| 1. |
- Anikin, Andrey
(författare)
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The link between auditory salience and emotion intensity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cognition and Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 34:6, s. 1246-1259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To ensure that listeners pay attention and do not habituate, emotionally intense vocalizations may be under evolutionary pressure to exploit processing biases in the auditory system by maximising their bottom-up salience. This “salience code” hypothesis was tested using 128 human nonverbal vocalizations representing eight emotions: amusement, anger, disgust, effort, fear, pain, pleasure, and sadness. As expected, within each emotion category salience ratings derived from pairwise comparisons strongly correlated with perceived emotion intensity. For example, while laughs as a class were less salient than screams of fear, salience scores almost perfectly explained the perceived intensity of both amusement and fear considered separately. Validating self-rated salience evaluations, high- vs. low-salience sounds caused 25% more recall errors in a short-term memory task, whereas emotion intensity had no independent effect on recall errors. Furthermore, the acoustic characteristics of salient vocalizations were similar to those previously described for non-emotional sounds (greater duration and intensity, high pitch, bright timbre, rapid modulations, and variable spectral characteristics), confirming that vocalizations were not salient merely because of their emotional content. The acoustic code in nonverbal communication is thus aligned with sensory biases, offering a general explanation for some non-arbitrary properties of human and animal high-arousal vocalizations.
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| 2. |
- Broadbent, David P., et al.
(författare)
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The impact of contextual priors and anxiety on performance effectiveness and processing efficiency in anticipation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 33:3, s. 589-596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is proposed that experts are able to integrate prior contextual knowledge with emergent visual information to make complex predictive judgments about the world around them, often under heightened levels of uncertainty and extreme time constraints. However, limited knowledge exists about the impact of anxiety on the use of such contextual priors when forming our decisions. We provide a novel insight into the combined impact of contextual priors and anxiety on anticipation in soccer. Altogether, 12 expert soccer players were required to predict the actions of an oncoming opponent while viewing life-sized video simulations of 2-versus-2 defensive scenarios. Performance effectiveness and processing efficiency were measured under four conditions: no contextual priors (CP) about the action tendencies of the opponent and low anxiety (LA); no CP and high anxiety (HA); CP and LA; CP and HA. The provision of contextual priors did not affect processing efficiency, but it improved performance effectiveness on congruent trials. Anxiety negatively affected processing efficiency, but this did not affect the use of contextual priors or influence performance effectiveness. It appears that anxiety and prior contextual information impact attentional resources independent of each other. Findings are discussed with reference to current models of anticipation and anxiety. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Carpenter, Stephanie M., et al.
(författare)
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Positive feelings facilitate working memory and complex decision making among older adults
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Taylor and Francis (Psychology Press): STM, Behavioural Science and Public Health Titles / Taylor and Francis (Psychology Press). - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 27:1, s. 184-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of induced mild positive feelings on working memory and complex decision making among older adults (aged 6385) was examined. Participants completed a computer administered card task in which participants could win money if they chose from gain decks and lose money if they chose from loss decks. Individuals in the positive-feeling condition chose better than neutral-feeling participants and earned more money overall. Participants in the positive-feeling condition also demonstrated improved working-memory capacity. These effects of positive-feeling induction have implications for affect theory, as well as, potentially, practical implications for people of all ages dealing with complex decisions.
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| 5. |
- Clark, Ian A., et al.
(författare)
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Low emotional response to traumatic footage is associated with an absence of analogue flashbacks : An individual participant data meta-analysis of 16 trauma film paradigm experiments
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 29:4, s. 702-713
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most people will experience or witness a traumatic event. A common occurrence after trauma is the experience of involuntary emotional memories of the traumatic event, herewith "flashbacks". Some individuals, however, report no flashbacks. Prospective work investigating psychological factors associated with an absence of flashbacks is lacking. We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis on 16 experiments (n = 458) using the trauma film paradigm to investigate the association of emotional response to traumatic film footage and commonly collected baseline characteristics (trait anxiety, current depression, trauma history) with an absence of analogue flashbacks. An absence of analogue flashbacks was associated with low emotional response to the traumatic film footage and, to a lesser extent, low trait anxiety and low current depression levels. Trauma history and recognition memory for the film were not significantly associated with an absence of analogue flashbacks. Understanding why some individuals report an absence of flashbacks may aid preventative treatments against flashback development.
