| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Abu Hatab, Assem, et al.
(författare)
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Who moves and who gains from internal migration in Egypt?: Evidence from two waves of a labor market panel survey
- 2022
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent decades, Egypt has experienced rapid internal migration movements triggered by urbanization, socioeconomic development, and environmental changes. From a literature perspective, few scholarly studies have empirically examined the drivers and welfare impacts of internal migration in Egypt, despite the increasing recognition of its inextricably links to urban sustainability. The present study utilized data from two waves of an Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS) conducted in 2012 and 2018 and consisting of 63,909 observations to examine factors that determine internal migration decisions and their subsequent welfare effects. The results of the two-stage Heckman selection model indicate that both the determinants of internal migration decisions and welfare outcomes differ appreciably depending on migration stream as well as the socioeconomic characteristics of the migrants. In particular, females were found to be more likely to migrate from rural to urban areas, lending support to the growing literature on the “feminization of migration” in developing countries. The OLS regression results, after correcting for self-selection, make a strong case for the positive welfare gains from internal migration in Egypt. Specially, we found that the welfare gains for older and female migrants are much higher than other age and gender groups. A comparison of the welfare effects between different migration streams shows that all migratory movements were associated with positive and statistically significant welfare gains, except for rural-to-urban migration that was surprisingly found to be associated with significant welfare loss for the migrants. Urban-to-urban migration was found to have the strongest welfare enhancing effects on all migrant groups. The empirical findings underline a number of research and policy implications for a sustainable management of internal migration in Egypt and other countries with similar internal migration trends.
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| 3. |
- Adam, Achamyeleh Gashu
(författare)
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Informal settlements in the peri-urban areas of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia : An institutional analysis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 43, s. 90-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peri-urban land which has been used predominantly for agricultural purposes and held by local farmers is a target area for informal settlements in Ethiopia. An increasing number of people try to solve their housing needs by getting a plot of land informally in the transitional peri-urban areas. The purpose of this study is to explore the principal actors involved in the informal conversion of peri-urban agricultural land into urban built-up property. This study is also aimed at demonstrating the role of non-state institutions in facilitating informal acquisition and development of peri-urban plots. Both questionnaire and document analysis were the main sources of data for this study. The result of this study indicated that traditional social institutions played a significant role in processing peri-urban informal settlements and stabilizing land related conflicts by social sanction measures. The study has also found out that the process of acquiring a plot of land from peri-urban areas passes through its own stages which mainly start with identifying a plot for sale and ends with the confirmation of traditional letter of agreement signed by transacting parties without legal ground to do so.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Cadstedt, Jenny
(författare)
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Private rental housing in Tanzania : a private matter?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 34:1, s. 46-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Secure tenure, the citizenship rights of slum dwellers, and community participation are key words in the international discourse on housing policy. This paper reports the results from a study of private rental housing and tenants in unplanned settlements in Mwanza City, Tanzania. It examines the tenants' position in Tanzanian housing policy discourse, considers government housing policy and private rental tenure practices, and explores how the discussion about secure tenure in urban areas is focused on the formalisation of land. In 2005, rental legislation was changed in Tanzania because it was thought to be overly protective of tenants. Since then, tenants in rental housing have been ignored in the national policy discourse, despite the quantitative importance of rental housing in metropolitan Tanzania. The government has concluded that home ownership is the norm in Tanzania, and it regards private rental tenure as a private matter. It does not monitor conditions in the private rental market. In this paper, I suggest that the urban housing situation in Tanzania will not improve until the government acknowledges private rental tenure, views the tenants as urban citizens, and then attends to their needs and interests. One way to start this process is to educate landlords and tenants about their rights and obligations under housing contracts. This would help to reduce the number of conflicts in rental housing and bring about a more secure tenure situation for many residents.
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| 6. |
- Haase, Dagmar, et al.
