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1.	Jonsson, Anna-Carin, et al. (författare) Stability and variability in the realism of confidence judgments over time, content domain, and gender 2003 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Pergamon. - 1873-3549 .- 0191-8869. ; 34:4, s. 559-574 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study investigates the influence on the realism of confidence judgments of four different factors, the individual, the knowledge domain (crystallized and fluid intelligence), gender and cognitive style (Need-for-Cognition, NfC). Seventy-nine high-school students answered questions on word knowledge (WORD) and logical/spatial ability (DTK), both tests were administered on three occasions with two weeks between each trial. After each test question, each individual gave a confidence rating of his or her answer. The results showed some, but not perfect, individual stability. Furthermore, within-subject differences were found between domains (WORD/DTK); the participants showed better calibration and less overconfidence for the WORD-test as compared to the DTK-test. No stable gender differences were found for any of the two tests. Finally, the results show that having high NfC is not associated with better realism in confidence judgments. These results suggest that the realism of confidence judgments is, at least on the distal level, influenced by many different factors.
2.	Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953- (författare) Differences between severely conduct-disordered juvenile males and normal juvenile males: the study of personality traits 1999 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 26:5, s. 827-845 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Personality traits among a group of 47 severely conduct-disordered (C-D) juvenile males from four Swedish national correctional institutions for serious offences were studied. The Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-I), including an impulsivity scale from the Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness-Empathy (IVE) inventory, and the Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scales (SSS) form V, were administered to the C-D juveniles. The scores from the KSP for this group were compared to scores from a presentative group of 82 normal juvenile male subjects from the Swedish longitudinal research program Individual Development and Adaptation (IDA). Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated between the KSP scales and scales from the EPQ-I, and between the SSS and scales from the EPQ-I and KSP inventories. The C-D juveniles displayed notably higher scores than the mean normal scores on psychopathy-related personality scales. The present results are consistent with earlier findings concerning personality dimensions in adult criminal psychopaths: high scores on impulsivity and sensation seeking, and low scores on conformity reflected in low socialization and high psychoticism.
3.	Hagquist, Curt, 1952-, et al. (författare) Is the Sense of Coherence-instrument applicable on adolescents? A latent trait analysis using Rasch-modelling 2004 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 36:4, s. 955-968 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
4.	Koivula, Nathalie, et al. (författare) Self-esteem and perfectionism in elite athletes : effects on competitive anxiety and self-confidence 2002 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 32:5, s. 865-875 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The setting of high standards is an integral part of elite sports, and often beneficial for the athlete's performance. However. individuals who are characterized by frequent cognitions about the attainment of ideal, perfectionistic standards, have been shown to be likely to experience heightened levels of anxiety. due to discrepancies between ideal and current self 1 situation. This could Of Course be detrimental to their sport performance. The aim Of the Study Was to investigate the relationship between different patterns of perfectionistic dimensions and sport-related competitive anxiety and self-confidence. for elite athletes with different self-esteem strategies. The results revealed that the relation between self-esteem and perfectionism differs depending on which dimensions of self-esteem and perfectionism that ire being considered. Athletes with a high self-esteem based on a respect and love for themselves had more positive patterns of perfectionism, whereas athletes who have a self-esteem that is dependent on competence aspects showed I more negative perfectionism. Further, negative patterns of perfectionism were in the present Study related to higher levels of cognitive anxiety and lower levels of self-confidence, Hence, it seems that sport related anxiety is positively associated to certain patterns of perfectionism. patterns that are more common in individuals with specific self-esteem strategies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
5.	Saboonchi, Fredrik, et al. (författare) Perfectionism, anger, somatic health, and positive affect 2003 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 35:7, s. 1585-99 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The associations between perfectionism, anger, somatic health, and positive affect were examined in 184 Swedish adults from a randomly selected population sample. Somewhat unexpectedly, trait anger was found to be associated with self-oriented perfectionism rather than with socially prescribed perfectionism. Both socially prescribed perfectionism and self-oriented perfectionism showed weak positive correlations with self-reported somatic complaints, particularly symptoms of tension and fatigue, and more clearly in women than in men, whereas other-oriented perfectionism appeared as a predictor of whether the participants were undergoing medical treatment or not. Finally, the results did not support the notion of self-oriented perfectionism representing a positive, adaptive dimension of perfectionism; on the contrary, this dimension was found to be negatively associated with positive affect.
6.	Saboonchi, Fredrik, et al. (författare) Perfectionism, self-consciousness and anxiety 1997 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 22:6, s. 921-928 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The relation between perfectionism, anxiety, and self-consciousness was studied in a normal sample. The perfectionism dimensions of Concern over Mistakes, Doubts about Action, and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism showed a pattern of correlations not only with measures of social anxiety, but also with measures of agoraphobic fears, and fears of bodily injury, death and illness. Public self-consciousness also correlated with various measures of anxiety, but these correlations disappeared when the relevant dimensions of perfectionism were controlled for. It is concluded that perfectionism is a more relevant construct in the study of anxiety than is public self-consciousness. The results are discussed in terms of possible causal relationships between perfectionism and anxiety.
7.	Stenberg, Georg, 1947-, et al. (författare) Attention and personality in augmenting/reducing of visual evoked potentials 1990 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 11:12, s. 1243-1254 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Earlier research has shown that extraverts tend to increase their visual evoked potential amplitudes with increasing light intensity (augmenting), while introverts reach their maximum amplitude at lower intensities (reducing). The evoked response has normally been measured from association areas of the brain (at the vertex). The present study measured VEP amplitudes over visual cortex and at the vertex, using four light intensities in two conditions, where attention was either directed towards the light stimuli, or away from them by a concurrent auditory task. Forty subjects were classified as extraverts or introverts based on the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The results show that attention interacted significantly with extraversion. Introverts exhibited a narrower focus of attention, with higher amplitudes and amplitude-intensity functions when attending to the light flashes and lower when distracted. Extraverts showed smaller differences between conditions, indicating a more evenly distributed attention. Higher arousal in introverts is the probable cause of their narrower focus of attention. There were marked differences in the distribution of activity between vertex and occipital cortex. Introverts showed relatively stronger occipital responses and extraverts stronger vertex responses across all intensities and in both conditions. The predisposition for mainly perceptual responses to aversive stimuli in introverts, and for general alerting and motor preparatory responses in extraverts, are interpreted as supportive of Brebner & Cooper's hypothesis that introverts are "geared to inspect" and extraverts are "geared to respond".