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| 6. |
- Dylman, Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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When your heart is in your mouth : the effect of second language use on negative emotions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 33:6, s. 1284-1290
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on bilingualism and emotions has shown stronger emotional responses in the native language (L1) compared to a foreign language. We investigated the potential of purposeful second language (L2) use as a means of decreasing the experience of psychological distress. Native Swedish speakers read and answered questions about negative and neutral texts in their L1 (Swedish) and their L2 (English) and were asked to rate their level of distress before or after the questions. The texts and associated questions were either written in the same (within-language), or different languages (cross-language). We found that within-language trials when the text was written in participants’ native language (Swedish–Swedish) resulted in an increase of distress, whilst cross-language trials (Swedish–English) resulted in a decrease of distress. This implies that purposeful second language use can diminish levels of distress experienced following a negative event encoded in one's first language.
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| 7. |
- Esteves, Francisco, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Automatically elicited fear : Conditioned skin conductance responses to masked facial expressions
- 1994
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 8:5, s. 393-413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined automatic elicitation of conditioned skin conductance responses (SCRs), when a backward masking procedure prevented the subject's conscious awareness of the conditioned stimuli (CSs). The CSs were pictures of emotional facial expressions. A differential conditioning procedure was used. One facial expression (e.g. an angry face) was aversively conditioned by a shock unconditioned stimulus, whereas another facial expression (e.g. a happy face) was never presented with the shock. After conditioning, the CSs were presented backwardly masked by a neutral face. This procedure prevented conscious perception of the CS. Nevertheless, reliable differential SCRs were obtained when the CS had been an angry face. This effect, however, was dependent on the subject's direction of attention. When attention was focused on the mask, no differential responding was observed. Thus it was concluded that, when fear-relevant stimuli (angry faces) served as the CS, elicitation of SCRs was automatic in the sense that it was possible even when the subjects were not aware of the stimuli presented. However, it was only partially automatic because the effect was modified by attention.
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| 8. |
- Fawcett, Christine, et al.
(författare)
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Individual differences in pupil dilation to others’ emotional and neutral eyes with varying pupil sizes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 36:5, s. 928-942
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sensitivity to others’ emotional signals is an important factor for social interaction. While many studies of emotional reactivity focus on facial emotional expressions, signals such as pupil dilation which can indicate arousal, may also affect observers. For example, observers’ pupils dilate when viewing someone with dilated pupils, so-called pupillary contagion. Yet it is unclear how pupil size and emotional expression interact as signals. Further, examining individual differences in emotional reactivity to others can shed light on its mechanisms and potential outcomes. In the current study, adults’ (N = 453) pupil size was assessed while they viewed images of the eye region of individuals varying in emotional expression (neutral, happy, sad, fearful, angry) and pupil size (large, medium, small). Participants showed pupillary contagion regardless of the emotional expression. Individual differences in demographics (gender, age, socioeconomic status) and psychosocial factors (anxiety, depression, sleep problems) were also examined, yet the only factor related to pupillary contagion was socioeconomic status, with higher socioeconomic status predicting less pupillary contagion for emotionally-neutral stimuli. The results suggest that while pupillary contagion is a robust phenomenon, it can vary meaningfully across individuals.
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| 9. |
- Flykt, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The time course of resource allocation in spider fearful participants during fear reactions
- 2008
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - US : Psychology Press. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 22:7, s. 1381-1400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The difference in dynamics of resource allocation to pictures of spiders and pictures of other animals in spider fearful participants was investigated. The tasks of the participants were to respond rapidly and accurately to various probe stimuli superimposed on pictures of different animals. These were supposedly fear-relevant (spiders, snakes, and wolfs) and fear-irrelevant (beetles, turtles, and rabbits). The probes were exposed at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) from picture onset to address the dynamics of resource allocation. The results showed a larger allocation of resources to spider pictures than to pictures of other animals and the resource allocation showed differences depending on task and dependent measure.
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| 10. |
- Flykt, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Tracking fear in snake and spider fearful participants during visual search : A multi-response domain study
- 2006
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 20:8, s. 1075-1091
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In visual search tasks snake or spider fearful participants showed shorter reaction times (RTs) to respond to their feared animal (e.g., snake) than to the nonfeared animal (i.e., spider) (Öhman, Flykt, & Esteves, 2001). Here we used this paradigm with heart rate (HR), RTs, and event-related potential (ERP) measures, to investigate the nature of the responses to the feared animal, a nonfeared (but fear-relevant) animal, and fear-irrelevant target stimuli with snake fearful, spider fearful and non-fearful participants. Fearful participants showed shorter RTs and evoked larger amplitudes on a late positive potential (LPP; 500-700 ms) for their feared compared to the nonfeared and the fear-irrelevant targets. No relevant significant differences were found on early ERP components and HR measures. These findings do not support an involvement of early information processing in the detection of the feared animal in fearful participants, they favor instead a more elaborated analysis of these complex stimuli to achieve the detection.
