| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Lewin, Catharina, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in face recognition – Women’s faces make the difference
- 2002
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - 0278-2626 .- 1090-2147. ; 50:1, s. 121-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex differences favoring women have been found in face recognition tasks as well as in verbal episodic memory tasks. Women's higher face recognition performance was hypothesized to be related to either their higher verbal ability or to their superiority in recognizing female faces, rather than faces in general. Results showed that whereas there were no differences between Swedish men and women (aged 20-40 yrs) in the recognition of male faces, or in verbal ability, women performed at a higher level than men in the recognition of female faces. Verbal ability did not influence women's face recognition performance. Potential explanations for this pattern of data, such as sex differences in interest and prior knowledge, are discussed.
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| 3. |
- Yonker, Julie E, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in episodic memory: minimal influence of estradiol.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Brain and cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-2626. ; 52:2, s. 231-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex differences exist for several cognitive tasks and estrogen has been suggested to influence these differences. Eighteen men and 18 women were matched on age and estradiol level. Potential sex differences were assessed in episodic memory, semantic memory, verbal fluency, problem solving, and visuospatial ability. Significant sex differences, favoring women, were found for tasks assessing episodic memory. Correlations between estradiol level and cognitive performance were significant for face recognition in females. Since sex differences remained in verbal episodic memory tasks and face recognition despite matched levels of estradiol, circulating estradiol does not appear to be of paramount consequence for observed sex differences in episodic memory.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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A neurophenomenological fMRI study of a spontaneous automatic writer and a hypnotic cohort
- 2023
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - 0278-2626. ; 170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To evaluate the neurophenomenology of automatic writing (AW) in a spontaneous automatic writer (NN) and four high hypnotizables (HH). Methods: During fMRI, NN and the HH were cued to perform sponta- neous (NN) or induced (HH) AW, and a comparison task of copying complex symbols, and to rate their expe- rience of control and agency. Results: Compared to copying, for all participants AW was associated with less sense of control and agency and decreased BOLD signal responses in brain regions implicated in the sense of agency (left premotor cortex and insula, right premotor cortex, and supplemental motor area), and increased BOLD signal responses in the left and right temporoparietal junctions and the occipital lobes. During AW, the HH differed from NN in widespread BOLD decreases across the brain and increases in frontal and parietal regions. Conclusions: Spontaneous and induced AW had similar effects on agency, but only partly overlapping effects on cortical activity.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Evers, Kathinka, et al.
(författare)
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Insight in frontotemporal dementia : Conceptual analysis and empirical evaluation of the consensus criterion “loss of insight” in frontotemporal dementia
- 2007
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-2626 .- 1090-2147. ; 63:1, s. 13-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to suggest a new formulation of the core research diagnostic consensus criterion “loss of insight” in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Eight patients with FTD (diagnoses made by interviews, medical and neuropsychological examination, CT scan, and regional cerebral glucose metabolism measured by positron emission tomography (PET) participated in the study). The results indicated that insight was present in three out of eight patients, and that insight appears to be a heterogeneous concept. Two types of insight emerged: Emotional insight associated with frontotemporal functions, and cognitive insight, related to posterior cognitive functions. These results suggest that loss of insight should not serve as a core criterion on FTD, but serves well as a supportive criterion of the disease.
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| 12. |
- Hansen, Stefan, 1953
(författare)
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Inhibitory control and empathy-related personality traits: Sex-linked associations
- 2011
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - 0278-2626. ; 76:3, s. 364-368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We here report two studies exploring associations between inhibitory control (measured with the Sustained Attention to Response Task, SART) on the one hand, and self-reports of trait cooperativeness and empathy on the other. A coherent picture was obtained in women whose inhibitory control proficiency predicted higher scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory Cooperativeness and a higher Empathy Quotient. Individual differences in working memory did not predict self-reported empathy. In men, the association between SART performance and empathy was less clear: Good performance on the inhibitory task predicted lower scores on Cooperativeness and was unrelated to the Empathy Quotient. In both studies, women outperformed men on the SART. The results in women may reflect how individual differences in elemental neuro-cognitive operations such as inhibitory control influence more complex functions such as social cognition.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Intaité, Monika, et al.
