| 1. |
- Asproth, Viveca, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic information in GIS systems
- 1995
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 19:2, s. 107-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time can be characterized as the fourth dimension of the physical space-time continuum. Time is either a particular instant at which a structure or a process exists or occurs, or a period over which a structure endures or a process continues. From the human point of view, a concrete system can move in any direction on the spatial dimension, but only forward on the temporal dimension. GIS systems generally deal with static information. Static objects can be defined as objects that do not change in a short time period. In many situations, the information in GIS applications does change dynamically. Environmental problems, for example, have a significant dynamic component, which means that the conditions of the real system, at the time the decision is made, are the results of all the past history of the system and influence its subsequent behavior. Dynamicallity in a process may be possible to measure. The measure should include components such as size of change, frequencies of change, and time interval. The dynamicallity of a system should, in addition, include the need of change in representation (for example, how often must the screen be updated) and how time-critical decisions are. Time can be represented by a series of snapshots, and the shorter time periods between the snapshots, the more it imitates a continuous course of events. The time lapse is represented by a minimum of two pictures, up to complete animation. Real time and presentation time are not necessarily the same, as it is desirable to shorten very long time lapses (for example geological changes), and lengthen (prolong) rapid time lapses (such as explosions). We define presentation time as a relation between observation interval (time interval between observations) and picture rate (the rate of changing pictures on the screen). In this paper, some functions for handling dynamic information in GIS systems are presented.
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| 2. |
- Asproth, Viveca, et al.
(författare)
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GIS-application for visualization of streams
- 1994
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 18:2, s. 103-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Up to now, GIS systems have been used to produce maps. When using these maps, for example, to look at a road section, you are limited to one map-sheet at a time with a specific scale. A common application, for example, in communities and electricity companies, is to include networks such as water pipes, sewage systems, and electric mains. As the lines cross map-sheet borders, it has been necessary to put the map-sheets together. It is useful for communities to have up-to-date and accurate information about water pipes, to be able to locate leaks and to know where to cut off the lines and to know which consumers are affected, when repairing. In the future, GIS systems could also be used as decision and planning support. To be able to use GIS systems for this purpose, it is necessary to improve techniques for visualization of streams (direction and strength) over time. This paper describes a project that aims to develop and evaluate user interfaces for visualization of all kinds of streams and to improve and evaluate methods and CASE tools for development of GIS applications.
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| 3. |
- Le Duc, Michael
(författare)
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A Command Model for Executive Informatics Based on Living Systems Theory
- 1993
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 17:5, s. 385-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Command Model presented here was developed in a project for designing executive informatic systems (EIS) balancing technical and human dimensions contracted by the Swedish National Board of Civil Emergency Preparedness (OCB). The contract explicitly emphasised new ideas, rather than piecemeal improvements of existing technology and procedures. The model focuses the intermediate level between operations and strategy. Executive informatics (EI) encompasses information technology and its use at top-level management, as contrasted with administrative or operative informatic systems. The Command Model categorises the four most frequent and important processes of tactical command and is based on symbols from Living Systems Theory (Miller 1978, Miller & Miller 1990). It can be implemented in software to be used as a front-end to operative informatic systems for command purposes.
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| 4. |
- Abascal, Angela, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying degrees of deprivation from space using deep learning and morphological spatial analysis of deprived urban areas
- 2022
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many cities in low- and medium-income countries (LMICs) are facing rapid unplanned growth of built-up areas, while detailed information on these deprived urban areas (DUAs) is lacking. There exist visible differences in housing conditions and urban spaces, and these differences are linked to urban deprivation. However, the appropriate geospatial information for unravelling urban deprivation is typically not available for DUAs in LMICs, constituting an urgent knowledge gap. The objective of this study is to apply deep learning techniques and morphological analysis to identify degrees of deprivation in DUAs. To this end, we first generate a reference dataset of building footprints using a participatory community-based crowd-sourcing approach. Secondly, we adapt a deep learning model based on the U-Net architecture for the semantic segmentation of satellite imagery (WorldView 3) to generate building footprints. Lastly, we compute multi-level morphological features from building footprints for identifying the deprivation variation within DUAs. Our results show that deep learning techniques perform satisfactorily for predicting building footprints in DUAs, yielding an accuracy of F1 score = 0.84 and Jaccard Index = 0.73. The resulting building footprints (predicted buildings) are useful for the computation of morphology metrics at the grid cell level, as, in high-density areas, buildings cannot be detected individually but in clumps. Morphological features capture physical differences of deprivation within DUAs. Four indicators are used to define the morphology in DUAs, i.e., two related to building form (building size and inner irregularity) and two covering the form of open spaces (proximity and directionality). The degree of deprivation can be evaluated from the analysis of morphological features extracted from the predicted buildings, resulting in three categories: high, medium, and low deprivation. The outcome of this study contributes to the advancement of methods for producing up-to-date and disaggregated morphological spatial data on urban DUAs (often referred to as 'slums') which are essential for understanding the physical dimensions of deprivation, and hence planning targeted interventions accordingly.
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| 5. |
- Aslani, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Rooftop segmentation and optimization of photovoltaic panel layouts in digital surface models
- 2023
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rooftop photovoltaic panels (RPVs) are being increasingly used in urban areas as a promising means of achieving energy sustainability. Determining proper layouts of RPVs that make the best use of rooftop areas is of importance as they have a considerable impact on the RPVs performance in efficiently producing energy. In this study, a new spatial methodology for automatically determining the proper layouts of RPVs is proposed. It aims to both extract planar rooftop segments and identify feasible layouts with the highest number of RPVs in highly irradiated areas. It leverages digital surface models (DSMs) to consider roof shapes and occlusions in placing RPVs. The innovations of the work are twofold: (a) a new method for plane segmentation, and (b) a new method for optimally placing RPVs based on metaheuristic optimization, which best utilizes the limited rooftop areas. The proposed methodology is evaluated on two test sites that differ in urban morphology, building size, and spatial resolution. The results show that the plane segmentation method can accurately extract planar segments, achieving 88.7% and 99.5% precision in the test sites. In addition, the results indicate that complex rooftops are adequately handled for placing RPVs, and overestimation of solar energy potential is avoided if detailed analysis based on panel placement is employed.