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| 11. |
- Hagenaars, Muriel A., et al.
(författare)
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The effect of hypnotically induced somatoform dissociation on the development of intrusions after an aversive film
- 2008
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : PSYCHOLOGY PRESS. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 22:5, s. 944-963
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peritraumatic dissociation is thought to effect trauma information encoding, leading to PTSD symptoms like intrusive memories. Most studies have focused on peritraumatic psychological dissociation. The present experiment studied the impact of hypnotically induced somatoform dissociation (dissociative non-movement) versus deliberate non-movement during an aversive film on intrusion development. Seventy-nine participants were randomised into three conditions: dissociative non-movement (catalepsy), deliberate non-movement, and non-restricted control. Participants recorded their intrusions of the film in a diary for one week. In the dissociative non-movement condition, catalepsy effectively provoked somatoform dissociation. Spontaneous somatoform dissociation across conditions was positively related to implicit bias to film-related words and negatively related to explicit recall, but was not related to intrusion frequency. Dissociative non-movement and deliberate non-movement conditions combined had more intrusions than controls. However, the dissociative non-movement group did not have more intrusions than deliberate non-movement and control groups combined. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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| 12. |
- Hopkins, N., et al.
(författare)
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Explaining effervescence : Investigating the relationship between shared social identity and positive experience in crowds
- 2016
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Routledge. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 30:1, s. 20-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the intensely positive emotional experiences arising from participation in a large-scale collective event. We predicted such experiences arise when those attending a collective event are (1) able to enact their valued collective identity and (2) experience close relations with other participants. In turn, we predicted both of these to be more likely when participants perceived crowd members to share a common collective identity. We investigated these predictions in a survey of pilgrims (N = 416) attending a month-long Hindu pilgrimage festival in north India. We found participants' perceptions of a shared identity amongst crowd members had an indirect effect on their positive experience at the event through (1) increasing participants' sense that they were able to enact their collective identity and (2) increasing the sense of intimacy with other crowd members. We discuss the implications of these data for how crowd emotion should be conceptualised.
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| 13. |
- Hunnius, Sabine, et al.
(författare)
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Facing threat : Infants' and adults' visual scanning of faces with neutral, happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotional expressions
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 25:2, s. 193-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human faces are among the most important visual stimuli that we encounter at all ages. This importance partly stems from the face as a conveyer of information on the emotional state of other individuals. Previous research has demonstrated specific scanning patterns in response to threat-related compared to non-threat-related emotional expressions. This study investigated how visual scanning patterns toward faces which display different emotional expressions develop during infancy. The visual scanning patterns of 4-month-old and 7-month-old infants and adults when looking at threat-related (i.e., angry and fearful) versus non-threat-related (i.e., happy, sad, and neutral) emotional faces were examined. We found that infants as well as adults displayed an avoidant looking pattern in response to threat-related emotional expressions with reduced dwell times and relatively less fixations to the inner features of the face. In addition, adults showed a pattern of eye contact avoidance when looking at threat-related emotional expressions that was not yet present in infants. Thus, whereas a general avoidant reaction to threat-related facial expressions appears to be present from very early in life, the avoidance of eye contact might be a learned response toward others' anger and fear that emerges later during development.
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| 14. |
- Jansson, Billy, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Reduced vividness of emotional memories following reactivation in a second language
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 35:6, s. 1222-1230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the effect of second language use on the experienced vividness and emotionality of negative autobiographical memories. Fifty native Swedish speakers with English as their second language were asked to recall a negative episodic memory from their past in their native language. Half the participants were then asked to reactivate the same memory in their first language while the other half were asked to reactivate it in their second language, and then rate their experienced vividness and emotionality a second time. Following this reactivation, experienced emotionality was reduced for both groups of participants, with a similar magnitude of reduction for both groups. Experienced vividness, however, was only reduced for the group who reactivated the memory in their second language. No difference in intrusion frequency was found between the groups at a one-week follow-up. The results provide increased insight into how a second language can affect the experienced emotionality and vividness of a negative autobiographical memory.