(författare)
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Greening cities - To be socially inclusive? About the alleged paradox of society and ecology in cities
- 2017
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 64, s. 41-48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Greening cities, namely installing new parks, rooftop gardens or planting trees along the streets, undoubtedly contributes to an increase in wellbeing and enhances the attractiveness of open spaces in cities. At the same time, we observe an increasing use of greening strategies as ingredients of urban renewal, upgrading and urban revitalization as primarily market-driven endeavours targeting middle class and higher income groups sometimes at the expense of less privileged residents. This paper reflects on the current debate of the social effects of greening using selected examples. We discuss what tradeoffs between social and ecological developments in cities mean for the future debate on greening cities and a socially balanced and inclusive way of developing our cities for various groups of urban dwellers. We conclude that current and future functions and features of greening cities have to be discussed more critically including a greater awareness of social impacts.
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| 7. |
- Karpouzoglou, Timothy, et al.
(författare)
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Ways of knowing the wastewaterscape: Urban political ecology and the politics of wastewater in Delhi, India
- 2016
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 54, s. 150-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The notion of waterscape has been proposed by urban political ecology (UPE) scholars as a conceptual lens for understanding urban hydro-social flows. So far, however, there has been little attention by UPE scholars to the importance of wastewater in urban waterscapes. This study demonstrates how wastewater is embedded in an arena of social relations of power, defined in this article as the wastewaterscape. Drawing on research conducted in Delhi, the aim of the study is to examine re-occurring problems of wastewater disposal and mismanagement through the lens of knowledge; and the different ways of knowing about wastewater which exist amongst inhabitants of an informal settlement, scientific experts and municipal workers in Delhi. On the basis of our analysis, we argue that the systemic exposure of poorer urban citizens to untreated wastewater cannot be attributed to the shortcomings of service delivery alone, but is more fundamentally associated with how legitimacy is awarded to competing systems of knowledge about wastewater in the urban sphere.
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| 8. |
- Kourtit, Karima, et al.
(författare)
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Tracing high-sustainability performers among world cities - design and application of a multi-temporal data envelopment analysis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 68, s. 43-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainability performance is nowadays a major challenge for many cities in the world. Sustainable development refers to the achievement of both ecological and socio-economic objectives over a relevant time period. The present study aims to trace the relative sustainability status of 39 world cities included in the so-called Global City Power Index (GPCI) of the Mori Memorial Foundation in Japan. This is a unique large-scale and detailed multi-temporal data base containing approx. 80 systematically collected urban indicators for the cities concerned. This paper presents and applies a novel and advanced assessment methodology for sustainable and efficient performance strategies of these 39 global cities, by means of an extended and multi-temporal version of a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Using this novel approach, our study seeks to arrive at an unambiguous ranking of the highest performers among 'urban sustainability champions', during the time period 2012-2015. Based on the DEA efficiency assessment by regarding the urban input-output ratio as a performance indicator, we examine here one input indicator (Total Employees) and four sustainability output indicators (CO2 Emissions, Nominal GDP, Level of Satisfaction of Employees with their Lives, and Percentage of Renewable Energy Used). Our empirical results provide a global sustainability ranking of the cities concerned. We also show that many European cities have a relatively high performance score on the human and urban environment. We present next more detailed information on a selection of a few interesting cities. Our approach appears to be able to address realistic and transparant priorities and complex policy choices aiming at an improvement of relatively inefficient world cities.
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| 9. |
- Larsen, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Climate change scenarios and citizen-participation : Mitigation and adaptation perspectives in constructing sustainable futures
- 2009
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 33:3, s. 260-266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses adaptation and mitigation strategies as outlined in climate change scenarios. The adaptive perspective is closely connected to the concept of resilience understood as different views on nature's capacity to absorb shocks, renewal and re-organization. In constructing normative scenarios images of the future are generated illustrating potential ways of living, travelling and consuming products and services where certain goals such as a reduced climate impact are fulfilled. This paper argues that tension arising from climate strategies relying on either adaptation or mitigation strategies, or combining the two strategies, warrant further examination. In this paper the inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation are discussed by examining processes of citizen-participation in constructing scenarios and applying the concepts of resilience, vulnerability and adaptive capacity. We discuss this using the concept of deliberative planning processes as a means to achieve legitimate, effective and sustainable futures. As a part of this approach, we argue that methods for citizen-participation applied in exploring different science and technology options also provide useful insight for this type of planning processes. The theoretical arguments are combined with examples from environmental scenario construction in practice. The paper brings attention to tensions between sustainability content values, such as reduced climate impact, and more process-oriented values such as legitimacy, learning and participatory scenario construction. Moreover, the concept of open innovation processes is introduced to the context of participatory scenario construction comparing shared ground in terms of user-involvement in search of novel solutions and also increasing robustness of action plans implemented to reduce climate change.
