| 1. |
- Abelson, Klas, et al.
(författare)
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High plasma corticosterone levels persist during frequent automatic blood sampling in rats
- 2005
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 19:5, s. 815-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Corticosterone levels in blood may be used as a marker of stress in rodents, provided that the blood sampling procedure itself is non-stressful. Automated blood sampling equipment (Accusampler®) allows blood sampling without any interference with the animal and might be useful as a tool for an on-line measurement of stress markers in blood. However, the impact of the blood sampling itself on the corticosterone levels in blood is unknown. The present study was designed to evaluate whether the frequency of blood sampling influences the plasma corticosterone levels in male and female rats. During anaesthesia, a catheter was placed in the jugular vein and attached to an Accusampler®. Blood samples (200 μl) were withdrawn with a high (24 samples) or low frequency (3 samples) during a six-hour period immediately after the catheter insertion. The corticosterone levels in the plasma were quantified with ELISA. The corticosterone levels persisted at high post-operation concentrations when blood was collected frequently, while the levels steadily declined significantly during low-frequency sampling. The corticosterone levels were higher in female than in male rats, but the curves were similar. The present study elucidates the importance of considering the frequency of blood withdrawal during automated blood sampling. This parameter may have an impact on the experimental results when using blood corticosterone levels as a stress marker, but also during any in vivo study where blood is collected, since high corticosterone levels may affect the normal physiology of the animals.
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| 2. |
- Abelson, Klas S. P., et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of [3H]-corticosterone in urine, feces and blood of male Sprague-Dawley rats after tail vein and jugular vein injections
- 2009
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - : International Institute of Anticancer Research. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 23:3, s. 381-386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study aimed to investigate the time-course and distribution of [(3)H]-corticosterone in urine, feces and blood of male Sprague-Dawley rats after intravenous administration of a low dose (1 microCi), and to investigate whether different intravenous routes of administration may affect the dynamics of excreted [(3)H]-corticosterone in the feces. One microCi [(3)H]-corticosterone was injected intravenously either through the tail vein in manually restrained rats or through a jugular vein catheter three days after surgical implantation. Urine and feces were collected at different time points over 78 h from the rats injected in the tail vein, and blood and feces were collected over 48 h from rats injected in the jugular vein. In the blood, radioactivity peaked immediately and decreased rapidly within 90 minutes. The radioactivity was excreted in urine within six h and in feces after at least 12 h. Sixty percent of the radioactivity was detected in the urine and 40% in feces during the study period of 78 h. The detected amount of radioactivity in feces was higher and displayed a more pronounced peak 12 h after injection when the substance was administered through a jugular vein catheter compared to tail vein injection. The data obtained in the present study may serve as an important benchmark when choosing time points for fecal collection for quantification of corticosterone or corticosterone metabolites as a non-invasive measure of preceding HPA-axis activation.
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| 3. |
- Asciutto, Katrin Christine, et al.
(författare)
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Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) in Groin Wounds after Lymphadenectomy in Vulvar Cancer Patients
- 2020
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - : Anticancer Research USA Inc.. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 34:6, s. 3511-3517
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aim: Vulva cancer surgery is associated with a high level of morbidity mostly due to wound healing disorders in the inguinal region following lymphadenectomy. Our aim is to evaluate the feasibility of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) using the PICO™ device in groin wounds after lymphadenectomy. Patients and Methods: The groins of twenty patients who underwent bilateral lymph node dissection were dressed with the PICO™ device. All patients were followed prospectively with clinical controls up to three months postoperatively using a standardized study protocol. Results: A total of 11 patients (55%) developed a surgical site complication (SSC). One patient suffered from a wound rupture two days after surgery, six a lymphocele and four a surgical site infection. Operation time, blood loss, number of lymph nodes removed, length of hospital-stay and duration of PICO™ treatment did not differ between women with and without SSCs. Conclusion: NPWT using the PICO™ device seems to be a feasible method to reduce the severity of healing disorders in the groin after lymphadenectomy in vulva cancer patients.
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| 4. |
- Bergström, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Dual-headed Coincidence PET vs. Dedicated PET/CT in the Evaluation of Thoracic Malignancies
- 2010
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 24:2, s. 235-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of coincidence PET imaging as compared with dedicated PET/CT in cancer staging. Patients and Methods: Sixteen patients with thoracic malignancies referred to a PET/CT examination accepted to repeat the acquisition with a coincidence PET system. One experienced nuclear medicine physician compiled a report from the PET/CT examinations and the coincidence PET images. The reports were compared and evaluated according to the degree of agreement: no agreement, unsatisfactory, acceptable or satisfying agreement. Results: Satisfying or acceptable agreement between the PET/CT and the coincidence PET examination was found in 14 out of 16 patients (88%). The main issue for the examining physician was to anatomically locate the FDG uptake in the mediastinum in The coincidence PET images. Conclusion: The data from this small study imply that the staging results obtained with coincidence PET are in most cases concordant with those obtained with dedicated PET/CT.
