| 1. |
- Andersson, Claes, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Discovering early diabetic neuropathy from epidermal nerve fiber patterns
- 2016
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 35:24, s. 4427-4442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Epidermal nerve fibre (ENF) density and morphology are used to study small fibre involvement in diabetic, HIV, chemotherapy induced and other neuropathies. ENF density and summed length of ENFs per epidermal surface area are reduced, and ENFs may appear more clustered within the epidermis in subjects with small fibre neuropathy than in healthy subjects. Therefore, it is important to understand the spatial structure of ENFs. In this paper, we compare the ENF patterns between healthy subjects and subjects suffering from mild diabetic neuropathy. The study is based on suction skin blister specimens from the right foot of 32 healthy subjects and eight subjects with mild diabetic neuropathy. We regard the ENF entry point (location where the trunks of a nerve enters the epidermis) and ENF end point (termination of the nerve fibres) patterns as realizations of spatial point processes, and develop tools that can be used in the analysis and modelling of ENF patterns. We use spatial summary statistics and shift plots and define a new tool, reactive territory, to study the spatial patterns and to compare the patterns of the two groups. We will also introduce a simple model for these data in order to understand the growth process of the nerve fibres.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Claes, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Hierarchical models for epidermal nerve fiber data
- 2018
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 37:3, s. 357-374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While epidermal nerve fiber (ENF) data have been used to study the effects of small fiber neuropathies through the density and the spatial patterns of the ENFs, little research has been focused on the effects on the individual nerve fibers. Studying the individual nerve fibers might give a better understanding of the effects of the neuropathy on the growth process of the individual ENFs. In this study, data from 32 healthy volunteers and 20 diabetic subjects, obtained from suction induced skin blister biopsies, are analyzed by comparing statistics for the nerve fibers as a whole and for the segments that a nerve fiber is composed of. Moreover, it is evaluated whether this type of data can be used to detect diabetic neuropathy, by using hierarchical models to perform unsupervised classification of the subjects. It is found that using the information about the individual nerve fibers in combination with the ENF counts yields a considerable improvement as compared to using the ENF counts only. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling the spread of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in day-care and evaluation of intervention.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 24:23, s. 3593-607
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1995, a disease control and intervention project was initiated in Malmöhus county in southern Sweden to limit the spread of penicillin-resistant pneumococci. Since most of the carriers of pneumococci are preschool children, and since most of the spread is believed to take place in day-care, a mathematical model, in the form of a stochastic process, for the spread in a day-care group was constructed. Effects of seasonal variation and size of the day-care group were particularly considered. The model was then used for comparing results from computer simulations without and with intervention. Results indicate that intervention is highly effective in day-care groups with more than ten children during the second half of the year.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Austin, Peter C, et al.
(författare)
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Intermediate and advanced topics in multilevel logistic regression analysis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 1097-0258 .- 0277-6715. ; 36:20, s. 3257-3277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multilevel data occur frequently in health services, population and public health, and epidemiologic research. In such research, binary outcomes are common. Multilevel logistic regression models allow one to account for the clustering of subjects within clusters of higher-level units when estimating the effect of subject and cluster characteristics on subject outcomes. A search of the PubMed database demonstrated that the use of multilevel or hierarchical regression models is increasing rapidly. However, our impression is that many analysts simply use multilevel regression models to account for the nuisance of within-cluster homogeneity that is induced by clustering. In this article, we describe a suite of analyses that can complement the fitting of multilevel logistic regression models. These ancillary analyses permit analysts to estimate the marginal or population-average effect of covariates measured at the subject and cluster level, in contrast to the within-cluster or cluster-specific effects arising from the original multilevel logistic regression model. We describe the interval odds ratio and the proportion of opposed odds ratios, which are summary measures of effect for cluster-level covariates. We describe the variance partition coefficient and the median odds ratio which are measures of components of variance and heterogeneity in outcomes. These measures allow one to quantify the magnitude of the general contextual effect. We describe an R(2) measure that allows analysts to quantify the proportion of variation explained by different multilevel logistic regression models. We illustrate the application and interpretation of these measures by analyzing mortality in patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. © 2017 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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| 6. |
- Austin, Peter C, et al.