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| 10. |
- Lindell, Ilda, et al.
(författare)
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“Disabling governance: privatization of city markets and implications for vendors’ associations in Kampala, Uganda”
- 2009
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 33:4, s. 397-404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contemporary international models of governance prescribe the devolution of service provision to a range of non-state actors and the adoption of market-oriented policies. This paper explores the politics that have arisen from changes in the governance framework in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. The focus is on the privatisation of the management of city markets and on the relations between the multiple actors involved—private contractors, vendors’ associations, cooperatives and state actors. In particular, the paper looks into the implications of the privatisation process for vendors and their associations. It argues that, while the latter have sometimes adjusted to the changes by turning into cooperative societies or creating their own management firms, increasingly, however, private interests external to the markets are taking over the management functions, sidelining or even repressing, vendors’ associations. The general picture is one of weakening associations and endangered possibilities for broad-based organising and interest representation.
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| 11. |
- Liu, Hongling, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of sustainable urban development approaches in China
- 2014
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 41, s. 24-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- China already has more numerous and larger cities than ever before. If the current trend holds, by 2025 it will have a predicted 1 billion of urban population and 8 megacities, each containing 10 million residents or more. China is facing enormous challenges when it comes to balancing rapid economic development with social development, sustainable use of resources and environmental protection in its fast-growing urban areas. Of the 10 most polluted cities in the world, 7 are in China. To meet these challenges, China has become a vast living laboratory for experiments on sustainable urban development. This paper reviews the use and development of city concepts and approaches regarding sustainable urban development in China. The large number of different concepts used appears to be partly due to institutional reasons and partly because they involve gradual changes in national policies. However, the data indicate that the concepts are generally becoming more comprehensive in relation to sustainable development, including social and heritage aspects. The most common barrier to the development of sustainable cities in China is still lack of clear visions, targets and indicators for sustainable development. More holistic approaches are needed for integrated urban planning, such as that used in Tangshan Bay Eco-city, a joint project between Sweden and China. This paper proposes the use of metabolic thinking and eco-cycle models derived from the discipline of Industrial Ecology to support urban planners in developing more sustainable and resource-efficient urban pathways. This will require closer cooperation between academics and practitioners and better monitoring of projects. Finally, it will be important to identify ways to scale up successful interventions in the urban area, rather than just moving from one innovative pilot project to the next.
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| 12. |
- Mehta, Lyla, et al.
(författare)
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Limits of policy and planning in peri-urban waterscapes : The case of Ghaziabad, Delhi, India
- 2015
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 48, s. 159-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The notion of the waterscape has been proposed to capture the interconnectedness of economic, political, cultural and social processes embedded in water. More recently recognised, yet still relatively under-theorised are waterscapes that are 'in-between' the city and the periphery. This article focuses on peri-urban Delhi, specifically the area around Ghaziabad. We show that peri-urban waterscapes do not fit into existing urban or rural planning models because these same models largely fail to recognise the peri-urban interface as a distinct form of territorial development. As a result a diverse range of mobilisations around water relevant to the peri-urban poor are systematically undermined while power asymmetries that shape access to water remain unrecognised. Peri-urban spaces thus continue to be planned as if in a transition towards urban modernity despite the complex social, political, technological and cultural realities these spaces represent. The failure to address current limits of policy and planning in peri-urban waterscapes has long term implications for the resilience, sustainability and transformative adaptation of both city and periphery.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Shahraki, Abdul Aziz, et al.
