| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Ahlberg, Per E.
(författare)
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Life on Earth
- 1999
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 21, s. 533-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Allen, John, et al.
(författare)
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Energy transduction anchors genes in organelles
- 2005
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Ingår i: BioEssays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247. ; 27:4, s. 426-435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The work of mitochondria and chloroplasts is energy transduction in respiration and photosynthesis. The physico-chemical mechanisms of bioenergetics do not directly involve genes and heredity, and furthermore, redox chemistry is intrinsically mutagenic. Thus the small, functional genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are an oddity. Although extensively sequenced and catalogued, cytoplasmic genomes are still not explained. Genomic lethargy is not the answer. Some genes linger from the bacterial ancestors of these organelles, true, but most have left, and new ones arrive. There is a mounting case for a massive and indiscriminate intracellular gene transfer between organelles and the cell nucleus, with the frequency of relocation being comparable to that of mutation. Nevertheless, a few organellar proteins, all working at the core of bioenergetics, always seem to keep the genes encoding them close at hand. Stability amid flux suggests the invisible hand of selection. Selection for what? There are clues, and the beginnings of experimental support, for the theory that expression of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes is regulated by the function of their gene products. For safe and efficient energy transduction, genes in organelles are in the right place at the right time. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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| 4. |
- Almén, Markus Sällman, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive radiation of Darwin's finches revisited using whole genome sequencing
- 2016
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 38:1, s. 14-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We recently used genome sequencing to study the evolutionary history of the Darwin's finches. A prominent feature of our data was that different polymorphic sites in the genome tended to indicate different genetic relationships among these closely related species. Such patterns are expected in recently diverged genomes as a result of incomplete lineage sorting. However, we uncovered conclusive evidence that these patterns have also been influenced by interspecies hybridisation, a process that has likely played an important role in the radiation of Darwin's finches. A major discovery was that segregation of two haplotypes at the ALX1 locus underlies variation in beak shape among the Darwin's finches, and that differences between the two haplotypes in a 240 kb region in blunt and pointed beaked birds involve both coding and regulatory changes. As we review herein, the evolution of such adaptive haplotypes comprising multiple causal changes appears to be an important mechanism contributing to the evolution of biodiversity.
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| 5. |
- Angeler, David
(författare)
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Biological systems - "Symphonies of Life": Reviving Friedrich Cramer's general resonance theory
- 2023
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Ingår i: BioEssays. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding biological systems in terms of scientific materialism has arguably reached a frontier, leaving fundamental questions about their complexity unanswered. In 1998, Friedrich Cramer proposed a general resonance theory as a way forward. His theory builds on the extension of the quantum physical duality of matter and wave to the macroscopic world. According to Cramer' theory, agents constituting biological systems oscillate, akin to musical soundwaves, at specific eigenfrequencies. Biological system dynamics can be described as "Symphonies of Life" emerging from the resonance (and dissonance) of eigenfrequencies within the interacting collective. His theory has potential for studying biological problems of increasing complexity in a fast-changing Anthropocene from a new and transdisciplinary angle. Despite data becoming increasingly available for analyses, Cramer's theory remains ignored and therefore untested a quarter century after its publication. This paper discusses how the theory can move to quantitative assessments and application. Cramer's general resonance theory deserves revival.Schematic of biological systems as "Symphonies of Life". Resonant and dissonant patterns are symbolized with color circle lines and shapes in gray tones, respectively. Each symbol represents an agent with specific eigenfrequencies in a biological system. Different colors symbolize distinct self-similar eigenfrequency patterns emerging from individual eigenfrequencies in the system.image
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| 6. |
- Asp, Michaela, et al.