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| 6. |
- Hamstead, Zoé A., et al.
(författare)
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Geolocated social media as a rapid indicator of park visitation and equitable park access
- 2018
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 72, s. 38-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding why some parks are used more regularly or intensely than others can inform ways in which urban parkland is developed and managed to meet the needs of a rapidly expanding urban population. Although geolocated social media (GSM) indicators have been used to examine park visitation rates, studies applying this approach are generally limited to flagship parks, national parks, or a small subset of urban parks. Here, we use geolocated Flickr and Twitter data to explore variation in use across New York City's 2143 diverse parks and model visitation based on spatially-explicit park characteristics and facilities, neighborhood-level accessibility features and neighborhood-level demographics. Findings indicate that social media activity in parks is positively correlated with proximity to public transportation and bike routes, as well as particular park characteristics such as water bodies, athletic facilities, and impervious surfaces, but negatively associated with green space and increased proportion of minority ethnicity and minority race in neighborhoods in which parks are located. Contrary to previous studies which describe park visitation as a form of nature-based recreation, our findings indicate that the kinds of green spaces present in many parks may not motivate visitation. From a social equity perspective, our findings may imply that parks in high-minority neighborhoods are not as accessible, do not accommodate as many visitors, and/or are of lower quality than those in low-minority neighborhoods. These implications are consistent with previous studies showing that minority populations disproportionately experience barriers to park access. In applying GSM data to questions of park access, we demonstrate a rapid, big data approach for providing information crucial for park management in a way that is less resource-intensive than field surveys.
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| 7. |
- Huang, Haosheng, et al.
(författare)
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Analytics of location-based big data for smart cities : Opportunities, challenges, and future directions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing ubiquity of location/activity sensing technologies and location-based services (LBS) has led to a large volume and variety of location-based big data (LocBigData), such as location tracking or sensing data, social media data, and crowdsourced geographic information. The increasing availability of such LocBigData has created unprecedented opportunities for research on urban systems and human environments in general. In this article, we first review the common types of LocBigData: mobile phone network data, GPS data, Location-based social media data, LBS usage/log data, smart card travel data, beacon log data (WiFi or Bluetooth), and camera imagery data. Secondly, we describe the opportunities fueled by LocBigData for the realization of smart cities, mainly via answering questions ranging from “what happened” and “why did it happen” to “what's likely to happen in the future” and “what to do next”. Thirdly, pitfalls of dealing with LocBigData are summarized, such as high volume/velocity/variety; non-random sampling; messy and not clean data; and correlations rather than causal relationships. Finally, we review the state-of-the-art research trends in this field, and conclude the article with a list of open research challenges and a research agenda for LocBigData research to help achieve the vision of smart and sustainable cities.
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| 8. |
- Jenelius, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Road network vulnerability analysis : Conceptualization, implementation and application
- 2015
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 49, s. 136-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper describes a process for road network vulnerability analysis, from (i) the conceptual definition of vulnerability measures, through (ii) the derivation of practical indicators and models adapted to available data and their implementation in computational procedures, to (iii) the application of the methodology in case studies. In the first step, the vulnerability concept is defined and quantified formally, and distinct user and technological perspectives are highlighted. In the second step, the conceptual measures are adapted and calculated according to the conditions, requirements and goals of a particular analysis. The paper describes practical indicators and algorithms developed for large-scale vulnerability analyses. For the third step, the paper analyzes both single link closures and area-covering disruptions and the distribution of impacts among different regions in a case study on the Swedish road transport system. The spatial patterns are put in connection with the regional variations in location and travel patterns and network density. Finally, the implications for policy and possible approaches to vulnerability management are discussed.
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| 9. |
- Jiang, Bin, Professor, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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A new approach to detecting and designing living structure of urban environments
- 2021
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable urban design or planning is not a LEGO-like assembly of prefabricated elements, but an embryo-like growth with persistent differentiation and adaptation towards a coherent whole. The coherent whole has a striking character – called living structure – that consists of far more small substructures than large ones. To detect the living structure, natural streets or axial lines have been previously adopted to be topologically represent an urban environment as a coherent whole. This paper develops a new approach to detecting the underlying living structure of urban environments. The approach takes an urban environment as a whole and recursively decomposes it into meaningful subwholes at different levels of hierarchy (or scale) ranging from the largest to the smallest. We compared the new approach to natural street and axial line approaches and demonstrated, through four case studies, that the new approach is better and more powerful. Based on the study, we further discuss how the new approach can be used not only for understanding but also – probably more importanly – for effectively designing or planning an urban environment to be living or more living.
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| 10. |
- Jiang, Bin, et al.
(författare)
-
How do location-based services hit Google?
- 2006
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 30:6, s. 709-711
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 11. |
- Jiang, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Location-based services and GIS in perspective
- 2006
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 30:6, s. 712-725
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines location-based services (LBS) from a broad perspective involving deWnitions, characteristics, and application prospects. We present an overview of LBS modeling regarding users, locations, contexts and data. The LBS modeling endeavors are cross-examined with a research agenda of geographic information science. Some core research themes are brieXy speculated.
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| 12. |
- Jiang, Bin, Professor, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Representing geographic space as a hierarchy of recursively defined subspaces for computing the degree of order
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 92
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As Christopher Alexander discovered, all space or matter – either organic or inorganic – has some degree of order in it according to its structure and arrangement. The order refers to a kind of structural character, called living structure, which is defined as a mathematical structure that consists of numerous substructures with an inherent hierarchy. Across the hierarchy, there are far more small substructures than large ones, while on each level of the hierarchy the substructures are more or less similar in size. In this paper we develop a new approach to representing geographic space as a hierarchy of recursively defined subspaces for computing the degree of order. A geographic space is first represented as a hierarchy of recursively defined subspaces, and all the subspaces are then topologically represented as a network for computing the degree of order of the geographic space, as well as that of its subspaces. Unlike conventional geographic representations, which are mechanical in nature, this new geographic representation is organic, conceived, and developed under the third view of space; that is, space is neither lifeless nor neutral, but a living structure capable of being more living or less living. Thus, the order can also be referred to as life, beauty, coherence, or harmony. We applied the new representation to three urban environments, 253 patterns, and 35 black-white strips to verify it and to demonstrate advantages of the new approach and the new kind of order. We further discuss the implications of the approach and the order on geographic information science and sustainable urban planning.