(författare)
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Distributional planning of educational places in developing cities with case studies
- 2016
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 51, s. 168-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper illustrates needs for revisions on educational land use policy in developing cities. It discusses the importance of educational spaces when they give services to many people and cover considerable areas of cities. It also states that present urban educational sites faced to problems such as lack of lands, disproportionate distribution in views of family needs, not consistent with other urban functions and lack of accessibility. The first aim is to analyze the distribution pattern of existing educational sites across a case study city and to examine an optimal model to redistribute the schools. The ultimate goal is to give a new map on the spatial distribution of educational sites in tune with new urban needs and development. This research uses an integrated spatial equity evaluation method, which is analytic and descriptive. It uses the Moran’s I index to classify and analyze the collected data. This research uses ArcGIS and AHP (analytic hierarchy process) soft wares as well. The contribution of this research to the problem is twofold. One is highlighting the problems of the existing non-optimal distribution of the schools throughout the city. In addition, this paper proves the need for changes in the land use policy and for allocating adequate and suitable lands to educational spaces aiming at optimal schools’ distribution in the developing cities.
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| 15. |
- Song, Zisheng, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of residential push-pull factors on tenants' intentions to relocate from megacities : Evidence from a Beijing, China survey
- 2022
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 129, s. 102663-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In China, tenants' residential relocations always present diverse spatial-temporal tendencies and are highly influenced by disadvantages of origin (push) and attractiveness of destination (pull). This paper aims to construct a relocation intention (RI) model and estimate the effects of residential push-pull factors on tenants' RIs, such as the household registration system (hukou), homeownership status, and residential dissatisfaction. The empirical research relies on a questionnaire-based survey of 2187 tenants conducted in 2019 in Beijing, China. Our findings confirm that non-local hukou status significantly pushes female and unmarried tenants to relocate, and non-local homeownership noticeably pulls male and married tenants' relocation. These two factors also significantly in-fluence the RIs of tenants without higher education. For tenants younger than 35, non-local hukou status shows a strong pushing force, but non-local homeownership does not present notable differences by age. Additionally, residential dissatisfaction significantly pushes tenants' RIs and has a moderating effect on non-local home-ownership. Moreover, for tenants who have explicit relocation intentions, non-local hukou status plays a vital role in shortening their intended stay before their actual relocation.
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| 16. |
- Zhou, Guanghong, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating low-carbon city initiatives from the DPSIR framework perspective
- 2015
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975 .- 1873-5428. ; 50, s. 289-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current low-carbon city initiatives were evaluated using the DPSIR (Drivingforces-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses) causal-effect framework for investigating interactions between environmental issues and human activities. For effective management towards achieving a low-carbon city, integrating the pressure-based, driver-oriented DPSIR approach could help decision makers examine whether greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction approaches deal with the root causes of GHG emissions and work to-wards low-carbon city development goals. The DPSIR framework was used on 36 global cities to analyse the socio-economic dynamics of GHG emissions and their pressures on the environment, the state of the environment, related climate change impacts and responses from society. The results indicated that numerous cities have awareness of low-car bon plans and that most of these plans are pressure-based and driver-oriented. Most city plans recognise energy, transportation and building as the main driving forces for GHG emissions, which cause environmental pressures, and highlight technical responses to reduce GHG emissions pressures from these root causes. Inaddition, most plans recognise institutional and cognitional responses to low-carbon city development, such as: policies and legislation; departmental planning and cooperation; measuring, monitoring and reporting performance; capital invest-ment; community education and outreach; and stakeholder involvement.
