| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Karlsson, Åsa, et al.
(author)
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External Costs and Taxes in Heat Supply System
- 2003
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In: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 31:14, s. 1541-1560
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A systems approach was used to compare different heating systems from a consumer perspective. The whole energy system was considered from natural resources to the required energy services. District heating, electric heat pumps, electric boilers, natural-gas-, oil- or pellet-fired local boilers were considered when supplying heat to a detached house. The district heat production included wood-chip-fired and natural-gas-fired cogeneration plants. Electricity other than cogenerated electricity was produced in wood-chip- and natural-gas-fired stand-alone power plants. The analysis includes four tax scenarios, as well as the external cost of environmental and health damage arising from energy conversion emission based on the ExternE study of the European Commission. The most cost efficient systems were the natural-gas and oil boiler systems, followed by the heat pump and district heating systems, when the external cost and taxes were excluded. When including the external costs of CO2 emission, the wood-fuel-based systems were much more cost efficient than the fossil-fuel-based systems, also when CO2 capture and storage were applied. The external costs are, however, highly uncertain. Taxes steer towards lowering energy use and lowering CO2 emission if they are levied solely on all the fossil-fuel-related emission and fuel use in the systems. If consumer electricity and heat taxes are used, the taxes have an impact on the total cost, regardless of the fuel used, thereby benefiting fuel-based local heating systems. The heat pump systems were the least affected by taxes, due to their high energy efficiency. The electric boiler systems were the least cost efficient systems, also when the external cost and taxes were included.
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| 3. |
- Lindén, Anna-Lisa, et al.
(author)
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Voluntary agreements - a measure for energy-efficiency in industry? Lessons from a Swedish programme
- 2002
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In: Energy Policy. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 30:10, s. 897-905
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Voluntary agreements represent a policy instrument for applying new knowledge, routines or technology to specified issues. The traditional role of an authority when using information, and taking economic, or administrative measures is that of an initiator and controller. Voluntary agreements, on the other hand, represent a communication process between an authority and a partner where relations of dependency and mutuality are more important in advancing the programme. This article analyses and discusses the motivational aspects of voluntary agreements, the role of the contract, advising, information, education, time planning and the importance of reporting and evaluation in energy-efficiency programmes. Besides sociological and communication theories, the discussion is based on the outcome of an evaluation of a Swedish energy-efficiency programme. Among the conclusions are that communication processes have to be planned and implemented in time sequences and steps of measures, which was partially neglected in the Swedish programme. Also, agreements between partners have to be defined in ways valid for all partners. In the Swedish programme, quantitative goals, at least measured in kWh, were impossible to achieve for some industries. On the other hand, most industries reported progress in side effects of energy efficiency as for example transportation policy for products, recirculation of waste material, lighting policy and behaviour, qualifications for ISO labelling. Information in combination with voluntary agreements can be efficient for industrial energy conservation. The education and auditing that was part of the Swedish programme were highly appreciated and added to the achievements.
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| 4. |
- Swisher, Joel, et al.