(författare)
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Measures of clustering and heterogeneity in multilevel Poisson regression analyses of rates/count data
- 2018
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 1097-0258 .- 0277-6715. ; 37:4, s. 572-589
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multilevel data occur frequently in many research areas like health services research and epidemiology. A suitable way to analyze such data is through the use of multilevel regression models. These models incorporate cluster-specific random effects that allow one to partition the total variation in the outcome into between-cluster variation and between-individual variation. The magnitude of the effect of clustering provides a measure of the general contextual effect. When outcomes are binary or time-to-event in nature, the general contextual effect can be quantified by measures of heterogeneity like the median odds ratio or the median hazard ratio, respectively, which can be calculated from a multilevel regression model. Outcomes that are integer counts denoting the number of times that an event occurred are common in epidemiological and medical research. The median (incidence) rate ratio in multilevel Poisson regression for counts that corresponds to the median odds ratio or median hazard ratio for binary or time-to-event outcomes respectively is relatively unknown and is rarely used. The median rate ratio is the median relative change in the rate of the occurrence of the event when comparing identical subjects from 2 randomly selected different clusters that are ordered by rate. We also describe how the variance partition coefficient, which denotes the proportion of the variation in the outcome that is attributable to between-cluster differences, can be computed with count outcomes. We illustrate the application and interpretation of these measures in a case study analyzing the rate of hospital readmission in patients discharged from hospital with a diagnosis of heart failure.
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| 7. |
- Austin, Peter C., et al.
(författare)
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The median hazard ratio : a useful measure of variance and general contextual effects in multilevel survival analysis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : WILEY. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 36:6, s. 928-938
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multilevel data occurs frequently in many research areas like health services research and epidemiology. A suitable way to analyze such data is through the use of multilevel regression models (MLRM). MLRM incorporate cluster-specific random effects which allow one to partition the total individual variance into between-cluster variation and between-individual variation. Statistically, MLRM account for the dependency of the data within clusters and provide correct estimates of uncertainty around regression coefficients. Substantively, the magnitude of the effect of clustering provides a measure of the General Contextual Effect (GCE). When outcomes are binary, the GCE can also be quantified by measures of heterogeneity like the Median Odds Ratio (MOR) calculated from a multilevel logistic regression model. Time-to-event outcomes within a multilevel structure occur commonly in epidemiological and medical research. However, the Median Hazard Ratio (MHR) that corresponds to the MOR in multilevel (i.e., 'frailty') Cox proportional hazards regression is rarely used. Analogously to the MOR, the MHR is the median relative change in the hazard of the occurrence of the outcome when comparing identical subjects from two randomly selected different clusters that are ordered by risk. We illustrate the application and interpretation of the MHR in a case study analyzing the hazard of mortality in patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction at hospitals in Ontario, Canada. We provide R code for computing the MHR. The MHR is a useful and intuitive measure for expressing cluster heterogeneity in the outcome and, thereby, estimating general contextual effects in multilevel survival analysis.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Bengtsson, Calle, 1934, et al.
(författare)
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A framework for quantifying net benefits of alternative prognostic models
- 2012
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 31:2, s. 114-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New prognostic models are traditionally evaluated using measures of discrimination and risk reclassification, but these do not take full account of the clinical and health economic context.We propose a framework for comparing prognostic models by quantifying the public health impact (net benefit) of the treatment decisions they support, assuming a set of predetermined clinical treatment guidelines. The change in net benefit is more clinically interpretable than changes in traditional measures and can be used in full health economic evaluations of prognostic models used for screening and allocating risk reduction interventions.We extend previous work in this area by quantifying net benefits in life years, thus linking prognostic performance to health economic measures; by taking full account of the occurrence of events over time; and by considering estimation and cross-validation in a multiple-study setting. The method is illustrated in the context of cardiovascular disease risk prediction using an individual participant data meta-analysis. We estimate the number of cardiovascular-disease-free life years gained when statin treatment is allocated based on a risk prediction model with five established risk factors instead of a model with just age, gender and region. We explore methodological issues associated with themultistudy design and show that cost-effectiveness comparisons based on the proposed methodology are robustagainst a range of modelling assumptions, including adjusting for competing risks.
