| 1. |
- Blomberg, Jerry, et al.
(författare)
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Short-run demand and supply elasticities in the West European market for secondary aluminium
- 2000
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 26:1, s. 39-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the principal user of old scrap, secondary Al smelters and refiners have traditionally played a key role in the recycling of Al, producing primarily cast material demanded primarily by the automobile industry. The purpose of the paper is to explore the supply-demand relationships in the market for secondary Al alloys. Based on a standard microeconomic model, where the determinants of supply and demand are identified, an econometric model, using data from Germany, France, Italy and the UK for the time period 1983-1997, is estimated. The model is used to assess the relative importance of the factors determining the supply and demand of the European secondary Al industry. The results show that both the supply and the derived demand for secondary Al is own-price inelastic, which is reasonable given the short-run framework. On the demand side, the level of auto production is found to have a substantial impact on the level of secondary Al alloy demand. It is concluded that the model describes the market reasonably well. The inelastic supply in combination with the sensitivity to changes in the level of auto production provides a tentative explanation of the observed volatility in secondary Al prices. Furthermore, the inelastic supply responses indicate that policies aimed at increasing recycling using price-based incentives will be inefficient.
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| 2. |
- Hellmer, Stefan
(författare)
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The role of product differentiation in the iron ore industry : the case of LKAB
- 1996
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 22:1-2, s. 49-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The analysis shows how the Swedish iron ore producer, LKAB, in spite of mining its ore underground in an arctic climate at relatively high costs, has remained internationally competitive thanks to its large-scale operation with high grade magnetite ore, pelletization and relatively short distance to both its shipping harbour and its international markets. LKAB starts at a relatively high level on the supply curve with respect to mining costs, but as the analysis continues to describe, LKAB moves gradually downwards on the supply curve on delivered pellet costs. The analysis clearly shows that LKAB has successfully managed to find its comparative advantage and that its competitive strength is sustainable, primarily thanks to its rich deposits of magnetite ore.
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| 3. |
- Hellmer, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Visualization of costs - the case of iron ore in Russia
- 2000
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; :3, s. 145-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the 1990s prices have come to play an increasingly important role in Russia, and the overall question posed in the paper is in what way this will alter the production decisions in Russia. The focus is especially on the natural resources sector since these industries are located throughout most of Russia. The purpose of the study is to assess the magnitude of the expected changes in the area of iron ore production in Russia. This is an interesting case since iron ore production has increased almost everywhere in the world, but the problems in Russia have led to a decrease in the Russian production of iron ore. To assess the expected changes, the authors used a linear programming model and minimized the total costs of producing iron ore in Russia.
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| 4. |
- Lundgren, Nils-Gustav
(författare)
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Bulk trade and maritime transport costs : the evolution of global markets
- 1996
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 22:1-2, s. 5-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the 1950s a transport revolution has occurred comparable to events in the late nineteenth century when sailing ships was replaced by steam vessels. Freight rates for bulk products have decreased 65-70% due to improved maritime technology. Formerly separate markets for bulk products have been unified globally. A conclusion is that the low freight rates since the early 1980s will level out in a future perspective. Price peaks caused by political and military crises like the Korean war, the Suez crisis, OPEC I and OPEC II also seem to be of diminishing importance over time. The world market has become much less sensitive to external shocks due to many alternative sources of supply and many alternative routes for transport.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(författare)
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A scrutiny of the motives for hard coal subsidies in Western Europe
- 1995
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 21:2, s. 99-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Security of energy supply, and employment considerations are frequently said to provide major justifications for the colossal subsidies to West European coal production. This paper scrutinizes the validity of the two motives. The production cut following from subsidy elimination would result in a very small change of West European energy self-sufficiency, with doubtful repercussions on supply security. The impact on the region's employment would be barely perceptible. Germany stands out as the country that would be most heavily affected by coal subsidy elimination. Even in Germany, however, the public support expended on coal could be put to much more efficient alternative use for the promotion of energy supply security and employment creation. It is concluded that the two motives for coal support lack validity.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(författare)
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Market structure and bargaining power : a study of three international mineral markets
- 1978
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 4:2, s. 115-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper considers how differences in the structure and arrangements between the international markets for bauxite, iron ore and copper affect the bargaining strength and division of benefits between buyers and sellers. After describing the characteristic features of each market, and noting the absence of appropriate economic theory to disentangle the issue at hand, an attempt is made to clarify the problem by considering the difference between the markets in terms of five factors EM DASH degree of concentration, ability of the parties to inflict losses on each other, varying shares of the raw material in final product prices, structure of the market in which the final products are sold, and the process of trade negotiation. (25 refs.)
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| 13. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(författare)
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Mineral commodity stabilization, the producers' view
- 1977
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 3:2, s. 118-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relative merits of production cuts and buffer stocks as measures for market stabilization in mineral commodity markets are compared. It is concluded that, although under certain conditions producers may gain by building up buffer stocks at times of relatively low demand, the low global price elasticities in most minerals markets make it likely that producers' interests would usually be better served by production cuts when demand falls. (10 refs.)