8.	Stenberg, Georg, 1947- (författare) Extraversion and the P300 in a visual classification task 1994 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 16:4, s. 543-560 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Amplitude differences between extraverts and introverts in the P300 component of visual event-related potentials were examined in a picture classification task. A set of pictorial stimuli was used with three types of instructions, requiring responses based on colour, semantic category, or a combination of both criteria. Forty university students (22 men, 18 women) served as subjects. Based on their scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, they were divided into 3 groups of Low, Medium or High Extraversion. The pictures evoked large late positivities, with higher amplitude in the right hemisphere. P300 amplitude increased with increasing degrees of extraversion. The effect of extraversion on amplitude (High > Medium > Low) was larger for target stimuli in posterior derivations. The extraversion effect was mainly attributable to the impulsivity subtrait. Whereas some earlier studies have found higher P300 amplitudes for introverts in tasks inducing habituation or attention decrement, the present tasks differed by using more varied stimuli and by requiring more processing. The results are discussed in relation to theories on the biological basis of extraversion.
9.	Stenberg, Georg, 1947-, et al. (författare) Personality and augmenting/reducing in visual and auditory evoked potentials 1988 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 9:3, s. 571-579 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Previous studies have indicated a relationship between evoked potential augmenting/reducing and extraversion or sensation seeking. However, the proposed mechanism of protective inhibition can account for this fact only if the relationship generalizes across different modalities and response definitions. The present study was designed to test this, using six intensities of visual and six intensities of auditory stimuli along with the EPI and SSS questionnaires.For the visual stimuli, the slope of the P90-N120 amplitude at the vertex correlated significantly with both the extraversion and the disinhibition scales in the way that augmenting/reducing theory predicts. However, over the primary visual area, no component showed the same personality relationship as the vertex wave, and one early component showed the opposite. This result suggests that personality differences in VEPs may reflect different ways of allocating processing resources between primary and association areas, rather than a generalized tendency to inhibit strong stimuli. In the auditory modality, personality differences were not apparent in the amplitude slopes, possibly due to the confluence from primary and association areas in AEPs in the vertex lead. There was a general tendency for latencies to correalte positively with extraversion and disinhibition, in congruence with Eysenck's theory on the biological basis of extraversion.
10.	Stenberg, Georg, 1947- (författare) Personality and the EEG : arousal and emotional arousability 1992 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 13:10, s. 1097-1113 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Eysenck's theory asserts that low cortical arousal accompanies extraversion (or the sub-component impulsivity). In Gray's theory, impulsivity is associated with high sensitivity to signals of reward, and anxiety with high sensitivity to signals of punishment. These hypotheses were tested by recording EEG signs of arousal and phasic arousability in emotional imagery, using 17 EEG channels and frequency analysis by Fourier transform. Three conditions were used: a neutral control task, and two emotional conditions involving imagery about pleasant and unpleasant personal memories. Forty subjects participated (23 men, 17 women; median age 23 years). Orthogonal personality dimensions of impulsivity and anxiety were derived from a joint analysis of the EPI and KSP questionnaires. The results showed, as expected, lower arousal, defined by more posterior theta activity, in impulsive subjects than in non-impulsives. These differences extended across all conditions. The EEG responses to the emotional conditions, in relation to the neutral one, consisted primarily of a right-lateralized frontal theta increase and changes in temporal beta activity (an increase in the positive condition, and a decrease in the negative one). These responses were expected to be amplified for impulsive subjects in positive emotion, and for anxious subjects in negative emotion. The right-sided frontal theta activity was stronger in high-anxious subjects than in low-anxious ones across all conditions, suggesting higher overall emotionality. For the temporal beta activity, the expected amplification of the response to negative emotion in the high anxiety group was confirmed, but the corresponding prediction for impulsives and positive emotion was not upheld. It is concluded that anxiety is related to EEG signs of heightened emotionality, especially in negative affect, and that impulsivity is associated with lowered arousal.
11.	Stenberg, Georg, 1947-, et al. (författare) Regional cerebral blood flow and extraversion 1993 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 15:5, s. 547-554 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Regional cerebral blood flow was examined in a group of 17 subjects (8 men, 9 women, ages 22-35) at rest and during three mental activations, inducing perceptual and spatial processing. The subjects completed two personality questionnaires, the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Karolinska Scales of Personality. The aim of the study was to examine the relation between rCBF and the extraversion-introversion dimension. Earlier studies of rCBF at rest have found higher blood flow in the temporal lobes for introverts than for extraverts, and a negative correlation between extraversion and global cerebral blood flow among women. Both findings were confirmed in this group. The importance of related personality dimensions, such as impulsivity and anxiety, for rCBF differences between extraverts and introverts were examined, using scales from the KSP questionnaire. It was found that anxiety-proneness aspects of introversion were more important in determining high temporal blood flow than low-impulsivity aspects. Global CBF in women, as a measure of general arousal, was mainly related to the sensation-seeking aspects of extraversion. Results from the spatial processing tasks showed more right-hemispheric activation for introverts than extraverts in a mental rotation task.