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| 10. |
- Berglund, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Correction for regression dilution bias using replicates from subjects with extreme first measurements
- 2007
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 26:10, s. 2246-2257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The least squares estimator of the slope in a simple linear regression model will be biased towards zero when the predictor is measured with random error, i.e. intra-individual variation or technical measurement error. A correction factor can be estimated from a reliability study where one replicate is available on a subset of subjects from the main study. Previous work in this field has assumed that the reliability study constitutes a random subsample from the main study.We propose that a more efficient design is to collect replicates for subjects with extreme values on their first measurement. A variance formula for this estimator of the correction factor is presented. The variance for the corrected estimated regression coefficient for the extreme selection technique is also derived and compared with random subsampling. Results show that variances for corrected regression coefficients can be markedly reduced with extreme selection. The variance gain can be estimated from the main study data. The results are illustrated using Monte Carlo simulations and an application on the relation between insulin sensitivity and fasting insulin using data from the population-based ULSAM study.In conclusion, an investigator faced with the planning of a reliability study may wish to consider an extreme selection design in order to improve precision at a given number of subjects or alternatively decrease the number of subjects at a given precision.
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| 11. |
- Berglund, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Maximum likelihood estimation of correction for dilution bias in simple linear regression using replicates from subjects with extreme first measurements
- 2008
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 27:22, s. 4397-4407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The least-squares estimator of the slope in a simple linear regression model is biased towards zero when the predictor is measured with random error. A corrected slope may be estimated by adding data from a reliability study, which comprises a subset of subjects from the main study. The precision of this corrected slope depends on the design of the reliability study and estimator choice.Previous work has assumed that the reliability study constitutes a random sample from the main study. A more efficient design is to use subjects with extreme values on their first measurement. Previously, we published a variance formula for the corrected slope, when the correction factor is the slope in the regression of the second measurement on the first. In this paper we show that both designs improve by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The precision gain is explained by the inclusion of data from all subjects for estimation of the predictor's variance and by the use of the second measurement for estimation of the covariance between response and predictor. The gain of MLE enhances with stronger true relationship between response and predictor and with lower precision in the predictor measurements. We present a real data example on the relationship between fasting insulin, a surrogate market, and true insulin sensitivity measured by a gold-standard euglycaemic insulin clamp, and simulations, where the behavior of profile-likelihood-based confidence intervals is examined. MLE was shown to be a robust estimator for non-normal distributions and efficient for small sample situations.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Bodnar, Olha, senior lecturer, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Bayesian estimation in random effects meta‐analysis using a non‐informative prior
- 2017
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 36:2, s. 378-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pooling information from multiple, independent studies (meta‐analysis) adds great value to medical research. Random effects models are widely used for this purpose. However, there are many different ways of estimating model parameters, and the choice of estimation procedure may be influential upon the conclusions of the meta‐analysis. In this paper, we describe a recently proposed Bayesian estimation procedure and compare it with a profile likelihood method and with the DerSimonian–Laird and Mandel–Paule estimators including the Knapp–Hartung correction. The Bayesian procedure uses a non‐informative prior for the overall mean and the between‐study standard deviation that is determined by the Berger and Bernardo reference prior principle. The comparison of these procedures focuses on the frequentist properties of interval estimates for the overall mean. The results of our simulation study reveal that the Bayesian approach is a promising alternative producing more accurate interval estimates than those three conventional procedures for meta‐analysis. The Bayesian procedure is also illustrated using three examples of meta‐analysis involving real data.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Buatois, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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cLRT-Mod : An efficient methodology for pharmacometric model-based analysis of longitudinal phase II dose finding studies under model uncertainty
- 2021
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 40:10, s. 2435-2451
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the challenging context of phase II dose-finding trials, longitudinal analyses may increase drug effect detection power compared to an end-of-treatment analysis. This work proposes cLRT-Mod, a pharmacometric adaptation of the MCP-Mod methodology, which allows the use of nonlinear mixed effect models to first detect a dose-response signal and then identify the doses for the confirmatory phase while accounting for model structure uncertainty. The method was evaluated through extensive clinical trial simulations of a hypothetical phase II dose-finding trial using different scenarios and comparing different methods such as MCP-Mod. The results show an increase in power using cLRT with longitudinal data compared to an EOT multiple contrast tests for scenarios with small sample size and weak drug effect while maintaining pre-specifiability of the models prior to data analysis and the nominal type I error. This work shows how model averaging provides better coverage probability of the drug effect in the prediction step, and avoids under-estimation of the size of the confidence interval. Finally, for illustration purpose cLRT-Mod was applied to the analysis of a real phase II dose-finding trial.