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| 5. |
- Elmabsout, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Cloning and functional studies of a splice variant of CYP26B1 : a cellular storage protein for all-trans retinoic acid
- 2010
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 24:3, s. 345-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundAll-trans retinoic acid (atRA) plays an essential role in the regulation of gene expression, cell growth and differentiation and is also important for normal cardiovascular development but may in turn be involved in cardiovascular diseases, i.e. atherosclerosis and restenosis. The cellular atRA levels are under strict control involving several cytochromes P450 isoforms (CYPs). CYP26 may be the most important regulator of atRA catabolism in vascular cells. The present study describes the molecular cloning, characterization and function of atRA-induced expression of a spliced variant of the CYP26B1 gene.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe coding region of the spliced CYP26B1 lacking exon 2 was amplified from cDNA synthesized from atRA-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells and sequenced. Both the spliced variant and full length CYP26B1 was found to be expressed in cultured human endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and in normal and atherosclerotic vessel. atRA induced both variants of CYP26B1 in cultured vascular cells. Furthermore, the levels of spliced mRNA transcript were 4.5 times higher in the atherosclerotic lesion compared to normal arteries and the expression in the lesions was increased 20-fold upon atRA treatment. The spliced CYP26B1 still has the capability to degrade atRA, but at an initial rate one-third that of the corresponding full length enzyme. Transfection of COS-1 and THP-1 cells with the CYP26B1 spliced variant indicated either an increase or a decrease in the catabolism of atRA, probably depending on the expression of other atRA catabolizing enzymes in the cells.Conclusions/SignificanceVascular cells express the spliced variant of CYP26B1 lacking exon 2 and it is also increased in atherosclerotic lesions. The spliced variant displays a slower and reduced degradation of atRA as compared to the full-length enzyme. Further studies are needed, however, to clarify the substrate specificity and role of the CYP26B1 splice variant in health and disease.
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| 6. |
- Farah, Idle O., et al.
(författare)
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Schistosome-induced pathology is exacerbated and Th2 polarization is enhanced during pregnancy
- 2007
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 21:4, s. 599-602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopathological impact of pregnancy on an ongoing experimental schistosomiasis infection. Materials and Methods: Female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups (A, B and C) of 15 animals each. The mice in Groups A and B were infected with 40 S. mansoni cercariae, percutaneously. Six weeks post-infection, the mice in Groups B and C (schistosome-naive controls) were mated. Schistosome-induced morbidity and cytokine recall responses were subsequently evaluated at weeks 7 and 8 post-infection. Results: Hepatic and pulmonary lesions resulting from trapped schistosome eggs were more frequent and more severe in Group B mice than in Group A mice. Group C mice had suppressed mitogen-stimulated interleukin 4 (IL-4) but maintained high intereferon gamma (IFN-gamma) responses. In contrast, Group A mice had elevated mitogen- and parasite-specific IL-4 but muted IFN-gamma responses. Group B mice had an early (week 7) high IL-4 response, even higher than in group A mice. Conclusion: Taken together the data suggest that pregnancy exacerbates schistosome-induced morbidity, probably through upregulation of parasite-specific IL-4.
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| 7. |
- Goldkuhl, Renee, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Voluntarily-ingested Buprenorphine on Plasma Corticosterone Levels, Body Weight, Water Intake, and Behaviour in Permanently Catheterised Rats
- 2010
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 24:2, s. 131-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the peri- and postoperative effect of pre-emptive analgesia through voluntary ingestion of buprenorphine in Nutella (R), in male Sprague-Dawley rats. An arterial catheter was inserted and the rats were connected to an automated blood sampling device (AccuSampler (R)). Blood samples were drawn up to 18 h after surgery and the plasma concentrations of corticosterone were quantified. Postoperative changes in water intake and body weight were recorded, and the behaviour of the rats was analysed during two 30-min periods. Pre-emptive oral buprenorphine treatment reduced the plasma corticosterone levels in the postoperative period, compared to controls treated with local anaesthetics. Buprenorphine-treated rats consumed more water and maintained body weight better. Behavioural observations indicated that buprenorphine changed the behaviour in non-operated rats but there was no difference in the operated rats. The present study strengthens the hypothesis that pre-emptive oral buprenorphine in Nutella is suitable for treatment of postoperative pain in rats.
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| 8. |
- Jalouli, Miranda, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison Between Single PCR and Nested PCR in Detection of Human Papilloma Viruses in Paraffin-embedded OSCC and Fresh Oral Mucosa
- 2015
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 29:1, s. 65-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) has been implicated as one of the risk factors for the development of oropharyngeal cancer. Many different HPV tests exist, and information regarding their specific technical, analytical, and clinical properties is increasing. Aim: This study aimed to compare the level of detection of HPV using two reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, nested PCR (NPCR) and single PCR (SPCR), in archival paraffin-embedded oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples and fresh oral mucosa specimens. Materials and Methods: The presence of HPV genome in two groups of tissue samples was analyzed: (i) 57 paraffin-embedded OSCC samples from Sudan and (ii) eight healthy fresh oral mucosal samples from Swedish volunteers. The specimens were tested by SPCR with primer pair MY9/MY11 and NPCR using GP5+/GP6+ primer sets. Results: Eighteen (32%) out of the 57 paraffin-embedded OSCC samples, and five (62%) out of the eight fresh clinically healthy samples were found to be HPV-positive with NPCR. With SPCR, four (7%) out of the paraffin-embedded OSCC samples were HPV-positive. A statistically significant difference between HPV-positive and -negative samples was found when comparing NPCR and SPCR in OSCC and fresh oral mucosa (p<0.0001). The comparative test between SPCR and NPCR showed 100% sensitivity and 69% specificity for OSCC. Conclusion: The use of the GP5+/GP6+ nested PCR increased the positivity rate, efficiency rate and sensitivity of HPV detection in oral samples significantly and should be considered as the method of choice.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Kalliokoski, Otto, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Voluntarily Ingested Buprenorphine on Rats Subjected to Surgically Induced Global Cerebral Ischaemia