(författare)
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Reversal negativity and bistable stimuli : Attention, awareness, or something else?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 0278-2626 .- 1090-2147. ; 74:1, s. 24-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ambiguous (or bistable) figures are visual stimuli that have two mutually exclusive perceptual interpretations that spontaneously alternate with each other. Perceptual reversals, as compared with non-reversals, typically elicit a negative difference called reversal negativity (RN), peaking around 250 ms from stimulus onset. The cognitive interpretation of RN remains unclear: it may reflect either bottom-up processes, attentional processes that select between the alternative views of the stimulus, or it may reflect the change in the contents of subjective awareness. In the present study, event-related potentials in response to endogenous unilateral and bilateral reversals of two Necker lattices were compared with exogenously induced reversals of unambiguous lattices. The RN neither resembled the attention-related N2pc response, nor did it correlate with the content of subjective visual awareness. Thus, we conclude that RN is a non-attentional ERP correlate of the changes in the perceptual configuration of the presented object.
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| 15. |
- Jamieson, Graham, et al.
(författare)
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A spontaneous dissociative episode during an EEG experiment
- 2024
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - 0278-2626. ; 174:February 2024
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A depersonalization episode occurred unexpectedly during an electroencephalogram (EEG) recording for a study.Experience reports tracked the time course of this event and, in conjunction, with EEG data, were analyzed. Thesource activity across canonical frequency bands was analyzed across four periods ended by retrospectiveexperience reports (depersonalization was reported in the 2nd period). Delta and theta decreases occurred acrossall time periods with no relation to reported events. Theta and alpha increases occurred in right secondary visualareas following depersonalization, which also coincided with surges in beta and gamma. The largest increasesoccurred in bilateral fronto-polar and medial prefrontal cortex, followed by inferior left lateral fronto-insulatemporalcortices and right secondary visual cortex. A high frequency functional network with a principal hubin left insula closely overlapped inferior left cortical gamma band-power increases. Bilateral frontal increases ingamma are consistent with studies of dissociation. We interpret gamma and later beta, alpha, and theta bandincreases as arising from the generation of visual priors, in the absence of precise visual signals, which constraininteroceptive and proprioceptive predictions to reestablish a stable sense of physiological-self. Beta showed localincreases following the pattern of gamma but showed no changes in functional connectivity.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Koivisto, Mika, et al.
(författare)
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The earliest electrophysiological correlate of visual awareness?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0278-2626 .- 1090-2147. ; 66:1, s. 91-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To examine the neural correlates and timing of human visual awareness, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) in two experiments while the observers were detecting a grey dot that was presented near subjective threshold. ERPs were averaged for conscious detections of the stimulus (hits) and nondetections (misses) separately. Our results revealed that hits, as compared to misses, showed a negativity around 180–350 ms at occipital and posterior temporal sites. It was followed by a positive wave after 400–500 ms, peaking at parietal sites. These correlates were not affected by a manipulation of attention. The early negativity, called ‘visual awareness negativity’ (VAN), may be a general, primary electrophysiological correlate of visual awareness. The present data show that it can be observed in response to appearance of a stimulus in visual awareness and that it generalizes across different manipulations of stimulus visibility.
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| 18. |
- Kujala, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Beta-band MEG signal power changes in older adults after physical exercise program with and without additional cognitive training
- 2023
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 0278-2626 .- 1090-2147. ; 165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physical exercise has been considered to be an efficient mean of preserving cognitive function and it influences both the structural and functional characteristics of the brain. It has especially been shown to increase brain plasticity, the capacity to re-structure brain properties in response to interaction, such as cognitive practice. Studies have also examined the potential additive effect of cognitive training on the documented benefit of physical exercise, commonly, however, not at the neural level. We monitored, using magnetoencephalography (MEG), the brain processes associated with executive functions in older individuals who participated in a 12-month randomized controlled trial including two research arms: physical and cognitive training vs physical training alone. Measurements were conducted at 0 months, 6 months, and 12 months. The addition of cognitive training was associated with better performance in the Stroop test that reflects executive control. The extra benefit of cognitive training was also manifested as decreased modulation of beta frequency band (15–25 Hz) especially to difficult distractors. As beta band activity is associated with attentional control, this indicates fewer resources needed to inhibit irrelevant sensory inputs. These results imply an enhancing role of cognitive elements integrated with physical training in improving or maintaining executive functions in older individuals.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Lum, Jarrad A. G., et al.