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| 15. |
- Laukka, P., et al.
(författare)
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A dimensional approach to vocal expression of emotion
- 2005
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Psychology Press. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 19:5, s. 633-653
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explored a dimensional approach to vocal expression of emotion. Actors vocally portrayed emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness) with weak and strong emotion intensity. Listeners (30 university students and 6 speech experts) rated each portrayal on four emotion dimensions (activation, valence, potency, emotion intensity). The portrayals were also acoustically analysed with respect to 20 vocal cues (e.g., speech rate, voice intensity, fundamental frequency, spectral energy distribution). The results showed that: (a) there were distinct patterns of ratings of activation, valence, and potency for the different emotions; (b) all four emotion dimensions were correlated with several vocal cues; (c) listeners' ratings could be successfully predicted from the vocal cues for all dimensions except valence; and (d) the intensity dimension was positively correlated with the activation dimension in the listeners' ratings.
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| 16. |
- Laukka, Petri, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the determinants of the graded structure of vocal emotion expressions
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Psychology Press. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 26:4, s. 710-719
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined what determines the typicality, or graded structure, of vocal emotion expressions. Separate groups of judges rated acted and spontaneous expressions of anger, fear, and joy with regard to their typicality and three main determinants of the graded structure of categories: category members’ similarity to the central tendency of their category (CT); category members’ frequency of instantiation, i.e., how often they are encountered as category members (FI); and category members’ similarity to ideals associated with the goals served by its category, i.e., suitability to express particular emotions. Partial correlations and multiple regression analysis revealed that similarity to ideals, rather than CT or FI, explained most variance in judged typicality. Results thus suggest that vocal emotion expressions constitute ideal-based goal-derived categories, rather than taxonomic categories based on CT and FI. This could explain how prototypical expressions can be acoustically distinct and highly recognisable but occur relatively rarely in everyday speech.
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| 17. |
- Lin, Tian, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of face attractiveness on face memory depend on both age of perceiver and age of face
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 34:5, s. 875-889
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Face attractiveness can influence memory for previously seen faces. This effect has been shown to differ for young and older perceivers. Two parallel studies examined the moderation of both the age of the face and the age of the perceiver on the relationship between facial attractiveness and face memory. Study 1 comprised 29 young and 31 older participants; Study 2 comprised 25 young and 24 older participants. In both studies, participants completed an incidental face encoding and a surprise old/new recognition test with young and older faces that varied in face attractiveness. Face attractiveness affected memory for young but not older faces. In addition, young but not older perceivers showed a linear effect of facial attractiveness on memory for young faces, while both young and older perceivers showed a quadratic effect on memory for young faces. These findings extend previous work by demonstrating that the effect of facial attractiveness on face memory is a function of both the age of the perceiver and the age of the face. Factors that could account for such moderations of face and perceiver age on the associations between face attractiveness and face memory are discussed (e.g. age differences in social goals and face similarity/distinctiveness).
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| 18. |
- Lindström, Björn R., et al.
(författare)
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Emotion processing facilitates working memory performance
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 25:7, s. 1196-1204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of emotional stimulus content on working memory performance has been investigated with conflicting results, as both emotion-dependent facilitation and impairments are reported in the literature. To clarify this issue, 52 adult participants performed a modified visual 2-back task with highly arousing positive stimuli (sexual scenes), highly arousing negative stimuli (violent death) and low-arousal neutral stimuli. Emotional stimulus processing was found to facilitate task performance relative to that of neutral stimuli, both in regards to response accuracy and reaction times. No emotion-dependent differences in false-alarm rates were found. These results indicate that emotional information can have a facilitating effect on working memory maintenance and processing of information.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Lundqvist, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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The face of wrath : Critical features for conveying facial threat
- 1999
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 13:6, s. 691-711
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the role of different facial features (shape of eyebrows, eyes, mouth, nose, and the direction of gaze) in conveying the emotional impact of a threatening face. In two experiments, a total of 100 high school students rated their impression of two sets of schematic faces in terms of semantic differential scales (Activity, Negative Evaluation, and Potency). It was found that the different facial features could be ordered hierarchically, with eyebrows as the most important feature, followed by mouth and eyes. Eyebrows thus fundamentally categorised faces as threatening or nonthreatening. The different shapes of mouth and eyes provided subsequent categorisations of faces within these primary categories.