- 2010
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 24:5, s. 641-646
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of perioperatively administered buprenorphine analgesia on rats subjected to surgically induced global ischaemia was assessed. Rats supplied with buprenorphine, mixed in nut paste for voluntary ingestion, displayed significant reductions in postoperative excretions of faecal corticosterone, in both magnitude and variance. This is indicative of lowered stress levels and less inter-animal metabolic variation. Although corticosterone has been reported to modulate the extent of cerebral damage, histology of coronal sections exhibited no differences in the extent of the ischaemia in buprenorphine-treated and untreated animals. A part from a slightly higher hyperthermia immediately after surgery and typical opiate-associated behaviour, the buprenorphine treatment had no apparent adverse effects on the experimental model. In contrast, the analgesic treatment improved the model by minimizing stress-associated confounding variables in the experimental animals.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Lekerud, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of sleep apnoea using a mandibular advancement splint : an open prospective study
- 2012
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 26:5, s. 841-845
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) may cause considerable disturbances, including the development of health problems. This study was performed in order to evaluate the results of treating OAS with a mandibular advancement splint (MAS), and to evaluate the effects of this treatment. This was a prospective open longitudinal study. Ninety patients were randomly selected and included in the study. All 90 patients received an MAS. Forty-eight patients concluded the study, whereas 27 dropped-out and 15 were excluded. The sleep pattern was monitored at home with portable equipment. There was a clear tendency towards a reduction in the apnoea/hypopnea index (AHI) and the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) between the two investigations. Furthermore, there was a tendency towards reduced sleep apnoea; ratings on the Epworth sleepiness scale were lower, indicating a reduction in daytime sleepiness. Treatment with MAS in our study reduced sleep apnoea and snoring, and lowered the values of the Epworth sleepiness scale, indicating a reduction in daytime sleepiness in the majority of the patients. Lifestyle factors are not believed to have affected the results.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Mayo, Susan, et al.
(författare)
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Rhino Vax is an efficient adjuvant in oral immunization of young chickens and cholera toxin B is an effective oral primer in traditional subcutaneous immunization with Freund's incomplete adjuvant
- 2005
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 19, s. 375-382
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forty-five approximately 50% in-bred 14-day-old White Leghorn female chickens (Gallus domesticus) originating from 11 hens were distributed into 5 treatment groups containing one sister in each treatment group. Phase 1 involved oral administration of an antigen, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), in combination with various adjuvant preparations, either Cholera Toxin B-subunit (CTB) and/or RhinoVax® (RV). A positive control group received BSA emulsified in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) by subcutaneous injection. All chickens responded with immunospecific IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies in their circulation. Classical parenteral immunisation with FIA was generally the most potent mode of antigen administration. The highest immunospecific IgG concentrations recorded in the orally-immunised chickens were in the group immunised with 20% RV as the adjuvant. The concentration in this group was approximately 5 times lower than that recorded in the FIA group. For practical egg yolk polyclonal antibody production purposes, the oral regime using 20% RV as adjuvant seems an attractive alternative to the more invasive technique of injecting the antigen in FIA emulsions. In Phase 2 all chickens were subjected to traditional subcutaneous immunisation with a new antigen, human IgG emulsified in FIA. The two groups of chickens that had received CTB orally during Phase 1 responded with significantly higher immunospecific antibody concentrations than did the other chickens, indicating that oral administration of CTB prior to traditional parenteral immunisation may have a priming effect on the humoral immune system. The immunospecific antibody response varied between the 11 families of chickens. There was no correlation between familial responsiveness to oral and subcutaneous immunisations. Families that were high responders to oral immunisation were not high responders to parenteral immunisation and vice versa.
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| 17. |
- Mayo, Susan, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Systemic immune response of young chickens orally immunized with bovine serum albumin
- 2003
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 17:3, s. 261-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The efficacy of oral immunization, with and without commercial adjuvants, to mount a systemic immune response in young chickens was studied. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixed with a pegylated C8/C10 mono/di-glyceride, (Softigen(R)), or Cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB), administered orally by gavage to 15-day-old chickens resulted in circulating immunospecific anti-BSA IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies. Continuous 5-day oral administration of BSA without adjuvant also resulted in immunospecific IgM and 1&A antibodies in the circulation of chickens first immunized at 15 days of age; and immunospecific antibodies of all three classes in chickens first immunized when they were 22 days old. IgG and IgM serum concentrations were more than 4 to 10 times higher, respectively, in CTB- and Softigen-treated chickens as compared to chickens immunized without adjuvants. The IgA response in the orally immunized chickens seemed unaffected by CTB and Softigen. The antibody concentrations in chickens immunized subcutaneously with BSA emulsified in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) were approximately 10 times higher than those of the chickens orally immunized using CTB and Softigen.