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| 17. |
- Hjorth, Peder
(författare)
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Knowledge development and management for urban poverty alleviation
- 2003
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - 0197-3975. ; 27:3, s. 381-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper assesses the performance of poverty alleviation projects, asks why so many have failed, and why successful projects have been successful. It gives a retrospective. overview of the development of the concept of poverty, and argues that the way towards poverty eradication goes through holistic, participatory, approaches that build on sharing of knowledge and learning by doing. Projects and programmes should build on the full knowledge of all stakeholders. This way we can create dynamic collaborative environments that build knowledge strategically by developing and applying knowledge as it comes available. It is suggested that approaches should be guided by an enabling framework, within which a multiplicity of partnerships can develop and be effective. Common sense and holistic systems thinking are found to be essential starting points for improvements of the quality of decision-making and the learning and innovation in poverty alleviation efforts.
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| 18. |
- Wallén Warner, Henriette, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers’ beliefs about exceeding the speed limits
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 11:5, s. 376-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to examine drivers’ view on their own speeding behaviour by focusing on belief based measures as suggested by the theory of planned behaviour. A sample of car owners (N = 162) completed a questionnaire including both direct and belief based measures of the latent variables in the theory of planned behaviour. The results showed that indices constructed with direct measures of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control made a larger contribution to the prediction of drivers’ intention to exceed the speed limits in both urban and rural environments, than did indices constructed with belief based measures. An extensive set of belief composites was produced and standard multiple regressions showed which of these contributed to the prediction of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, as well as intention. The use of these findings is discussed.
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| 19. |
- Ahlström, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Improved accessibility modeling and its relation to poverty - A case study in Southern Sri Lanka
- 2011
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 35:2, s. 316-326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many studies have found close relationships between accessibility and various socio-economic indicators. Yet, since accessibility tends to have differentiated effects, both socially and spatially, there is a need for a model which allows for a disaggregated analysis of accessibility. The model should be possible to use in areas where road network data is incomplete. In this paper such an accessibility model is developed, using a raster-based approach in a Geographical Information System (GIS). One important factor in accessibility modeling is to estimate the traveling speed on different landscape entities. This paper develops a method where local knowledge and physical geographical data are integrated in the GIS model. From the interview data the best door-to-door traveling speeds of three road classes were estimated. The results from these calculations have been used as frictions for a cost surface. The analysis shows strong relationships between poverty indicators and estimated spatial accessibility, stronger than the commonly used accessibility measure of Euclidian distance. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 20. |
- Andrés, Eva Àlvarez de, et al.
(författare)
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Stop the evictions! The diffusion of networked social movements and the emergence of a hybrid space: The case of the Spanish Mortgage Victims Group
- 2015
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 46:April, s. 252-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over 350,000 families have been evicted from their homes since Spain's property market crashed in 2008. The response of Spanish civil society has been the emergence of a networked social movement, Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH; the Spanish Mortgage Victims Group), to stop the evictions and change applicable legislation. This paper uses social movement theory and the travel of ideas metaphor from organization theory to understand how the PAH movement and its practices and tactics, originally born in Barcelona in 2009, have successfully spread to over 160 cities and stopped over 1135 evictions throughout the country. We argue that the ability of networked social movements to quickly replicate has fuelled their power to resist, protest, and induce change. We contend that the fast growth of networked social movements in Global North and South cities, is fuelled by its ability to create a hybrid space between communication networks and occupied urban space in which face-to-face assemblies and protests take place.
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| 21. |
- Choplin, Armelle, et al.
(författare)
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Titling the desert: Land formalization and tenure (in)security in Nouakchott (Mauritania)
- 2017
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 64, s. 49-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing on empirical ethnographic research conducted in three resettled areas in Nouakchott (Mauritania), our paper aims to enrich the debate on land formalization, attempting to understand the effects of slum upgrading programs and the titling process. In a context of securing land tenure as upheld by international institutions, the paper questions the implementation of these titling programs, which aim to deliver secure tenure and, more broadly, achieve economic development. It appeals for an analysis of how poor people react to titling policies in a context of highly complex relationships between formal and informal land status. Our case studies show that formal deeds do not necessarily lead to secure tenure. For the impoverished households who have withstood resettlements, these titling practices can be seen as a way to improve their livelihoods or, on the contrary, as breeding grounds for new forms of vulnerability. Moreover, these elements can also be perceived as triggers for encroachments between the State and the law and, at times, a reason to claim new rights.