(författare)
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Spatially Resolved Transcriptomes : Next Generation Toolsfor Tissue Exploration
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 42:10, s. 1900221-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent advances in spatially resolved transcriptomics have greatly expandedthe knowledge of complex multicellular biological systems. The field hasquickly expanded in recent years, and several new technologies have beendeveloped that all aim to combine gene expression data with spatialinformation. The vast array of methodologies displays fundamentaldierences in their approach to obtain this information, and thus,demonstrate method-specific advantages and shortcomings. While the field ismoving forward at a rapid pace, there are still multiple challenges presentedto be addressed, including sensitivity, labor extensiveness, tissue-typedependence, and limited capacity to obtain detailed single-cell information.No single method can currently address all these key parameters. In thisreview, available spatial transcriptomics methods are described and theirapplications as well as their strengths and weaknesses are discussed. Futuredevelopments are explored and where the field is heading to is deliberatedupon.
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| 7. |
- Axelson, Håkan
(författare)
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Eyeing tumorigenesis: Notch signaling and epigenetic silencing of Rb in Drosophila.
- 2006
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Ingår i: BioEssays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 28:7, s. 692-695
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Notch signaling plays an essential role in the processes of embryogenesis and cellular differentiation, and it is believed that the oncogenic effects of dysregulated Notch signaling are an anomalous reflection of the normal functions of this cascade. Nonetheless, the cellular events associated with oncogenic Notch signaling have thus far remained elusive. In a recent report, Ferres-Marco et al.((1)) described how they used the Drosphila eye as a model system and found that elevated Notch signaling in combination with activation of components of the Polycomb complex of transcriptional repressors led to metastatic growth of tumors through epigenetic silencing of the Rbf gene. Rbf is the Drosophila homologue of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene (Rb), thus it represents a novel link between Notch signaling, tumor growth and metastasis.
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| 8. |
- Barker, Roger A, et al.
(författare)
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The history and status of dopamine cell therapies for Parkinson's disease
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Ingår i: BioEssays. - 0265-9247.
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway which has led to the successful development of drug therapies that replace or stimulate this network pharmacologically. Although these drugs work well in the early stages of the disease, over time they produce side effects along with less consistent clinical benefits to the person with Parkinson's (PwP). As such there has been much interest in repairing this pathway using transplants of dopamine neurons. This work which began 50 years ago this September is still ongoing and has now moved to first in human trials using human pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons. The results of these trials are eagerly awaited although proof of principle data has already come from trials using human fetal midbrain dopamine cell transplants. This data has shown that developing dopamine cells when transplanted in the brain of a PwP can survive long term with clinical benefits lasting decades and with restoration of normal dopaminergic innervation in the grafted striatum. In this article, we discuss the history of this field and how this has now led us to the recent stem cell trials for PwP.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Broberg, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of 92 cardiovascular proteins in dried blood spots collected under field-conditions : Off-the-shelf affinity-based multiplexed assays work well, allowing for simplified sample collection
- 2021
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Ingår i: BioEssays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 43:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Workplace-collected blood spots deposited on filter paper were analysed with multiplexed affinity-based protein assays and found to be suitable for proteomics analysis. The protein extension assay (PEA) was used to characterize 92 proteins using 1.2 mm punches in repeated samples collected from 20 workers. Overall, 97.8% of the samples and 91.3% of the analysed proteins passed quality control. Both within and between spot correlations using six replicates from the same individual were above 0.99, suggesting that comparable levels are obtained from multiple punches from the same spot and from consecutive spots. Protein levels from dried blood and wet serum from the same individuals were compared and the majority of the analysed proteins were found to be significantly correlated. These results open up for simplified sample collection of blood in field conditions for proteomic analysis, but also highlight that not all proteins can be robustly measured from dried whole blood.
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| 13. |
- Brun-Usan, Miguel, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond genotype-phenotype maps : Toward a phenotype-centered perspective on evolution
- 2022
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Ingår i: BioEssays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 44:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evolutionary biology is paying increasing attention to the mechanisms that enable phenotypic plasticity, evolvability, and extra-genetic inheritance. Yet, there is a concern that these phenomena remain insufficiently integrated within evolutionary theory. Understanding their evolutionary implications would require focusing on phenotypes and their variation, but this does not always fit well with the prevalent genetic representation of evolution that screens off developmental mechanisms. Here, we instead use development as a starting point, and represent it in a way that allows genetic, environmental and epigenetic sources of phenotypic variation to be independent. We show why this representation helps to understand the evolutionary consequences of both genetic and non-genetic phenotype determinants, and discuss how this approach can instigate future areas of empirical and theoretical research.