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| 18. |
- Munshi, Eihab, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term Outcomes of Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy and Transanal Drainage for Anastomotic Leakage After Anterior Resection
- 2022
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - : Anticancer Research USA Inc.. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 36:5, s. 2275-2278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aim: Anastomotic leakage (AL) after anterior resection for rectal cancer occurs in up to 26% of patients. In the last decade, endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) has gained interest as a treatment option for AL. This study aimed to compare the clinical success rate of EVT versus transanal drainage (TD) in AL treatment and investigate whether the frequency of bowel continuity differed. Patients and Methods: Patients treated for rectal cancer at the Skåne University Hospital, Sweden between 2009-2018 were identified through the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry (SCRCR). Patient characteristics, operative and AL data were retrieved by SCRCR and chart review. Results: Out of 1,095 patients subjected to rectal cancer surgery, 361 patients had undergone anterior resection. AL occurred in 39 patients, of these 14 patients were treated with EVT and 17 with TD. Bowel continuity was achieved in 50% of patients treated with EVT and 65% of patients treated with TD (p=0.28). The patients were under treatment for a median period of 24.5 days (IQR=11-36 days) when treated with EVT and 37 days (IQR=17-51 days) with TD. Conclusion: No superiority of EVT treatment could be shown in restoring bowel continuity. This questions the role of EVT in AL treatment after anterior resection.
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| 19. |
- Nordén, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Gene expression analysis of chicken during development subsequent to PFOS and PFOA exposure
- 2010
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - : International Institute of Anticancer Research. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 24:3, s. 358-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Perfluorinated compounds have been manufactured for over50 years and have a wide range of applications due to theirsurfactant properties. They have been used as fabricprotectors to repel water and dirt, fire-fighting foams, nonstickcoatings, insecticides and all weather clothing. PFCsare widespread in the environment and are found globally inwildlife. Among the most abundant are perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Thelevels in common guillemot eggs from the Baltic Sea areamong the highest found in the Scandinavian environment.Previous studies show effects on embryo survival of chickenat levels close to levels found in the Baltic guillemot. Toinvestigate the possible mechanisms of action, microarraygene expression analysis was conducted. Chicken eggs wereincubated at 37.5 degrees and 60% relative humidity. PFOSor PFOA was administered to eggs on day 4 of incubationby injection into the air cell of the egg. 1 μl injectionsolution per gram egg was used. The injection solutionscontained PFOS or PFOA dissolved at differentconcentrations in sterile water with 5% or 2.5% dimethylsulfoxide respectively. The doses were 10 and 3 mg/kg forPFOS and 1.6 and 0.5 mg/kg for PFOA. The vehiclesolutions were used as control treatment. At day 19 theembryos were sacrificed and the liver was extracted. Four livers per dose and each vehicle control were used. RNA wasextracted from the livers using Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit.cDNA was synthesized from mRNA and used for microarrayanalysis on Agilent two-color chicken microarrays.
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| 20. |
- Nyström, P, et al.
(författare)
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Accumulated means analysis : a novel method to determine reliability of behavioral studies using continuous focal sampling.
- 2001
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the past decade, the behavioral needs, and especially the social needs, of laboratory animals have received increasing attention. New captive care guidelines have been developed, and these advocate group housing of laboratory animals whenever possible and appropriate. Analyses of behavioral observations are commonly used to assess the effects of experimental manipulations on behavioral responses. In studies of animal welfare, stress levels and effects on well being can be measured in this manner. Collecting the proper amount of data both to allow statistical analyses and to optimize time investment in data collection is a practical concern in behavioral research. The aim of the present study was to develop a simple method to estimate how much behavioral data should be collected in order to achieve a preset level of reliability across observations. This paper examines the behavior of 12 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) housed in two small social groups. Each monkey was observed for a total of two hours in 10 minute observation periods spread over 12 days. Accumulated Means Analysis, in which the accumulated mean for a behavior across successive observation sessions must meet several criteria, is proposed as a method to assess reliability across observations, thereby providing information concerning the optimum number of observational data sessions that need to be collected. The data in this study indicate that this optimum number of observations varies with the behavior being measured and with the group observed, as does the value of the Accumulated Means Analysis technique. Six hours of observation of rhesus macaques may be sufficient to provide the type of simple, yet reliable time budget (for a specific window of time) needed by those managing groups of primates. Accumulated Means Analysis should be applicable to behavioral data collected during multiple time periods on other non-human primate species, both in captivity and in the field.
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| 21. |
- Onatsu, J., et al.
(författare)
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Tau, S100B and NSE as Blood Biomarkers in Acute Cerebrovascular Events
- 2020
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - : Anticancer Research USA Inc.. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 34:5, s. 2577-2586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aim: We aimed to analyze the diagnostic value of total tau (T- tau), S-100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as blood-based biomarkers in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and their correlation with symptom severity, infarct size, etiology and outcome. Patients and Methods: A total of 102 patients with stroke and 35 with TIA were analyzed. Subacute (63.8 +/- 50.1 h) plasma T-tau was measured with the single-molecule array (Simoa) method and NSE and S100B were evaluated for comparison. We evaluated biomarkers associations with: (i) diagnosis of AIS or TIA, (ii) cerebral infarction volume in the brain computed tomography, (iii) stroke etiology, (iv) clinical stroke severity and (iv) functional outcome after three months. Results: T-tau was higher in patients with stroke (1.0 pg/ml (IQR=0.3-2 2)] than with TIA (05 pg/ml (IQR=0.2- 1 .0), p=0.02] . The levels of S100B were also increased in stroke [0.082 mu g/l (IQR=0.049-0.157)] patients compared to TIA patients (0.045 mu g/l (IQR=0.03 -0.073 ), p<0.001]. However, when the results were adjusted for confounders, significance was lost. Serum levels of NSE among patients with AIS [11.85 mu g/l (IQR=9.30-16.14)] compared to those with TIA (10.96 mu g/l (IQR=7 .98-15.33), p=0.301 were equal. T-tau and S100B concentrations significantly correlated with cerebral infarction volume (r=0.412, p<0.001) and (r=0.597, p<0.001), also after corrections (p<0.001). mRS scores at three-month follow-up correlated with T-tau (r=0.248, p=0.016) and S100B concentrations (r=0.205, p=0.045). Conclusion: For the diagnosis of TIA vs. AIS, blood T-tau and S100B concentrations discriminated only modestly. Additionally, groups were not separable after measuring of T-tau and S100B levels in the blood. T-tau and S100B concentrations correlated with the infarct size, but were not alone predictive for functional outcome at 3 months.