12.	Stenberg, Georg, 1947-, et al. (författare) Regional patterns of cortical blood flow distinguish extraverts from introverts 1990 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 11:7, s. 663-673 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Eysenck's hypothesis of higher cortical arousal in introverts was examined using regional cerebral blood flow measurement in 37 healthy subjects . The measurement was made at rest, using the133Xe-inhalation method. Estimates of gray matter flow were obtained for 32 brain regions. There was no significant evidence of personality differences in general arousal, as measured by the mean flow level, averaged over all regions. There were, however, regional differences. An overall test of the blood flow distribution indicated different patterns of activity in introverts and extraverts. Follow-up tests attributed this to higher flow in the temporal lobes for introverts than for extraverts. Higher temporal lobe activity in introverts may be interpreted as increased functional connections between cortex and the limbic system.
13.	Thunholm, Peter (författare) Decision-making style : habit, style or both? 2004 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 36:4, s. 931-944 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the relations between individual decision-making styles as measured by the General Decision-making Style (GDMS) test, developed by Scott and Bruce (1995), and some mental abilities theoretically related to decision-making. Participants were 206 Swedish military officers from all services. The multiple regression analysis showed that the Rational, Dependent and Avoidant, but not the Intuitive and Spontaneous decision-making styles could be partly predicted from scores on the Self-esteem Scales (Forsman & Johnson, 1996) and from scores on the Action Control Scales (Kuhl, 1994). The result indicates that decision-making style is not only reflective of habits and thinking practices as proposed in earlier research. Decision-making style also involves basic self-evaluation and the general ability to initiate and maintain intentions (i.e. self-regulation). This calls for a wider definition of the term decision-making style, a holistic definition that takes the whole individual into consideration.
14.	Abdollahi, Abbas, et al. (författare) Emotional intelligence moderates perceived stress and suicidal ideation among depressed adolescent inpatients 2016 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 102, s. 223-228 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Because it remains one of the third leading causes of death among adolescents around the world, suicide is a major public health concern. This study was designed in response to this concern by examining the relationships among perceived stress, emotional intelligence, and suicidal ideation and to test the moderating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between perceived stress and suicidal ideation. A sample of depressed adolescents (n = 202) was recruited from five hospitals in Tehran, Iran, and then asked to complete measures of patient health, suicidal ideation, perceived stress, and emotional intelligence. Structural Equation Modeling showed that depressed adolescent in-patients with high levels of perceived stress and low levels of emotional intelligence were more likely to report suicidal ideation. Multi-group analysis indicated that depressed in-patients high in both perceived stress and emotional intelligence had less suicidal ideation than others. The findings support the notion that perceived stress acts as a vulnerability factor that increase suicidal ideation among depressed inpatients. Suicidal history moderated the relationship between emotional intelligence and suicidal ideation. These findings also highlight the importance of emotional intelligence as a buffer in the relationship between perceived stress and suicidal ideation.
15.	af Klinteberg, Britt, et al. (författare) Personality characteristics and perceived health in Russian and Swedish female young adults with alcohol drinking habits 2014 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 60:Suppl., s. S64- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
16.	af Klinteberg, Britt, et al. (författare) Smoking habits – Associations with personality/behavior, platelet monoamine oxidase activity and plasma thyroid hormone levels 2017 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 118, s. 71-76 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective was to outline results from our scientific studies on the associations among childhood behavior, adult personality, and biochemical factors in smoking habits. The studies consisted of: (1) follow-up of young criminals and controls, subdivided into risk for antisocial behavior groups, based on childhood rating levels of a projective test; and adult smoking habit groups; and (2) a large group of young adults examined on the same inventories. Personality in terms of KSP and EPQ-I scale scores, controlled for intelligence, indicated that the high and very high risk groups displayed significantly higher self-rated impulsiveness, anxiety, and nonconformity, as compared to the low risk group. Further, the very high risk group subjects, found to be overrepresented among subjects with heavy smoking habits, displayed lower mean platelet MAO-B activity and higher thyroid hormone levels than the low risk group. Thus, the higher the childhood risk for antisocial behavior, the clearer the adult personality pattern making subjects more disposed for smoking appeared; and the higher smoking habits, the stronger the relationships with biochemical measures. Results are discussed in terms of possible underlying mechanisms influencing personality and smoking habits.
17.	Akrami, Nazar, et al. (författare) Personality scale response latencies as self-schema indicators : The inverted-U effect revisited 2007 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 43:3, s. 611-618 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In two studies, we examined the relationship between participants’ responses to the items in the NEO-PI Big Five personality inventory and their response latencies to the same items. Extending previous research, we used polynomial regression analysis to examine if the relation between participants’ position on each of the Big Five factors and their average response latencies (regarded as self-schema indicators) across items on the same factors is characterised by a curvilinear (inverted-U) trend or not. The analyses in both studies yielded consistent support for a quadratic (curvilinear) relation between personality scores and response latencies for all Big Five factors. Those scoring high or low on a factor responded faster than those scoring around the mean, which lends support to the notion that the relation between personality scores and response latencies is characterised by an inverted-U effect. The results are discussed in the light of previousattempts to examining the inverted-U effect as self-schema evidence. Further, we discuss the potential of using response latency data to improve precision in personality assessment and prediction.
18.	Al-Mahdawi, Abdullah Mohammad, et al. (författare) Sex differences in malevolent creativity among Sudanese students 2022 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 196 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Malevolent creativity refers to employing creative processes for one's own selfish gain, often combined with detrimental effects on others. Sex differences in malevolent or negative creativity are to be expected due to the established finding that males are higher in the Dark Triad traits. However, the only previous study of this issue, using a sample of Indian students, did not find a sex difference. Here, we administered the Malevolent Creativity Behaviour Scale (MCBS) to a sample of 1619 Sudanese students, and found a small sex difference in that females rated themselves higher. Reasons for the finding are explored, including possible problems with the MCBS instrument.