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| 14. |
- Budd, GE
(författare)
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Does evolution in body patterning genes drive morphological change - or vice versa?
- 1999
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Ingår i: BIOESSAYS. - : COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD. - 0265-9247. ; 21:4, s. 326-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased understanding of the regulation of body patterning genes in development, especially the homeotic genes, has led to the revival of ideas suggesting that "saltational" modes of evolution are important. However, such models are problematic on the g
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| 15. |
- Butler, Ann B., et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of the Neural Basis of Consciousness : A Bird–Mammal Comparison
- 2005
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley Periodicals, Inc.. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 27, s. 923-936
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of this essay is to validate some of the principal, currently competing, mammalian consciousness–brain theories by comparing these theories with data on both cognitive abilities and brain organization in birds. Our argument is that, given that multiple complex cognitive functions are correlated with presumed consciousness in mammals, this correlation holds for birds as well. Thus, the neuroanatomical features of the forebrain common to both birds and mammals may be those that are crucial to the generation of both complex cognition and consciousness. The general conclusion is that most of the consciousness–brain theories appear to be valid for the avian brain. Even though some specific homologies are unresolved, most of the critical structures presumed necessary for consciousness in mammalian brains have clear homologues in avian brains. Furthermore, considering the fact that the reptile–bird brain transition shows more structural continuity than the stem amniote–mammalian transition, the line drawn at the origin of mammals for consciousness by several of the theorists seems questionable. An equally important point is that consciousness cannot be ruled out in the absence of complex cognition; it may in fact be the case that consciousness is a necessary prerequisite for complex cognition.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Cunningham, John A., et al.
(författare)
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The origin of animals: Can molecular clocks and the fossil record be reconciled?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 38, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolutionary emergence of animals is one of the most significant episodes in the history of life, but its timing remains poorly constrained. Molecular clocks estimate that animals originated and began diversifying over 100 million years before the first definitive metazoan fossil evidence in the Cambrian. However, closer inspection reveals that clock estimates and the fossil record are less divergent than is often claimed. Modern clock analyses do not predict the presence of the crown-representatives of most animal phyla in the Neoproterozoic. Furthermore, despite challenges provided by incomplete preservation, a paucity of phylogenetically informative characters, and uncertain expectations of the anatomy of early animals, a number of Neoproterozoic fossils can reasonably be interpreted as metazoans. A considerable discrepancy remains, but much of this can be explained by the limited preservation potential of early metazoans and the difficulties associated with their identificationin the fossil record. Critical assessment of both recordsmay permitbetter resolutionof the tempo and mode of early animal evolution.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Domingo-Prim, Judit, et al.
(författare)
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RNA at DNA Double-Strand Breaks : The Challenge of Dealing with DNA
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 42:5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- RNA polymerase II is recruited to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), transcribes the sequences that flank the break and produces a novel RNA type that has been termed damage-induced long non-coding RNA (dilncRNA). DilncRNAs can be processed into short, miRNA-like molecules or degraded by different ribonucleases. They can also form double-stranded RNAs or DNA:RNA hybrids. The DNA:RNA hybrids formed at DSBs contribute to the recruitment of repair factors during the early steps of homologous recombination (HR) and, in this way, contribute to the accuracy of the DNA repair. However, if not resolved, the DNA:RNA hybrids are highly mutagenic and prevent the recruitment of later HR factors. Here recent discoveries about the synthesis, processing, and degradation of dilncRNAs are revised. The focus is on RNA clearance, a necessary step for the successful repair of DSBs and the aim is to reconcile contradictory findings on the effects of dilncRNAs and DNA:RNA hybrids in HR.
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| 21. |
- Downing, Philip A., et al.