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| 22. |
- Persdotter Hedlund, Gabriella, et al.
(författare)
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Fetal antigen 1 (FA1) in the adult rat adrenal gland, ovary and pituitary gland
- 2003
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 17:1, s. 1-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fetal antigen 1 (FA1) is a circulating glycoprotein containing six epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats. FA1's larger membrane-bound precursor is defined by the cDNAs referred to as either human delta-like (dlk) or human adrenal specific cDNA, pG2. In rodents FA1 has also been studied under the names of preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref-1), and zona glomerulosa-specific factor (ZOG). FA1 is abundantly expressed in fetal tissues, but in the mature cells of the adult organism the tissue presence of the protein seems to be restricted to neuroendocrine tissues. The present study demonstrates FA1 localisation in endocrine tissues of the adult female rat in which the protein was found present in the medulla and the zona glomerulosa of the cortex of the adrenal glands, in the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis, and in the ovarian granulosa lutein cells. No staining was found in the pancreas, which is in contrast to what has been described in the human.
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| 23. |
- Persdotter Hedlund, Gabriella, et al.
(författare)
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Oral immunisation of chickens using cholera toxin B subunit and Softigen (R) as adjuvants results in high antibody titre in the egg yolk
- 2001
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 15:5, s. 381-384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oral immunisation by gavage of laying hens with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) combined with a number of potential adjuvants was performed. The resulting immunospecific egg yolk (IgY) antibodies were quantified by ELISA. The following adjuvants were tested: A Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microspheres, Cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB), CTB conjugated with glutaraldehyde, Dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), and Softigen(R) (pegylated C8/C10 mono/di glyceride). Hens in a positive control group were immunised with human IgG in saline emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant. High titres of immunospecific IgY antibodies against human IgG were recorded in the eggs from the chickens immunised orally, with the antigen combined with glutaraldehyde conjugated CTB and in the chickens immunised with the antigen combined with Softigen. The present results show that invasive technique related stress could be eliminated/reduced in polyclonal antibody producing animals.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Sand, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Local tolerance of a sublingual nicotine tablet, an open single-centre study.
- 2012
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Ingår i: In vivo (Athens, Greece). - 1791-7549 .- 0258-851X. ; 26:3, s. 463-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is now widely used in various forms of administration to aid cessation of tobacco use. In this smoking cessation programme, a new tablet formulation has been compared to and found bioequivalent to the existing one. The present trial was performed in order to investigate the local tolerance of the new sublingual tablet. The study was performed as a prospective follow-up study of 16 weeks' duration on smokers using the new tablet, Nicorette® Microtab, over a period of 12 weeks. Fifty smokers were included in the study and the oral mucosa was inspected and photographed at each visit. At 12 weeks, participants were asked for their consent to take a biopsy from the site of application. Compliance with tablet use was high, with participants using an average of 12 tablets/day throughout the 12 week treatment period. Adverse events related to treatment were mild and tolerable. The changes observed were classified as being induced by frictional stimuli, with no changes to the deeper layers of the epithelium, and no thickening of the basal layers of the epithelium. The new tablet was considered well tolerated during the course of this study, with a benign local effect on the mucous membrane that was consistent with lesions that are reversible in nature.
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| 27. |
- Sand, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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p53 Codon 72 polymorphism in oral exfoliated cells in a Sudanese population
- 2012
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 26:1, s. 59-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earlier studies have investigated the tumor suppressor gene p53 as a co-factor in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Our previous studies have indicated that chronic use of Sudanese snuff (toombak) and the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) may be involved in the high prevalence of OSCC in Sudan. This study investigated the prevalence of p53 codon 72 polymorphism in brush biopsies obtained from a Sudanese population. A total of 174 individuals were included in the study; chronic toombak users (n=152) and non-users (n=22). DNA was extracted from all the samples and genotyped for the codon 72 polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism. The Arg/Pro genotype was found in 53% of the 174 study participants, compared to 21% found with Arg/Arg and 26% found with Pro/Pro. Stratifying by toombak use, 28 (18%), 45 (29%) and 79 (52%) of the 152 samples from toombak users had Arg/Arg, Pro/Pro and Arg/Pro respectively, compared to 9 (41%), 0 (0%) and 13 (59%) found in the 22 samples from non users. The differences between the samples from toombak users and non users in Arg/Arg and Pro/Pro codon 72 polymorphism and HPV infection were statistically significant (p<0.05). Our study indicated that a high prevalence of the genotype Arg/Pro at the p53 codon 72 may contribute to susceptibility to OSCC, especially in combination with the use of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA)-rich toombak. Our observations warrant an in-depth study for understanding the role of p53 polymorphism in human oral cancers.
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| 28. |
- Siswanto, Harry, et al.