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| 13. |
- Jiang, Bin
(författare)
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Some thoughts on geospatial analysis and modeling
- 2007
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 31:5, s. 477-480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This issue contains papers selected from the contributions presented at the 1st International Car-tographic Association (ICA) Workshop on Geospatial Analysis and Modeling held in Vienna on the8th of July, 2006 (http://www.hig.se/~bjg/ica/workshop/). The theme papers demonstrate partiallyrecent developments in geospatial analysis and modeling for uncovering knowledge for variousapplications. This research has seen intensive growth over the past decade due to application needsand the increasing availability of geospatial information collected from various sources. The chal-lenge for the research is to go beyond the conventional cartographic and geographic (mainly statis-tics-based) methods, and to develop more advanced and robust models for analyzing and mininggeospatial information.
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| 14. |
- Jiang, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Volunteered Geographic Information : Towards the establishment of a new paradigm
- 2015
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 53:SI, s. 1-3
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is user-generated content that is assorted with spatial coordinates. This position paper places VGI in the broader context of data sciences, underscoring its most critical properties, identifies its contribution to the emergence of new social science analytics for urban built environments, and presents some of the remaining challenges.
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| 15. |
- John, Östh, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Economic Resilience and Accessibility : A Joint Perspective
- 2015
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 49, s. 148-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In most studies of economic resilience, much effort is attributed to the development of factors and measures representing economic and related resilience. In this context, a great deal of attention is devoted to the role of regions and to their abilities to withstand an economic shock. Usually, however, less attention is given to the size, distribution and interaction of the regions containing the underlying statistics used in the calculation of resilience factors. In this article, we argue that more attention should be devoted to choosing spatial units to increase the potential of resilience measures. In particular, we consider a smaller spatial unit, such as the municipality level, to better visualize resilience's variations. In addition, by complementing measures of resilience with a measure of accessibility, we try to depict the municipality's economic functioning. We have carried out experiments with reference to the system of the 290 municipalities in Sweden. Our municipality-level analyses reveal that (a) proxies of resilience and accessibility, in general, are positively and significantly correlated and that the municipalities estimated to be most resilient and accessible are also the major economic centers in Sweden, and (b) classifying the municipality position in ranks of proxies for resilience and accessibility is more useful for the classification of municipalities with differential resilience than classifying municipalities using proxies for resilience alone. For example, whereas high proxy values for resilience and high accessibility municipalities often are both job- and population-rich, municipalities with low resilience estimates and high accessibility indices can typically be depicted as suburban and commuting municipalities in metropolitan areas. While municipalities with estimates of poor resilience and poor accessibility can in general be used to categorize remote municipalities experiencing population loss, estimated low resilience and high accessibility are characteristics of municipalities increasing in population. This analysis combining estimates of resilience and accessibility can be considered a suitable tool for providing a more complete insight into the economic investigation and measurement of resilience.
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| 16. |
- Kizito, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Development of decision support tools for decentralised urban water supply management in Uganda : An action research approach
- 2009
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 33:2, s. 122-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a study in which four real-life problem situations are used to explore the challenges of developing and implementing decision support tools within air urban water utility. In the Study, all Action Research approach is used. with theoretical considerations leading to specific actions being implemented, which ill turn yield results that are used to reflect upon the original theoretical assumptions. Results of the study emphasize the need for proper problem-structuring prior to the formulation of actions, the challenges of moving from planning to action; the importance of User involvement in the development of tools; and how a good match of people, problem-structuring, proactiveness and participatory tools development is required for effective decision support provision. The study also highlights the challenges of embedding decision support within existing work systems ill organizations. The Action Research approach is shown to be useful in bridging the gap between theory and practice, aiding the development of decision Support tools of immediate and practical benefit to organizations.
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| 17. |
- Kordi, Maryam, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of increasing fuzziness on analytic hierarchy process for spatial multicriteria decision analysis
- 2012
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 36:1, s. 43-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) involves techniques which relatively recently have received great increase in interest for their capabilities of solving spatial decision problems. One of the most frequently used techniques of MCDA is Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In the AHP, decision-makers make pairwise comparisons between different criteria to obtain values of their relative importance. The AHP initially only dealt with crisp numbers or exact values in the pairwise comparisons, but later it has been modified and adapted to also consider fuzzy values. It is necessary to empirically validate the ability of the fuzzified AHP for solving spatial problems. Further, the effects of different levels of fuzzification on the method have to be studied. In the context of a hypothetical GIS-based decision-making problem of locating a dam in Costa Rica using real-world data, this paper illustrates and compares the effects of increasing levels of uncertainty exemplified through different levels of fuzzification of the AHP. Practical comparison of the methods in this work, in accordance with the theoretical research, revealed that by increasing the level of uncertainty or fuzziness in the fuzzy AHP, differences between results of the conventional and fuzzy AHPs become more significant. These differences in the results of the methods may affect the final decisions in decision-making processes. This study concludes that the AHP is sensitive to the level of fuzzification and decision-makers should be aware of this sensitivity while using the fuzzy AHP. Furthermore, the methodology described may serve as a guideline on how to perform a sensitivity analysis in spatial MCDA. Depending on the character of criteria weights, i.e. the degree of fuzzification, and its impact on the results of a selected decision rule (e.g. AHP), the results from a fuzzy analysis may be used to produce sensitivity estimates for crisp AHP MCDA methods.