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| 14. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(författare)
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Regional development benefits of mineral projects
- 1982
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 8:3, s. 193-200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses the development impact of mining and mineral processing on the regions in which they are located. The discussion is organized so as to be of relevance for policy formulation in resource-rich developing countries which consider the exploitation of their mineral wealth. The hypothesis is that mining technology, interpreted in a broad sense, has undergone a profound change since 1900. In consequence, experiences of mineral-based regional development in the industrialized countries around the turn of the century are of little relevance to the Third World in the 1980s.
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| 15. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(författare)
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Technological trajectories and the human environment
- 2001
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 27:1, s. 53-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Review of: Technological trajectories and the human environment / edited by Jesse H. Ausubel and H. Dale Langford. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1996 ISBN: 0-309-05133-9
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| 16. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(författare)
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The decline and rise of the multinational corporation in the metal mineral industry
- 1992
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 18:1, s. 2-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The golden age of the mining multinational in the 1950s and the early 1960s gave way to decline as a consequence of economic nationalism in many host countries in the late 1960s and 1970s. During the late 1980s, however, the mining multinational began to regain prominence in international mineral development. This paper reviews the historical evolution of the role of the mining multinational and then looks to the future. It predicts a period of greater cooperation between host governments and mining multinationals.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Söderholm, Patrik
(författare)
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Fuel flexibility in the West European power sector
- 2000
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 26:3, s. 157-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the role of fuel flexibility in the West European power generation sector. Fuel flexibility is recognized to have two important features. It improves the power sector's ability to respond to fuel supply interruptions, and it permits short-run price-induced interfuel competition. The security of supply issue is examined by assessing the ability of the West European power sector to respond to an interruption in gas imports. This ability is found to be high. Especially the use of oil in dual- and multi-fired plants provides a significant buffer against a potential gas supply cut. In an attempt to measure the degree of price-induced interfuel substitution in West European power generation two flexible cost functions are employed; the Translog and the Generalized Leontief. The cross-price elasticities of fossil fuel demand generated by these indicate notable short-run interfuel substitution in Western Europe, in particular between oil and gas. Since emerging competitive electricity and gas markets normally induce utilities to reduce fuel costs through improved fuel contracting, short-run interfuel substitution is likely to remain significant also in the future. This has important implications for European energy markets and policies.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Aguilera, Roberto F., et al.
(författare)
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The synchronized and exceptional price performance of oil and gold : Explanations and prospects
- 2017
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 54, s. 81-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares the global markets for gold and oil so as to explain the surprisingly high correlation of the two materials’ prices since 1970, and the exceedingly impressive rise of both price series compared with that of virtually all other primary commodities. We propose that developments in the oil market, and the resulting effects on the macroeconomy, influenced investment activity in gold, thus providing the most plausible explanation for the two commodities’ price synchronization. Our view on the extraordinary price increases of oil and gold, compared to a broad category of metals and minerals, is that oil prices rose first based on above-ground hurdles that restrained the capacity to produce, and gold prices then reacted as they were pushed up by rising safe-haven investment to store value – an attribute not shared by other metals and minerals. The paper also comments on the likely future price evolution of these important materials, arguing that oil prices will stagnate at levels observed from late 2014, or even weaken in the coming decades, but that gold prices will continue to ride relatively high – thus leading to a collapse of the oil/gold price connection.
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| 22. |
- Blomberg, Jerry, et al.
(författare)
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Factor demand flexibility in the primary aluminium industry : Evidence from stagnating and expanding regions
- 2011
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 36:3, s. 238-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the paper is to analyse and compare short-run factor demand responses to price changes in the primary aluminium industry in Western Europe and the Africa-Middle East (AME) region. We outline a Translog variable cost function model, which is estimated employing a panel data set at the individual smelter level over the time period 1990-2003. The empirical results show evidence of limited - but far from insignificant - price-induced factor demand responses in the short-run. Overall aluminium smelters in the AME-region show evidence of higher estimated short-run own- and cross-price elasticities than their competitors in Western Europe, at least when it comes to labour and electricity demand. One important reason for this result is the greater number of pot lines with slightly different technologies at each smelter as well as the more intense use of the Prebake technology in the AME-region making retrofits in existing plants less costly than in Western Europe. The results also suggest that in both regions the demand for electricity has over time become less sensitive to short-run price changes, while the labour and material demand responses to price changes have increased but only in the AME-region. The liberalisation of the Western European electricity markets in combination with the rigid labour markets in this part of the world suggest that the shift in production capacity from the western world to the AME-region as well as China may continue
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| 23. |
- Ejdemo, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Mining investment and regional development : a scenario-based assessment for Northern Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 26:1, s. 14-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The way in which mineral development contributes to economic development in the region where it takes place is important for the mining industry's relations to the local community. The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of the regional-economic impacts of a large-scale contemporary iron ore project in Northern Sweden (including two new mines, two processing plants, and one pellet plant). The regional input-output model rAps, provided by the Swedish government agency NUTEK is used, and it explicitly addresses the linkages between demographic development, the labour market, industrial production and the municipal finances in a consistent modelling framework. The simulation results suggest an average employment multiplier of about 2-2.5 during the maximum production phase, indicating that for every 100 jobs in mining about 100-150 jobs are supported elsewhere in the local economy. The positive impacts in this case are made possible in large because of the existing mining cluster and local suppliers in northern Sweden. Still, these results are perhaps best viewed as an indication of the potential for local economic development as they neglect, for instance, potential supply constraints (e.g., attracting the necessary labour force, road infrastructure, etc.). Specific policies to further strengthen the regional linkage effects may therefore be necessary in order for this potential to be realized in practice, and attention would preferably be paid to policy measures that have positive external spillover effects on the surrounding geographical area.
