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1.	Abasian, Alireza, et al. (författare) Vacuum-Packaged Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Powering Smart Grid Monitoring Devices 2019 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 66:6, s. 4447-4456 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents an analytical method for the design and power optimization of vacuum-packaged piezoelectric energy harvesters. It is shown that the maximum power point of a vacuum-packaged energy harvester is different from the conventional one which occurs when the electrical damping ratio equals to its mechanical counter-part. Also, it is shown that the captured power by a vacuum-packaged energy harvester is highly sensitive to the vibration frequency due to very low-mechanical damping ratio, e.g., up to 50% power drops corresponding to 2% deviations in the frequency. The analysis and design are performed in the context of an ac-line magnetic field energy harvester in which the line frequency is also fixed and this energy harvester is useful for developing the self-powered wireless monitoring devices. Furthermore, the vacuum-packaged devices are inherently robust against dust storm and icing phenomenon, which occur for overhead power lines. The proposed analytical method is established based on simplified assumptions and then an accurate method is developed for the analysis of vacuum-packaged devices. Obtained theoretical results are verified in the laboratory through a prototype of the vacuum-packaged piezoelectric device, which captures up to 90 mu W from a 10-A line current.
2.	Abdeljaber, Osama, et al. (författare) Fault Detection and Severity Identification of Ball Bearings by Online Condition Monitoring 2019 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : IEEE. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 66:10, s. 8136-8147 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents a fast, accurate, and simple systematic approach for online condition monitoring and severity identification of ball bearings. This approach utilizes compact one-dimensional (1-D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to identify, quantify, and localize bearing damage. The proposed approach is verified experimentally under several single and multiple damage scenarios. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach can achieve a high level of accuracy for damage detection, localization, and quantification. Besides its real-time processing ability and superior robustness against the high-level noise presence, the compact and minimally trained 1-D CNNs in the core of the proposed approach can handle new damage scenarios with utmost accuracy.
3.	Abrahamsson, Johan, 1977-, et al. (författare) High-Speed Kinetic Energy Buffer : Optimization of Composite Shell and Magnetic Bearings 2014 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 61:6, s. 3012-3021 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents the design and optimization of a high-speed (30 000 r/min) kinetic energy storage system. The purpose of the device is to function as an energy buffer storing up to 867 Wh, primarily for utility vehicles in urban traffic. The rotor comprises a solid composite shell of carbon and glass fibers in an epoxy matrix, constructed in one curing. The shell is optimized using a combined analytical and numerical approach. The radial stress in the shell is kept compressive by integrating the electric machine, thereby avoiding delamination. Radial centering is achieved through eight active electromagnetic actuators. The actuator geometry is optimized using a direct coupling between SolidWorks, Comsol, and Matlab for maximum force over resistive loss for a given current density. The optimization results in a system with 300% higher current stiffness than the reference geometry with constant flux area, at the expense of 33% higher power loss. The actuators are driven by semipassive H bridges and controlled by an FPGA. Current control at 20 kHz with a noise of less than 5 mA (95% CI) is achieved, allowing position control at 4 kHz to be implemented.
4.	Acquaviva, Alessandro, 1987, et al. (författare) Analytical Conduction Loss Calculation of a MOSFET Three-Phase Inverter Accounting for the Reverse Conduction and the Blanking Time 2021 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 68:8, s. 6682-6691 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The reverse conduction capability of MOSFETs is beneficial for the efficiency of a three-phase inverter. In this paper analytical expressions in closed form are presented which allow to quickly evaluate the conduction losses, considering the effect of the reverse conduction and blanking time for both sinusoidal PWM operation with and without third harmonic injection. The losses of a three-phase SiC MOSFET inverter suitable for traction applications are estimated with the proposed method and show good agreement of about 98.5 % with measurements, performed with a calorimetric setup.
5.	Acquaviva, Alessandro, 1987, et al. (författare) Design and Verification of In-slot Oil-Cooled Tooth Coil Winding PM Machine for Traction Application 2021 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 68:5, s. 3719-3727 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Tooth coil windings, in particular when using a double layer structure, present opportunities for in-slot liquid cooling. Since the windings are not overlapping, access to the slot from the end section for coolant liquids is enabled. In this paper, a solution for in-slot and instator direct oil cooling for a tooth coil winding machine is presented. The coils are pre-wound on bobbins and inserted on the stator teeth. The novelty of the design consists in the integration of the cooling, using a thermally conductive epoxy resin to create the channels within the slot as well as the positioning of the stator yoke cooling channels. A 50 kW machine for an automotive traction application is designed, manufactured and tested. Conjugate heat transfer simulations are used in the design process in combination with finite element analysis for the loss mapping. The thermal model is verified with measurements at 6 l/min oil flow and 17.5 A/mm2 continuous and 35 A/mm2 30 s peak. The thermal model is then used to establish a continuous operating point of 25 A/mm2 .