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| 18. |
- Burgess, S., et al.
(författare)
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Bayesian methods for meta-analysis of causal relationships estimated using genetic instrumental variables
- 2010
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Ingår i: Statistics in medicine. - : Wiley. - 1097-0258 .- 0277-6715. ; 29:12, s. 1298-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genetic markers can be used as instrumental variables, in an analogous way to randomization in a clinical trial, to estimate the causal relationship between a phenotype and an outcome variable. Our purpose is to extend the existing methods for such Mendelian randomization studies to the context of multiple genetic markers measured in multiple studies, based on the analysis of individual participant data. First, for a single genetic marker in one study, we show that the usual ratio of coefficients approach can be reformulated as a regression with heterogeneous error in the explanatory variable. This can be implemented using a Bayesian approach, which is next extended to include multiple genetic markers. We then propose a hierarchical model for undertaking a meta-analysis of multiple studies, in which it is not necessary that the same genetic markers are measured in each study. This provides an overall estimate of the causal relationship between the phenotype and the outcome, and an assessment of its heterogeneity across studies. As an example, we estimate the causal relationship of blood concentrations of C-reactive protein on fibrinogen levels using data from 11 studies. These methods provide a flexible framework for efficient estimation of causal relationships derived from multiple studies. Issues discussed include weak instrument bias, analysis of binary outcome data such as disease risk, missing genetic data, and the use of haplotypes.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Burman, C. F., et al.
(författare)
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The dual test: Safeguarding p-value combination tests for adaptive designs
- 2010
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 29:7-8, s. 797-807
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many modern adaptive designs apply an analysis where p-values from different stages are weighted together to an overall hypothesis test. One merit of this combination approach is that the design can be made very flexible. However, combination tests violate the sufficiency and conditionality principles. As a consequence, combination tests may lead to absurd conclusions, such as 'proving' a positive effect while the average effect is negative. We explore the possibility of modifying the test so that such illogical conclusions are no longer possible. The dual test requires both the weighted combination test and a nave test, ignoring the adaptations, to be statistically significant. The result is that the flexibility and type I error level control of the combination test are preserved, while the nave test adds a safeguard against unconvincing results. The dual test is, by construction, at least as conservative as the combination test. However, many design changes will not lead to any power loss. A typical situation where the combination approach can be used is two-stage sample size reestimation (SSR). For this case, we give a complete specification of all sample size modifications for which the two tests are equally powerful. We also study the overall power loss for some suggested SSR rules. Rules based on conditional power generally lead to ignorable power loss while a decision analytic approach exhibits clear discrepancies between the two tests.
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| 21. |
- Ciocanea-Teodorescu, Iuliana, et al.