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| 24. |
- Fjellborg, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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What to do when the mining company comes to town? Mapping actions of anti-extraction movements in Sweden, 2009–2019
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 75
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on the actions of anti-extraction movements has primarily comprised single-case studies in developing countries. Despite increasing mobilization and policy objectives to increase mineral extraction in the EU, we have little systematic knowledge of forms of resistance in a European setting. This paper exhaustively and comparatively maps anti-extraction movements in Sweden and investigates how movements' actions relate to their socio-political contexts. Sixteen place-specific movements are identified and studied using frame analysis and political process theory. The results suggest that anti-extraction movements occur across Sweden and that their socio-political contexts differ in access to indigenous rights institutions, project owner engagement, and support/opposition from host municipalities and national interest groups. The frame analysis indicates that movements share several goals, sometimes interpret similar contexts differently, and that differences in actions reflect differences in interpretations of contextual opportunities. Our results show that anti-extraction movements in Sweden involve diverse actors, including environmental interest groups, new networks mobilizing against extraction projects, indigenous Sami organizations, farmers' organizations, and landowners. Broad repertoires of actions, including civil disobedience, are used to influence the public, permitting processes, political actors at various scales, and project owners. Differences in socio-political contexts often align with movements’ interpretations of opportunities and relate with differences in action choices.
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| 25. |
- Gałaś, Andrzej, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative case-study on social and public administration aspects on mineral deposits safeguarding in chosen European countries
- 2023
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 85:part B
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Representatives of the municipality decide about the country's resources, making decisions at the local level in spatial planning. Our task was to check whether they are aware of how important they are taking steps for the region and country. For this purpose, a survey was conducted in Poland, Austria, Serbia and Sweden. The analysis of the received responses indicates that the respondents know the deposits of raw materials in their area of work. However, they only partially perceive the need to protect them against development that may sterilize the raw material. The analysis shows that the respondents, do not consider of non-renewable mineral resources wider importance against the background of public interest. Additionally, there is no rational assessment of the consequences of losing non-renewable resources through planning decisions. We notice that the national guidelines, where a wider perspective can be present, should be clearer regarding the importance of safeguarding minerals – so that development that hampers their future use is avoided. The changing geopolitical situation makes it necessary to raise awareness about the problem of raw material security and reconsider the systems to safeguard them.
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| 26. |
- Ganhane, José Jeremias, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating resource rents for Mozambique
- 2024
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper estimates resource rents for Mozambican coal mining using company-level data employing the residual value method devised by SEEA-Energy (the multi-purpose conceptual framework for organising energy-related statistics) and compares the findings with the World Bank's estimates of coal rents. The latter estimates are often used in the resource curse literature and also guide the World Bank's policy notes, forming the baseline of their policy advice on resource exploitation. On average, the results show unit coal rents for the 2011–2020 period that are less than half of the World Bank estimates, suggesting that the World Bank overstates coal rents for Mozambique considerably. The main driver of this discrepancy is the World Bank's underestimation of extraction costs. The results suggest that studies employing resource rent estimates should consider sensitivity analyses and greater use of local data, and that the World Bank's policy advice should be interpreted cautiously to avoid unreasonably high expectations.
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| 27. |
- Ghassim, Babak, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the micro-foundations of internal capabilities for open innovation in the minerals industry : a holistic sustainability perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is indisputable that achieving sustainability in the minerals industry requires a holistic approach to innovation that utilizes the breadth of knowledge found outside the industry. While providing a myriad of opportunities, this open approach to innovation would also be challenging in that companies need to have sufficient absorptive capacity, i.e. the ability to ‘recognize’ ‘assimilate’ and ‘exploit’ external knowledge when developing their processes and products. Despite recent theoretical advances, we do not yet fully understand the determinants of these three components of absorptive capacity for innovations aimed at sustainability. By employing a qualitative design with data obtained from 16 interviews conducted within Norway's minerals industry, this study explores the skills and routines that comprise micro-foundations of the capabilities for absorptive capacity. The analysis reveals that, in order to achieve recognition, companies need to firstly keep abreast of technological and market changes that emanate from sustainability transition, and secondly increase their awareness about social issues. Accordingly, assimilation depends on the established routines for facilitating dissemination of internal knowledge, whereas exploitation occurs by means of the piloting of innovative new solutions. This paper contributes to the sustainability-oriented innovation literature by demonstrating how companies in sustainability-sensitive industries could benefit from various types of external knowledge in their innovation activities. It also provides some insights into the nature of open innovation and absorptive capacity beyond high-tech industries and research and development-based knowledge.
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| 28. |
- Ghorbani, Yousef, et al.