(författare)
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Corticosterone concentrations in blood and excretion in faeces after ACTH administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats
- 2008
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 22:4, s. 435-440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to analyse the corticosterone response to exogenous ACTH in the circulation of catheterised male rats and to investigate the sensitivity of faecal corticosterone output as a measure of preceding elevated levels in the circulation. A total of 21 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats permanently catheterised (v. jugularis externa for intravenous administration of ACTH and a. carotis communis for blood sampling), were used. Administration of both 10 and 100 microg/kg ACTH resulted in a rapid and pronounced corticosterone increase three minutes after injection (226 and 220 ng/ml, respectively), but the duration of the response was different. In the 10 microg/kg group, corticosterone levels were significantly elevated for 3-90 min after injection, while in the 100 microg/kg group, the levels remained elevated for 240 min after injection. In faeces, a significant increase during eight hours after ACTH injection was found in the group treated with 100 microg/kg, but not in the group treated with 10 microg/kg. In conclusion, quantification of faecal excretion of corticosteroids is a useful non-invasive measure of prior substantial stress (e.g. surgery), but not sufficiently sensitive to reveal minor stress or acute stress of short duration.
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| 29. |
- Stene, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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MMP7 modulation by short- and long-term radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer
- 2018
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - : Anticancer Research USA Inc.. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 32:1, s. 133-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aim: Matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) expression is highly associated with colorectal cancer and modulates tumour growth and invasion. Radiation injury induces inflammation with increases in MMP7 and in transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on MMP7 and TGFβ. expression in patients with rectal cancer undergoing different regimens of neoadjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Patients and Methods: We studied 53 patients in three RT treatment groups receiving RT of 25 Gy, long-term RT 50 Gy and controls receiving no RT. Three biopsies were obtained from each patient during the treatments: before RT, after RT and after surgery. Tissue samples were formalin fixed, paraffin embedded and tissue microarrays were constructed and stained for MMP7 and TGFβ. Mann–Whitney U-tests and Wilcoxon Z-tests were used to determine differences between patients before and after RT, and after surgery, as well as between the RT groups. Results: In all three patient groups, increases of MMP7 and TGFβ expression were observed after surgery. MMP7 expression was significantly increased in patients receiving short-term RT but TGFβ expression was not affected by RT. Conclusion: 50 Gy Irradiation of rectal cancer gives less tumour activation of MMP7, whilst it is up-regulated by 25 Gy and surgery regardless of RT.
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| 30. |
- Sundbom, Renée, et al.
(författare)
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Post-operative Corticosterone Levels in Plasma and Feces of Mice Subjected to Permanent Catheterization and Automated Blood Sampling
- 2011
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 25:3, s. 335-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the effects of surgical placement of permanent arterial catheters on plasma corticosterone levels, fecal corticosterone excretion and body weight in male BALB/c/Sca mice. In addition, the effects of voluntarily ingested buprenorphine in doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg body weight on these parameters were studied. A catheter was placed in the carotid artery during isoflurane anesthesia. Immediately after surgery, the mice were connected to an AccuSampler (R) mu and blood samples for plasma corticosterone quantification were collected automatically during the first 24 h postoperatively. All fecal boli produced 24 h before and 24 h after surgery were collected for fecal corticosterone excretion measures and the pre- and postoperative body weights were registered. Plasma corticosterone levels were in the range of 150-300 ng/ml after the surgical procedure and the body weight was significantly lower 24 h after surgery compared to its pre-operative value. Contrary to what was expected, the total fecal corticosterone excretion was significantly reduced 24 h after surgery. as was the defecation. Buprenorphine treatment significantly lowered the plasma corticosterone levels, but had no effect on fecal corticosterone excretion or body weight change. It was concluded that surgical placement of an arterial catheter induces a significant stress response, as judged by its effect on plasma corticosterone and body weight. Voluntary ingestion of buprenorphine improved postoperative recovery by lowering plasma corticosterone concentrations. Neither fecal corticosterone excretion nor body weight change seems suitable for postoperative stress assessment in mice in the present experimental setup.
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| 31. |
- Sörelius, Karl, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Reconstructive Surgery of Inguinal Defects : A Systematic Literature Review of Surgical Etiology and Reconstructive Technique
- 2019
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - : Anticancer Research USA Inc.. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 33:1, s. 1-9
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the literature regarding surgical etiology demanding inguinal reconstructive surgery, associated reconstructive techniques and outcomes.Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed according to the PRISMA statement between 1996-2016.Results: A total of 64 articles were included, comprising 816 patients. Two main subgroups of patients were identified: Oncological resections (n = 255, 31%), and vascular surgery (n = 538, 66%). Oncological resection inguinal defects were treated with pedicled myocutaneous flaps (n = 166, 65%), fasciocutaneous flaps (77, 31%), muscle flaps (7, 3%) and direct closure (3, 1%). Vascular surgery complications were treated with muscle flaps (n = 513, 95%). Complications for the respective subgroup (oncological resections, vascular surgery) were: infection (24%, 14%), seroma (34%, 7.5%), flap dehiscence/delayed healing (20.6%, 40.8%,). The total reintervention rate was 20%.Conclusion: Reconstruction of inguinal defects should be addressed on a case-by-case basis. Myocutaneous flaps were favoured after oncological resections, while muscle flaps were preferred after vascular surgery.
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| 32. |
- Takumida, Masaya, et al.