6.	Akin, Bilal, et al. (författare) A Simple Real-Time Fault Signature Monitoring Tool for Motor-Drive-Embedded Fault Diagnosis Systems 2011 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 58:5, s. 1990-2001 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The reference frame theory constitutes an essential aspect of electric machine analysis and control. In this study, apart from the conventional applications, it is reported that the reference frame theory approach can successfully be applied to real-time fault diagnosis of electric machinery systems as a powerful toolbox to find the magnitude and phase quantities of fault signatures with good precision as well. The basic idea is to convert the associated fault signature to a dc quantity, followed by the computation of the signals average in the fault reference frame to filter out the rest of the signal harmonics, i.e., its ac components. As a natural consequence of this, neither a notch filter nor a low-pass filter is required to eliminate fundamental component or noise content. Since the incipient fault mechanisms have been studied for a long time, the motor fault signature frequencies and fault models are very well-known. Therefore, ignoring all other components, the proposed method focuses only on certain fault signatures in the current spectrum depending on the examined motor fault. Broken rotor bar and eccentricity faults are experimentally tested online using a TMS320F2812 digital signal processor (DSP) to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. In this application, only the readily available drive hardware is used without employing additional components such as analog filters, signal conditioning board, external sensors, etc. As the motor drive processing unit, the DSP is utilized both for motor control and fault detection purposes, providing instantaneous fault information. The proposed algorithm processes the measured data in real time to avoid buffering and large-size memory needed in order to enhance the practicability of this method. Due to the short-time convergence capability of the algorithm, the fault status is updated in each second. The immunity of the algorithm against non-ideal cases such as measurement offset errors and phase unbalance is theoretically and experimentally verified. Being a model-independent fault analyzer, this method can be applied to all multiphase and single-phase motors.
7.	Andersson, A., et al. (författare) Assessment of an improved finite control set model predictive current controller for automotive propulsion applications 2020 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 67:1, s. 91-100 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents an investigation on finite control set model predictive current control, validated experimentally with a rear axle electrical drive unit used in automotive applications. An improved problem formulation is suggested which lowers the computational turnaround time of the solver with approximately 40% for an horizon length of N=4. Apart from the computational requirement aspects, the assessment focuses on inverter efficiency, phase current total demand distortion, and acoustic performance. The proposed solution is evaluated against a standard double proportional and integrator (PI) field-oriented current controller with pulsewidth modulation. It is shown that the proposed solution is feasible, the associated optimization problem at hand can be solved in real time, while exploiting the attractiveness of the proposed improvements. In summary, it is concluded that the inverter efficiency can be improved without deteriorating neither the phase current harmonics nor the acoustic performance.
8.	Andrikopoulos, Georgios, et al. (författare) Advanced nonlinear PID-based antagonistic control for pneumatic muscle actuators 2014 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 61:12, s. 6926-6937 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, the positioning control problem of pneumatic muscle actuators (PMAs) is being considered. A two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear proportional-integral-derivative structure is being synthesized, providing ameliorated compensation of the PMAs' nonlinear hysteretic phenomena and advanced robustness through disturbance cancellation. Experimental studies are being utilized to prove the overall efficiency of the proposed control scheme with regard to set-point tracking performance for the position control of a single PMA, torsion angle control of a nonsymmetrical antagonistic PMA setup, and disturbance rejection in both single and antagonistic control scenarios.
9.	Andrikopoulos, Georgios, 1986-, et al. (författare) Advanced Nonlinear PID-Based Antagonistic Control for Pneumatic Muscle Actuators 2014 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 61:12, s. 6926-6937 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
10.	Andrikopoulos, Georgios, et al. (författare) Piecewise affine modeling and constrained optimal control for a pneumatic artificial muscle 2013 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 61:2, s. 904-916 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this article, the modeling and control problem of a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) is being considered. The PAM is an actuator characterized by a decrease in the actuating length when pressurized. Its non-linear nature and time-varying parameters cause difficulties in modeling their characteristics, as well as in designing controllers for high-performance positioning systems. A constrained linear and PieceWise Affine (PWA) system model approximation is formulated and a control scheme composed of: a) a feedforward term regulating control input at specific setpoints, and b) a Constrained Finite Time Optimal Controller (CFTOC) handling any deviations from the system’s equilibrium points is being synthesized. Extended experimental studies are utilized to prove the efficacy of the suggested controller.
11.	Andrikopoulos, Georgios, 1986-, et al. (författare) Piecewise Affine Modeling and Constrained Optimal Control for a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle 2014 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 61:2, s. 904-916 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
12.	Antonello, Riccardo, et al. (författare) Hierarchical scaled–states direct predictive control of synchronous reluctance motor drives 2016 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 63:8, s. 5176-5185 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a finite-state direct predictive control for synchronous reluctance motor drives. The main features are the hierarchical selection policy of the optimal voltage vector and the dynamic scaling of the voltage amplitude which keeps the current ripple limited even in presence of low switching frequencies, as required by medium and high-power applications. The implementation is simple, intuitive and low-demanding. The study is fully supported by experimental evidences.
13.	Antonopoulos, Antonios, et al. (författare) Global Asymptotic Stability of Modular Multilevel Converters 2014 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : IEEE. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 61:2, s. 603-612 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Modular multilevel converters require that the controller is designed so that the submodule capacitor voltages are equalized and stable, independent of the loading conditions. Assuming that the individual capacitor-voltage sharing is managed effectively, an open-loop strategy has been designed to ensure that the total amount of energy stored inside the converter always will be controlled. This strategy, using the steady-state solutions of the dynamic equations for controlling the total stored energy in each converter arm, has proven to be effective. The intention of this paper is to explain in a rigorous way the mechanism behind the suggested strategy and to prove that, when this open-loop strategy is used, the system becomes globally asymptotically stable. Experimental verification on a three-phase 10-kVA prototype is presented.