(författare)
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Moving towards deep underground mineral resources: Drivers, challenges and potential solutions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Underground mining has historically occurred in surface and near-surface (shallow) mineral deposits. While no universal definition of deep underground mining exists, humanity's need for non-renewable natural resources has inevitably pushed the boundaries of possibility in terms of environmental and technological constraints. Recently, deep underground mining is being extensively developed due to the depletion of shallow mineral deposits. One of the main advantages of deep underground mining is its lower environmental footprint compared to shallow mining. In this paper, we summarise the key factors driving deep underground mining, which include an increasing need for raw materials, exhaustion of shallow mineral deposits, and increasing environmental scrutiny. We examine the challenges associated with deep underground mining, mainly the: environmental, financial, geological, and geotechnical aspects. Furthermore, we explore solutions provided by recent advances in science and technology, such as the integration of mineral processing and mining, and the digital and technological revolution. We further examine the role of legacy data in its ability to bridge current and future practices in the context of deep underground mining.
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| 29. |
- Hammoudeh, Shawkat, et al.
(författare)
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Do pandemic, trade policy and world uncertainties affect oil price returns?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the influence of pandemic and trade policy uncertainty on the dynamics of oil price returns over the two last decades, using a Mixed-Frequency Vector Autoregressive (MF-VAR) model. We find that pandemic uncertainty and, more importantly, trade policy uncertainty significantly explain EU Brent and WTI oil price returns. Additionally, pandemic and trade policy uncertainty shocks are linked with lower (higher) oil price returns in the short-term (medium-term). Finally, while our mixed-frequency approach captures the persistent response of oil price returns to the uncertainty shocks, the single common-frequency (i.e., quarterly) framework only uncovers a muted reaction.
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| 30. |
- Hasan, Md. Bokhtiar, et al.
(författare)
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A new answer to the old question of the environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Does it work for BRICS countries?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Given the escalating trends of rapid industrialization, energy consumption, and environmental concerns, it is crucial to comprehend the interplay between industrial growth and environmental sustainability. This study mainly focuses on verifying the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by investigating the nexus between industrial growth and CO2 emissions in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) from 1990 to 2020. Additionally, this study investigates the impact of financial development, trade openness, renewable energy consumption, and fossil fuel consumption on CO2 emissions. Robust econometric methods are employed to address the cross-sectional dependency, endogeneity, and weak instrument issues. The findings reveal that fossil fuel consumption leads to environmental deterioration, while renewable energy consumption, financial development, and trade openness enhance environmental quality. Furthermore, the results also support the validity of the EKC hypothesis for all BRICS countries. The causality results indicate a feedback relationship among industrial growth, trade openness, and CO2 emissions. These findings hold important implications for policymakers in crafting effective energy policies aligned with the Paris Agreements objectives, harmonizing the balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability in the BRICS countries.
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| 31. |
- Hasan, Md. Bokhtiar, et al.
(författare)
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Is Bangladesh on the right path toward sustainable development? An empirical exploration of energy sources, economic growth, and CO2 discharges nexus
- 2022
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 79
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sustainability of the recent economic progress of Bangladesh is critically dependent on how it faces envi-ronmental challenges, as the country is one of the primary victims of climate alteration. Taking into account the crucial roles of energy sources in this scenario, we analyze the impacts of non-renewable and renewable energy consumption (NREC and REC) on the growth-environment nexus in Bangladesh from 1980 to 2018. Based on the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model with and without structural breaks and policy dummies, our findings show that REC significantly upsurges economic growth, whereas NREC diminishes it. However, NREC leads to environmental deterioration, while REC enhances environmental quality. Besides, our results fail to support the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Bangladesh. Interestingly, the policy dummy upsurges CO2 discharges while lessening economic growth, implying that the Bangladesh governments policies do not adequately cut pollution. Our Toda-Yamamoto non-causality test indicates a unidirectional causality running from GDP and its square term and NREC to CO2 emissions. Our findings suggest that policymakers in Bangladesh should adopt and implement strategies like enhancing renewable energy production, investment subsidies, tax credits, quota policies, and technological advancements to boost REC while plunging NREC to achieve economic sustainability.
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| 32. |
- Hernandez, Jose Areola, et al.
(författare)
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Can agricultural and precious metal commodities diversify and hedge extreme downside and upside oil market risk? An extreme quantile approach
- 2019
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 62, s. 588-601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The cost-effectiveness measures for production, processing, and transportation adopted by wheat, rice, and corn farmers, as well as the price fluctuations of gold and silver, doubtlessly depend on the downside and upside price trends of global economic factors such as the oil market. This dependence between oil and agricultural commodities motivates an analysis of interdependence and spillover influence in extreme oil market scenarios. By means of an extreme quantile approach, this study models the return distribution of oil in relation to some of the most traded agricultural and precious metal commodities. We find that extreme lower quantiles of oil returns have a positive effect on the lower quantiles of gold, silver, and rice returns. These effects are more significant using daily-frequency data, while for weekly and monthly frequencies, the effect is less significant. The decrease in oil returns during a bearish oil market will cause a decrease in precious metal and rice returns; therefore, these cannot be used to hedge the downside risk of oil investments, especially in the short term. These commodities might only serve as a diversification strategy for oil investments. The lower quantiles of oil returns have either no effect, or a negative effect, on the lower quantiles of wheat and corn, making them suitable hedges for extreme downturns in oil prices.
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| 33. |
- How Kuan, Seng, et al.