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| 21. |
- Lundqvist, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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The face of wrath : The role of features and configurations in conveying social threat
- 2004
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 18, s. 161-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the role of single features and feature configurations in the effect of schematic faces on rated threat. A total of 101 medical students rated their emotional impression of schematic facial stimuli using semantic differential scales (Activity, Negative Valence, and Potency). In different parts of the experiment, the ratings concerned single features, eyebrow‐mouth configurations, or complete faces. Although eyebrows emerged as the overall most important feature, the effect of features was modulated by configuration. Simple configurations of eyebrows and mouth appeared to convey threat and nonthreat in a way highly similar to that of complete faces. In most cases, the configurations of eyebrows and mouth could significantly predict the effect of the complete faces.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, et al.
(författare)
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The allocation of valenced concepts onto 3D space
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 32:4, s. 709-718
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The valence-space metaphor research area investigates the metaphorical mapping of valenced concepts onto space. Research findings from this area indicate that positive, neutral, and negative concepts are associated with upward, midward, and downward locations, respectively, in the vertical plane. The same research area has also indicated that such concepts seem to have no preferential location on the horizontal plane. The approach-avoidance effect consists in decreasing the distance between positive stimuli and the body (i.e. approach) and increasing the distance between negative stimuli and the body (i.e. avoid). Thus, the valence-space metaphor accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the vertical and horizontal planes, and the approach-avoidance effect accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the depth plane. By using a cube conceived for the study of allocation of valenced concepts onto 3D space, we show in three studies that positive concepts are placed in upward locations and near the participants' body, negative concepts are placed in downward locations and far from the participants' body, and neutral concepts are placed in between these concepts in both planes.
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| 24. |
- Mathews, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Feels like the real thing : Imagery is both more realistic and emotional than verbal thought
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : PSYCHOLOGY PRESS. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 27:2, s. 217-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The production of mental images involves processes that overlap with perception and the extent of this overlap may contribute to reality monitoring errors (i.e., images misremembered as actual events). We hypothesised that mental images would be more confused with having actually seen a pictured object than would alternative representations, such as verbal descriptions. We also investigated whether affective reactions to images were greater than to verbal descriptions, and whether emotionality was associated with more or less reality monitoring confusion. In two experiments signal detection analysis revealed that mental images were more likely to be confused with viewed pictures than were verbal descriptions. There was a general response bias to endorse all emotionally negative items, but accuracy of discrimination between imagery and viewed pictures was not significantly influenced by emotional valence. In a third experiment we found that accuracy of reality monitoring depended on encoding: images were more accurately discriminated from viewed pictures when rated for affect than for size. We conclude that mental images are both more emotionally arousing and more likely to be confused with real events than are verbal descriptions, although source accuracy for images varies according to how they are encoded.
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| 25. |
- Mayiwar, Lewend, et al.
(författare)
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Fear and anxiety differ in construal level and scope
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cognition and Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 37:3, s. 559-571
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fear-anxiety distinction has been extensively discussed and debated among emotion researchers. In this study, we tested this distinction from a social-cognitive perspective. Drawing on construal level theory and regulatory scope theory, we examined whether fear and anxiety differ in their underlying level of construal and scope. Results from a preregistered autobiographical recall study (N = 200) that concerned either a fear situation or an anxiety situation and a large dataset from Twitter (N = 104,949) indicated that anxiety was associated with a higher level of construal and a more expansive scope than fear. These findings support the notion that emotions serve as mental tools that deal with different challenges. While fear prompts people to seek immediate solutions to concrete threats in the here and now (contractive scope), anxiety prompts them to deal with distant and unknown threats that require more expansive and flexible solutions (expansive scope). Our study contributes to a growing literature on emotions and construal level and points to interesting avenues for further research.
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| 26. |
- Mononen, Riikka, et al.
(författare)
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Developmental relations between mathematics anxiety, symbolic numerical magnitude processing and arithmetic skills from first to second grade
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 36:3, s. 452-472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the levels of and changes in mathematics anxiety (MA), symbolic numerical magnitude processing (SNMP) and arithmetic skills, and how those changes are linked to each other. Children's (n = 264) MA, SNMP and arithmetic skills were measured in Grade 1, and again in Grade 2, also including a mathematics performance test. All three constructs correlated significantly within each time point, and the rank-order stability over time was high, particularly in SNMP and arithmetic skills. By means of latent change score modelling, we found overall increases in SNMP and arithmetic skills over time, but not in MA. Most interestingly, changes in arithmetic skills and MA were correlated (i.e. steeper increase in arithmetic skills was linked with less steep increase in MA), as were changes in SNMP and arithmetic skills (i.e. improvement in SNMP was associated with improvement in arithmetic skills). Only the initial level of arithmetic skills and change in it predicted mathematics performance. The only gender difference, in favour of boys, was found in SNMP skills. The differential effects associated with MA (developmentally only linked with arithmetic skills) and gender (predicting only changes in SNMP) call for further longitudinal research on the different domains of mathematical skills.