(author)
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Dynamics of Energy Efficient Lighting
- 1994
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 22:7, s. 581-594
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The paper discusses the results of a time dynamic analysis of the possible effects of government and utility sponsored energy efficiency programmes on lighting energy use in Sweden. Scenarios are developed of electricity demand and efficiency improvement, based on various types of energy performance standards and utility demand-side management (DSM) investments. The scenarios account for the dynamics of equipment turnover and existing trends in technology. Efficiency measures are further constrained by administrative costs, market penetration limits, and the technical and institutional feasibility of the efficiency measures.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(author)
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The Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technology : An Analytical Framework and Key Issues for Research
- 2000
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 28:9, s. 625-640
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During the last two decades there has been a great deal of research on renewable energy technologies. It is commonly thought that very little has come out of this research in terms of commercially interesting technologies. The first objective of this paper is to demonstrate that this perception is no longer entirely correct; in the 1990s there has been a double-digit growth rate in the market for some renewable energy technologies. The consequent alteration in the energy system, is, however, a slow, painful and highly uncertain process. This process, we argue, needs to be studied using an innovation system perspective where the focus is on networks, institutions and firms’ perceptions, competencies and strategies. The second objective of the paper is therefore to present the bare bones of such an analytical framework. A third objective is to identify a set of key issues related to the speed and direction of that transformation process which needs to be studied further.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(author)
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Elimination of West European coal subsidies : implications for coal production and coal imports
- 1995
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 23:6, s. 509-518
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Expanding volumes of international coal supply can be secured in West European harbours at US$50-60 (1993) per tonne. In 1993, Western Europe produced 160 million tonnes of coal, but the cost was far above the import price. High subsidies are needed to keep the production viable. Removal of these subsidies will force a large part of the West European coal industry to close down. A cut of the current output by 91 million tonnes in the medium run, rising to 108 million in the longer run, can be anticipated in consequence of subsidy elimination. Even though coal usage in Western Europe could conceivably decline, as existing obligations to purchase domestic coal are removed, most of the cut production is likely to be replaced by foreign coal. A very large increase in West European coal imports can therefore be anticipated after a discontinuation of the region's coal protection policies.
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| 9. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(author)
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European natural gas : market forces will bring about competition in any case
- 1999
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In: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 27:1, s. 17-24
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose is to analyze the emergent commercial forces that promote increasing competition in the European natural gas market. The paper begins by describing the traditional market organization, along with its monopolistic elements and inflexibilities. It goes on to illuminate the destabilizing frustration among producers with fast growing supply potential, caused by the limited growth in demand under prevailing market arrangements. Two emergent commercial forces promoting competition are then dealt with. The first is the increasingly widespread effort by large consumers to procure gas on improved terms by circumventing the national transmission companies. The important role played by Wingas in this respect is reviewed in detail. The second is the impending impact of the Interconnector, a gas pipe between the UK and the continent, which becomes operational during 1998. The paper argues that these commercial developments are undermining existing monopolies and will bring about increasing competition, even if the formal regulatory regime stays intact.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(author)
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The economics of biomass in industrialized countries: an overview
- 1997
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In: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 25:6, s. 545-554
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Biomass accounts for 3.5% of primary energy use in the OECD region, and 3.1% of final energy consumption. Biomass is the source of 14% of total heat produced in the region. Its role in electricity production (1.4% of total) is much less significant. Most biomass energy is consumed by households (wood burning) and paper pulp and wood industries. The political and public interest in expanded biomass use is based on the supposition that the external costs of this fuel are much smaller than those of coal, oil and gas. Comparison of full social costs are very hard to make, since uniform value measures of the respective external costs do not yet exist. The scattered and limited assessments that are available suggest that the difference between biomass and fossil fuels in this regard may have been exaggerated in policy debates, and may not be sufficient to warrant a large-scale expansion of biomass use.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(author)
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What will happen to the producer prices for fossil fuels if Kyoto is implemented?
- 2002
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In: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 30:5, s. 357-369
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Implementation of the Kyoto commitments will result in lesser global fossil fuel consumption in 2010 than would occur in the absence of climate policy. The paper explores how the consumption change resulting from climate policy implementation could affect the producer prices of fossil fuels. The conclusion is that the price impact will be insignificant if the climate policy goals are established credibly and in the near future, for that will give rationally behaving fossil fuel producers ample time to adjust production capacity to the changed outlook for future demand. It is argued that as long as capacity develops in line with demand, prices should remain the same. irrespective of the speed and direction of demand change.