(författare)
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Narrowing the gap between local standards and global best practices inbauxite mining : A case study in Malaysia
- 2020
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 66
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In mining the concept of sustainable development often encounters a paradoxical meaning as numerous mines in the past have closed due to exhausted amounts of ores. Despite the paradox, sustainable development and mining can be made compatible, if mining activities are carried out responsibly and sustainably. This holds true especially in the developing world where illegal and unregulated mining is still being practiced. In Malaysia, annual production of bauxite ore increased drastically from 208,770 tonnes in 2013, to 962,799 tonnes in 2014. The increase stemmed primarily from Indonesia banning exports of bauxite in 2014 to boost its own aluminium smelting industry. This led China to suffer low bauxite supply to meet its national aluminium production demand. Subsequently, mining companies flocked to the hills around Kuantan, Malaysia which host large amounts of low-grade bauxite where the ore is procured and exported to China via seaway. The immediate spike in bauxite production came with environmental and health consequences for residents due to unregulated rampant mining. Consequently, the authorities imposed a temporary moratorium on bauxite mining from Jan 15, 2016 with exceptions for exports of stockpiled bauxite. As a result, production in 2016 dropped to 342,924 tonnes from a peak of 7,164,956 tonnes in 2015. After extending the moratorium nine times, the government announced recently that there would be no further extension and mining could resume in April 2019 with new standard operating procedures (SOP). This work analyses the gap between local standards and global best practices and discovers a disconnect between the two, largely centred around the area of environmental management and performance. The work also elucidates the weaknesses in the current SOP and strategies are proposed to resolve these shortcomings. Recommendations are made to bring Malaysian bauxite mining practices to international standards by stressing on improved sustainability indicators, policy provisions and data transparency.
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| 34. |
- Häggquist, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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The economic value of geological information : Synthesis and directions for future research
- 2015
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 43, s. 91-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Geological information can play a key role in addressing challenges of sustainable development such as land degradation and groundwater protection, and contribute to improved decision-making processes. In this paper we: (a) provide a review of previous research on the economic value of geological information and other earth observations as well as related products, services and infrastructure; and (b) identify important lessons from this work as well as methodological challenges that require increased attention in future research. The review of prior research shows significant economic benefits attached to the generation of this type of public information. The value of geological information has typically been measured in terms of avoided costs. Still, it is difficult to compare results across studies since they differ in scope and make alternative assumptions concerning which sectors to cover. Furthermore, previous research is not uniform in their treatment of potential (rather than only existing) users, and employ varying conceptions of avoided costs. The paper concludes that future research should devote more attention to the public and experience good characteristics of this type of information, thus highlighting the preconditions for information adoption as well as addressing the role of potential users. A number of specific methodological challenges also deserve further scrutiny in future research, such as the use of discount rates and benefit-transfer approaches. We also provide some thoughts on how to proceed with such research.
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| 35. |
- Irandoust, Manuchehr
(författare)
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Metal prices and stock market performance : is there an empirical link?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 52, s. 389-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most studies have focused on the role of oil and gold prices in the link between commodity prices and stock prices. This paper investigates the causal linkage between metal prices and share values for 10 European countries over the period of January 2011 to September 2016. On the basis of the bootstrap panel granger causality approach, the results show that the metal price index and stock price index are not causally related. The policy implication of this empirical finding is that the financial markets are informationally efficient in the sample countries' equity markets. Thus, the information contained in the metal price index cannot be used to predict the future values of the equity indexes.
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| 36. |
- Jaunky, Vishal Chandr
(författare)
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A cointegration and causality analysis of copper consumption and economic growth in rich countries
- 2013
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 38:4, s. 628-639
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper examines the copper consumption-economic growth nexus for 16 rich economies from the period 1966 to 2010. Various generations of panel unit root and cointegration tests are applied. Both series are found to be integrated of order one. Evidence of cointegration is found especially when controlling for breaks and long-run cross-sectional dependence. Causality is investigated using a vector error-correction mechanism (VECM) framework. At individual level, unidirectional causality running from economic growth to copper consumption is unraveled for Finland, France and UK in the long-run. Unidirectional causality is also found running from copper consumption to economic growth for Spain. Long-run bi-directionality between economic growth and copper consumption is found for Belgium, Greece, Italy, Japan and South Korea. The neutrality hypothesis holds for Australia, Austria, Canada, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and USA in the long-run. Taken as a whole, panel causality test reveals a long-run unidirectional causality running from economic growth to copper consumption.
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| 37. |
- Johansson, Nils, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Institutional conditions for Swedish metal production : a comparison of subsidies to metal mining and metal recycling
- 2014
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 41, s. 72-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines and contrasts the level of Swedish governmental subsidies to two different ways of producing metal: the metal recycling sector and the metal mining sector. In 2010, the metal mining sector was subsidized by € 40 million and the metal recycling sector € 0.6 million. If the exemption from landfill tax is considered a subsidy, the level of subsidization to the metal mining sector changes drastically to approximately € 4000 million. Regardless of how the concept “subsidy” is defined, the metal mining sector in total and per tonne of metal produced is fundamentally more highly subsidized than the metal recycling sector. The value added per tonne of metal produced for the metal recycling sector appears to be higher than for the metal mining sector. The current dominant trend in the Swedish mineral strategy is nevertheless to increase the level of subsidization to the metal mining sector.