19.	Bakhiet, Salaheldin Farah Attallah, et al. (författare) Understanding the Simber Effect : why is the age-dependent increase in children's cognitive ability smaller in Arab countries than in Britain? 2018 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 122, s. 38-42 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Previous research indicates that the typical increase in IQ during childhood is greater in European countries than in Arab countries. A systematic literature review of age-dependent IQ in Arab countries is conducted, yielding relevant studies for 12 countries that fulfil the inclusion criteria. In almost all of these studies, Arab children exhibit an age-dependent IQ decline relative to Caucasian children, from 5 to about 12 years of age in particular. We term this phenomenon the Simber Effect. We propose two non-exclusive explanations. (1) The Flynn Effect is less intense in Arab countries because of localised differences, including poorer education quality and greater religiosity. (2) Those from Arab countries follow a faster Life History Strategy than Europeans, for environmental and possibly genetic reasons. Either way, the Simber Effect may amount to a Wilson Effect, meaning that the impact of genetic IQ increases with age.
20.	Berggren, Mathias, et al. (författare) The Generalizability of Machine Learning Models of Personality across Two Text Domains 2024 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 217 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Machine learning of high-dimensional models have received attention for their ability to predict psychological variables, such as personality. However, it has been less examined to what degree such models are capable of generalizing across domains. Across two text domains (Reddit message and personal essays), compared to low-dimensional- and theoretical models, atheoretical high-dimensional models provided superior predictive accuracy within but poor/non-significant predictive accuracy across domains. Thus, complex models depended more on the specifics of the trained domain. Further, when examining predictors of models, few survived across domains. We argue that theory remains important when conducting prediction-focused studies and that research on both high- and low-dimensional models benefit from establishing conditions under which they generalize.
21.	Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al. (författare) Are non-agreeable individuals prejudiced? : Comparing different conceptualizations of agreeableness 2016 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 101, s. 153-159 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Previous research has documented associations between prejudice and agreeableness, as well as openness to experience, from the five-factor model (FFM). Still, empathy/altruism and narcissism/honesty-humility are related traits and also potent predictors of prejudice. Thus, we examined whether there is an association between prejudice and agreeableness, as a global trait, or if the correlations depend on facets that are part of the broader FM factor, but belong to other dimensions in the HEXACO model. We further analyzed how well the documented relations of agreeableness on prejudice hold up when entered alongside empathy/altruism and honesty-humility within the HEXACO framework. Results from Sweden and the United States showed that only FFM agreeableness, and not the HEXACO counterpart, correlates with an index of prejudice (racism and sexism). Furthermore, the negative relations of FFM agreeableness were absent or reversed in regression analyses with the other HEXACO predictors. Instead, we found negative effects of honesty-humility and empathy/altruism on prejudice. Thus, the effect of agreeableness on prejudice is directly contingent on its definition in relation to honesty-humility and empathy/altruism. In conclusion, we found little evidence of an association between a global agreeableness trait and prejudice.
22.	Bergh, Robin, et al. (författare) Social identity and prejudiced personality 2010 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 48:3, s. 317-321 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract It has been suggested that the relation between personality and prejudice varies as a function of identity salience but previous empirical results are not conclusive. Extending previous research, we conducted an experimental study (N = 122) with pre- and post-manipulation measures of personality, and a post-manipulation measurement of prejudice, under conditions of control (no identity manipulation), personal or national identity. The results revealed no differences in the magnitude of the personality-prejudice correlations across conditions, neither for the pre- nor post-manipulation scores. Correlations based on pre- and post-manipulation variables, within each condition, did not differ significantly either. This indicates that neither prejudice nor personality variables were affected by identity salience. Thus, the study provides no support for the contention that the personality-prejudice relation varies as a function of social identity.
23.	Berna, Chantal, et al. (författare) Developing a measure of interpretation bias for depressed mood : An ambiguous scenarios test 2011 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 51:3, s. 349-354 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The tendency to interpret ambiguous everyday situations in a relatively negative manner (negative interpretation bias) is central to cognitive models of depression. Limited tools are available to measure this bias, either experimentally or in the clinic. This study aimed to develop a pragmatic interpretation bias measure using an ambiguous scenarios test relevant to depressed mood (the AST-D).(1) In Study 1, after a pilot phase (N = 53), the AST-D was presented via a web-based survey (N = 208). Participants imagined and rated each AST-D ambiguous scenario. As predicted, higher dysphoric mood was associated with lower pleasantness ratings (more negative bias), independent of mental imagery measures. In Study 2, self-report ratings were compared with objective ratings of participants' imagined outcomes of the ambiguous scenarios (N = 41). Data were collected in the experimental context of a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner. Consistent with subjective bias scores, independent judges rated more sentences as negatively valenced for the high versus low dysphoric group. Overall, results suggest the potential utility of the AST-D in assessing interpretation bias associated with depressed mood. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
24.	Borghans, Lex, et al. (författare) Identification problems in personality psychology 2011 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 51:3, s. 315-320 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper discusses and illustrates identification problems in personality psychology. The measures usedby psychologists to infer traits are based on behaviors, broadly defined. These behaviors are producedfrom multiple traits interacting with incentives in situations. In general, measures are determined bythese multiple traits and do not identify any particular trait unless incentives and other traits are controlledfor. Using two data sets, we show, that substantial portions of the variance in achievement testscores and grades, which are often used as measures of cognition, are explained by personality variables.
25.	Borroni, Serena, et al. (författare) Psychopathy dimensions, Big Five traits, and dispositional aggression in adolescence : Issues of gender consistency 2014 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 66, s. 199-203 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In order to evaluate the nomological network of associations between psychopathy and its sub-dimensions, and Big Five domains and dispositional aggression in adolescence, and its consistency across gender-based sub-groups, 1253 Italian high school students (F = 429, M 824) were administered the Italian translations of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI), Big Five Inventory (BFI) and the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire. Males scored on average significantly higher than females on all measures of psychopathy and aggression, whereas females scored significantly higher than males on the BFI O, C, A and N scales. Bivariate correlations between psychopathy scores, and aggression and BFI domains measures were highly similar in females and males. The majority of regression coefficients based on hierarchical regression models were consistently replicated across gender-based groups; effect size estimates for regression models were large, supporting the hypothesis that psychopathy can be described in terms of general personality traits in adolescence and that the relationships between psychopathy, its sub-dimensions and Big Five personality dimensions, and aggression generally are very similar across gender. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
26.	Brown, Nicholas, 1960-, et al. (författare) Reanalysis of Vedhara et al. 's (2015) study of personality and gene expression 2016 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 91, s. 133-137 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A recent study by Vedhara et al. appearing in Psychoneuroendocrinology (2015, 52, 72–82) concluded that the personality traits of conscientiousness and extraversion were associated with the decreased and increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes, respectively. A reanalysis of the data from this study indicates that these results are fragile and ambiguous, and depend on (a) the inclusion or exclusion of two study participants missing values for one of the control variables and (b) the accumulation of statistical suppression effects in the regression analyses.