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| 22. |
- de la Espriella, Carlos
(författare)
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Designing for equality: Conceptualising a tool for strategic territorial planning
- 2007
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 31:3-4, s. 317-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The struggle for equality is fundamental to the reduction of poverty in Central America. Besides, one of the foremost goals of urban spatial planning, when implementing social policies, is to contribute to the reduction of poverty. This is done by producing a list of territorially-based actions and selecting those suitable for the implementation of social policies developed at national level. However, urban planners working with local authorities in the Region face political, managerial, financial and technical limitations for adequately conducting this task. Of particular interest to this paper are the limited options they have for technically assessing the impact that territorially-based actions have on reducing inequality, and therefore poverty. An operational methodology is proposed in this paper, as a step forward to enable planners to simulate, assess and monitor the impact of territorially-based actions on inequality, and to promote the use of evidence from statistical data when proposing, implementing and monitoring those actions. The methodology is introduced by inscribing it in the context of urban spatial planning, presenting the concepts that underpin it, describing how it is intended to work, and illustrating its use through the presentation of an empirical study.
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| 23. |
- Kinobe, Joel, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization of waste collection and disposal in Kampala city
- 2015
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 49, s. 126-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waste collection and transportation is an important municipal service that involves high expenditures if not handled efficiently. This has hindered waste management in many Sub-Saharan African countries. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) tools were used to optimize travel distances, trips and collection time, which leads to maximizing total waste collection, yielding large savings and keeping the environment clean. The study suggested the best waste collection routes, and determined a suitable vehicle fleet and capacity to be used by Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), which is the body responsible for waste management in Kampala. The use of the GIS tools led to the reduction in the total number of trips and travel distances, which decreased fuel consumption and vehicle emissions. In addition, the model can be used by the various outsourced private operators, collecting and disposing of solid wastes. Since the current municipal landfill for Kampala city is almost full, the GIS tool was used to identify the optimum location of a new proposed landfill site, based on optimized travel distances. The results of this study can help KCCA to decrease costs of managing wastes and environmental as well as social impacts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 24. |
- Macharis, Cathy, et al.
(författare)
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Transition through dialogue: A stakeholder based decision process for cities: The case of city distribution
- 2015
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 45:2, s. 82-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban areas are facing several challenges. One of them is how to organise freight transport in a sustainable way. Most of the measures that have been experienced suffer from a lack of systematic evaluation and assessment of their short and long term effects. That is why large scale or long term adoptions often fail, because not all stakeholders were taken into account (Macharis & Melo, 2011). Consequently involving these actors and their objectives is a primary focus to develop the evaluation methodology. The Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analysis (MAMCA) methodology suits perfectly in this aim. Within this paper, a specific evaluation framework for city distribution (CD-MAMCA) is explained with its step-by-step approach. The relevant stakeholders within urban and interurban freight transport context are shown together with their important criteria. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 25. |
- Rusca, Maria, Dr, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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The paradox of cost recovery in heterogeneous municipal water supply systems : Ensuring inclusiveness or exacerbating inequalities?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 73, s. 101-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past decades ‘water for all’ has become a dominant development mantra, illustrated by global strategies like the Millennium Development Goals (2000–2015) and the Sustainable Development Goals (2015–2030). Cost-recovering tariffs have been placed at the core of these strategies on the grounds that they warrant more inclusive water services by enhancing utilities' performance, ensuring efficient demand management and empowering consumers. This paper questions these assumptions for cities in sub-Saharan Africa, where inclusive urban water services are to be achieved in a context of extreme socio-economic inequalities and the water utility provides water through heterogeneous service modalities. Drawing from empirical evidence from Maputo and Lilongwe, we conclude that in this context the implementation of full cost recovery principles may exacerbate rather than reduce inequalities in access to drinking water. Water utilities tend to outsource service provision to lower income areas to small-scale or “social” private sector. These providers apply full–cost recovery principles more rigorously, as they cannot operate in a deficit. Moreover, they are unable to (cross)-subsidize and they do not enjoy economies of scale. As a result, wealthier neighbourhoods, where the water utility provides services directly, often access water at subsidised rates, while in low income areas, where service provision is outsourced, people access lower quality services at a higher price.