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| 18. |
- Mao, Bo, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Detection and typification of linear structures for dynamic visualization of 3D city models
- 2012
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 36:3, s. 233-244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cluttering is a fundamental problem in 3D city model visualization. In this paper, a novel method for removing cluttering by typification of linear building groups is proposed. This method works. in static as well as dynamic visualization of 3D city models. The method starts by converting building models in higher Levels of Details (LoDs) into LoD1 with ground plan and height. Then the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) is generated according to the distance between the building ground plans. Based on the MST, linear building groups are detected for typification. The typification level of a building group is determined by its distance to the viewpoint as well as its viewing angle. Next, the selected buildings are removed and the remaining ones are adjusted in each group separately. To preserve the building features and their spatial distribution, Attributed Relational Graph (ARC) and Nested Earth Mover's Distance (NEMD) are used to evaluate the difference between the original building objects and the generalized ones. The experimental results indicate that our method can reduce the number of buildings while preserving the visual similarity of the urban areas. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 19. |
- Nielsen, Michael Meinild
(författare)
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Remote sensing for urban planning and management : The use of window-independent context segmentation to extract urban features in Stockholm
- 2015
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 52, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The strategic scale of urban planning and management is concerned with the planning and monitoring of general land use in a city, such as different types of residential, industrial and commercial areas. Because of the poor results of standard per-pixel-based classification methods in urban areas, visual interpretation of remote sensing data is often preferred. This paper empirically tests the ability of a novel method, called window-independent context segmentation, to extract information that is useful at the strategic scale of urban planning and management. The method is implemented in a theoretical framework that is a response to Bibby and Shepherd's call for a new ontology in the application of geographic information systems and remote sensing to land use issues. In a case study using a SPOT5 satellite image of central Stockholm, the window-independent context segmentation method extracts urban features that correspond to the strategic scale of urban-planning and management and that differ in function and underlying planning theory and practice.
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| 20. |
- Ogulenko, Aleksey, et al.
(författare)
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The fallacy of the closest antenna : Towards an adequate view of device location in the mobile network
- 2022
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 95
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The partition of the Mobile Phone Network (MPN) service area into the cell towers' Voronoi polygons (VP) may serve as a coordinate system for representing the location of the mobile phone devices, as demonstrated by numerous papers that exploit mobile phone data for studying human spatial mobility. In these studies, the user is assumed to be located inside the VP of the connected antenna. We investigate the credibility of this view by comparing volunteers' empirical data of two kinds: (1) VP of the connected 3G and 4G cell towers and (2) GPS tracks of these users at the time of connection. In more than 60% of connections, the user's mobile device was found outside the VP of the connected cell tower. We demonstrate that the area of a possible device's location is many times larger than the area of the cell tower's VP. To comprise 90% of the possible locations of the device connected to a specific cell tower, one has to consider the tower's VP together with the two adjacent rings of VPs. An additional, third, ring of the adjacent VPs is necessary to comprise 95% of the possible locations of the device connected to the cell tower.The revealed location uncertainty is in the nature of the MPN structure and service and entails essential overlap between the cell towers' service areas. We discuss the far-reaching consequences of this uncertainty for estimating locational privacy and urban mobility - population flows and individual trajectories. Our results undermine today's dominant opinion that an adversary, who obtains access to the database of the Call Detail Records maintained by the MPN operator, can identify a mobile device without knowing its number based on a very short sequence of time-stamped field observations of the user's connection.
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| 21. |
- Omer, Itzhak, et al.
(författare)
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Can cognitive inferences be made from aggregate traffic flow data?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 54, s. 219-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Space syntax analysis or the topological analysis of street networks has illustrated that human traffic flow is highly correlated with some topological centrality measures, implying that human movement at an aggregate level is primarily shaped by the underlying topological structure of street networks. However, this high correlation does not imply that any individual's movement can be predicted by any street network centrality measure. In other words, traffic flow at the aggregate level cannot be used to make inferences about an individual's spatial cognition or conceptualization of space. Based on a set of agent-based simulations using three types of moving agents – topological, angular, and metric – we show that topological–angular centrality measures correlate better than does the metric centrality measure with the aggregate flows of agents who choose the shortest angular, topological or metric routes. We relate the superiority of the topological–angular network effects to the structural relations holding between street network to-movement and through-movement potentials. The study findings indicate that correlations between aggregate flow and street network centrality measures cannot be used to infer knowledge about individuals' spatial cognition during urban movement.
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| 22. |
- Paulsson, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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3D property research from a legal perspective
- 2013
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 40, s. 7-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates and discusses 3D property research, as evidenced by conference papers and other publications written in English, to analyze the distribution of interest areas and the occurrence of legal aspects and trends within 3D property research occurring between 2001 and 2011. A total of 156 publications on 3D property were examined. The publications were classified in four different categories, which represent different aspects of 3D property: legal, technical, registration and organizational. More 3D property research has been conducted on technical aspects and registration than legal aspects. In the legal category, most studies addressed national legislation and the practical use of (national) legislation. The authors believe that further fundamental legal research on 3D property is needed. The quantity of research could be increased, for example, by promoting international discussion and increasing the number of comparative legal studies on 3D property rights. Additional and more focused attention should be given to international matters, such as comparative studies on the use of 3D property concepts, the development of (international) 3D property terminology and cooperation between 3D property unit owners.
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| 23. |
- Prelipcean, Adrian Corneliu, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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MEILI: A travel diary collection, annotation and automation system
- 2018
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 70:July 2018, s. 24-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increased interest in the automation of travel diary collection, together with the ease of access to new artificial intelligence methods led scientists to explore the prerequisites to the automatic generation of travel diaries. One of the most promising methods for this automation relies on collecting GPS traces of multiple users over a period of time, followed by asking the users to annotate their collected data by specifying the base entities for a travel diary, i.e., trips and triplegs. This led scientist on one of two paths: either develop an in-house solution for data collection and annotation, which is usually an undocumented prototype implementation limited to few users, or contract an external provider for the development, which results in additional costs. This paper provides a third path: an open-source highly modular system for the collection and annotation of travel diaries of multiple users, named MEILI. The paper discusses the architecture of MEILI with an emphasis on the data model, which allows scientists to implement and evaluate their methods of choice for the detection of the following entities: trip start/end, trip destination, trip purpose, tripleg start/end, and tripleg mode. Furthermore, the open source nature of MEILI allows scientists to modify the MEILI solution in compliance with their legal and ethical specifications. MEILI was successfully trialed in multiple case studies in Stockholm and Gothenburg, Sweden between 2014 and 2017.