27.	Bäckström, Martin, et al. (författare) Is the general factor of personality based on evaluative responding? Experimental manipulation of item-popularity in personality inventories. 2016 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3549 .- 0191-8869. ; 96, s. 31-35 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The general factor of personality (GFP) is understood as a hierarchically superordinate factor, which suggests that it and the subordinate personality traits are mutually dependent on one another. If a personality inventory captures the subordinate traits the GFP should appear too. Likewise, manipulating the GFP should affect the subordinate traits and vice versa. The current study was an attempt to uniquely affect the size of the GFP by manipulating the evaluativeness of the inventory. First we estimated a general factor in a standard (evaluative) personality inventory, and found it to be robust. Then we estimated it in an inventory with evaluatively neutralized items, and found it to be unreliable. Finally, the neutralized inventory was made evaluative again. As expected, the GFP reappeared, suggesting the increased evaluative content to be the cause. Results are discussed in relation to personality assessment and to higher order factors in personality theory. It is suggested that for determining whether the GFP exists or not researchers should turn to other measures than personality inventories.
28.	Chen, Bin-Bin, et al. (författare) Factor structure of positive youth development : Contributions of exploratory structural equation modeling 2018 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 124, s. 12-15 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The five Cs model of positive youth development describes adolescents' development as reflecting five distinct but related domains of Competence, Confidence, Character, Connection, and Caring. This research used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to test the five Cs model in a Chinese sample of 384 adolescents (49.6% males; mean of age = 15.13 years old). The results showed that ESEM had better fit and relatively smaller factor correlations than CFA. In addition, factors such as Connection and Caring were well defined by their target indicators, although several non-target indicators significantly loaded onto Confidence factor in ESEM analysis. These results suggest that the correlations between some factors might be greatly overestimated in previous research based on CFA. The implication that ESEM is a more appropriate approach for testing the factor structure of the five Cs model of PYD is discussed.
29.	Cheng, Helen, et al. (författare) Emotional stability, conscientiousness, and self-reported hypertension in adulthood 2017 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 115, s. 159-163 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study aimed to investigate social and psychological factors in childhood and adulthood associated with self-reported hypertension in adulthood. Using data from the National Child Development Study, a nationally representative sample of 17,415 babies born in Great Britain in 1958 and followed up at 11, 33, and 50 years of age. Self-reported diagnosed hypertension by 50 years was the outcome measure. In total, 5753 participants with complete data on parental social class at birth, childhood cognitive ability test scores at 11 years, educational qualifications at 33 years, personality traits, occupational levels, and self-reported hypertension (all measured at age 50 years) were included in the study. Using logistic regression analyses, results showed that sex (OR = 0.60: 0.49–0.73, p < .001), educational qualifications (OR = 0.59: 0.37–0.92, p < .05), and traits emotional stability (OR = 0.84: 0.77–0.91, p < .001) and conscientiousness (OR = 0.89: 0.82–0.98, p < .05) were all significantly associated with the occurrence of self-reported hypertension in adulthood. Both psychological factors and socio-demographic factors were significantly associated with self-reported hypertension in adulthood.
30.	Coyle, Thomas R., et al. (författare) The heritability of ability tilts 2023 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 213 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Tilts arise from within-subject differences in performance between two distinct cognitive ability measures (e.g., verbal minus quantitative). These are independent of general cognitive ability (GCA) and are likely a function of differential investment of time and other resources into the cultivation of one ability, at the expense of another. There is some debate about the meaning and measurement of tilts among psychometricians, but a body of research is emerging demonstrating that these are predictive of real-world outcomes independent of GCA. An open question concerns the heritability of tilts. Since nearly all phenotypic individual differences are heritable, tilts, if substantive, should not be an exception. It was found that tilts are modestly heritable (after controlling for participant age and residual correlations with GCA) in three samples (US children, Georgia Twin Study; Swedish adults, Swedish Twin Registry; US adults, MIDUS II). AE models better fit the tilt data in all but one case (Verbal - Reasoning, in the GTS, where an ACE model better fit the data). Comparatively large (non-shared) environmentalities were noted in all cases, potentially consistent with models predicting a role for niche-picking and experience-producing-drive dynamics in generating tilts. A Wilson-like effect was observed when the tilt heritabilities in the GTS were compared with their equivalent parameters in the other two (older) samples. The finding that tilts exhibit non-zero heritability in different age ranges and in two countries strengthens their external validity, and weakens claims that they are measurement artifacts, as predisposing genetic and environmental factors are part of their nomological network.
31.	Curtis S., Dunkel, et al. (författare) The General Factor of Personality and general intelligence : Testing hypotheses from Differential-K, Life History Theory, and strategic differentiation-integration effort 2014 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 61-62, s. 13-17 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Life history as applied to human psychology has progressed on different levels of analysis including between racial groups (Differential-K) and between individuals (Life History Theory). While the approaches at each level have garnered significant research support, some findings at the level of individual differences are inconsistent with findings from the level of group differences. The association between the General Factor of Personality and general intelligence was examined across and within racial groups to investigate the inconsistency. The results were in line with predictions derived from strategic differentiation–integration effort (SD–IE), the proposition that aggregation amongst variables decreases as life history strategy slows. The results suggest SD–IE may be a useful tool in reconciling the apparent contradictions across the levels of analysis.