14.	Asimakopoulos, Panagiotis, 1985, et al. (författare) On V-ce Method: In Situ Temperature Estimation and Aging Detection of High-Current IGBT Modules Used in Magnet Power Supplies for Particle Accelerators 2019 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 66:1, s. 551-560 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Magnet power supplies used in particle accelerators are a specialized application of power electronics that require long lifetime operation with no unscheduled interruptions and high output current precision. In this paper, the V-ce method with sensing current is considered for the estimation of the junction temperature and the aging detection of high-current insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules used in this specialized application. First, sensitivity analysis of the sensing current and the gate-emitter voltage are documented to quantify their impact on the precision of the V-ce method for high-current modules independently of the application of interest. Two measuring circuits offering ease of calibration and reduced number of components are proposed but their applicability is not limited to this application. Their performance is tested on a 1.6 kA IGBT module that exhibits the highest current ratings documented for the V-ce method with sensing current. The test is carried out at a switching frequency of 6.5 kHz using an experimental set-up that emulates a phase leg of the considered power supply. The V-ce method with sensing current is evaluated for the aging detection of high-current IGBT modules in general and its effectiveness for the specialized application is verified experimentally.
15.	Barg, Sobhi, 1984-, et al. (författare) Core Loss Modeling and Calculation for Trapezoidal Magnetic Flux Density Waveform 2021 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 68:9, s. 7975-7984 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper proposes a novel approach in order to understand the different kinds of core loss of the trapezoidal flux waveform. The proposed approach is based on the theory of magnetism and assessed with the experimental results to show that the total loss is composed by two terms: the effective triangular loss during the on-time resulting from the flux variation and the relaxation loss during the off-time which is due to the magnetic after-effect phenomenon. The study shows that the relaxation loss depends on the off-time and it has a maximum at a particular off-time-to-on-time ratio which depends on the magnetic material. In addition to that, two models with accuracy higher than 96% and with reduced number of parameters compared to the existing models were developed to predict the relaxation loss. The models are verified with previous experimental results and new experiments performed in this work.
16.	Bessman, Alexander, 1989-, et al. (författare) Challenging Sinusoidal Ripple-Current Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries 2018 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : IEEE Press. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 65:6, s. 4750-4757 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sinusoidal ripple-current charging has previously been reported to increase both charging efficiency and energy efficiency and decrease charging time when used to charge lithium-ion battery cells. In this paper, we show that no such effect exists in lithium-ion battery cells, based on an experimental study of large-size prismatic cells. Additionally, we use a physics-based model to show that no such effect should exist, based on the underlying electrochemical principles.
17.	Bian, Xiaolei, et al. (författare) A Novel Model-based Voltage Construction Method for Robust State-of-health Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries 2021 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 68:12, s. 12173-12184 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Accurate estimation of the state-of-health (SOH) is vital to the life management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This paper proposes a fusion-type SOH estimation method by combining the model-based feature extraction and data-based state estimate. Particularly, a novel model-based voltage construction method is proposed to eliminate the unfavorable numerical condition and reshape the disturbance-free incremental capacity (IC) curves. Leveraging the modified IC curves, a set of informative features-of-interest are extracted and evaluated, while eventually several cautiously-selected ones are used to estimate the SOH of LIB accurately. Furthermore, the impact of model order on the estimation performance is scrutinized, to give insights into the parameterization in practical applications. Long-term cycling tests on different types of LIB cells are used for evaluation. The proposed method is validated with a good robustness to the cell inconsistency, temperature uncertainty, noise corruption, and a satisfied generality to different battery chemistries.
18.	Blinov, Andrei, et al. (författare) High Gain DC-AC High-Frequency Link Inverter With Improved Quasi-Resonant Modulation 2022 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 69:2, s. 1465-1476 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article presents a high gain pure sine- wave inverter based on the full-bridge dc-ac high-frequency link cycloconverter topology for telecom or general-purpose applications. The improved quasi-resonant modulation method allows reduction of ringing and turn-off losses of the dc-side switches. This is achieved with minimal energy circulation and requires no multi-mode operation or extra auxiliary clamping circuits. The soft switching can be provided even if relatively large lossless snubber capacitors are connected across the input side transistors. Moreover, two of the switches at the ac side operate at fundamental frequency, while the rest feature zero current turn-off. A 48 V-DC to 230 V-AC, 1.2 kW sine-wave inverter prototype was developed to verify the proposed concept.
19.	Bolognani, Silverio, et al. (författare) Commissioning of electromechanical conversion models for high dynamic PMSM drives 2010 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 57:3, s. 986-993 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
20.	Bolognani, Saverio, et al. (författare) Design and implementation of model predictive control for electrical motor drives 2009 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 56:6, s. 1925-1936 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The paper deals with a Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm applied to electrical drives. The main contribution is a comprehensive and detailed description of the controller design process that points out the most critical aspects and gives also some practical hints for implementation. As an example, the MPC is developed for a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive. Speed and current controllers are combined together, including all of the state variables of the system, instead of keeping the conventional cascade structure. This way the controller enforces both the current and the voltage limits. Both simulation and experimental results point out the validity of the design procedure and the potentials of the MPC in the electrical drives field.