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| 26. |
- Schlyter, Ann, 1943
(författare)
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Housing policy in Zambia : Retrospect and prospect
- 1998
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - 0197-3975. ; 22:3, s. 259-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the re-instatement of a multi-party system in Zambia in 1991, approaches to finding solutions to housing shortages have changed significantly. Local government staff sees their new role primarily as facilitators of the improvement process. This role is promoted by the country's new National Housing Policy, the draft National Housing Development Programme and the draft National Decentralisation Policy. In view of these recent policy initiatives, a retrospective review of Zambian housing policy is presented, focussing on efforts to provide serviced land, private home ownership, overcoming tenure constraints and organising community participation and the support of non-governmental organisations. Case study evidence from George compound is used to illustrate the paper.
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| 27. |
- Sjöstedt, Martin, 1977
(författare)
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The impact of secure land tenure on water access levels in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Botswana and Zambia
- 2011
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 35:1, s. 133-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The argument developed and tested in this paper contends that the lack of success in past decades when it comes to increasing water coverage levels – particularly in sub-Saharan Africa – is attributable to the institutional arrangements under which land is managed. In short, the starting point is that if water coverage levels are to increase, some form of investment in land, housing, water infrastructure, or wells needs to be undertaken – primarily by citizens themselves. However, in order for such investments to take place, citizens need some certainty that they will reap the rewards from their investments. This certainty is suggested to result from property rights to land, i.e., land tenure. This argument is tested through a mixed methodological approach including quantitative analysis and a comparative review of land policies of the two contrasting cases of Botswana and Zambia.
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| 28. |
- Wei, Lai, et al.
(författare)
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Multiscale identification of urban functional polycentricity for planning implications : An integrated approach using geo-big transport data and complex network modeling
- 2020
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 97
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polycentrism has gradually become a newly emergent dimension of global urbanization. Many countries worldwide have tailored plans suited to functional polycentricity, in light of the prevalent “ghost cities” or “empty towns” as lessons from the morphologically polycentric development practices. However, the subject of defining and measuring functional polycentricity is still in an initial development phase, both in theory and in methodology. This paper first establishes a general theoretical framework for understanding functional polycentricity from the lens of interactive human mobility among spatial units. Then, a new approach is proposed to identify and measure urban functional polycentricity from a multiscale perspective and further applied to the case of Shanghai, China. More specifically, the pick-up and drop-off points from taxi GPS data are used to examine the linkages among different urban units across various scales (e.g., census tract, 3000-m grid, 5000-m grid, and community). Complex network modeling, together with the sensitivity analysis, is further employed to identify the centers according to the spatial importance of each unit. The results show that (1) the approach proposed can effectively identify functional centers within urban setting; (2) an obvious polycentric structure exists in Shanghai and is sensitive to scale effects; (3) the estimates are more accurate and precise with the shrink of analysis unit size from community level to census tract level; and (4) under the same spatial scale, the grid-based analysis produces a more elaborated polycentric pattern compared with the traditional administration-based analysis. Finally, scale-dependent differences between morphological and functional polycentricity are distinguished for providing implications for urban planning. Our study is believed to renew the knowledge of polycentricity conceptualization.
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| 29. |
- Zapata Campos, María José, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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The travel of global ideas of waste management. The case of Managua and its informal settlements
- 2014
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - Göteborg : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 41:January 2014, s. 41-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Informal settlements in the global South cities are often neglected by formal solid waste collection services. In the city of Managua, the municipality and international and local NGOs recently imple- mented several waste management projects to provide waste collection in informal settlements. These projects supported or created cooperatives or microenterprises of waste pickers collecting household solid waste in barrios inaccessible to modern waste trucks. The projects also created three waste transfer stations, on barrio fringes, where the collected waste could be disposed and transported by municipal truck to the municipal landfill. New institutionalism theory and the “travel metaphor” illuminate how the “waste transfer station” idea travelled to Managua from various international organizations. New urban infrastructure and waste management models introduced by donors were decoupled from existing waste management models and practices. Despite the organizational hypocrisy of the city administra- tion, introducing this new model via pilot projects in three city districts challenges the logic of the existing centralized waste management system, which ignores the city’s informal settlements. The introduced waste transfer stations and associated waste collection practices were translated, and sometimes contested, in some informal settlements through protests, occupations, and other defiance strategies enacted by municipal waste collectors, squatters, and residents.