(författare)
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How to make a sterile helper
- 2017
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Ingår i: BioEssays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247. ; 39:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sterile worker castes found in the colonies of social insects are often cited as archetypal examples of altruism in nature. The challenge is to explain why losing the ability to mate has evolved as a superior strategy for transmitting genes into future generations. We propose that two conditions are necessary for the evolution of sterility: completely overlapping generations and monogamy. A review of the literature indicates that when these two conditions are met we consistently observe the evolution of sterile helpers. We explain the theory and evidence behind these ideas, and discuss the importance of ecology in predicting whether sterility will evolve using examples from social birds, mammals, and insects. In doing so, we offer an explanation for the extraordinary lifespans of some cooperative species which hint at ways in which we can unlock the secrets of long life.
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| 22. |
- Durand-Dubief, Mickael, et al.
(författare)
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Heterochromatin tells CENP-A where to go
- 2008
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 30:6, s. 526-529
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The centromere is the region of the chromosome where the kinetochore forms. Kinetochores are the attachment sites for spindle microtubules that separate duplicated chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis. Kinetochore formation depends on a special chromatin structure containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A. The epigenetic mechanisms that maintain CENP-A chromatin throughout the cell cycle have been studied extensively but little is known about the mechanism that targets CENP-A to naked centromeric DNA templates. In a recent report published in Science,((1)) such de novo centromere assembly of CENP-A is shown to be dependent on heterochromatin and the RNA interference pathway.
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| 23. |
- Frisen, J, et al.
(författare)
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Oh no, Notch again!
- 2001
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Ingår i: BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. - 0265-9247. ; 23:1, s. 3-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Grebe, Markus, 1967-
(författare)
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Ups and downs of tissue and planar polarity in plants.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 26:7, s. 719-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The polar orientation of cells within a tissue is an intensively studied research area in animal cells. The term planar polarity refers to the common polar arrangement of cells within the plane of an epithelium. In plants, the subcellular analysis of tissue polarity has been limited by the lack of appropriate markers. Recently, research on plant tissue polarity has come of age. Advances are based on studies of Arabidopsis patterning, cell polarity and auxin transport mutants employing the coordinated, polar localization of auxin transporters and the planar polarity of root epidermal hairs as markers. These approaches have revealed auxin transport and response, vesicular trafficking, membrane sterol and cytoskeletal requirements of tissue polarity. This review summarizes recent progress in research on vascular tissue and planar epidermal polarity in the Arabidopsis root and compares it to findings on planar polarity in animals and cell polarity in yeast.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Higby Schweitzer, Mary, et al.
(författare)
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Melanosomes and ancient coloration re-examined: A response to Vinther 2015 (DOI 10.1002/bies.201500018).
- 2015
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Ingår i: BioEssays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 37:11, s. 1174-1183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Round to elongate microbodies associated with fossil vertebrate soft tissues were interpreted as microbial traces until 2008, when they were re-described as remnant melanosomes - intracellular, pigment-containing eukaryotic organelles. Since then, multiple claims for melanosome preservation and inferences of organismal color, behavior, and physiology have been advanced, based upon the shape and size of these microstructures. Here, we re-examine evidence for ancient melanosomes in light of information reviewed in Vinther (2015), and literature regarding the preservation potential of microorganisms and their exopolymeric secretions. We: (i) address statements in Vinther's recent (2015) review that are incorrect or which misrepresent published data; (ii) discuss the need for caution in interpreting "voids" and microbodies associated with degraded fossil soft tissues; (iii) present evidence that microorganisms are in many cases an equally parsimonious source for these "voids" as are remnant melanosomes; and (iv) suggest methods/criteria for differentiating melanosomes from microbial traces in the fossil record.
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| 28. |
- Hill, Sandra Malmgren, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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The dual role of a yeast metacaspase: What doesn't kill you makes you stronger.