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| 24. |
- Ren, Zheng, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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A topology-based approach to identifying urban centers in America using multi-source geospatial big data
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban structure can be better comprehended through analyzing its cores. Geospatial big data facilitate the identification of urban centers in terms of high accuracy and accessibility. However, previous studies seldom leverage multi-source geospatial big data to identify urban centers from a topological perspective. This study attempts to identify urban centers through the spatial integration of multi-source geospatial big data, including nighttime light imagery (NTL), building footprints (BFP) and street nodes of OpenStreetMap (OSM). We use a novel topological approach to construct complex networks from intra-urban hotspots based on the theory of centers by Christopher Alexander. We compute the degree of wholeness value for each hotspot as the centric index. The overlapped hotspots with the highest centric indices are regarded as urban centers. The identified urban centers in New York, Los Angeles, and Houston are consistent with their downtown areas, with overall accuracy of 90.23%. In Chicago, a new urban center is identified considering a larger spatial extent. The proposed approach can effectively and objectively prevent counting those hotspots with high intensity values but few neighbors into the result. This study proposes a topological approach for urban center identification and a bottom-up perspective for sustainable urban design.
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| 25. |
- Rodela, Romina, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial decision support systems : Exploring differences in pilot-testing with students vs. professionals
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 72, s. 204-211
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores the implications of engaging students vs. professionals / stakeholders in pilot-testing of SDSS and discusses likely differences in terms of experiences and outcomes for the given pilot-test. To this end we use data collected during two pilot tests of a novel SDSS. The pilot-tests were done with two different groups; one made of thirteen doctoral students, while the other of twelve professionals / stakeholders. The pilot-test served to gather feedback on SDSS usability and other aspects of interest to the development team. Based on the outcomes obtained we develop an analytical framework meant to summarise key aspects impacting on how different (tester) profiles will engage during a pilot, and on feedback they provide. These key aspects include expertise, stage of life, and institutional context (ESI). This framework could offer some help to SDSS / DSS development teams in planning, organizing, and delivering pilot-test, and processing the assessments received.
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| 26. |
- Shirabe, Takeshi
(författare)
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Prescriptive modeling with map algebra for multi-zone allocation with size constraints
- 2012
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 36:5, s. 456-469
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Map algebra is a methodology for organizing and processing digital cartographic data in a geographic information system (GIS). While its capabilities to describe patterns existing (or hidden) in data have been well studied, its capabilities to prescribe new patterns in response to specific requirements have not been much explored. The latter, prescriptive capabilities help planners address a class of spatial problems called " cartographic allocation" (. Tomlin, 1990), which concerns allocation of subsets (or zones) of a cartographic space to certain uses according to one or more criteria. Taking a school districting problem as an example, this paper introduces a systematic approach to designing a map algebraic procedure for a cartographic allocation problem with capacity constraints. It is found that a classical trial-and-error heuristic can be refined to a more formal approximation method and serve as a good alternative to other solution methods when the problem involves a large number of spatial units as is often the case with a raster-based GIS.
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| 27. |
- Teimouri, Fateme, et al.
(författare)
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Abstracting routes to their route-defining locations
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today's navigation assistance systems provide turn-by-turn instructions, which only focus on the next decision to take without offering any larger context. Information presentation is uniform and disconnected, i.e., any local instruction is equally important and not linked to any other decisions or the overall route context. This differs from how people usually give instructions and hinders spatial learning. In order to (re-)establish this larger context, we present an approach to identifying those locations along a route that define its characteristics, termed route-defining locations. These are prominent, easily recognized locations, which help relating the route to an environment's overall structure and a navigator's existing knowledge about the environment. The approach allows for determining route-defining locations on different levels of detail. Thus, at the same time it offers a mechanism for simplifying (or abstracting) a route. In this paper, we particularly focus on the latter aspect, presenting in detail the approach for identifying route-defining locations. For a given route, we, first, simplify its shape to extract those turns along the route that characterize its overall shape. Then, we rank landmarks and streets along the route based on their prominence. Finally, we include in the simplified route those turns that correspond to the locations of the most prominent landmarks and streets. The result is a set of route-defining locations extracted from the route shape, and prominent landmarks and streets along the route. In an agent-based simulation, we then evaluate the approach's ability to abstract a route to its characteristics, i.e., the defining locations. Results show that, indeed, our approach is effective in that respect, but success depends on ‘matching’ abstraction to an agent's knowledge about the environment.
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| 28. |
- Xintao, Liu, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Uncovering urban mobility patterns with massive floating car data
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Urban mobility patterns are crucial to understanding urban structures, with applications ranging from traffic forecasting to urban planning. This paper develops a bottom-up approach to assess urban mobility patterns in a quantitative manner based on over 14,200,000 GPS points obtained from 11,263 moving taxicabs in Wuhan, Hubei, China. These taxicabs are equipped with GPS devices and are continuously being driven; thus, the corresponding mobile data sets (i.e., floating car data) cover the entire urban open space and bear traffic characteristics. Consequently, such mobile data are unique and more suitable for urban mobility analysis. Instead of employing the commonly used trajectory methods, we divided the GPS points into moves and stops, focusing on the latter. We found that the time intervals for all of the stops demonstrate the scaling property; that is, the stops can be separated into far more short ones than long ones, which we believe to be typical of the traffic system. The long stops showed a cluster pattern in a self-organized way at different timelines. We extracted these spatiotemporal clusters in a natural way and found that their sizes bear a heavy-tailed distribution. We further analyzed their evolution in both time and space and then categorized them into hotspots and traffic jams, of which the distributions objectively and quantitatively suggest the dynamic and multiple nuclei of urban mobility patterns. This study also provides insights into research on mobile data from the perspective of a complex system.
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| 29. |
- Yao, Xiaobai, et al.