(författare)
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Causal inference in survival analysis under deterministic missingness of confounders in register data
- 2023
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 42:12, s. 1946-1964
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-term register data offer unique opportunities to explore causal effects of treatments on time-to-event outcomes, in well-characterized populations with minimum loss of follow-up. However, the structure of the data may pose methodological challenges. Motivated by the Swedish Renal Registry and estimation of survival differences for renal replacement therapies, we focus on the particular case when an important confounder is not recorded in the early period of the register, so that the entry date to the register deterministically predicts confounder missingness. In addition, an evolving composition of the treatment arms populations, and suspected improved survival outcomes in later periods lead to informative administrative censoring, unless the entry date is appropriately accounted for. We investigate different consequences of these issues on causal effect estimation following multiple imputation of the missing covariate data. We analyse the performance of different combinations of imputation models and estimation methods for the population average survival. We further evaluate the sensitivity of our results to the nature of censoring and misspecification of fitted models. We find that an imputation model including the cumulative baseline hazard, event indicator, covariates and interactions between the cumulative baseline hazard and covariates, followed by regression standardization, leads to the best estimation results overall, in simulations. Standardization has two advantages over inverse probability of treatment weighting here: it can directly account for the informative censoring by including the entry date as a covariate in the outcome model, and allows for straightforward variance computation using readily available software.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Dickman, PW, et al.
(författare)
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Regression models for relative survival
- 2004
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Ingår i: Statistics in medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 23:1, s. 51-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Dosne, Anne-Gaëlle, et al.
(författare)
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Model averaging for robust assessment of QT prolongation by concentration-response analysis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 36:24, s. 3844-3857
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Assessing the QT prolongation potential of a drug is typically done based on pivotal safety studies called thorough QT studies. Model-based estimation of the drug-induced QT prolongation at the estimated mean maximum drug concentration could increase efficiency over the currently used intersection-union test. However, robustness against model misspecification needs to be guaranteed in pivotal settings. The objective of this work was to develop an efficient, fully prespecified model-based inference method for thorough QT studies, which controls the type I error and provides satisfactory test power. This is achieved by model averaging: The proposed estimator of the concentration-response relationship is a weighted average of a parametric (linear) and a nonparametric (monotonic I-splines) estimator, with weights based on mean integrated square error. The desired properties of the method were confirmed in an extensive simulation study, which demonstrated that the proposed method controlled the type I error adequately, and that its power was higher than the power of the nonparametric method alone. The method can be extended from thorough QT studies to the analysis of QT data from pooled phase I studies.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Fibrinogen Studies, Collaboration, et al.
(författare)
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Systematically missing confounders in individual participant data meta-analysis of observational cohort studies.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Statistics in medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 28:8, s. 1218-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One difficulty in performing meta-analyses of observational cohort studies is that the availability of confounders may vary between cohorts, so that some cohorts provide fully adjusted analyses while others only provide partially adjusted analyses. Commonly, analyses of the association between an exposure and disease either are restricted to cohorts with full confounder information, or use all cohorts but do not fully adjust for confounding. We propose using a bivariate random-effects meta-analysis model to use information from all available cohorts while still adjusting for all the potential confounders. Our method uses both the fully adjusted and the partially adjusted estimated effects in the cohorts with full confounder information, together with an estimate of their within-cohort correlation. The method is applied to estimate the association between fibrinogen level and coronary heart disease incidence using data from 154,012 participants in 31 cohorts
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| 40. |
- Fonseca-Rodríguez, Osvaldo, et al.
(författare)
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Avoiding bias in self-controlled case series studies of coronavirus disease 2019
- 2021
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 40:27, s. 6197-6208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many studies, including self-controlled case series (SCCS) studies, are being undertaken to quantify the risks of complications following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). One such SCCS study, based on all COVID-19 cases arising in Sweden over an 8-month period, has shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risks of AMI and ischemic stroke. Some features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, present in this study and likely in others, complicate the analysis and may introduce bias. In the present paper we describe these features, and explore the biases they may generate. Motivated by data-based simulations, we propose methods to reduce or remove these biases.
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| 41. |
- Frigyesi, Attila, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating the parameters of the operational model of pharmacological agonism
- 2006
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 1097-0258 .- 0277-6715. ; 25:17, s. 2932-2945
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this work is practical. We show that the parameters of the widely used operational model of pharmacological agonism are difficult to estimate from single dose-response curves. The parameters can be estimated using pairs of dose-response curves (usually treatment and control) sharing some parameters. Confidence bands for the estimators are developed. In the case of multiple dose-response curve pairs one can employ a non-linear mixed effects model to allow for inter-individual variation. The point estimates and the confidence intervals thus obtained are similar to the more naive construction based on mean and standard errors of parameter estimates. To test for difference of certain parameters between treatment and control we employ a permutation test and Wald's test. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Gabriel, Erin E., et al.