32.	Danielsson, Nanette S., et al. (författare) Neuroticism and sleep-onset : What is the long-term connection? 2010 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - Oxford, United Kingdom : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 48:4, s. 463-468 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract People with sleep-onset problems often experience neuroticism. To what extent the one problem leads to the other is unknown. We used self-reported data from a Swedish longitudinal project to examine developmental links between neuroticism and sleep-onset problems. A sample of 212 people, followed from birth to midlife, was part of a cohort study spanning 37 years. Adolescent neuroticism was measured at age 16 with the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ, Form A) and in midlife at age 37 with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Sleep-onset problems were measured at ages 15 to 17, 25, and 37 with items developed for the Solna Project. Adolescent neuroticism failed to predict sleep-onset problems. Instead, sleep-onset problems in adolescence and young adulthood predicted midlife neuroticism. We found that sleep-onset problems during adolescence were a direct risk for midlife neuroticism, as well as, an indirect risk through continuance of sleep-onset problems into adulthood. This study provides longitudinal support for adolescent sleep-onset problems as a potent risk factor for heightened neuroticism in midlife. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)
33.	Davis, Paul A., et al. (författare) Better out than in : The influence of anger regulation on physical performance 2010 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 49:5, s. 457-460 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We examined the influence of individual differences in anger regulation as potential moderators of the anger–performance relationship. Extending Lazarus’s (1991, 2000a) cognitive–motivational–relational theory of emotion, we investigated the influence of trait anger and the anger regulation styles of anger-in and anger-out on the performance of a physical task. As hypothesized, trait anger and anger-out were positively associated with anger-derived performance enhancement on a peak force task; anger-in significantly inhibited the trait anger–performance relationship. Results are discussed in relation to Lazarus’s cognitive–motivational–relational theory and future research directions are offered.
34.	Dutton, Edward, et al. (författare) Demographic, economic, and genetic factors related to national differences in ethnocentric attitudes 2016 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 101, s. 137-143 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We conducted a review of factors associated with individual and group level differences in positive ethnocentrism (PE) and negative ethnocentrism (NE). We inter-correlated datasets on national differences in these factors with data from the World Values Survey with regard to national differences in measures of PE and NE. The two different survey items for each construct were strongly correlated, but the constructs themselves were not significantly associated. Multiple regression analyses indicated that NE was mainly related to high levels of cousin marriage and frequency of the DRD4-repeat gene, and that PE was mainly related to a young median population age. Cousin marriage may indicate low levels of trust, DRD4 implies a fast Life History strategy, and young median age is associated with many factors predicting PE.
35.	Dutton, Edward, et al. (författare) Sex differences on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices within Saudi Arabia and across the Arab world : females' advantage decreases from childhood to adolescence 2018 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 134, s. 66-70 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sex differences in intelligence are of great importance with regard to understanding intelligence's underlying evolutionary forces. Previous research in this area has had a strong focus on Western countries and data across developmental stages are fragmented. Here, we present new data on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices from three samples in Saudi Arabia, and combine these with nine previously published studies from other Arab countries, which also provide data for each year of age. We specifically consider Lynn's developmental theory of sex differences in intelligence, whereby a female advantage becomes pronounced due to earlier average puberty and then decreases as males enter puberty. The estimates for each age do not differ significantly from zero, and very few from each other, apparently due to large heterogeneity across studies. Nevertheless, the age trend is largely consistent with Lynn's model. Moreover, its specific predictions are seemingly borne out in many individual countries. Plausible explanations for incongruities in Sudan, Libya, Yemen and Saudi Arabia are also examined.
36.	Dutton, Edward, et al. (författare) The intelligence and personality of Finland's Swedish-speaking minority 2016 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 97, s. 45-49 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract There is evidence that Finland's Swedish-speaking minority (Finland-Swedes) may have a distinct intelligence-personality profile from the Finnish-speaking Finns (Finns). We test this through an examination of the two groups' PISA (Programme of International Student Assessment) scores (which assesses representative samples of 15 year olds from OECD countries) and their personality scores, drawing upon a representative Finnish sample. We found Finland-Swedes to have slightly lower average intelligence. However, when controlling for gender and age, the Finland-Swedes score significantly higher on Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Emotional Stability. Overall, we found a Jensen Effect whereby most of the personality differences between the two groups could be attributed to the General Factor of Personality (GFP), which reflects the shared variance of lower-order personality traits. The GFP is assumed to reflect general social effectiveness.
37.	Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare) Why do middle-class couples of European descent adopt children from Africa and Asia? Some Support for the Differential K Model 2018 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 130, s. 156-160 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Patterns of adoption behaviour are starkly asymmetric across populations. To better understand this phenomenon we conducted a systematic review of transracial adoption and adoption in general. We found six quantitative studies from the USA (with representative samples comprising a total of 117,000 participants) which had examined sex, race, and SES in relation to differences in behaviours and attitudes regarding both transracial adoption and adoption in general. A secondary analysis of these data found that transracial adopting is predicted by being female, white (as opposed to black), and of higher SES. These data are consistent with group differences in Life History Strategy – the Differential K model – regarding males and females, SES differences, and white and black people, but not with the fact that both transracial adoption and adoption rates in general seem to be lower in Northeast Asian countries. The influence of cultural factors upon these patterns may be addressed by future studies.
38.	Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953-, et al. (författare) Evolutionary benefits of personality traits when facing workplace bullying 2021 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 177 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Facing workplace bullying negatively affects physical and mental health, and consequently quality of life and well-being. Personality traits that can help an individual survive and reproduce entail more benefits than costs. Building on two evolutionary theories, Life History Theory and Costly Signaling Theory, this study aims to provide novel insights into how and why personality traits are associated with facing workplace bullying and health-related quality of life. A heterogeneous group of 324 employees in Sweden provided data on workplace bullying, perceived health-related quality of life, and personality traits, controlling for sex and age. We found that openness (HEXACO model) and Machiavellianism (Dark Triad model) served as moderators. Employees with high values of these traits experienced significantly less affected health-related quality of life when facing workplace bullying. Our results indicate evolutionary origins of the personality traits openness and Machia-vellianism. A new finding is that possessing, exhibiting, and maintaining traits reflecting a more creative and competitive interpersonal style increases an employee’s ability to survive aversive environments.