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| 27. |
- Moritz, Steffen, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond words : Sensory properties of depressive thoughts
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 28:6, s. 1047-1056
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Verbal thoughts (such as negative cognitions) and sensory phenomena (such as visual mental imagery) are usually conceptualised as distinct mental experiences. The present study examined to what extent depressive thoughts are accompanied by sensory experiences and how this is associated with symptom severity, insight of illness and quality of life. A large sample of mildly to moderately depressed patients (N = 356) was recruited from multiple sources and asked about sensory properties of their depressive thoughts in an online study. Diagnostic status and symptom severity were established over a telephone interview with trained raters. Sensory properties of negative thoughts were reported by 56.5% of the sample (i.e., sensation in at least one sensory modality). The highest prevalence was seen for bodily (39.6%) followed by auditory (30.6%) and visual (27.2%) sensations. Patients reporting sensory properties of thoughts showed more severe psychopathological symptoms than those who did not. The degree of perceptuality was marginally associated with quality of life. The findings support the notion that depressive thoughts are not only verbal but commonly accompanied by sensory experiences. The perceptuality of depressive thoughts and the resulting sense of authenticity may contribute to the emotional impact and pervasiveness of such thoughts, making them difficult to dismiss for their holder.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Peira, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional responses in spider fear are closely related to picture awareness :
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 26:2, s. 252-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theories of emotion propose that responses to emotional pictures can occur independently of whether or not people are aware of the picture content. Because evidence from dissociation paradigms is inconclusive, we manipulated picture awareness gradually and studied whether emotional responses varied with degree of awareness. Spider fearful and non-fearful participants viewed pictures of spiders and flowers at four levels of backward masking while electrodermal activity and heart rate were measured continuously. Recognition ratings confirmed that participants’ picture awareness decreased with masking. Critically, effects of spider fear on emotion ratings and heart rate also decreased with masking. These findings suggest that effects of spider fear on emotion ratings and heart rate are closely related to picture awareness.
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| 30. |
- Pinheiro, Ana, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial location and emotion modulate voice perception
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognition and Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 33:8, s. 1577-1586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How do we perceive voices coming from different spatial locations, and how is this affected by emotion? The current study probed the interplay between space and emotion during voice perception. Thirty participants listened to nonverbal vocalizations coming from different locations around the head (left vs. right; front vs. back), and differing in valence (neutral, positive [amusement] or negative [anger]). They were instructed to identify the location of the vocalizations (Experiment 1) and to evaluate their emotional qualities (Experiment 2). Emotion-space interactions were observed, but only in Experiment 1: emotional vocalizations were better localised than neutral ones when they were presented from the back and the right side. In Experiment 2, emotion recognition accuracy was increased for positive vs. negative and neutral vocalizations, and perceived arousal was increased for emotional vs. neutral vocalizations, but this was independent of spatial location. These findings indicate that emotional salience affects how we perceive the spatial location of voices. They additionally suggest that the interaction between spatial (“where”) and emotional (“what”) properties of the voice differs as a function of task.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Rohner, Jean-Christophe
(författare)
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Memory-based attentional biases: Anxiety is linked to threat avoidance.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Cognition and Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 18:8, s. 1027-1054
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the present research was to examine if anxiety is linked to a memory-based attentional bias, in which attention to threat is thought to depend on implicit learning. Memory-based attentional biases were defined and also demonstrated in two experiments. A total of 168 university students were shown a pair of faces that varied in their emotional content (angry, neutral, and happy), with each type of emotion being consistently preceded by a particular neutral cue face, appearing in the same position. Eye movements were measured during these cue faces and during the emotional faces. The results of two experiments indicated that anxiety was connected with a tendency to avert one’s gaze from the positions of angry faces to the positions of happy faces, before these were shown on the screen. This, in turn, caused a reduced perception of angry relative to happy faces. In Experiment 2, participants were also not aware of having a memory-based attentional bias.