- 2015
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Ingår i: BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. - : Wiley. - 1521-1878. ; 37:5, s. 525-531
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent reports suggest that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae caspase-related metacaspase, Mca1, is required for cell-autonomous cytoprotective functions that slow cellular aging. Because the Mca1 protease has previously been suggested to be responsible for programmed cell death (PCD) upon stress and aging, these reports raise the question of how the opposing roles of Mca1 as a protector and executioner are regulated. One reconciling perspective could be that executioner activation may be restricted to situations where the death of part of the population would be beneficial, for example during colony growth or adaptation into specialized survival forms. Another possibility is that metacaspases primarily harbor beneficial functions and that the increased survival observed upon metacaspase removal is due to compensatory responses. Herein, we summarize data on the role of Mca1 in cell death and survival and approach the question of how a metacaspase involved in protein quality control may act as killer protein.
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| 29. |
- Hosking, Brett, et al.
(författare)
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Lymphatic vasculature : a molecular perspective.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 29:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lymphatic vasculature comprises an intricate network of vessels critical for fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and fat absorption. Recent studies have provided insights into the developmental processes and molecular mechanisms controlling the formation and remodelling of the lymphatic vessels. These studies have further demonstrated the essential and active role of the lymphatic vessels in various pathological conditions and advanced our understanding of the progression of human diseases, such as inflammation and tumorigenesis. In the context of the latest exciting findings, we review here the current understanding of the mechanisms of lymphatic development and contribution of lymphatic vessels to pathological conditions.
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| 30. |
- Igamberdiev, Abir U, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic systems maintain stable non-equilibrium via thermodynamic buffering
- 2009
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 31:10, s. 1091-1099
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, we analyze how the set of nucleotides in the cell is equilibrated and how this generates simple rules that help the cell to organize itself via maintenance of a stable non-equilibrium state. A major mechanism operating to achieve this state is thermodynamic buffering via high activities of equilibrating enzymes such as adenylate kinase. Under stable non-equilibrium, the ratios of free and Mg-bound adenylates, Mg(2+) and membrane potentials are interdependent and can be computed. The adenylate status is balanced with the levels of reduced and oxidized pyridine nucleotides through regulated uncoupling of the pyridine nucleotide pool from ATP production in mitochondria, and through oxidation of substrates non-coupled to NAD(+) reduction in peroxisomes. The set of adenylates and pyridine nucleotides constitutes a generalized cell energy status and determines rates of major metabolic fluxes. As the result, fluxes of energy and information become organized spatially and temporally, providing conditions for self-maintenance of metabolism.
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| 31. |
- Islam, Quamrul, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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A new functional classification of tumor-suppressing genes and its therapeutic implications
- 2000
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 22:3, s. 274-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell fusion studies have demonstrated that malignancy can be suppressed by a single dose of malignancy suppressor genes (MSGs), indicating that malignancy is a recessive phenotype. Correspondingly, it is widely believed that mutational inactivation of both alleles of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), in familial and sporadic tumors, is the formal proof of the recessive nature of malignancy. Evidence presented here, however, shows that unlike MSGs, identified solely through cell fusion studies with no gene of this class yet cloned, many well-known TSGs have gene dosage effects and inhibit cellular growth in vitro. Moreover, homozygous inactivation of a growth-inhibitory TSG (GITSG) is not directly correlated with malignancy. An alternative interpretation is provided for the loss of wild-type alleles of these genes in the tumors. It is concluded that the MSGs and the GITSGs do not belong to the same class of genes. The functional classification of tumor-suppressing genes has important implications for developing effective cancer therapies. (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
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| 32. |
- Ivarsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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A Cryptic Alternative for the Evolution of Hyphae
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 42:6, s. 1-9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing awareness of a subsurface fossil record of mostly hyphal fungi organisms stretching back through the Phanerozoic to approximate to 400 megaannum (Ma) and possibly earlier, provides an alternative view on hyphal development. Parallel with the emergence of hyphal fungi during Ordovician-Devonian times when plants colonized the land, which is the traditional notion of hyphal evolution, hyphae-based fungi existed in the deep biosphere. New insights suggest that the fundamental functions of hyphae may have evolved in response to an ancient subsurface endolithic life style and might have been in place before the colonization of land. To address the gaps in the current understanding of hyphal evolution a strategy based on research prospects involving investigations of uncharted geological material, new diagnostics, and comparisons to live species is proposed.
