM is a more appropriate approach for testing the factor structure of the five Cs model of PYD is discussed.
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| 49. |
- Cheng, Helen, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional stability, conscientiousness, and self-reported hypertension in adulthood
- 2017
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 115, s. 159-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to investigate social and psychological factors in childhood and adulthood associated with self-reported hypertension in adulthood. Using data from the National Child Development Study, a nationally representative sample of 17,415 babies born in Great Britain in 1958 and followed up at 11, 33, and 50 years of age. Self-reported diagnosed hypertension by 50 years was the outcome measure. In total, 5753 participants with complete data on parental social class at birth, childhood cognitive ability test scores at 11 years, educational qualifications at 33 years, personality traits, occupational levels, and self-reported hypertension (all measured at age 50 years) were included in the study. Using logistic regression analyses, results showed that sex (OR = 0.60: 0.49–0.73, p < .001), educational qualifications (OR = 0.59: 0.37–0.92, p < .05), and traits emotional stability (OR = 0.84: 0.77–0.91, p < .001) and conscientiousness (OR = 0.89: 0.82–0.98, p < .05) were all significantly associated with the occurrence of self-reported hypertension in adulthood. Both psychological factors and socio-demographic factors were significantly associated with self-reported hypertension in adulthood.
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| 50. |
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