21.	Chen, Hao, 1988, et al. (författare) A Permanent Magnet Brushless Doubly-Fed Electric Machine for Variable-Speed Constant-Frequency Wind Turbines 2023 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 70:7, s. 6663-6674 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A permanent magnet brushless doubly-fed electric machine is presented in this paper. This machine is developed for variable-speed constant-frequency wind energy generation applications. Differing from conventional doubly-fed electric machines based on induction machines, a permanent magnet rotor provides the magnetic field excitations for both the control winding and the power winding in the presented machine. The operating principle of the presented machine for the variable-speed constant-frequency operation is revealed in detail. Compared to a counterpart machine, the presented machine exhibits significantly improved back- electromotive force, torque/power density, torque per magnet volume, efficiency, etc. Finally, a proof-of-concept prototype of the presented machine is fabricated, and the corresponding experimental results are provided to verify the fact that the presented machine is capable of achieving the variable-speed constant-frequency function.
22.	Chen, Hao, 1988, et al. (författare) Design and Analysis of a Variable-Speed Constant-Amplitude Wind Generator for Stand-Alone DC Power Applications 2023 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 70:8, s. 7731-7742 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article presents the design and analysis of a permanent magnet (PM) wind generator, which consists of two sets of windings, and two rotors. The proposed PM wind generator is designed for variable-speed constant-amplitude voltage operation in dc power applications, in order to maximize the utilization of wind energy and make the electricity more accessible to stand-alone situations, e.g., remote areas and offshore islands. The operating principle of the variable-speed constant-amplitude voltage operation of the proposed PM wind generator is demonstrated in detail. A comparative study is carried out among the proposed generator, a conventional surface-mounted PM synchronous generator, and an existing counterpart generator used for the same application. The results show that compared to the conventional PM synchronous generator and the existing counterpart, the proposed PM wind generator exhibits the advantages of high induced voltage, high torque/power density, high efficiency, etc. Finally, the proposed PM wind generator is prototyped and manufactured. The validity of the variable-speed constant-amplitude operation of the proposed generator under both steady-state and dynamic conditions, is verified by experimental results.
23.	Chen, Hao, et al. (författare) Investigation of a PM Flux-Modulated Motor With Mechanical Flux-Weakening Solution for Wide Speed-Range Operation in Traction Applications 2024 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 71:8, s. 8646-8657 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In order to achieve wide speed-range operation in traction applications, an investigation of a permanent magnet (PM) flux-modulated motor with a mechanical flux-weakening solution is presented in this article. This PM flux-modulated motor consists of two sets of windings, i.e., windings I and II, and two rotors, i.e., the outer rotor and the inner rotor. The two sets of windings are connected in series. By adjusting the inner rotor position, the phase angle between the two voltage vectors of windings I and II is accordingly changed. Hence, with the speed increasing, even though the magnitudes of the two voltage vectors of windings I and II are increased, the voltage magnitude of the total series-connected windings can be maintained (instead of increased) within the voltage limit. As a result, a mechanical flux-weakening solution for wide speed-range operation is achieved. Differing from conventional electrical flux-weakening solutions, this mechanical solution shows the advantage that the flux-weakening capability is not heavily dependent on the power rating of the motor. A comparative study is conducted between the presented PM flux-modulated motor with the mechanical solution and a conventional interior PM synchronous motor (IPMSM) as well as a surface-mounted PM synchronous motor (SPMSM) with the electrical solution. The results indicate that compared to the IPMSM and SPMSM, the presented PM flux-modulated motor exhibits the advantages of high torque/power density, high torque per PM volume, and high flux-weakening capability. Finally, a prototype of the presented PM flux-modulated motor is fabricated, and experimental validation of the mechanical flux-weakening solution is provided.
24.	Ciftci, Baris, et al. (författare) Wireless Control of Modular Multilevel Converter Submodules With Communication Errors 2022 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 69:11, s. 11644-11653 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Wireless control of modular multilevel converter (MMC) submodules can benefit from different points of view, such as lower converter cost and shorter installation time. In return for the advantages, the stochastic performance of wireless communication networks necessitates an advanced converter control system immune to the losses and delays of the wirelessly transmitted data. This paper proposes an advancement to the distributed control of MMCs to utilize in wireless submodule control. Using the proposed method, the operation of the MMC continues smoothly and uninterruptedly during wireless communication errors. The previously proposed submodule wireless control concept relies on implementing the modulation and individual submodule-capacitor-voltage control in the submodules using the insertion indices transmitted from a central controller. This paper takes the concept as a basis and introduces to synthesize the indices autonomously in the submodules during the communication errors. This new approach allows the MMC continue its operation when one, some, or all submodules suffer from communication errors for a limited time. The proposal is validated experimentally on a laboratory-scale MMC.
25.	Cui, Chenggang, et al. (författare) Implementation of Transferring Reinforcement Learning for DC-DC Buck Converter Control via Duty Ratio Mapping 2023 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 70:6, s. 6141-6150 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The reinforcement learning (RL) control approach with application to power electronics systems has become an emerging topic, while the sim-to-real issue remains a challenging problem as very few results can be referred to in the literature. Indeed, due to the inevitable mismatch between simulation models and real-life systems, offline-trained RL control strategies may sustain unexpected hurdles in practical implementation during the transfer procedure. In this article, a transfer methodology via a delicately designed duty ratio mapping is proposed for a dc-dc buck converter. Then, a detailed sim-to-real process is presented to enable the implementation of a model-free deep reinforcement learning controller. As the main contribution of this article, the proposed methodology is able to endow the control system to achieve: 1) voltage regulation and 2) adaptability and optimization abilities in the presence of uncertain circuit parameters and various working conditions. The feasibility and efficacy of the proposed methodology are demonstrated by comparative experimental studies.