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| 33. |
- Klasson, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Research on small genomes : Implications for synthetic biology
- 2010
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 32:4, s. 288-295
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Synthetic genomics is a new field of research in which small DNA pieces are assembled in a series of steps into whole genomes. The highly reduced genomes of host-associated bacteria are now being used as models for de novo synthesis of small genomes in the laboratory. Bacteria with the smallest genomes identified in nature provide nutrients to their hosts, such as amino acids, co-factors and vitamins. Comparative genomics of these bacteria enables predictions to be made about the gene sets required for core cellular functions and the associated metabolic network for the biosynthesis of host-selected compounds. Synthetic biology may ultimately enable researchers to make customized cell-specific organelles for the production and delivery of drugs to humans and domestic animals. Synthetic genomics may also become the method of choice for functional analyses of genes and genomes from bacteria that cannot be cultivated in the laboratory.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Kurland, Charles
(författare)
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The RNA dreamtime: modern cells feature proteins that might have supported a prebiotic polypeptide world but nothing indicates that RNA world ever was.
- 2010
-
Ingår i: BioEssays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247. ; 32:10, s. 866-871
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern cells present no signs of a putative prebiotic RNA world. However, RNA coding is not a sine qua non for the accumulation of catalytic polypeptides. Thus, cellular proteins spontaneously fold into active structures that are resistant to proteolysis. The law of mass action suggests that binding domains are stabilized by specific interactions with their substrates. Random polypeptide synthesis in a prebiotic world has the potential to initially produce only a very small fraction of polypeptides that can fold spontaneously into catalytic domains. However, that fraction can be enriched by proteolytic activities that destroy the unfolded polypeptides and regenerate amino acids that can be recycled into polypeptides. In this open system scenario the stable domains that accumulate and the chemical environment in which they are accumulated are linked through self coding of polypeptide structure. Such open polypeptide systems may have been the precursors to the cellular ribonucleoprotein (RNP) world that evolved subsequently.
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| 36. |
- Kurland, Charles
(författare)
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What tangled web: barriers to rampant horizontal gene transfer
- 2005
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Ingår i: BioEssays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 27:7, s. 741-747
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dawkins in his The Selfish Gene(1) quite aptly applies the term "selfish" to parasitic repetitive DNA sequences endemic to eukaryotic genomes, especially vertebrates. Doolittle and Sapienza (2) as well as Orgel and Crick (3) enlivened this notion of selfish DNA with the identification of such repetitive sequences as remnants of mobile elements such as transposons. In addition, Orgel and Crick (3) associated parasitic DNA with a potential to outgrow their host genomes by propagating both vertically via conventional genome replication as well as infectiously by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) to other genomes. Still later, Doolittle (4) speculated that unchecked HGT between unrelated genomes so complicates phylogeny that the conventional representation of a tree of life would have to be replaced by a thicket or a web of life. (4) In contrast, considerable data now show that reconstructions based on whole genome sequences are consistent with the conventional "tree of life".((5-10)) Here, we identify natural barriers that protect modern genome populations from the inroads of rampant HGT. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Lee, Duk-Hee, et al.
(författare)
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Lipophilic Environmental Chemical Mixtures Released During Weight-Loss : The Need to Consider Dynamics
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 42:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intentional weight loss can increase health risk in the long-term, despite short-term benefits, because human adipose tissue is widely contaminated with various lipophilic environmental contaminants, especially persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Recently, chronic exposure to low POPs has emerged as a new risk factor for common metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases. The amount of POPs released from adipocytes to the circulation increases during weight loss, thereby increasing POPs exposure of other critical organs. Possible harmful effects due to release of POPs during weight loss are opposite to those usually expected from losing weight. It is speculated that this tradeoff can explain recent puzzling findings on intensive weight loss. The presence of POPs in adipose tissue adds a challenge to weight management and an optimal strategy of weight management needs to consider both fat mass and dynamics of POPs.
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| 39. |
- Leger, Michelle M., et al.