39.	Eriksson, Lina J. K., et al. (författare) The interactive effect of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and response inhibition on accuracy in a modified stop-signal task 2016 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 97, s. 198-202 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The ability to adjust to a changing environment is an important aspect of every-day life and successful goal directed behavior requires the ability to suppress responses that are no longer appropriate. The main purpose of the present study was to examine if the relationship between inhibitory control (as indexed by stop-signal reaction time, SSRT) and behavioral precision is dependent on levels of Gray and McNaughton's Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS). Additionally, the relationship between BIS and electrodermal activity, and the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and heart rate activity was investigated. A modified stop-signal task was used. The results showed that there was an interaction effect of BIS and SSRT on accuracy, suggesting that among individuals with higher levels of BIS, longer SSRT (i.e. poorer inhibitory ability) was associated with decreased accuracy. There were no significant correlations between trait variables and physiological variables. The results were discussed in terms of higher levels of BIS being a vulnerability factor when the individual's inhibitory ability simultaneously is poor in situations where the ability to inhibit inappropriate behavioral routines is important for task performance.
40.	Eriksson, T. Gerhard, et al. (författare) Personality traits of prisoners as compared to general populations : signs of adjustment to the situation? 2017 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 107:1, s. 237-245 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Two recent studies have challenged the well-established belief that offending behaviors are inversely related to the personality trait of conscientiousness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore prisoners’ levels of traits according to the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality compared to control groups, with a focus on conscientiousness. Two separate samples of inmates in Swedish high-security prisons were investigated in three studies. Inmates and non-inmates completed a Swedish-language translation of Goldberg’s (1999) International Personality Item Pool questionnaire (IPIP-NEO, Bäckström, 2007). Male inmates (n = 46) in Studies 1 and 2 scored higher on conscientiousness than non-inmates (norm data based on approximately 800 males, and a students’ sample), which conflicts with previous results. Study 3 further explored the conscientiousness differences on the facet level. Male and female inmates (n = 131) scored higher on order and self-discipline (even after an adjustment for social desirability) than students (n = 136). In conjunction with previous findings, these differences are interpreted as being either temporal or enduring adjustments to the prison environment. It is suggested that researchers and clinical teams should cautiously interpret the FFM factor of conscientiousness (and its facets) when planning the further treatment of inmates.
41.	Eriksson, T. Gerhard, et al. (författare) Personality traits of prisoners as compared to general populations : Signs of adjustment to the situation? 2017 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 107, s. 237-245 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Two recent studies have challenged the well-established belief that offending behaviors are inversely related to the personality trait of conscientiousness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore prisoners’ levels of traits according to the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality compared to control groups, with a focus on conscientiousness. Two separate samples of inmates in Swedish high-security prisons were investigated in three studies. Inmates and non-inmates completed a Swedish-language translation of Goldberg’s (1999) International Personality Item Pool questionnaire (IPIP-NEO, Bäckström, 2007). Male inmates (n = 46) in Studies 1 and 2 scored higher on conscientiousness than non-inmates (norm data based on approximately 800 males, and a students’ sample), which conflicts with previous results. Study 3 further explored the conscientiousness differences on the facet level. Male and female inmates (n = 131) scored higher on order and self-discipline (even after an adjustment for social desirability) than students (n = 136). In conjunction with previous findings, these differences are interpreted as being either temporal or enduring adjustments to the prison environment. It is suggested that researchers and clinical teams should cautiously interpret the FFM factor of conscientiousness (and its facets) when planning the further treatment of inmates.
42.	Fernandes, Heitor B. F., et al. (författare) Strategic differentiation and integration among the 50 states of the USA 2013 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 55:8, s. 1000-1002 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Recent studies demonstrate that individuals and populations (at the scale of nations) exhibiting slower life history (LH) speeds are more differentiated amongst themselves with respect to the components of life history. Faster life history individuals and populations are more integrated by comparison. This phenomenon, termed strategic differentiation-integration effort (SD-IE), has not yet been tested on a national scale, however, which is an important remaining step in establishing its generalizability at different levels of aggregation among humans. SD-IE was tested with data on five LH variables from the fifty states of the US. Effects supportive of the SD-IE hypothesis were found in all LH variables, with an average effect magnitude slightly larger than that found in studies of SD-IE at the individual differences level. This is putatively attributed to population stratification, due to the varied racial make-up of the population in the US, including European, African, Native American, and Asian ancestries from multiple countries. This study indicates that SD-IE is a generalizable phenomenon occurring at various levels of aggregation.
43.	Fors Connolly, Filip, 1981-, et al. (författare) Out-of-home activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden : associations with subjective well-being and the moderating roles of age and personality 2024 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 226 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study investigates the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reduction of frequency of out-of-home activities among Swedes, and its relationship with Subjective Well-Being (SWB), including Life Satisfaction (LS) and Emotional Well-Being (EWB). A considerable decrease in attending cultural events, dining out, shopping, and social activities was observed and to a lesser extent walking and exercise. Reduction in walking and exercise, but none of the other activities, correlated negatively with both LS and EWB. Our study suggests that activity reductions may have similar effects on both dimensions of SWB, rather than the typical finding in previous studies suggesting a stronger influence on EWB. Age moderated the impact of physical activities, indicating that reductions in physical activities were primarily detrimental for older individuals. High Neuroticism was found to moderate the relationship between social activities and SWB, suggesting that decreases in social activities had a slightly negative effect on SWB for people high in Neuroticism.