26.	Cupertino, A. F., et al. (författare) Comparison of DSCC and SDBC modular multilevel converters for STATCOM application during negative sequence compensation 2019 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 66:3, s. 2302-2312 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Among the various topologies proposed in this literature, the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is considered the next generation of converters for medium-A nd high-voltage applications. This paper presents a comparison between two variants of MMCs for STATCOM applications: The double-star chopper cell-MMC and the single-delta bridge cell-MMC. These converter topologies are compared and benchmarked during positive and negative sequence compensation. The comparisons are supported by analytical results regarding minimum effective dc-link voltage, number of cells, current rating, energy storage requirements, and operation during unbalanced conditions. The dynamic behavior, power losses, and cost of both solutions are evaluated through simulation model of a 15 mega volt-ampère (MVA) MMC STATCOM.
27.	Dolguntseva, Irina, et al. (författare) Contour-Based Dead-Time Harmonic Analysis in a Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter 2015 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : IEEE. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 62:1, s. 203-210 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The term dead time refers to a prime safety factor for most power electronic converter topologies, and it is included either in the control software or in the gate/base driver hardware, depending on the application as well as the control requirements. In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive numerical analysis of dead-time effects on the output voltage of a three-level neutral-pointclamped (NPC) inverter. To incorporate the dead-time effect in the output voltage, 3-D models of three-level carrier pulse width modulation (PWM) methods are modified for two dead-time implementations. Closed-form expressions of inverter phase voltage harmonics for phase opposition disposition (POD) PWM are derived based on the double Fourier series approach and modified contour plots. The harmonic spectra from numerical evaluations, simulations, and experiments for natural sampling (NS), symmetrical regular sampling (SRS), and asymmetrical regular sampling (ARS) are compared to validate the mathematical models. In addition, the fundamental voltage with respect to the dead time and the load phase angle is presented based on analytical results and simulation.
28.	Dong, Guangzhong, 1991, et al. (författare) Dynamic Bayesian Network based Lithium-ion Battery Health Prognosis for Electric Vehicles 2021 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 68:11, s. 10949-20958 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract IEEE Battery prognostics and health management (PHM) are essential for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. In the battery PHM, accurate estimation of the battery state of health (SOH) and prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) are crucial to ensure safe and efficient battery operation. This paper presents a probabilistic method for the battery degradation modeling and health prognosis based on the features extracted from the charging process using the dynamic Bayesian network (DBN). First, an aggregated feature, combining the incremental capacity analysis (ICA) of constant-current (CC) charging and the time constant of constant-voltage (CV) charging, is developed to characterize the battery degradation dynamics in case some CC or CV charging information is absent. The DBN is then employed to explore the underlying correlation between the battery aging and the extracted features. The proposed model treats the degradation dynamics as a rich family of probability distributions to model real-world battery operation more accurately. Moreover, the battery SOH estimation and RUL prediction are carried out using the particle filtering (PF) inference algorithm. Experimental tests are conducted on two different battery cells and the results show that the proposed methods can provide accurate and robust battery SOH estimation and reliable RUL prediction.
29.	Dorrell, David G., et al. (författare) Connected Vehicles – Advancements in Vehicular Technologies and Informatics 2015 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - New York, NY : IEEE Press. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 62:12, s. 7824-7826 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Vehicles are becoming increasingly more sophisticated and the technology being developed in them covers a number of areas. At the heart of these developments are often the communication, information and control systems. This is very much illustrated in this "Special Section on Connected Vehicles - Advancements in Vehicular Technologies and Informatics" of the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics that we are pleased to present. The Special Section contains twelve papers related to automotive technology. Obviously there a range of areas covered from very high speed machines, that could be used for cooling fans in automotive fuel cells or scaled up for drive motors, to energy management and into various communications aspects of vehicular technology. © 1982-2012 IEEE.
30.	Eriksson, Markus, et al. (författare) Multiagent-Based Distribution AutomationSolution for Self-Healing Grids 2015 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 62:4, s. 2620-2628 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A multiagent-based distribution automationsolution is proposed to be used in the distribution of selfhealinggrids to solve the service restoration part of theFault Location, Isolation and Service Restoration (FLISR)task. The solution reduces the grid topology to an undirectedweighted graph and executes a distributed implementationof Prim’s minimum spanning tree algorithm tosolve the problem. The solution is compliant with state-ofthe-art standards within smart grids, including but not limitedto IEC61850. To test the performance of the algorithm,a testbed is assembled consisting of a physical dc gridmodel and several Arduino microcontrollers and RaspberryPi computers. The test results show that the proposedalgorithm can handle complex FLISR scenarios.