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| 14. |
- Sandberg, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Industrial energy efficiency : the need for investment decision support from a manager perspective
- 2003
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In: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 31:15, s. 1623-1634
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Global competition, commitment to the Kyoto Protocol and a deregulated, integrated European electricity market will in all probability increase the demand for energy efficiency on the part of companies in Sweden. Investment decisions are an important part of meeting the new demands, because they decide the future efficiency of industrial energy systems. The objective of this study is to investigate, from a managerial perspective, the need to improve decision support in some industries, which can help to facilitate and improve investment decisions concerning energy efficiency. This work has been conducted through in-depth interviews with representatives for a number of energy-intensive companies and non-energy-intensive companies from different sectors. One need that was identified was the improvement of working methods in order to support the decision-making process. Here, external players seem to be playing an increasingly important role. Access to correct information, better follow-up activities, and transparent, understandable calculations are also considered to be important. The study will form the foundation for subsequent work on decision support and energy efficiency in industry.
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| 15. |
- Sjödin, Jörgen, 1970-, et al.
(author)
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Emissions accounting for use and supply of electricity in the Nordic market
- 2004
-
In: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 32:13, s. 1555-1564
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the deregulated Nordic electricity market, countries have varying kinds of power generation. In Norway, hydropower generation dominates. while the Swedish electricity production largely consists of equal shares of hydro and nuclear power production. There is a larger share of fossil fuel power generation in Finland and, especially, in Denmark. Cross-border trade between the countries is considerable. Increased use of electricity anywhere in the region may thus entail augmented emissions of greenhouse gases. The amount of increased emissions due to additional electricity usage will depend on the type of generation supplying the additional electricity. Similarly, a decrease in electricity usage may involve reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper. we discuss some different ways to account for changes in greenhouse gas emissions because of a changed use or supply of electricity. A comprehensive accounting scheme should provide an accurate link between various types of energy measures and their related emissions in order to facilitate cost-effective carbon dioxide mitigation procedures.
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| 16. |
- Sundberg, Gunnel, et al.
(author)
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Project financing consequences on cogeneration : Industrial plant and municipal utility co-operation in Sweden
- 2003
-
In: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 31:6, s. 491-503
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The liberalisation of the European electricity market influences investment decisions in combined heat and power plants. Energy companies modify their business strategies and their criteria for investments in power generation capacity. In this paper, the gains from a co-operation between a paper mill and municipal utility are studied. We find that a widened system boundary, including both the industrial plant and the district heating company, increases cost-effectiveness by 7-11%, compared to a situation with two separately optimised systems. Furthermore, optimal investments are strongly in.uenced by the actors' different required returns. With a relatively low required rate of return on energy investments, typical for a municipally owned utility, the most profitable investment is a wood chips-fuelled cogeneration plant. With a higher rate of return on capital, typical for a competitive industry, the optimal investment is mainly a heat-only steam boiler. Finally, some general influences on required rate of return caused by electricity market deregulation are observed. Whilst tending to increase companies' required returns, deregulation may, besides extending the outlet for locally generated electricity, also obstruct long-termhigh-cost investments such as cogeneration based on conventional technology. © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
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| 17. |
- Sundqvist, Thomas
(author)
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What causes the disparity of electricity externality estimates?
- 2004
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In: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 32:15, s. 1753-1766
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article provides an econometric meta-analysis of the disparity of results among a large sample of electricity externality studies. Most importantly, the analysis shows that parts of the disparity can be attributed to methodological differences; the abatement cost and top-down damage cost approaches tend to produce higher external cost estimates, ceteris paribus, than does the bottom-up damage cost approach. There are also systematical differences in magnitudes among fuels; as expected some of the fuels (i.e., coal and oil) have more adverse impacts than do the renewables (i.e., hydro, wind and solar). Furthermore, the studies that have addressed the full fuel cycle tend to produce higher externality estimates. However, the analysis carried out here is not sufficient to explain all of the variability in externality estimates. Thus, overall the results suggest that the possibility of making general policy decisions based on the studies carried out so far may be limited, implying that existing externality studies may have to be improved in order to become more useful for policy makers.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Ahlborg, Helene, 1980, et al.