44.	Forsman, Lea J., et al. (författare) Neuroticism is correlated with drift in serial time interval production 2009 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 47:3, s. 229-232 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Low neuroticism and high intelligence are both related to lower intertrial variability in reaction time tasks. However, intelligence and neuroticism are weakly related traits, which suggests that they may be related to different sources of timing variability. The relation between intelligence and timing variability has recently been investigated using isochronous serial interval production (ISIP). This is a simple, automatic timing task where participants first synchronize movements with an isochronous sound sequence and then continue with self-paced production of a sequence of intervals with the same inter-onset interval (IOI). For all IOIs, local interval-to-interval variability correlated strongest with intelligence. The purpose of the present study was to test whether neuroticism, in contrast, is related to the non-local component of ISIP variability, i.e. drift or gradual changes in response IOI. We found a significant correlation of r = 0.42 between drift and neuroticism, thereby confirming the hypothesis. We suggest that this finding reflects that individuals high on neuroticism have more frequent slips in top–down cognitive control mechanisms. These cognitive failures may in turn interfere with the processing of previously produced intervals in short-term memory, which gives an unstable IOI in the ISIP task, i.e. drift.
45.	Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al. (författare) The Dark Side of Facebook: Semantic Representations of Status Updates Predict the Dark Triad of Personality 2014 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3549 .- 0191-8869. ; 67, s. 92-96 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract sing Latent Semantic Analysis, we quantified the semantic representations of Facebook status updates of 304 individuals in order to predict self-reported personality. We focused on, besides Neuroticism and Extraversion, the Dark Triad of personality: Psychopathy, Narcissism, and Machiavellianism. The semantic content of Facebook updates predicted Psychopathy and Narcissism. These updates had a more "odd" and negatively valance content. Furthermore, Neuroticism, number of Facebook friends, and frequency of status updates were predictable from the status updates. Given that Facebook allows individuals to have major control in how they present themselves and draw benefits from these interactions, we conclude that the Dark Triad, involving socially malevolent behavior such as self-promotion, emotional coldness, duplicity, and aggressiveness, is manifested in Facebook status updates.
46.	Grina, Jana, et al. (författare) Political orientation and dominance : Are people on the political right more dominant? 2016 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 94, s. 113-117 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Social dominance orientation and political orientations are strongly correlated, leading to the notion that right-wing individuals possess a dominant personality disposition. Expressing some caveats toward such an assumption, in four studies we tested the link between political orientation and dominant personality. We assessed dominant personality partly by the use of a newly developed measure of domineering, without reference to intergroup relations or political ideals, and partly by the use of an existing clinical measure of domineering (CAT-PD). The results revealed that all measures of dominance including social dominance were significantly intercorrelated and, in line with previous research, related to both personality (agreeableness) and prejudice. Also, the correlation of political orientation with domineering was significantly lower than that with social dominance. More importantly, in all studies, social dominance fully mediated (or confounded) the relations between domineering and political orientation. Together these findings suggest that a dominant personality is reflected in political orientation only if social dominance (support for group based hierarchies) is also adopted by the individual.
47.	Hadlaczky, Gergö, 1978-, et al. (författare) The effects of automatic and controlled processing on the perception of remarkable coincidences with regard to paranormal belief Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Inferior probabilistic reasoning skills and loose associations have been suggested to affect the propensity to experience coincidences, and thereby to lead to the development of belief in the paranormal. Whether probabilistic skills and loose associations affect the automatic reaction of surprise, or the subsequent cognitively controlled analysis, has not yet been investigated. The aim of this explorative study was to look at how sensitivity to coincidences is affected by requiring participants to assess coincidences in probabilistic terms (reflecting controlled processing) compared to relying on the emotion of surprise (automatic processing), with belief in the paranormal and loose associative processing as hypothetical moderator variables. Based on an experiment that exposed participants to fabricated coincidences, it was concluded that relying on automatic processing may affect judgments of coincidences differently than relying on controlled processing, but only when individual differences in paranormal belief and associative processing are taken into account.
48.	Hafen, Christopher A., et al. (författare) Homophily in stable and unstable adolescent friendships : Similarity breeds constancy 2011 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Pergamon Press. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 51:5, s. 607-612 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study examines homophily among adolescent friends. Participants were drawn from a community-based sample of Swedish youth who ranged from 11 to 18 years old. A total of 436 girls and 338 boys identified their closest friends and described their own delinquent activities, intoxication frequency, achievement motivation, and self-worth. Correlations and difference scores describe similarity between reciprocally nominated friends on each dimension. Adolescents who remained friends from one year to the next tended to be more similar than those who did not, during the friendship and, to a lesser extent, before the friendship. Comparisons with random pairs of same-age peers revealed that age-group homophily accounts for most of the similarity between unstable friends but only a fraction of the similarity between stable friends.
49.	Hagquist, Curt, et al. (författare) Is the Sence of Coherence-instrument applicable on adolescents? : A latent trait analysis using Rasch-modelling 2004 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 36, s. 955-968 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
50.	Hagquist, Curt (författare) The psychometric properties of the self-reported SDQ : an analysis of Swedish data based on the Rasch model 2007 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 43:5, s. 1289-1301 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is increasingly used as a survey instrument for tapping information about mental health problems among children and adolescents. According to most of the evaluations of the SDQ, the instrument shows sound psychometric properties. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the properties of five subscales of the self-reported SDQ by using latent trait theory and the Rasch model, with a focus on the operating characteristics of the items. The analysis is based on cross-sectional data collected in Sweden in 2003 and 2004 among adolescents aged 12–18. In all, six sets of data including 8838 students are used. The analysis detected problems in all dimensions. In particular, the conduct problems scale seemed problematic. By removing misfitting items some improvements were achieved in the post-hoc analysis. However, the ambiguous nature of some items is a major cause for concern but also a potential for improvements of the instrument. It is therefore recommended that each of those items that include two sentences is split into two new items, in order to be tested in forthcoming studies.

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