31.	Evestedt, Fredrik, et al. (författare) Altering Flux Density Harmonics in the Air-gap of Synchronous Machines by Active Control of the Field Current Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Flux density harmonics in the air-gap of electrical machines create distorted voltage waveforms and can induce vibrations. These problems are difficult to mitigate when the machine is already in operation and therefore a lot of effort is made during the design phase to eliminate them. Still, many in-operation machines experience problems related to harmonics and often the solution is to mechanically reinforce and change modal shapes which is expensive and inconvenient. Using a current controlled switched power supply to excite a synchronous machine and adding specific harmonics to the DC-field current it is shown that it is possible to alter the harmonic content of the flux density in the air-gap, and thus affect voltage harmonics and the exciting magnetic forces. The method is verified and compared with simulations and experiments on an existing electrical machine.
32.	Ferrari, P., et al. (författare) Model-Based Stealth Attack to Networked Control System Based on Real-Time Ethernet 2021 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 68:8, s. 7672-7683 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this article, industrial control systems include networked control systems (NCS), which use real-time Ethernet (RTE) protocols since many years, well before the time sensitive networking initiative debut. Today, ethernet-based control systems are used all across Industry 4.0, including in critical applications, allowing for straight integration with information technology layers. Even if it is known that current RTE protocols do not have strong authentication or ciphering options, it is still very challenging to perform undetected cyber-attacks to these protocols while the NSC is in operation, in particular because such attacks must comply with very strict and small temporal constraints. In this article, a model-based attack is proposed for service degradation of NCS. The attack is carried out in real-time and it can remain undetected for the entire plant life. The attack can be applied to any RTE protocols and, without loss of generality, a detailed analysis of stealth techniques is provided for a specific real use case based on PROFINET. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed attack and its high effectiveness. The article also points out some possible future investigation directions in order to mitigate the attack. © 1982-2012 IEEE.
33.	Gandomkar, A., et al. (författare) High-Power Multilevel Step-Up DC/DC Converter for Offshore Wind Energy Systems 2016 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 63:12, s. 7574-7585 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents a multilevel step-up dc/dc converter for dc-grid-based offshore wind energy conversion applications. The main features of the proposed multilevel converter are as follows: 1) the voltage stress of the power devices can be reduced, making it suitable for high-voltage applications; 2) the boost inductor can be reduced significantly, leading to the outstanding dynamic performance; and 3) high-voltage gain can be obtained and thus is well-suited for high-gain applications. Theoretical analysis was carried out for a four-level step-up converter, based on which, the converter can be extended to any arbitrary number of levels. The proposed four-level converter was verified by a simulation and evaluated by comparing with a conventional multilevel dc/dc converter in terms of the component stress and power device count. The developed topology was implemented on a 2-kW prototype converter to evaluate its feasibility.
34.	Georgoulas, Georgios, et al. (författare) Automatic pattern identification based on the complex empirical mode decomposition of the startup current for the diagnosis of rotor asymmetries in asynchronous machines 2014 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institution of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 61:9, s. 4937-4946 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents an advanced signal processing method applied to the diagnosis of rotor asymmetries in asynchronous machines. The approach is based on the application of complex empirical mode decomposition to the measured start-up current and on the subsequent extraction of a specific complex intrinsic mode function. Unlike other approaches, the method includes a pattern recognition stage that makes possible the automatic identification of the signature caused by the fault. This automatic detection is achieved by using a reliable methodology based on hidden Markov models. Both experimental data and a hybrid simulation-experimental approach demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology
35.	Gradin, Henrik, et al. (författare) SMA Microvalves for Very Large Gas Flow Control Manufactured Using Wafer-Level Eutectic Bonding 2012 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 59:12, s. 4895-4906 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents a novel gas microvalve design concept, in which a flow control gate is opened by a pneumatic pressure and closed by a shape memory alloy actuator, allowing large flow control. Two different design variations were fabricated using a novel wafer-level Au-Si eutectic bonding process for TiNi to silicon integration. The resulting microvalves demonstrate a record pneumatic performance per footprint area; a microvalve with a footprint of only 1 x 3.3 mm(2) successfully controls a flow difference of 3100 sccm at a pressure drop of 70 kPa using a power of 0.35 W.
36.	Green, Anders, et al. (författare) Designing for learnability in human-robot communication 2003 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 50:4, s. 644-650 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In a future scenario where many devices can be controlled using the voice, easy and intuitive access will be crucial for avoiding cognitive overload when users are faced with many different systems and interaction models. We propose a model for interaction with spoken language interfaces applied to heterogeneous tasks for service robots, based on the idea of using a family of lifelike characters,, We argue that we can signal important features of the speech interface by using certain visual cues. The aim is to facilitate learning and transfer between interfaces. We discuss challenges for dialogue design affecting learnability in the light of the speech interface constructed for our full-scale robot prototype CERO.
37.	Guo, Fanghong, et al. (författare) Distributed Voltage Restoration and Current Sharing Control in Islanded DC Microgrid Systems Without Continuous Communication 2020 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 67:4, s. 3043-3053 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents a new distributed control scheme to achieve both accurate voltage restoration and precise current sharing for islanded dc microgrid (MG) system only with limited noncontinuous communication among the distributed generators (DGs). A two-layer multiagent framework is employed for this MG system, which consists of a physical layer and a cyber layer. A distributed voltage restoration control scheme is proposed in the cyber layer, where no overall system information is required and only dc bus voltage feedback is needed. Furthermore, by employing the idea of event-triggered communication, our proposed approach only relies on limited aperiodic communication, which greatly reduces the communication cost in the cyber layer. The stability of proposed method is analyzed through a Lyapunov function based approach and we also demonstrate that the Zeno behavior can be excluded if a proper event-triggered condition is established. Our proposed method is validated in an islanded dc MG test system built in the Simulink environment and an experimental prototype consisting of three DGs simultaneously.