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| 38. |
- Karakaya, Emrah, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Social sciences and the mining sector : some insights into recent research trends
- 2018
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 58:October 2018, s. 257-267
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number of science publications is growing exponentially, thus increasing the need for understanding the knowledge base of various research streams and their emerging branches. From a social science perspective, the literature on the mining sector – the industrial sector that extracts ores and minerals from the ground – has also witnessed steady growth. However, this literature is rather fragmented in regards to the thematic topics and the geographical focus. To respond to this, this paper offers a systematic literature review of the social science research on the mining sector. The publication database of this review includes a set of 483 systemically selected papers from 976 authors, covering empirical research conducted in 73 countries from 5 continents: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia and America. Our contribution is twofold. Firstly, we provide an analysis of the geography of the research in terms of both authorship and empirical focus. In terms of the geographical coverage of the empirical cases, Australia appears as the most studied country in the field, followed by countries in other regions such as Asia (China, India, Russia and Turkey), Africa (Ghana, South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo), North America (the USA and Canada), Latin America (Brazil and Chile) and Europe (Poland, Spain and Sweden). However, this dispersion is not reflected in the geographical coverage of the affiliations of the authors. Secondly, we identify the most popular social science research topics on the mining sector. Our results show that the social science research on the mining sector shifted from the traditional research streams (e.g., industrialisation and growth, colonialization, technological and economic development, and the resource curse) to the new streams of research on social, environmental and economical sustainability (e.g., the social license to operate, corporate social responsibility, criticality of the rare earth elements, material flow analysis and environmental impacts). Overall, our study serves as an entry point for researches who are interested in social science research on the mining sector.
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| 39. |
- Kasmaeeyazdi, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Copernicus data to boost raw material source management: Illustrations from the RawMatCop programme
- 2021
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 74
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earth Observation (EO) data can become an essential tool in the transformation of a raw materials sector that aims to reconfigure its model of operation. The high demand for the mineral resources necessary for the transition to a carbon neutral and circular economy conflicts with the increasing difficulties of finding new deposits. As the sector heads towards embracing circularity and reducing the environmental impacts, a clear focus has been set on developing appropriate tools to boost the efficiency of mineral resource management, both technologically and economically. In this scenario, the Sentinel satellites of the European Copernicus program come into play. Despite being satellites considered medium resolution, they provide great temporal and spatial coverage in a continuous record, which makes them tools with great potential for the raw materials sector. However, the lack of applications in the raw materials sector suggests that these technological advances have remained underrated by sectoral actors. The RawMatCop program was designed to bridge this gap. This program, co-funded by the European Commission and EIT RawMaterials, aims to develop applications and promote the use of Copernicus data in the raw materials sector to contribute to a safe and sustainable supply of mineral resources. The presented applications can be grouped into three categories covering the whole mining cycle from exploration to exploitation and post-mining. Two of the presented case studies cover the study of primary sources including exploration of Iron Oxide Copper Gold mineralisations to identify high-potential mining areas and mapping of informal gold mining and its environmental impacts. Another project focused on secondary sources tackled data applications for grade mapping and sample optimisation in mining residues. And the forth project focused on monitoring ground stability related to mining activity. The results demonstrate the high cost-effectiveness of Sentinel 1 and 2 in extending ground-based measurements to larger areas, especially when these are hard-to-reach areas. Finally, the presented projects examine the industrial and social impacts of technological innovations, as well as contribute to the achievement of prominent European Union policy objectives and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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| 40. |
- Khezri, Mohsen, et al.
(författare)
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Non-resource revenues and the resource curse in different institutional structures : The DIGNAR-MTFF model
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous studies have examined the resource curse using different perspectives. This study investigates how the resource curse occurs in three countries with different institutional structures using a new model. The DIGNAR-MTFF model introduced and presented in this article is a combination of the DIGNAR model and the FMM-MTFF model. This model includes a consistent framework for industrial production, the inflow of intermediate goods, public investment inefficiencies, learning-by-doing externalities in foreign and intermediate goods sectors, and absorptive capacity constraints. In this research, the Input-Output Table data for Saudi Arabia, Mexico, and Norway in 2015 have been used. A simplified three-sector version of the Input-Output table compares the model's output for countries. The model is used under a specific scenario with different oil revenue cycles. The results for Saudi Arabia, a country with a specific institutional structure characterized by high dependence on oil revenues, show that the effects of abundant resources on non-resource incomes are severely negative indicating that Saudi Arabia experienced the Dutch disease with more intensity. The Dutch disease was less severe in Norway and Mexico, which have broader tax systems based on different institutional structures. The model's results show the role of an efficient tax system in overcoming natural resources' revenue cycles and the independence of the economies from these revenue cycles thus avoiding the resource curse.
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| 41. |
- Kuchler, Magdalena, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Fractured visions : Anticipating (un)conventional natural gas in Poland
- 2020
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 68
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To better understand the recent Polish shale gas "frenzy", it is pertinent to study (un)conventional natural gas in the broader context of Poland as a post-communist country that has struggled to achieve a meaningful transformation of its coal-dominated energy system. By scrutinising official documents issued by the Polish government institutions between 1990 and 2017, we disclose specific fractures in how the role and scope of natural gas in the energy system have been envisioned in national policies and strategies. We demonstrate that the fractures occur at the intersection of two distinct logics: security concerned with the preservation of existing conditions and transition focused on change in the energy system. We draw attention to the shortcomings of prognostic practices underpinning both security and transition: overestimation in demand forecasts and uncertainty of resource estimates. In the effort to transform the national energy system, Poland's natural gas policy miscalculations have resulted in a substantial demand-side discontinuity and lock-in to one external gas supplier, which exacerbated the country's preoccupation with supply-side security. Yet, Polish high hopes for developing home-grown gas from shales lacked concrete policy visions and were a symptom of long-term stress that has gradually accumulated as the result of supply-demand imbalances.