(författare)
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New insights gained from location-based social media data : VSI Preface for the special issue on New insights gained from location-based social media data
- 2016
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 58
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the era of big data, increasingly sizeable datasets come from social media, particularly location-based social media, in the form that is widely known as user-generated contents. Many social media datasets are made available at the finest spatial and temporal scales. The availability of such data creates unprecedented opportunities for researchers to uncover what were previously hidden in the era of small data. What kinds of new research questions may be addressed with the available social media data? What are the social, ethical, and political implications of the wide use of social media platforms and the availability of such data? This special issue responds to the unique research opportunities and challenges from two broad perspectives. First, it looks at the need to develop new theories and data models for the management and analysis of social media data. Secondly, it advocates innovative acquisition and employment of social media data to enhance our understanding of human activities, social and spatial interactions, or the society as a whole. The inspiration for this special issue was the first ever International Conference on Location-based Social Media (ICLSM) held March 5-7, 2015 in Athens, Georgia, USA that brought together researchers from around the globe to discuss geosocial analysis and modeling of social media data. Geographers, GIScientists and social scientists gathered to report on the unique opportunities of collaboration and insights that can be gained from the analysis of location-based social media data collected from sources such as Facebook and Twitter. Participants shared innovative methods for social media data mining, big data analytics, social network analysis, social media data models and representations, human mobility and patterns of interaction.
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| 30. |
- Zhang, Qian, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Simulating urban development scenarios using Markov-Cellular automata : a case study of greater Shanghai area, China
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of urban simulations under different scenarios. The objective of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of urban simulations under different scenarios. Specifically, this research investigates the Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model under different development schemes for simulations of the urban expansion scenarios of Greater Shanghai Area (GSA) in 2015 and 2025 in support of sustainable urban development. In this study, multitemporal land cover dataset, derived from remotely sensed images from 1995, 2000 and 2005 were used for simulation and validation. The scenarios of urban expansion patterns of GSA in 2015 and 2025 under three different schemes, i.e., Non-Scheme (NS), Service Oriented Center scheme (SOC) and Manufacture Dominant Center scheme (MDC), were simulated and comparatively analyzed with the aid of landscape metrics. The results demonstrated that GSA will experience less urban sprawl and retain a better environment in 2025 if the service orientated development policy is given priority. If favorable policy for MDC is adopted, however, there will be a lot of manufacturing industries gathering in GSA and more agricultural lands will be encroached. Through this study, the combined approach using remote sensing data, GIS spatial analysis environment and urban simulation model with landscape metrics and scenario analysis proved to be effective to understand, represent and predict the spatial-temporal dynamics of urban evolution, and Markov-CA model is a useful tool for simulating the scenarios of future urban developments, even though there are some issues that need to be investigated in the future, such as the construction of localized schemes, and the incorporation of political, social, economic and cultural factors. Specifically, this research investigates the Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model under different development schemes for simulations of the urban expansion scenarios of Greater Shanghai Area (GSA) in 2015 and 2025 in support of sustainable urban development. In this study, multitemporal land cover dataset, derived from remotely sensed images from 1995, 2000 and 2005 were used for simulation and validation. The scenarios of urban expansion patterns of GSA in 2015 and 2025 under three different schemes, i.e., Non-Scheme (NS), Service Oriented Center scheme (SOC) and Manufacture Dominant Center scheme (MDC), were simulated and comparatively analyzed with the aid of landscape metrics. The results demonstrated that GSA will experience less urban sprawl and retain a better environment in 2025 if the service orientated development policy is given priority. If favorable policy for MDC is adopted, however, there will be a lot of manufacturing industries gathering in GSA and more agricultural lands will be encroached. Through this study, the combined approach using remote sensing data, GIS spatial analysis environment and urban simulation model with landscape metrics and scenario analysis proved to be effective to understand, represent and predict the spatial-temporal dynamics of urban evolution, and Markov-CA model is a useful tool for simulating the scenarios of future urban developments, even though there are some issues that need to be investigated in the future, such as the construction of localized schemes, and the incorporation of political, social, economic and cultural factors.
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| 31. |
- Zhang, Qian, et al.
(författare)
-
Simulation and analysis of urban growth scenarios for the Greater Shanghai Area, China
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 35:2, s. 126-139
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research investigates the potential of an integrated Markov chain analysis and cellular automata model to better understand the dynamics of Shanghai's urban growth. The model utilizes detailed land cover categories to simulate and assess landscape changes under three different scenarios, i.e., baseline, Service Oriented Center, and Manufacturing Dominant Center scenarios. In the study, multi-temporal land use datasets, derived from remotely-sensed images from 1995, 2000, and 2005, were used for simulation and validation. Urban growth patterns and processes were then analyzed and compared with the aid of landscape metrics. This research represents the first scenario-based simulations of the future growth of Shanghai, and is one of the few studies to use landscape metrics to analyze urban scenario-based simulation results with detailed land use categories. The results indicate that the future expansion of both high-density and low-density residential/commercial zones is always located around existing built-up urban areas or along existing transportation lines. In contrast to the baseline and Service Oriented Center scenarios, industrial land under the Manufacturing Dominant Center scenario in 2015 and 2025 will form industrial parks or industrial belts along the transportation channels from Shanghai to Nanjing and Hangzhou. The study's approach, which combines scenario-based urban simulation modeling and landscape metrics, is shown to be effective in representing, understanding, and predicting the spatial-temporal dynamics and patterns of urban evolution, including urban expansion trends. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 32. |
- Zhou, Zhiyong, et al.
(författare)
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HiVG: A hierarchical indoor visibility-based graph for navigation guidance in multi-storey buildings
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 93
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A hierarchical data model is needed in mobile navigation systems to generate route instructions on multiple levels of detail (LODs), thereby adapting to users’ various information needs during navigation. In complex multi-storey indoor environments, existing hierarchical data models mainly rely on logical graphs that represent indoor cellular spaces as nodes and adjacency as edges. Due to the lack of precise geometry, however, they have limited capability to support the accurate computation of walking distance and directions, which are essential in route instructions. This article proposes a hierarchical indoor visibility-based graph (HiVG) for navigation guidance in multi-storey buildings and presents a HiVG generation algorithm. The algorithm’s input is an indoor visibility graph (iVG) in which the orientations of nodes to corridor areas are represented. In the algorithm, first the functions of edges in indoor route instructions are identified, after which an edge function-based graph partitioning iteration is performed to generate each level of the HiVG. Experiments with three buildings of different geometric configurations demonstrate the potential of our HiVG generation algorithm. Furthermore, the conducted case studies show that the proposed HiVG is appropriate for generating indoor route instructions on multiple LODs.