38.	Haghbin, Saeid, 1977, et al. (författare) Grid-Connected Integrated Battery Chargers in Vehicle Applications: Review and New Solution 2013 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 60:2, s. 459-473 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract For vehicles using grid power to charge the battery, traction circuit components are not engaged during the charging time, so there is a possibility to use them in the charger circuit to have an onboard integrated charger. The battery charger can be galvanically isolated or nonisolated from the grid. Different examples of isolated or nonisolated integrated chargers are reviewed and explained. Moreover, a novel isolated-high-power three-phase battery charger based on a split-phase permanent-magnet motor and its winding configuration is presented in this paper. The proposed charger is a bidirectional high-power charger with a unity power factor operation capability that has high efficiency.
39.	Han, Weiji, 1987, et al. (författare) Analysis and Estimation of the Maximum Switch Current during Battery System Reconfiguration 2022 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 69:6, s. 5931-5941 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Batteries are interconnected in series and/or parallel to meet wide-range power or energy demands in various industrial applications. To pursue the benefits of multiple connection structures in one system, reconfigurable battery systems (RBSs) have recently emerged for safe and efficient operation, extended energy storage and delivery, etc. Switches are the essential elements to enable the battery system reconfiguration, but selecting appropriate switches for RBS designs has not been systematically investigated. To bridge this gap, analytical expressions are derived in this paper to estimate the maximum switch current and its upper limit to facilitate the selection of RBS switches. An RBS prototype based on H-bridges is set up and experimental results verify the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed estimation method. These analytical expressions, relying only on resistances of batteries and switches, are readily applicable to practical RBS design and much more efficient than conducting numerous circuit experiments, simulation tests, or circuit analyses, especially for large-scale systems. Moreover, the analysis framework and estimation method proposed for series-parallel mutual conversion can be adaptively extended to other complex system reconfigurations to facilitate various RBS designs.
40.	Harnefors, Lennart, et al. (författare) A general algorithm for speed and position estimation of AC motors 2000 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 47:1, s. 77-83 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A computationally efficient speed and position estimation algorithm, generally applicable to AC motor drives, is designed and analyzed. Applications include: (a) sensorless permanent-magnet and reluctance synchronous motor drives using the fundamental excitation as information source; (b) sensorless drives using saliency and signal injection; and (c) sensored drives using resolvers. Particular attention is given for case (a). Low parameter sensitivity in the entire speed range (except at low speeds for the reluctance motor)-implying a small position estimation error-and good dynamic properties at nominal speeds are verified.
41.	Harnefors, Lennart, et al. (författare) Dynamic Analysis of Modular Multilevel Converters 2013 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 60:7, s. 2526-2537 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Theory for the dynamics of modular multilevel converters is developed in this paper. It is shown that the sum capacitor voltage in each arm often can be considered instead of the individual capacitor voltages, thereby significantly reducing the complexity of the system model. Two selections of the so-called insertion indices, which both compensate for the sum-capacitor-voltage ripples, are considered. The dynamic systems which respectively result from these selections are analyzed. An effective dc-bus model, which takes into account the contribution from the submodule capacitors, is obtained. Finally, explicit formulas for the stationary sum-capacitor-voltage ripples are derived.
42.	Harnefors, Lennart, 1968, et al. (författare) Input-admittance calculation and shaping for controlled voltage-source converters 2007 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 54:6, s. 3323-3334 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A controlled power electronic converter can cause local instabilities when interacting with other dynamic subsystems in a power system. Oscillations at a certain frequency cannot, however, build up if the converter differential input admittance has a positive conductance (real part) at that frequency, since power is then dissipated. In this paper, input-admittance expressions for a voltage-source converter are derived. It is seen how the admittance can be shaped in order to get a positive real part in the desired frequency regions by adjusting the controller parameters.
43.	Harnefors, Lennart, et al. (författare) Passivity-Based Controller Design of Grid-Connected VSCs for Prevention of Electrical Resonance Instability 2015 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 62:2, s. 702-710 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The time delay in the current control loop of a grid-connected voltage-source converter (VSC) may cause destabilization of electrical resonances in the grid or in the VSC's input filter. Instability is prevented if the input admittance of the VSC can be made passive. This paper presents an analytical controller design method for obtaining passivity. The method is equally applicable to single-and three-phase systems, i.e., in the latter case, for both stationary-and synchronous-frame control. Simulations and experiments verify the theoretical results.
44.	Harnefors, Lennart, 1968, et al. (författare) Regenerating-mode stabilization of the "statically compensated voltage model'' 2007 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 54:2, s. 818-824 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Reversal of rotation under load of sensorless induction motor drives is very challenging, as there is often an unstable region in the low-speed regenerating mode. In this paper, a variant of the classical "voltage model," i.e., the "statically compensated voltage model," is modified for stable regenerating-mode operation with accurate model motor parameters. The mechanisms behind two low-speed instability phenomena are thereafter, explored, and methods for avoiding instability with inaccurate model parameters are developed. Experimental results verify the theory and show adequate performance.