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| 42. |
- Lindahl, Karin Beland, et al.
(författare)
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Factors affecting local attitudes to mineral exploration: What's within the company's control?
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 84
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores factors affecting local actors' and citizens’ attitudes to mineral exploration, and how attitudes to exploration relates to those of mining. The concept Social License to Explore (SLE), originating from Social License to Operate (SLO), is used to address the relationship between exploration companies and affected local communities. The study focuses on attitudes in three municipalities in northern Sweden and Finland and combines qualitative and quantitative methods. The results show that local attitudes to mineral exploration and mining correlate strongly and are intimately linked. Perceptions of impacts, the permit process, and trust in government and company affect local attitudes, but company performance seems to be most important where trust was not established. We argue that values about nature, economy, and value-based development preferences, are central as they shape local attitudes and perceptions of impacts and process. While company conduct and community engagement are within the control of companies, local values and development preferences are largely outside of their control. However, insights about contextual conditions shaping attitudes and values can be generalized and help companies make more informed decisions. Responsible target selection is a strategy within the control of the company which can help avoid intractable and costly conflicts.
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| 43. |
- Lundmark, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Horizontal mergers in the iron ore industry : an application of PCAIDS
- 2008
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 33:3, s. 129-141
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to estimate and analyse the price effects of the iron ore mergers between Rio Tinto and North Ltd in 2000, and CVRD and Caemi in 2001. The analyses are conducted using a merger simulation model that, based on the pre-merger situation, estimates the post-merger outcome. This paper applies the so-called proportionality-calibrated almost ideal demand system (PCAIDS) model, which assumes that the product is differentiated and that the strategic variable is price. The results from the merger simulations show that in the case of the merger between Rio Tinto and North Ltd, the merged firm has a combined market share of almost 20%. However, the estimated market weighted average price effect is only 2.6%. Regarding the merger between CVRD and Caemi, the merged firm's market share is about 29%, and the estimated market weighted average price effect is 4.6%. When removing Caemi's Canadian asset, which was the Commission decision in order to allow the merger, the market price effect decreases to 3.1%. Overall the results in this study support the Commission's decisions regarding both merger cases, and shows that merger simulations of price effects can be valuable tools in merger assessments.
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| 44. |
- Lundmark, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
What do economic simulations tell us? : recent mergers in the iron ore industry
- 2004
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 29:3-4, s. 111-118
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the European Commission's decision to allow a merger between two Brazilian iron ore mining companies, CVRD and Caemi, using data on the Direct Reduced Iron pellet market. By using a simulation model, we can directly simulate the total welfare effects from the merger and hence evaluate the merger from a new perspective. The results from our simulations suggest that the welfare effects are negative from the merger between CVRD and Caemi, which supports the conclusion drawn by the European Commission decision. By performing different simulations between hypothetical merger candidates, our results show that only mergers between small candidates have the potential to be welfare enhancing.
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| 45. |
- Muhamad, G. M., et al.
(författare)
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How to reduce the degree of dependency on natural resources?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 72
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many natural resources rich countries are characterized by natural resource dependency and lack of economic diversification. They experience lower economic growth due to excessive exploitation of natural resources, high resource price volatility, undermining the competitiveness of the non-natural resources sectors, and weak institutional quality. Economic diversification is viewed as a long-term solution to high economic dependency on natural resources. Although this diversification can take place in every sector of the economy, economic dependency on natural resources can be reduced through both private sector development and public sector reforms. This empirical research examines the factors that may affect a country's degree of dependency on natural resources. A dynamic flexible adjustment model is employed om an unbalanced panel data for 110 countries from 1990 to 2017, to estimate the relationship between private sector development, public sector reforms, taxation systems, and dependency on natural. The findings reveal that the degree of dependency on natural resource revenue will reduce with the development of the public sector including privatization and development of national taxation systems. Institutional quality and human development are crucial for reducing this dependency and the speed at which countries transition towards an optimal level of diversification.
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| 46. |
- Nwaila, Glen T., et al.
(författare)
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The minerals industry in the era of digital transition: An energy-efficient and environmentally conscious approach
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 78
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of the 4th industrial revolution is becoming a strategic determinant of sustainability, success and competitiveness in the modern mining sector. The importance of digital transformation in the mining industry has long been debated, hampered in part by the conservative nature of the mining sector. Much of the debate has focused on choosing suitable mining techniques that provide acceptable levels of ore/waste selectivity, the scale of implementation, cost reduction and suitable metallurgical extraction techniques. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the digital transformation of the minerals and extractive industry with a focus towards energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. We address: (a) geological elements that influence the level of selectivity during mining, and technologies that deal with waste rejection; (b) eco-friendly techniques, such as tunnel-boring machines, or the use of non-explosive techniques that can assist fragmentation of ores, thereby decreasing energy requirements during mineral processing and improving mineral recovery; (c) use of low-water-consumption automated ore-waste sorting systems; (d) selective metal leaching using coarse particle percolation as an alternate method for treating complicated low-grade ores; and (e) assessing new technological boundaries for the mineral sector. A combination of these aforementioned processes will significantly reduce mining waste. Orebody features, mining methods and equipment, desired scales of implementation, alignment with circular strategies, ore extraction efficiency, and socio-economic factors all play a role in the development and implementation of new technologies and techniques.