(författare)
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Inverse probability of treatment weighting with generalized linear outcome models for doubly robust estimation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 43:3, s. 534-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are now many options for doubly robust estimation; however, there is a concerning trend in the applied literature to believe that the combination of a propensity score and an adjusted outcome model automatically results in a doubly robust estimator and/or to misuse more complex established doubly robust estimators. A simple alternative, canonical link generalized linear models (GLM) fit via inverse probability of treatment (propensity score) weighted maximum likelihood estimation followed by standardization (the g-formula) for the average causal effect, is a doubly robust estimation method. Our aim is for the reader not just to be able to use this method, which we refer to as IPTW GLM, for doubly robust estimation, but to fully understand why it has the doubly robust property. For this reason, we define clearly, and in multiple ways, all concepts needed to understand the method and why it is doubly robust. In addition, we want to make very clear that the mere combination of propensity score weighting and an adjusted outcome model does not generally result in a doubly robust estimator. Finally, we hope to dispel the misconception that one can adjust for residual confounding remaining after propensity score weighting by adjusting in the outcome model for what remains ‘unbalanced’ even when using doubly robust estimators. We provide R code for our simulations and real open-source data examples that can be followed step-by-step to use and hopefully understand the IPTW GLM method. We also compare to a much better-known but still simple doubly robust estimator.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Goetghebeur, Els, et al.
(författare)
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Formulating causal questions and principled statistical answers
- 2020
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : WILEY. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 39:30, s. 4922-4948
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although review papers on causal inference methods are now available, there is a lack of introductory overviews onwhatthey can render and on the guiding criteria for choosing one particular method. This tutorial gives an overview in situations where an exposure of interest is set at a chosen baseline ("point exposure") and the target outcome arises at a later time point. We first phrase relevant causal questions and make a case for being specific about the possible exposure levels involved and the populations for which the question is relevant. Using the potential outcomes framework, we describe principled definitions of causal effects and of estimation approaches classified according to whether they invoke the no unmeasured confounding assumption (including outcome regression and propensity score-based methods) or an instrumental variable with added assumptions. We mainly focus on continuous outcomes and causal average treatment effects. We discuss interpretation, challenges, and potential pitfalls and illustrate application using a "simulation learner," that mimics the effect of various breastfeeding interventions on a child's later development. This involves a typical simulation component with generated exposure, covariate, and outcome data inspired by a randomized intervention study. The simulation learner further generates various (linked) exposure types with a set of possible values per observation unit, from which observed as well as potential outcome data are generated. It thus provides true values of several causal effects. R code for data generation and analysis is available on , where SAS and Stata code for analysis is also provided.
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| 50. |
- Gunnarsson, Ronny K, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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The predictive value of microbiologic diagnostic tests if asymptomatic carriers are present
- 2002
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Ingår i: Stat Med. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 21:12, s. 1773-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- If a proper gold standard is not available, then the predictive value of a test cannot be estimated. In this paper the concept of etiologic predictive value (EPV) is introduced. It is a quantity that will yield the predictive value of a test to predict presence of a specified disease in situations for which no proper gold standard is available. This is achieved by using information obtained from a healthy control population. This quantity requires that the marker in our test is present in all individuals having the specified disease, as in the case where the marker is the aetiologic factor for the specified disease. Furthermore this quantity requires that asymptomatic carriers are present. This means that not all individuals with the marker has the specified disease. EPV is developed with special reference to the evaluation of bacterial cultures, or rapid tests to detect a bacterium, but the quantity might be used in other circumstances as well. EPV is applied to an example in which conventional throat culture is evaluated. Further information concerning EPV can be found at http://www.infovice.se/fou/epv.
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