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| 33. |
- Rohner, Jean-Christophe
(författare)
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The time-course of visual threat processing: High trait anxious individuals eventually avert their gaze from angry faces
- 2002
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Ingår i: Cognition and Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 16:6, s. 837-844
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several experiments have shown that anxious individuals have an attentional bias towards threat cues. It is also known, however, that exposure to a subjectively threatening but relatively harmless stimulus tends to lead to a reduction in fear. Accordingly, some authors have hypothesised that high trait anxious individuals have a vigilant-avoidant pattern of visual attention to threatening stimuli. In the present study, 52 high trait anxious and 48 low trait anxious subjects were shown pairs of emotional faces, while their direction of gaze was continuously monitored. For 0-1000 ms, both groups were found to view angry faces more than happy faces. For 2000-3000 ms, however, only high trait anxious subjects averted their gaze from angry faces more than they did from happy faces.
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| 34. |
- Scherer, Klaus, et al.
(författare)
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What Determines a Feeling's Position in Affective Space? : A case for appraisal
- 2006
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 20:1, s. 92-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is suggested that the location of verbally reported feelings in a three-dimensional affective space is determined by the results of appraisal processes that elicit the respective states. One group of participants rated their evaluation of the content of 59 systematically selected pictures from the International Affect Picture System on a profile of nine appraisal criteria. Another group of participants rated their affective reactions or feelings produced by the same picture set on the classic dimensions of affective meaning (valence, arousal, and potency). The ratings on the affect dimensions correlate differentially with specific appraisal ratings. These results can be plausibly interpreted as showing that the reactions to the IAPS pictures are predictably produced through appraisal of picture content. The relevance of the findings for emotion induction paradigms and for emotion theory in general is discussed.
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| 35. |
- Slofstra, Christien, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the relation between visual mental imagery and affect in the daily life of previously depressed and never depressed individuals
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 32:5, s. 1131-1138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previously depressed individuals experience disturbances in affect. Affective disturbances may be related to visual mental imagery, given that imagery-based processing of emotional stimuli causes stronger affective responses than verbal processing in experimental laboratory studies. However, the role of imagery-based processing in everyday life is unknown. This study assessed mental imagery in the daily life of previously and never depressed individuals. Higher levels of visual mental imagery was hypothesised to be associated with more affective reactivity to both negatively and positively valenced mental representations. This study was the first to explore mental imagery in daily life using experience sampling methodology. Previously depressed (n = 10) and matched never depressed (n = 11) individuals participated in this study. Momentary affect and imagery-based processing were assessed using the "Imagine your mood" smartphone application. Participants recorded on average 136 momentary reports over a period of 8 weeks. The expected association between visual mental imagery and affective reactivity was not found. Unexpectedly, in both previously and never depressed individuals, higher levels of imagery-based processing of mental representations in daily life were significantly associated with better momentary mood and more positive affect, regardless of valence. The causality of effects remains to be examined in future studies.
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| 36. |
- Smith, Ashley R., et al.
(författare)
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Emotional distractors and attentional control in anxious youth : eye tracking and fMRI data
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 35:1, s. 110-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attentional control theory suggests that high cognitive demands impair the flexible deployment of attention control in anxious adults, particularly when paired with external threats. Extending this work to pediatric anxiety, we report two studies utilising eye tracking (Study 1) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (Study 2). Both studies use a visual search paradigm to examine anxiety-related differences in the impact of threat on attentional control at varying levels of task difficulty. In Study 1, youth ages 8-18 years (N = 109), completed the paradigm during eye tracking. Results indicated that youth with more severe anxiety took longer to fixate on and identify the target, specifically on difficult trials, compared to youth with less anxiety. However, no anxiety-related effects of emotional distraction (faces) emerged. In Study 2, a separate cohort of 8-18-year-olds (N = 72) completed a similar paradigm during fMRI. Behaviourally, youth with more severe anxiety were slower to respond on searches following non-threatening, compared to threatening, distractors, but this effect did not vary by task difficulty. The same interaction emerged in the neuroimaging analysis in the superior parietal lobule and precentral gyrus-more severe anxiety was associated with greater brain response following non-threatening distractors. Theoretical implications of these inconsistent findings are discussed.