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| 47. |
- Nysten-Haarala, Soili, et al.
(författare)
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Law and self-regulation : Substitutes or complements in gaining social acceptance?
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 45, s. 52-64
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mining industry needs a social license to operate (SLO) on local, national and global levels. In this research we study six companies in three different countries in the Kolarctic Area. All except one company seem to focus on getting the social license at the local level with agreements with other land users and local communities. For new companies a local social license seems to be more difficult to earn, but the old ones have gained it with their earlier behavior. In Sweden and Finland companies also focus on global standards, mostly because of the pressure from financers. In the mining branch, endusers are not yet interested in social responsibility of the companies. Globally functioning multinationals have, however, been alerted to develop industrial standards under the pressure of NGOs. In some mining sectors such as gold mining, international standards already play a significant role. In gaining the social license, the involvement of NGOs, which now is rather modest, might be one way to develop global standards and improve reputation. Companies, which are successfully focusing on the local level, might also gain from NGO cooperation on the national level, where the reputation of the mining industry in Sweden and especially in Finland has suffered from sporadic bad performers. Russian companies have their own challenges because of the weak formal institutions of the country. There both good national relations with the power structures and a strong role in developing the surrounding areas are fundamental
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| 48. |
- Piçarra, Alexandre, et al.
(författare)
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Market assessment of cobalt : Identification and evaluation of supply risk patterns
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 73
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the 1950s all through the 1670s there has been a considerable economic growth of the least developed and devolving countries nowadays. The world will certainly demand more raw materials to sustain this growth, and therefore their supply will need proper adjustments to keep the material market stable. The possibility of supply shortage has been a growing agenda of developed countries (i.e., the member states of the EU). This article discussed the case of cobalt, by using the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources and Volkswagen (BGR-VW) method to analyze historical developments, with the primary goal of the identification and thus quantification of long term supply risks. This study examined past scenarios that shifted the demand and supply behavior of the cobalt market. Several indicators were calculated and classified according to their potential effect on the supply risk of cobalt. By using the assessment presented in this article, industries and other parties with interests in the cobalt market can more accurately judge the future and current risks in the demand and supply of cobalt.
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| 49. |
- Poelzer, Gregory, et al.
(författare)
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All trust is local : Sustainable development, trust in government and legitimacy in northern mining projects
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 70
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gaining and maintaining legitimacy serves as one of the central goals for public officials for the sake of efficacy. Operating in a legitimacy deficit raises both political and economic costs as citizens lose trust in public institutions and processes hit delays and policy is ignored. For administrators tasked with resource extraction, strong incentives exist to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their activities. To do this, understanding the citizens directly affected by resource development – their values and beliefs on sustainability – aids government in accomplishing its goals with lower costs. The greater the congruence between government and citizens perspectives, the greater the legitimacy. Norrbotten and Västerbotten, Sweden and Saskatchewan, Canada serve as the two cases in this paper. Both jurisdictions have established mining operations and, in the international context, strong regulatory frameworks. Further, during the mineral price boom, both regions saw increased foreign investment and new mine applications. Using survey data that focused on the perspective and values of residents living near potential mining operations, we look at the connection between trust in government and the acceptability of mining. Our findings indicate that trust in government holds the potential to overcome differences in values on sustainability; important for the on-going contentious debates on resource development.
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| 50. |
- Rachidi, Ntebatše R., et al.
(författare)
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Assessing cobalt supply sustainability through production forecasting and implications for green energy policies
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 74
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transitioning to a decarbonized and circular economy is paramount for climate change mitigation and sustainable development. In this paper we assess the global production trends of cobalt, an energy-transition metal (ETM), and its supply sustainability. Accurate production forecasting of ETMs is essential to understand the dynamics of energy supply security and adequately plan for a change from fossil fuel energy to renewable energy production. Evaluations of market concentrations demonstrate that cobalt is a high-risk market characterized by production fluctuations and supply-chain complexities. We forecast the cobalt production using several methods. Results from both of the Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Holt's methods show a linear increase in world cobalt production for the short term, while a Hubbert model predicts a world production decline beginning in the late 2010s. These predictions, coupled with geopolitical, socio-environmental, and techno-economic influences on the market, reinforce the concern regarding cobalt supply sustainability. Although alternative avenues for sourcing cobalt, such as secondary urban mining and stockpiling exist, they are unlikely to become major suppliers in the short term, which highlights the need to accurately forecast primary production. Increasing interests in critical raw materials (CRMs) in policy spheres also heightens the necessity to anticipate the future of cobalt supply as governmental entities acknowledge the imbalance of CRMs in international trade. Well-researched and well-designed policies, that incorporate environmental sustainability and non-discriminatory economic growth, can facilitate an equitable shift to a greener and more circular economy. At the forefront of this shift should be ethical environmental and resource governance that recognizes the inequalities in socio-economic development and energy-transition, and mandates for a just transition towards a low carbon future.
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