(författare)
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Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances retention of a second (but not first) order conditional visuo-motor sequence
- 2018
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 0278-2626 .- 1090-2147. ; 127, s. 34-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in the implicit learning and retention of a ‘simple’ first order conditional (FOC) sequence and a relatively ‘complex’ second order conditional (SOC) sequence, using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS). Groups of healthy adults received either a-tDCS (n = 18) over the left inferior frontal gyrus or sham/placebo (n = 18) stimulation. On separate days, participants completed a serial reaction time (SRT) task whilst receiving stimulation. On one of the days, participants were presented with a FOC sequence and in another, a SOC sequence. Both the learning and short-term retention of the sequences were measured. Results showed a-tDCS enhanced the short-term retention of the SOC sequence but not the FOC sequence. There was no effect of a-tDCS on the learning of either FOC or SOC sequences. The results provide evidence of prefrontal involvement in the retention of a motor sequence. However, its role appears to be influenced by the complexity of the sequence’s structure. Additionally, the results show a-tDCS can enhance retention of an implicitly learnt motor sequence.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Noreika, Valdas, et al.
(författare)
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Consciousness lost and found : Subjective experiences in an unresponsive state
- 2011
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 0278-2626 .- 1090-2147. ; 77:3, s. 327-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anesthetic-induced changes in the neural activity of the brain have been recently utilized as a research model to investigate the neural mechanisms of phenomenal consciousness. However, the anesthesiologic definition of consciousness as ‘‘responsiveness to the environment’’ seems to sidestep the possibility that an unresponsive individual may have subjective experiences. The aim of the present study was to analyze subjective reports in sessions where sedation and the loss of responsiveness were induced by dexmedetomidine, propofol, sevoflurane or xenon in a nonsurgical experimental setting. After regaining responsiveness, participants recalled subjective experiences in almost 60% of sessions. During dexmedetomidine sessions, subjective experiences were associated with shallower ‘‘depth of sedation’’ as measured by an electroencephalography-derived anesthesia depth monitor. Results confirm that subjective experiences may occur during clinically defined unresponsiveness, and that studies aiming to investigate phenomenal consciousness under sedative and anesthetic effects should control the subjective state of unresponsive participants with post-recovery interviews.
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| 23. |
- Raz, Naftali, et al.
(författare)
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Differential brain shrinkage over 6 months shows limited association with cognitive practice
- 2013
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-2626 .- 1090-2147. ; 82:2, s. 171-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The brain shrinks with age, but the timing of this process and the extent of its malleability are unclear. We measured changes in regional brain volumes in younger (age 20-31) and older (age 65-80) adults twice over a 6 months period, and examined the association between changes in volume, history of hypertension, and cognitive training. Between two MRI scans, 49 participants underwent intensive practice in three cognitive domains for 100 consecutive days, whereas 23 control group members performed no laboratory cognitive tasks. Regional volumes of seven brain structures were measured manually and adjusted for intracranial volume. We observed significant mean shrinkage in the lateral prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the caudate nucleus, and the cerebellum, but no reliable mean change of the prefrontal white matter, orbital-frontal cortex, and the primary visual cortex. Individual differences in change were reliable in all regions. History of hypertension was associated with greater cerebellar shrinkage. The cerebellum was the only region in which significantly reduced shrinkage was apparent in the experimental group after completion of cognitive training. Thus, in healthy adults, differential brain shrinkage can be observed in a narrow time window, vascular risk may aggravate it, and intensive cognitive activity may have a limited effect on it.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Rosburg, Timm, et al.