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| 33. |
- Le Duc, Michael
(författare)
-
A Design Methodology for GeoInformatic Systems
- 1992
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Ingår i: COMPUTERS ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN SYSTEMS. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715. ; 16:5, s. 403-413
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims at complementing the craft of geographical information systems (GIS) professionals with methodology founded in the systems sciences. GeoInformatics (GeoI) is conceptualized as more problem-oriented than most current GIS methodologies, which are rather technical. Conceptual considerations relevant for GeoI are made, the most important being that a GeoInformatic System (GeoIS) is a concrete implementation of GeoI concepts. The problems of information system design in general and GIS design in particular are conceptualized. A theoretical framework, Living Systems Theory (Miller 1978), is presented as a base to modeling the concrete systems handled in GeoI Modeling is conceptualized as a continuous process between the concrete and the conceptual. Design is made on models that are subsequently implemented. Implementation is facilitated by prototyping. A ten-step formulation of the design methodology is presented.
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| 34. |
- Chen, Kun, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards healthcare access equality : Understanding spatial accessibility to healthcare services for wheelchair users
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - 0198-9715. ; 108
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Considering that the number of wheelchair users is on the rise at the global level due to population aging, it is crucial to secure their rights to have adequate access to healthcare services. Spatial accessibility to healthcare services has been well recognized to influence people's health. However, research on healthcare accessibility of wheelchair users is scarce. This study proposes a barrier-free path planning method to estimate wheelchair users' travel time as the measurement of their accessibility. A study on Wuhan, China, is conducted to evaluate the spatial accessibility to healthcare services for wheelchair users and compare it with the general population. The results show that: (1) the levels of healthcare accessibility are unevenly distributed across the city center and the periphery of the study area for both wheelchair users and the general population, while wheelchair users have lower accessibility overall; (2) both similarities and differences in hospital and travel mode selection to access healthcare services co-exist in the study area between the two groups; (3) significant inequality in healthcare accessibility is observed in Hongshan and Qingshan districts. The research findings are beneficial for policymakers to further improve healthcare accessibility and its equality by optimizing the allocation of hospital resources and barrier-free public transport.
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| 35. |
- Farnaghi, Mahdi, et al.
(författare)
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Disaster planning using automated composition of semantic OGC web services: A case study in sheltering
- 2013
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715. ; 41, s. 204-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spatial data are crucial in disaster planning. However, because of the dynamic, urgent and uncertain nature of disasters, certain data and functionalities may be inaccessible to decision makers when they are required. Web service composition offers a possible solution whereby disaster planners can integrate spatial web services to generate new spatial data and functionalities, quickly, from existing ones. This paper proposes an automatic solution for composing OWSs (Open Geospatial Consortium Web Services) for disaster planning. A semantic annotation approach based on the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and SPARQL languages is used to describe OWSs semantically. A conceptual model for AI (Artificial Intelligence) planning is also proposed that works based on RDF and SPARQL. An AI planning algorithm was implemented based on the proposed conceptual model to compose semantic OWSs. The applicability of the proposed solution is investigated through a case study in evacuation sheltering. The case study demonstrates that the proposed automatic composition approach can enhance the efficiency of OWS integration and thereby improve the disaster management process. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 36. |
- Feng, Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting and mapping neighborhood-scale health outcomes : A machine learning approach
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715. ; 85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Estimating health outcomes at a neighborhood scale is important for promoting urban health, yet costly and time-consuming. In this paper, we present a machine-learning-enabled approach to predicting the prevalence of six common non-communicable chronic diseases at the census tract level. We apply our approach to the City of Austin and show that our method can yield fairly accurate predictions. In searching for the best predictive models, we experiment with eight different machine learning algorithms and 60 predictor variables that characterize the social environment, the physical environment, and the aspects and degrees of neighborhood disorder. Our analysis suggests that (a) the sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables are the strongest predictors for tract-level health outcomes and (b) the historical records of 311 service requests can be a useful complementary data source as the information distilled from the 311 data often helps improve the models' performance. The machine learning models yielded from this study can help the public and city officials evaluate future scenarios and understand how changes in the neighborhood conditions can lead to changes in the health outcomes. By analyzing where the most significant discrepancies between the predicted and the actual values are, we will also be ready to identify areas of best practice and areas in need of greater investment or policy intervention.
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| 37. |
- Fonseca, Jimeno A., et al.
(författare)
-
Spatial heterogeneity for environmental performance and resilient behavior in energy and transportation systems
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715. ; 62, s. 136-145
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes an assessment of the effects of spatial heterogeneity on the future performance and resilience of an urban area. For this, indicators of environmental performance and resilience of critical infrastructures (energy and transportation systems) are explored. The approach combines established methododologies of building performance simulation, energy systems analysis, and environmental impact assessment of buildings and transportation systems. The study is centered on future urban design scenarios for an industrial neighborhood in Switzerland. For this case study, multi-functionality is proportional to the performance and resilience of critical infrastructures. Mono-functionality improves the resilience and performance of energy systems with a negative effect on that of transportation systems. Building intensity, and resource intensive users were found to play a higher role into the future performance and resilience of the area. The findings of this research could complement planning approaches of sustainable and resilient urban areas.
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| 38. |
- Imottesjo, Hyekyung, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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The Urban CoBuilder – A mobile augmented reality tool for crowd-sourced simulation of emergent urban development patterns: Requirements, prototyping and assessment
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715. ; 71, s. 120-130
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policy and research argue for multi-stakeholder inclusion in design and planning to increase urban qualities and resilience. Communicative planning and agent-based modelling are two approaches facilitating such inclusion, but both have shortcomings. In this paper, a third complementary approach is explored: rule-based emergent planning supported through mobile augmented reality (MAR) and gamification. Such an approach would serve to crowdsource data on how people collectively build their city under different types of planning rules, mimicking emergent development patterns but, currently, there is a lack of functioning participative outdoor MAR tools. The objectives of this paper are to a) identify a set of specifications detailing the necessary performance of a MAR tool; b) describe the development of a prototype MAR tool; and c) assess this prototype MAR tool through pilot application. A literature review was carried out to identify tool requirements. An iterative research by design approach was applied to turn these specifications into a functioning MAR tool: the Urban CoBuilder. The tool was then piloted in a series of tests. The findings suggest that the MAR tool makes it possible for multiple stakeholders to design urban environments on site and that crowdsourced data on collective results of individual design and planning decisions can be gathered. Although the immersive qualities of the Urban CoBuilder were highly appreciated, further development is needed. The realism of planning rules, building types and functions has to be strengthened, the techniques for positioning the MAR model in relation to real space need improvement, and the gaming mechanisms should be enhanced to make gameplay attractive for a large number of stakeholders.