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| 37. |
- Stenberg, Georg, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Judging words at face value : interference in a word processing task reveals automatic processing of affective facial expressions
- 1998
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 12:6, s. 755-782
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earlier research has indicated that some characteristics of facial expressions may be automatically processed. This study investigated automaticity as evidenced by involuntary interference in a word evaluation task. Compound stimuli, consisting of words superimposed on pictures of affective faces, were presented to subjects who were given the task of evaluating the affective valence of the words while disregarding the faces. Results of three experiments showed that word evaluation was influenced by the concurrently shown affective faces. Overall, negative words were found to require longer latencies, indicating that more processing resources are invested in negative than in positive stimuli. This speed advantage for positive words was modified by the faces. Negative words were facilitated, relative to positive ones, when shown with a negative expression, e.g. a sad face. Correspondingly, negative words were inhibited, relative to positive ones, when shown with a positive expression, e.g. a happy face. The results are consistent with automatic, involuntary semantic processing of affective facial expressions.
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| 38. |
- Strack, Juliane, et al.
(författare)
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Will you thrive under pressure or burn out? Linking anxiety motivation and emotional exhaustion
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 29:4, s. 578-591
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Can individual differences in the tendency to use anxiety as a source of motivation explain emotional exhaustion? We examined the effects of using anxiety as a source of energy or as a source of information (viewed here as two forms of anxiety motivation) on emotional exhaustion. In Study 1, the use of anxiety as a source of energy predicted decreased emotional exhaustion one year later. Moreover, both forms of anxiety motivation buffered people from the detrimental effects of trait anxiety on later emotional exhaustion. In Study 2, an experiment, participants who were instructed to use anxiety as a source of energy reported lower emotional exhaustion following a stressful task, compared to those instructed to focus on the task or to simply do their best. These findings suggest that using anxiety as a source of motivation may protect people against emotional exhaustion.
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| 39. |
- Treese, Anne-Cécile, et al.
(författare)
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Oh, it's you again: Memory interference from irrelevant emotional and neutral faces.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cognition and Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 25:5, s. 907-915
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two experiments, repeated runs of a continuous recognition task were employed to assess healthy participants' ability to handle interference from irrelevant emotional and neutral memories. Presumably, such interference can be due to salience from either emotional or mnemonic processing. In both experiments, participants made more false alarms to emotional faces that were familiar from preceding runs (i.e., emotion-induced temporal-context confusion). Participants performed well for neutral faces in the first experiment including only two runs. However, increasing the number of runs to four in the second experiment induced temporal context confusion also for neutral faces. The findings suggest that memory interference can be induced when the salience of irrelevant information is erroneously considered diagnostic for memory judgements.
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| 40. |
- Valli, Katja, et al.
(författare)
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Dreams are more negative than real life : Implicaitons for the function of dreaming
- 2008
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Psychology Press. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 22:5, s. 833-861
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dream content studies have revealed that dream experiences are negatively biased; negative dream contents are more frequent than corresponding positive dream contents. It is unclear, however, whether the bias is real or due to biased sampling, i.e., selective memory for intense negative emotions. The threat simulation theory (TST) claims that the negativity bias is real and reflects the evolved biolgical function of dreaming. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis of the TST that threatening events are overrepresented in dreams, i.e., more frequent and more severe in dreams than in real life. To control for biased sampling, we used as a baseline the corresponding negative events in real life rather than the corresponding positive events in dreams. We collected dream reports (N = 419) and daily event logs (N = 490) from 39 university students during a two-week period, and interviewed them about real threat experiences retrievable from autobiographical memory (N = 714). Threat experiences proved to be much more frequent and severe in dreams than in real life, and Current Dream Threats more closely resembled Past than Current Real Threats. we conclude that the TST´s predictions hold, and that the negativity bias is real.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Wikström, J, et al.
(författare)
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Stroop effects for masked threat words: Preattentive bias or selective awareness?
- 2003
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Ingår i: Cognition and Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 17:6, s. 827-842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The single-trial emotional Stroop effect for masked threat words, and its association with anxiety, anger, and depression was studied in a group of men (n = 24) and women (n = 24) while controlling for possible differential thresholds for threat words vs. neutral words. Stroop interference for masked threat words was found to correlate with trait anxiety, and the effect could not be explained by any differences in thresholds due to valence, neither at a subjective (conscious identification task) nor at an objective (lexical decision task) level of awareness. Jacoby’s exclusion task was explored as an alternative measure of conscious awareness, and the results corroborated the conclusion that the Stroop effect for masked threat words was the result of preattentive processes. Unexpectedly, however, the correlation between Stroop interference for masked threat words and trait anxiety was found only among the men.
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