(författare)
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Functional significance of nitric oxide in the inner ear
- 2004
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 18:3, s. 345-350
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the functional significance of nitric oxide (NO) in the inner ear. The localization of NO synthase and the nitric oxide production site has now been established by immunohistochemistry and the fluorescent indicator of NO. The functional significance of NO in the inner ear, especially as a neurotransmitter, is becoming increasingly clear. Mounting evidence suggests that excessive NO production may play an essential role in inner ear disorders as well. The production of an inducible type of NO synthase may be closely related to this phenomenon. Based on the mechanisms of inner ear disorders, new pharmacological strategies for preventing and/or treating inner ear disorders have also been suggested.
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| 33. |
- Tentes, Ioannis, et al.
(författare)
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Subcellular fractionation and electrophoretic analysis of proteins from the regenerating nerve in rabbits following treatment with triiodothyronine (T3)
- 2003
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 17:6, s. 601-608
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Triidothyronine(T3) plays a critical role in the physiological function of virtually all tissues. In the present study the effect of T3 on nerve regeneration was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The right sciatic nerve of 20 male rabbits was axonotomised. Ten of the animals were used as controls while the others received T3. Seven days later, all were sacrificed. Both sciatic nerves were excised and each axonotomised nerve was divided into three equal segments: I (proximal to the lesion), II (containing the lesion), III (distal to the lesion). Corresponding segments from the contralateral nerves were used as controls. After subcellular fractionation, proteins were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by proteomic analysis. RESULTS: T3 administration increased the levels of tubulins alpha 6 and beta 3, beta-actin, myelin protein zero, myelin basic protein, myelin protein-2 and histones H3 and H2A in segments I and III of the injured nerves. Increases in the levels of beta-actin and Y box-binding protein correlated to the event of injury rather than T3 administration. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that T3 treatment positively affects peripheral nerve regeneration.
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| 34. |
- van Nguyen, Song, et al.
(författare)
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Association of Clinicopathological Factors With MMP13 (rs2252070) Gene Polymorphism in Swedish Patients With Colorectal Cancer
- 2024
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - : International Institute of Anticancer Research. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 38:4, s. 1775-1782
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aim: Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) has been reported to be involved in tumor development and progression, including of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed at evaluating whether the MMP13 rs2252070 gene polymorphism is associated with clinicopathological factors and its influence on long-term survival in Swedish patients with CRC.Patients and Methods: A total of 723 patients with CRC were genotyped using TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism assays based on polymerase chain reaction.Results: Assessing clinicopathological factors, we demonstrated that having the G/G genotype for MMP13 rs2252070 was significantly associated with poor differentiation, higher serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen and higher lymph node status. Moreover, the presence of a G allele was significantly related to larger tumor size in rectal cancer but had a significantly protective role against mucinous cancer, perineural invasion and lymphovascular invasion. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no difference between genotypes regarding cancer-specific survival.Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potential of MMP13 rs2252070 polymorphism as a useful predictor of poor differentiation, serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen, lymph node status, tumor size, mucinous cancer, perineural invasion and lymphovascular invasion in patients with CRC.
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| 35. |
- Van Nguyen, Song, et al.
(författare)
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Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene polymorphism (rs3087243) is related to risk and survival in patients with colorectal cancer
- 2021
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - : International Institute of Anticancer Research. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 35:2, s. 969-975
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND/AIM: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), transiently expressed on T cells, plays a pivotal role in the negative feedback regulation of T-cell activation and proliferation. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of CTLA-4 gene polymorphism rs3087243 on CRC susceptibility and long-term survival in Swedish patients with CRC.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Genotypes of 491 patients and 433 healthy controls were determined, using TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays based on polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS: Patients carrying allele A were found to be at a higher risk of CRC and this allele was found to be more common in patients with disseminated disease compared to localized disease in the right colon. Kaplan-Meier analysis of cancer-specific survival showed that carriers of allele A had the highest risk of CRC-related death.CONCLUSION: The SNP rs3087243 of the CTLA-4 gene was associated with CRC risk and, therefore, it could be a prognostic marker for Swedish patients with CRC.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Westman, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of perfluorinated compounds on hepatic fatty acid oxidation in avian embryos using a tritium release assay
- 2010
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - : International Institute of Anticancer Research. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 24:3, s. 363-364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Due to high persistence and bioaccumulationperfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are found globally in varioustypes of wildlife samples and also human samples¹. Accordingto our laboratory studies, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) hascaused early mortality in chicken embryos at doses close toconcentrations found in eggs of the Baltic guillemot². We havedesigned a method in which hepatic embryonic tissue fromchicken (Gallus domesticus) is used to investigate the effectsof PFCs on the β-oxidation of fatty acids.Materials and Methods: The embryos were exposed inovo to PFCs. On day 10 embryo livers were incubated invitro with tritiated fatty acids. Fatty acid oxidation was thencalculated from the tritium released into water, using ascintillation counter.Results: Our studies suggest a small but significant increaseof the β-oxidation of fatty acids in chicken embryonic livertissue in vitro after in ovo exposure to PFOS. The β-oxidationwas significantly induced after embryo exposure to 1 mg/kgPFOS (p=0.003) and 10 mg/kg PFOS (p=0.04), being 39%and 34% higher, respectively compared to control.Conclusion: The results show that in ovo exposure incombination with an in vitro method using a tritium releaseassay to detect effects on the β-oxidation of fatty acids inavian embryo hepatic tissue could be a useful method inelucidating possible mechanisms behind avian developmental toxicity.