(författare)
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Retrieving self-vocalized information: An event-related potential (ERP) study on the effect of retrieval orientation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-2626. ; 92, s. 123-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Retrieval orientation refers to a pre-retrieval process and conceptualizes the specific form of processing that is applied to a retrieval cue. In the current event-related potential (ERP) study, we sought to find evidence for an involvement of the auditory cortex when subjects attempt to retrieve vocalized information, and hypothesized that adopting retrieval orientation would be beneficial for retrieval accuracy. During study, participants saw object words that they subsequently vocalized or visually imagined. At test, participants had to identify object names of one study condition as targets and to reject object names of the second condition together with new items. Target category switched after half of the test trials. Behaviorally, participants responded less accurately and more slowly to targets of the vocalize condition than to targets of the imagine condition. ERPs to new items varied at a single left electrode (T7) between 500 and 800 ms, indicating a moderate retrieval orientation effect in the subject group as a whole. However, whereas the effect was strongly pronounced in participants with high retrieval accuracy, it was absent in participants with low retrieval accuracy. A current source density (CSD) mapping of the retrieval orientation effect indicated a source over left temporal regions. Independently from retrieval accuracy, the ERP retrieval orientation effect was surprisingly also modulated by test order. Findings are suggestive for an involvement of the auditory cortex in retrieval attempts of vocalized information and confirm that adopting retrieval orientation is potentially beneficial for retrieval accuracy. The effects of test order on retrieval-related processes might reflect a stronger focus on the newness of items in the more difficult test condition when participants started with this condition.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Treese, Anne-Cécile, et al.
(författare)
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ERP correlates of target-distracter differentiation in repeated runs of a continuous recognition task with emotional and neutral faces
- 2010
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-2626. ; 72:Online 22 January 2010, s. 430-441
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emotional salience of faces has previously been shown to induce memory distortions in recognition memory tasks. This event-related potential (ERP) study used repeated runs of a continuous recognition task with emotional and neutral faces to investigate emotion-induced memory distortions. In the second and third runs, participants made more false alarms to distracters (repeated from previous runs). Emotion did not modulate the amount of errors, but the extent to which recollection was employed to maximise performance as reflected in the putative ERP correlate of recollection; the parietal old-new effect. Targets from all stimulus classes (positive, negative, neutral) were associated with parietal ERP memory effects, but this was also the case for correctly rejected negative distracters. This suggests that recollection was strategically used to correctly reject negative distracters (recall-to-reject). This finding is consistent with the view that facilitated recollection of negative stimuli may be used to decrease the susceptibility to memory errors induced by emotional salience.
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| 29. |
- Tribukait, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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The human sense of the head's polarity is influenced by changes in the magnitude of gravity
- 2007
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-2626 .- 1090-2147. ; 63:1, s. 24-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present investigation concerns the integrity of a primary mental function, the egocentric frame of reference and the sense of polarity of one's own head. The visually perceived eye level (VPEL) and the subjective antero-posterior axis of the head were measured by means of a visual indicator in darkness during two stimulus conditions: static pitch (sagittal-plane) tilting in the 1-g environment and gondola centrifugation (2G). It is demonstrated that an increase in the magnitude of the gravitoinertial (G) force, acting in the direction of the head and body long (z) axis, causes a substantial change not only in the VPEL but also in the perceived direction of the antero-posterior axis of the head.
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| 30. |
- Åhs, Fredrik, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Arousal enhanced memory retention is eliminated following temporal lobe resection
- 2010
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Ingår i: Brain and Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-2626 .- 1090-2147. ; 73:3, s. 176-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The amygdala, situated in the anterior medial temporal lobe (MTL), is involved in the emotional enhancement of memory. The present study evaluated whether anterior MTL-resections attenuated arousal induced memory enhancement for pictures. Also, the effect of MTL-resections on response latencies at retrieval was assessed. Thirty-one patients with unilateral MTL-resections (17 left, 14 right) together with 16 controls participated in a forced choice memory task with pictorial stimuli varying in arousal. Response latencies increased with stimulus arousal in controls but not in patients. This was paralleled by attenuated recognition memory for moderately and highly arousing pictures in MTL-resectioned patients as compared to healthy controls. However, patients and controls did not differ in memory performance for non-arousing pictures. These results suggest that the MTL is necessary for arousal induced memory enhancement.
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