45.	Harnefors, Lennart, et al. (författare) Torque-Maximizing Field-Weakening Control : Design, Analysis, and Parameter Selection 2001 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 48:1, s. 161-168 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The torque-maximizing field-weakening controlscheme proposed by Kim and Sul is developed further. Theperformance under imperfect field orientation conditions isinvestigated, and it is shown that an overestimated—rather thanan underestimated—model leakage inductance should be used. Aslightly modified algorithm, which offers better robustness andreduced computational complexity, is presented. The importance,for good performance, of combining the scheme with currentand speed controllers featuring antiwindup and improved disturbancerejection is emphasized. The dynamics of the resultingclosed-loop system are analyzed. Obtained in the process are rulesfor selection of all controller parameters, allowing tuning withouttrial-and-error steps. Good performance of the resulting systemis verified experimentally.
46.	Harnefors, Lennart, et al. (författare) Unified Sensorless Vector Control of Synchronous and Induction Motors 2003 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 50:1, s. 153-160 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, a unified theory for sensorless fluxestimation and vector control of induction motors and nonsalientpermanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) is developed.It is shown that an estimator and vector controller for one of themotor types can also be applied to the other, with only minormodifications necessary. Two candidate estimators are considered:a variant of the well-known “voltage model” (VM) and aphase-locked-loop-type speed and position estimator. These areapplied to both motor types, and evaluated experimentally. Forthe nonsalient PMSM, an important result is that synchronizationcan be guaranteed from any initial rotor position.
47.	Hu, Jian, et al. (författare) Disturbance-Immune and Aging-Robust Internal Short Circuit Diagnostic for Lithium-Ion Battery 2022 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 69:2, s. 1988-1999 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The accurate diagnostic of internal short circuit (ISC) is critical to the safety of lithium-ion battery (LIB), considering its consequence to disastrous thermal runaway. Motivated by this, this paper proposes a novel ISC diagnostic method with a high robustness to measurement disturbances and the capacity fading. Particularly, a multi-state-fusion ISC diagnostic method leveraging polarization dynamics instead of the conventional charge depletion is proposed within a model-switching framework. This is well proven to eliminate the vulnerability of diagnostic to battery aging. Within this framework, the recursive total least squares method with variant forgetting (RTLS-VF) is exploited, for the first time, to mitigate the adverse effect of measurement disturbances, which contributes to an unbiased estimation of the ISC resistance. The proposed method is validated both theoretically and experimentally for high diagnostic accuracy as well as the strong robustness to battery degradation and disturbance.
48.	Hu, Xiaosong, 1983, et al. (författare) Advanced Power-Source Integration in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Multicriteria Optimization Approach 2015 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 62:12, s. 7847-7858 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract System integration and power-flow control of on-board power sources are critical to the performance and cost competitiveness of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The existing methods mostly focus on fuel minimization in hybrid powertrains, while disregarding many other concerns. This article presents an innovative multicriteria optimization approach and showcases its validity and usefulness in a case study of a fuel-cell hybrid bus. Three key technical contributions are made. First, a convex multicriteria optimization framework is devised for quickly and efficiently evaluating the optimal tradeoffs between the fuel-cell durability and hydrogen economy in the bus, as well as the corresponding fuel-cell dimension. Second, the impact of driving pattern on both the optimal fuel-cell size and Pareto optimality is investigated by considering discrepant driving schedules. Finally, a preliminary but useful economic assessment in both current and future scenarios is performed to explore the most cost-effective tradeoff.
49.	Hu, Xiaosong, 1983, et al. (författare) Battery Health Prognosis for Electric Vehicles Using Sample Entropy and Sparse Bayesian Predictive Modeling 2016 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 63:4, s. 2645-2656 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Battery health monitoring and management is of extreme importance for the performance and cost of electric vehicles. This paper is concerned with machine-learning-enabled battery state-of-health (SOH) indication and prognosis. The sample entropy of short voltage sequence is used as an effective signature of capacity loss. Advanced sparse Bayesian predictive modeling (SBPM) methodology is employed to capture the underlying correspondence between the capacity loss and sample entropy. The SBPM-based SOH monitor is compared with a polynomial model developed in our prior work. The proposed approach allows for an analytical integration of temperature effects such that an explicitly temperature-perspective SOH estimator is established, whose performance and complexity is contrasted to the support vector machine (SVM) scheme. The forecast of remaining useful life is also performed via a combination of SBPM and bootstrap sampling concepts. Large amounts of experimental data from multiple lithium-ion battery cells at three different temperatures are deployed for model construction, verification, and comparison. Such a multi-cell setting is more useful and valuable than only considering a single cell (a common scenario). This is the first known application of combined sample entropy and SBPM to battery health prognosis.
50.	Jansson, Magnus, et al. (författare) Synchronization at startup and stable rotation reversal of sensorless nonsalient PMSM drives 2006 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 53:2, s. 379-387 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, a variant of the well-known voltage model is applied to rotor position estimation for sensorless control of nonsalient permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). Particular focus is on a low-speed operation. It is shown that a guaranteed synchronization from any initial rotor position and stable reversal of rotation can be accomplished, in both cases under load. Stable rotation reversal is accomplished by making the estimator insensitive to the stator resistance. It is also shown that the closed-loop speed dynamics are similar to those of a sensored drive for speeds above approximately 0.1 per unit, provided that the model stator inductance is underestimated. Experimental results support the theory.

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