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| 39. |
- Li, Aoyong, et al.
(författare)
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How did micro-mobility change in response to COVID-19 pandemic? : A case study based on spatial-temporal-semantic analytics
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715. ; 90
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cities worldwide adopted lockdown policies in response to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), significantly influencing people's travel behavior. In particular, micro-mobility, an emerging mode of urban transport, is profoundly shaped by this crisis. However, there is limited research devoted to understanding the rapidly evolving trip patterns of micro-mobility in response to COVID-19. To fill this gap, we analyze the changes in micro-mobility usage before and during the lockdown period exploiting high-resolution micro-mobility trip data collected in Zurich, Switzerland. Specifically, docked bike, docked e-bike, and dockless e-bike are evaluated and compared from the perspective of space, time and semantics. First, the spatial and temporal analysis results uncover that the number of trips decreased remarkably during the lockdown period. The striking difference between the normal and lockdown period is the decline in the peak hours of workdays. Second, the origin-destination flows are used to construct spatially embedded networks. The results suggest that the origin-destination pairs remain similar during the lockdown period, while the numbers of trips between each origin-destination pair is reduced due to COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the semantic analysis is conducted to uncover the changes in trip purpose. It is revealed that the proportions of Home, Park, and Grocery activities increase, while the proportions of Leisure and Shopping activities decrease during the lockdown period. The above results can help planners and policymakers better make evidence-based policies regarding micro-mobility in the post-pandemic society.
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| 40. |
- Mansourian, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Expert System to Enhance the Functionality of Clearinghouse Services
- 2011
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715. ; 35:2, s. 159-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedSpatial data clearinghouses are one of the key features of a spatial data infrastructure (SDI). However, recent research indicates that few national clearinghouses function well, as the spatial data resources available cannot be satisfactorily accessed or optimally used. To improve the functionality, we propose that clearinghouses to be complemented with expert systems and semantic matching. The expert system facilitates automatic determination of candidate datasets and the conversion of the available data to the required data. A schema translator is also used to find similar data that might be used in other disciplines or other datasets by semantic matching. In order to accomplish this, we have developed a method of identifying available data and methods for data conversion. The methodology is implemented using standardized map services. Practical tests show that the discovery of available data in the clearinghouse satisfying users' requirements is substantially increased, which is an important step forward in building future SDIs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 41. |
- Roupé, Mattias, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Interactive navigation interface for Virtual Reality using the human body
- 2014
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715. ; 43, s. 42-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of Virtual Reality (VR) and interactive real-time rendering in urban planning and building design is becoming more and more common. However, the integration of desktop-VR in the urban planning process suffers from complicated navigation interfaces. In particular, people unfamiliar to gaming environments and computers are less prone to interact with a VR visualization using keyboard and mouse as controlling devices. This paper addresses this issue by presenting an implementation of the XBOX 360 Kinect sensor system, which uses the human body to interact with the virtual environment. This type of interaction interface enables a more natural and user-friendly way of interacting with the virtual environment. The validation of the system was conducted with 60 participants using quantitative and qualitative methods. The result showed that participants perceived the interface as non-demanding and easy to use and the interface was perceived better in relation to mouse/keyboard interaction. The implemented interface supported users to switch between different architecture proposals of an urban plan and the switching positively affected learning, understanding and spatial reasoning of the participants. The study also shows that females perceived the system as less demanding than males. Furthermore, the users associated and related their body (human interaction interface) to VR, which could indicate that they used their body during spatial reasoning. This type of spatial reasoning has been argued to enhance the spatial-perception.
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| 42. |
- Song, Jinchao, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping spatio-temporal patterns and detecting the factors of traffic congestion with multi-source data fusion and mining techniques
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715. ; 77
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study focuses on mapping spatiotemporal patterns and detecting the potential drivers of traffic congestion with multi-source data. First, based on real-time traffic data retrieved from an online map, the k-means clustering algorithm was applied to classify the spatiotemporal distribution of congested roads. Then, we applied a geographical detector (Geo-detector) to mine the potential factors for each spatiotemporal pattern. The results showed six congestion patterns for intra-regional roads and inter-regional roads on weekdays. On both intra-regional and inter-regional roads, congestion density reflected by building height was the strongest indicator during the morning peak period. Public facilities such as hospitals, tourist sites and green spaces located near areas of employment or residential areas contributed to congestion during and off-peak hours. On intra-regional roads, the sparse road network and greater distance from the city center contribute to congestion during peak hours. On inter-regional roads, the number of bus stops contributed most to the early evening peak congestion, while the design of the entrances to large buildings in mixed business areas and public service areas increased the level of congestion. The results suggest that land use should be more mixed in high-density areas as this would reduce the number of trips made to the city center. However, mixed land-use planning should also be combined with a detailed design of the microenvironment to improve accessibility for different travel modes in order to increase the efficiency of traffic and reduce congestion. The innovative approach can be potentially applied in traffic congestion and land use planning studies elsewhere based on real-time multi-source data.
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| 43. |
- Zhang, Qingnian, et al.
(författare)
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Real-time map labelling for mobile applications
- 2006
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0198-9715. ; 30:6, s. 773-783
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is essential to label roads, landmarks, and other important features on maps for mobile applications to help users to understand their location and the environment. This paper aims to examine real-time map labelling methods suitable for the small screen on mobile devices. A slider method with a continuous search space was proposed to sequentially label both line and point features. The method starts with defining a range box for possible locations of the label. Then a search is performed, and the range box is reduced, if there are any cartographic objects that overlap the range box. Finally, the label is placed, at the best possible position in the reduced range box according to normal cartographic preferences, where it does not obscure any cartographic object. We implemented this method in a Java environment using the open source library JTS Topology Suite. A case study showed sound cartographic results of the labelling and acceptable computational efficiency. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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