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| 38. |
- Åkerfeldt, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
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Circulating Human Fractalkine is Decreased Post-operatively After Orthopedic and Coronary Bypass Surgery
- 2014
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X .- 1791-7549. ; 28:2, s. 185-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fractalkine is an important chemokine involved in resolving normal inflammatory processes such as wound healing. Soluble fractalkine acts as a chemoattractant bringing cytotoxic and cytokine-producing cells to areas of inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate circulating fractalkine during inflammatory response induced by surgery.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fractalkine was analyzed in serum samples from orthopedic surgery patients (n=29) and coronary bypass patients (n=21). The samples were collected prior to surgery and 4 and 30 days after surgery, respectively.RESULTS: Fractalkine concentrations decreased from pre-operative levels of 1,764 (1,330-2,434) pg/mL to 1,520 (1,330-2,434) pg/mL at 4 days after surgery, and to 1,285 (1,099-1,462) pg/mL 30 days after surgery in patients undergoing orthopedic procedures (p<0.01, 30 days post-operatively versus pre-operatively). Furthermore, fractalkine concentrations decreased significantly from pre-operative levels of 1,856 (1,520-2,434) pg/mL to 1,338 (964-1,650) pg/mL 4 days post-operatively and to 1,266 (1,080-1,338) pg/mL 30 days post-operatively in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery (p<0.01, 30 days post-operative versus pre-operative values).CONCLUSION: A significant and persistent decrease in circulating fractalkine was observed after orthopedic and coronary bypass surgery despite a marked inflammatory response.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Ankerst, Jaro, et al.
(författare)
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Estrogen receptor content in adenovirus type 9-induced rat mammary tumors
- 1999
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X. ; 13:2, s. 151-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hormonal factors play an important role in the induction of mammary tumors and tumor-like lesions in adenovirus type 9-inoculated W/Fu rats. Primary Ad 9-induced fibroadenomas contained significantly higher amounts of estrogen receptor (determined by means of enzyme immunoassay) in comparison to normal breast tissue (p = 0.01**) and 'spontaneous' fibroadenomas (p = 0.03*), used as control tissues. The receptor content of serially isografted virus-induced fibroadenomas did not differ significantly from the two types of control tissue. The findings suggest that changes in the estrogen receptor level are of importance in the tumor induction process, but also that additional factors are required for the preservation of tumor characteristics as well as for lipoma induction.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Dobilas, Arturas, et al.
(författare)
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Areas to improve quality of life after ovarian tumor surgery and adjuvant treatment
- 2021
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X. ; 35:4, s. 2399-2408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aim: To evaluate quality of life (QoL) in women treated for ovarian tumors one year after laparotomy. Patients and Methods: The validated quality of life questionnaires (EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-OV28) were sent to women who had undergone laparotomy due to ovarian tumors 12 months after surgery. The answers were analyzed and grouped according to the ovarian tumor histology (benign, borderline and cancer). Results: A total of 621 patients (87.5% out of 710) agreed to participate in the study. Ovarian cancer patients experienced statistically worse QoL one year after laparotomy in several analyzed parameters, including financial difficulties, compared to patients treated for benign and borderline tumors. Conclusion: Women with ovarian cancer still need further cancer rehabilitation and support one year after diagnosis to improve their QoL. The novel finding was that ovarian cancer patients suffered from financial difficulties even in a free of charge health care system.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Engström, Wilhelm
(författare)
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The WT1 Gene - Its Role in Tumourigenesis and Prospects for Immunotherapeutic Advances
- 2014
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X. ; 28, s. 675-681
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Wilms Tumour 1 (WT1) gene is a complex gene which was originally linked to suppression of cancer in kidneys. Studies of WT1-knockout mice confirmed the important role of WT1 in the pathogenesis of Wilms' tumour, a tumour which accounts for 95% of all childhood renal tumours. In such cases, the WT1 gene acts as a tumour-suppressor gene. Subsequent research has shown that the WT1 gene in many other cases acts as an oncogene, most prominently in leukaemia and lung cancer (even though these cancer forms can emerge as a result of many other aetiological factors). Since WT1 acts as an oncogene in many different organs, it is of great importance to evaluate how and when the WT1 gene and protein act. This information can then be used to develop immunotherapy to stabilize and treat different malignant diseases. Both phase I and phase II studies have been carried out on candidate vaccines with varying but overall promising results. The immune response does not always correlate with the clinical response, however, and the efficacy of the treatment is often limited. Further development is, therefore, needed to understand how vaccines can be improved, so that they, can hopefully fulfil a clinical role in the future.
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| 49. |
- Fernö, Mårten, et al.
(författare)
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Improved preparation technique of cervical carcinoma for flow cytometric DNA analysis with tissue disintegration in hydrochloric acid
- 1990
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Ingår i: In Vivo. - 0258-851X. ; 4:4, s. 225-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An one-step procedure using a nuclear isolation medium containing propidium iodide has been found to be a suitable preparation technique for flow cytometric DNA analysis in breast cancer samples. In the case of cervical squamous carcinoma, a pretreatment with HCl seems to be a methodological improvement. One advantage with the HCl modification is that some "false" near-diploid cell populations are abolished. These "false" G0/G1 peaks may represent diploid nuclei with a different stainability for propidium iodide compared to normal diploid nuclei. The HCl treatment has, furthermore, the advantage of increasing the elution of nuclei (mean factor of 4.0), especially non-diploid nuclei from higher differentiated squamous carcinomas.
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| 50. |
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