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| 30. |
- Zapata Campos, María José, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Unexpected translations in urban policy mobility. The case of the Acahualinca development programme in Managua, Nicaragua
- 2015
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Ingår i: Habitat International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 46:April, s. 271-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Implementation gaps between policy goals and outcomes are of increasing concern in practice and research. We explore the translation chains through which urban policies become mobile and are translated into practice. Informed by the city management and policy mobility literature, we conduct a case study of La Chureca, the rubbish dump and slum of Managua, Nicaragua, and its renewal programme. The Acahualinca Programme was implemented via translation chains enacted by many policy translators. It was translated into residents' and waste collectors' interests, its language packaged in artefacts such as prototypes in order to travel. It was made mobile via relational sites or situations providing safe and accessible connections with Chureca residents. Paradoxically, these places also allowed extraordinary connections between actors located in different scales and spaces, facilitating unexpected local community resistance. Although the Program ultimately remained almost unalterable in content, resistance unexpectedly transformed residents from passive policy transmitters into active policy actors in making the city. We conclude that policy implementation cannot be seen as the scripted translation of plans into reality, but as an uncontrollable process in which multiple translations twist policies and plans from below. The significant question is therefore not whether plans succeed, but how they succeed.
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| 31. |
- Lundin, Lars-Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Continuous long-term measurements of soil-plant-atmosphere variables at a forest site
- 1999
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Ingår i: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. - 0168-1923 .- 1873-2240. ; 98-99, s. 53-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is a major challenge in modem science to decrease the uncertainty in predictions of global climate change. One of the largest uncertainties in present-day global climate models resides with the understanding of processes in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer (SVAT) system. Continuous, long-term data are needed in order to correctly quantify balances of water, energy and CO2 in this system and to correctly model it. It is the objective of this paper to demonstrate how a combined system of existing sensor, computer, and network technologies could be set up to provide continuous and reliable long-term SVAT-process data from a forested site under almost all environmental conditions. The Central Tower Site (CTS) system was set up in 1993-1994 in a 25 m high boreal forest growing on a highly heterogeneous till soil with a high content of stones and blocks. It has successfully monitored relevant states and fluxes in the system, such as atmospheric fluxes of momentum, heat, water vapour and CO2, atmospheric profiles of temperature, water vapour, CO2, short-and long-wave radiation, heat storage in soil and trees, sap-dow and a variety of ecophysiological properties, soil-water contents and tensions, and groundwater levels, rainfall and throughfall. System uptime has been more than 90% for most of its components during the first 5 years of operation. Results from the first 5 years of operation include e.g., budgets for energy, water and CO2, information on important but rarely occurring events such as evaporation from snow-covered canopies, and reactions of the forest to extreme drought. The carbon budget shows that the forest may be a sink of carbon although it is still growing. The completeness of the data has made it possible to test the internal consistency of SVAT models. The pioneering set-up at the CTS has been adopted by a large number of SVAT-monitoring sites around the world. Questions concerning tower maintenance, long-term calibration plans, maintenance of sensors and data-collection system, and continuous development of the computer network to keep it up to date are, however, only partly of interest as a research project in itself. It is thus difficult to get it funded from usual research-funding agencies. The full value of data generated by the CTS system can best be appreciated after a decade or more of continuous operation. Main uses of the data would be to evaluate how SVAT models handle the natural variability of climate conditions, quantification of water. carbon and energy budgets during various weather conditions, rind development of new parameterisation schemes in global and regional climate models.
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