(författare)
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Demystifying Eukaryote Lateral Gene Transfer
- 2018
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 40:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a recent BioEssays paper [W. F. Martin, BioEssays 2017, 39, 1700115], William Martin sharply criticizes evolutionary interpretations that involve lateral gene transfer (LGT) into eukaryotic genomes. Most published examples of LGTs in eukaryotes, he suggests, are in fact contaminants, ancestral genes that have been lost from other extant lineages, or the result of artefactual phylogenetic inferences. Martin argues that, except for transfers that occurred from endosymbiotic organelles, eukaryote LGT is insignificant. Here, in reviewing this field, we seek to correct some of the misconceptions presented therein with regard to the evidence for LGT in eukaryotes.
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| 40. |
- Lendahl, U
(författare)
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A growing family of Notch ligands
- 1998
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Ingår i: BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. - 0265-9247. ; 20:2, s. 103-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 41. |
- Los, Marek Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Switching Akt : from survival signaling to deadly response
- 2009
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 31:5, s. 492-495
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Akt, a protein kinase hyperactivated in many tumors, plays a major role in both cell survival and resistance to tumor therapy. A recent study,1 along with other evidences, shows interestingly, that Akt is not a single-function kinase, but may facilitate rather than inhibit cell death under certain conditions. This hitherto undetected function of Akt is accomplished by its ability to increase reactive oxygen species and to suppress antioxidant enzymes. The ability of Akt to down-regulate antioxidant defenses uncovers a novel Achilles' heel, which could be exploited by oxidant therapies in order to selectively eradicate tumor cells that express high levels of Akt activity.
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| 42. |
- Maklakov, Alexei A., et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of sex differences in lifespan and aging : Causes and constraints
- 2013
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 35:8, s. 717-724
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why do the two sexes have different lifespans and rates of aging? Two hypotheses based on asymmetric inheritance of sex chromosomes (unguarded X) or mitochondrial genomes (mother's curse) explain sex differences in lifespan as sex-specific maladaptation leading to increased mortality in the shorter-lived sex. While asymmetric inheritance hypotheses equate long life with high fitness, considerable empirical evidence suggests that sexes resolve the fundamental tradeoff between reproduction and survival differently resulting in sex-specific optima for lifespan. However, selection for sex-specific values in life-history traits is constrained by intersexual genetic correlations resulting in intra-locus sexual conflict over optimal lifespan. The available data suggest that the evolution of sexual dimorphism only partially resolves these conflicts. Sexual conflict over optimal trait values, which has been demonstrated in model organisms and in humans, is likely to play a key role in shaping the evolution of lifespan, as well as in maintaining genetic variation for sex-specific diseases.
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| 43. |
- Maklakov, Alexei A., et al.
(författare)
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Why organisms age : Evolution of senescence under positive pleiotropy?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 37:7, s. 802-807
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two classic theories maintain that aging evolves either because of alleles whose deleterious effects are confined to late life or because of alleles with broad pleiotropic effects that increase early-life fitness at the expense of late-life fitness. However, empirical studies often reveal positive pleiotropy for fitness across age classes, and recent evidence suggests that selection on early-life fitness can decelerate aging and increase lifespan, thereby casting doubt on the current consensus. Here, we briefly review these data and promote the simple argument that aging can evolve under positive pleiotropy between early-and late-life fitness when the deleterious effect of mutations increases with age. We argue that this hypothesis makes testable predictions and is supported by existing evidence.
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| 44. |
- Massoumi, Ramin, et al.
(författare)
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Cylindromatosis and the CYLD gene: new lessons on the molecular principles of epithelial growth control
- 2007
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Ingår i: BioEssays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 29:12, s. 1203-1214
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysing cylindromatosis and the associated defects in the CYLD gene is providing novel insights into the molecular principles of epithelial growth control and carcinogenesis in, and beyond, the skin. In this review, we summarize the histopathology and histogenesis of cylindromas, and the available genetic information on patients with these skin appendage tumors. Focusing on recent data concerning the normal functions and signaling interactions of the CYLD gene product, we explain how CYLD interferes with TNF-alpha or TLR-mediated signaling as well as with JNK or NF-kappa B-dependent p65/50 signaling to limit inflammation. In addition, we delineate how CYLD interferes with activation of the proto-oncogene BCl3 and with cyclin D1 expression to limit tumorigenesis, and chart how tumor growth-promoting agents or UV light and inflammatory mediators can activate CYLD. We argue that these recent insights into CYLD function and cylindroma pathogenesis may lead to the development of novel molecular strategies for cancer prevention and treatment.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- McMahon, Sean, et al.
(författare)
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A new frontier for palaeobiology: Earth's vast deep biosphere
- 2019
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - New York : John Wiley & Sons. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 41:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diverse micro‐organisms populate a global deep biosphere hosted by rocks and sediments beneath land and sea, containing more biomass than any other biome except forests. This paper reviews an emerging palaeobiological archive of these dark habitats: microfossils preserved in ancient pores and fractures in the crust. This archive, seemingly dominated by mineralized filaments (although rods and coccoids are also reported), is presently far too sparsely sampled and poorly understood to reveal trends in the abundance, distribution, or diversity of deep life through time. New research is called for to establish the nature and extent of the fossil record of Earth's deep biosphere by combining systematic exploration, rigorous microanalysis, and experimental studies of both microbial preservation and the formation of abiotic pseudofossils within the crust. It is concluded that the fossil record of Earth's largest microbial habitat may still have much to tell us about the history of life, the evolution of biogeochemical cycles, and the search for life on Mars.
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| 48. |
- Metcalfe, N. B., et al.
(författare)
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Solving the conundrum of intra-specific variation in metabolic rate: A multidisciplinary conceptual and methodological toolkit New technical developments are opening the door to an understanding of why metabolic rate varies among individual animals of a species
- 2023
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - 0265-9247. ; 45:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Researchers from diverse disciplines, including organismal and cellular physiology, sports science, human nutrition, evolution and ecology, have sought to understand the causes and consequences of the surprising variation in metabolic rate found among and within individual animals of the same species. Research in this area has been hampered by differences in approach, terminology and methodology, and the context in which measurements are made. Recent advances provide important opportunities to identify and address the key questions in the field. By bringing together researchers from different areas of biology and biomedicine, we describe and evaluate these developments and the insights they could yield, highlighting the need for more standardisation across disciplines. We conclude with a list of important questions that can now be addressed by developing a common conceptual and methodological toolkit for studies on metabolic variation in animals.
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| 49. |
- Michel, Benedicte, et al.
(författare)
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Chromosome replication origins : Do we really need them?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bioessays. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247 .- 1521-1878. ; 36:6, s. 585-590
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Replication of the main chromosome in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii was recently reported to continue despite deletion of all active replication origins. Equally surprising, the deletion strain grew faster than the parent strain. It was proposed that origin-less H. volcanii duplicate their chromosomes via recombination-dependent replication. Here, we recall our present knowledge of this mode of chromosome replication in different organisms. We consider the likelihood that it accounts for the viability of H. volcanii deleted for its main specific replication origins, as well as possible alternative interpretations of the results. The selective advantages of having defined chromosome replication origins are discussed from a functional and evolutionary perspective.
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| 50. |
- Moussian, Bernard, et al.
(författare)
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An ancient control of epithelial barrier formation and wound healing.
- 2005
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Ingår i: BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. - : Wiley. - 0265-9247. ; 27:10, s. 987-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animal epithelia are lined with apical surface matrices, which protect against pathogens, dehydration and physical damage of the underlying cells. The proteins and polysaccharides that comprise these protective barriers vary greatly within the animal kingdom and have evolved in response to the biological needs of various organisms. Yet the genetic control of barrier formation and its regeneration upon wounding appears conserved between vertebrates and insects that are evolutionary more than several hundred millions of years apart. A key role is carried out by Grainy head, a phylogenetically conserved transcription factor expressed in epidermal cells in nematodes, flies, frogs, mice and humans.
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