(author)
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Provision of electricity to African households : The importance of democracy and institutional quality
- 2015
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 87, s. 125-135
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- How can differences in per capita household electricity consumption across African countries be understood? Based on theories that highlight the importance of democracy and institutional quality for provision of public goods, the aim of the paper is to analyse the degree to which the level of per capita household electricity consumption in African countries can be attributed to the countries’ democratic status and their institutional quality. We rely on regression analysis employing a pooled data set for 44 African countries over the time period 1996–2009. The analysis shows that democracy and institutional quality both have significant positive effects on per capita household consumption of electricity. Our results have implications for how energy sector reforms are promoted in developing countries. At a more general level they illustrate that institution-building policy efforts are relevant also in areas where contemporary debates have tended to primarily centre on economic development, financial prerequisites and ownership issues.
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| 20. |
- Aleklett, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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The Peak of the Oil Age : Analyzing the world oil production Reference Scenario in World Energy Outlook 2008
- 2010
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In: Energy Policy. - Oxford : Elsevier Ltd. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 38:3, s. 1398-1414
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The assessment of future global oil production presented in the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2008 (WEO 2008) is divided in to 6 fractions; four relate to crude oil, one to non-conventional oil, and the final fraction is natural-gas-liquids (NGL). Using the production parameter, depletion-rate-of-recoverable- resources, we have analyzed the four crude oil fractions and found that the 75 Mb/d of crude oil production forecast for year 2030 appears significantly overstated, and is more likely to be in the region of 55 Mb/d. Moreover, an alysis of the other fractions strongly suggests lower than expected production levels. In total, our analysis points to a world oil supply in 2030 of 75Mb/d, some 26 Mb/d lower than the IEA predicts. The connection between economic growth and energy use is fundamental in the IEA’s present modeling approach. Since our forecast sees little chance of a significant increase in global oil production, our findings suggest that the ‘‘policy makers, investors and end users’’ to whom WEO 2008 is addressed should rethink their future plans for economic growth. The fact that global oil production has very probably passed its maximum implies that we have reached the Peak of the Oil Age.
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| 21. |
- Amiri, Shahnaz, et al.
(author)
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Assessment of the natural gas potential for heat and power generation in the County of Ostergotland in Sweden
- 2009
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 37:2, s. 496-506
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study is to investigate the potential use of natural gas for heat and power production for the municipality of Linkoping, Norrkoping and Finspang in the County of Ostergotland, Sweden. The results of the study revealed that these three municipalities with the present heating demand can convert 2030 GWh/year of the present fuel mixed to natural gas. The expansion of natural gas provides the possibility to increase the electricity generation with approximately 800 GWh annually in the County of Ostergotland. The global emissions of CO2 reduce also by approximately 490 ktonne/year by assuming the coal condensing power plant as the marginal power plant. The total system cost decreases by 76 Mkr/year with the present electricity price which varies between 432 and 173 SEK/MWh and with 248 Mkr/year if the present electricity price increases to 37% which is approximately corresponding to European electricity prices. Sensitivity analysis is done with respect to the different factors such as price of electricity, natural gas, etc. The findings show that increased price of electricity and increased district heating demand increases the profitability to convert to natural gas using CHP plant.
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| 22. |
- Andersen, Otto, et al.
(author)
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CO2 emissions from the transport of China's exported goods
- 2010
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 38:10, s. 5790-5798
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Emissions of greenhouse gases in many European countries are declining, and the European Union (EU) believes it is on track in achieving emission reductions as agreed upon in the Kyoto Agreement and the EU's more ambitious post-Kyoto climate policy. However, a number of recent publications indicate that emission reductions may also have been achieved because production has been shifted to other countries, and in particular China. If a consumption perspective is applied, emissions in industrialized countries are substantially higher, and may not have declined at all. Significantly, emissions from transports are omitted in consumption-based calculations. As all trade involves transport, mostly by cargo ship, but also by air, transports add considerably to overall emissions growth incurred in production shifts. Consequently, this article studies the role of transports in creating emissions of CO2, based on the example of exports from China. Results are discussed with regard to their implications for global emission reductions and post-Kyoto negotiations. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 23. |
- Andersson, Fredrik N G, et al.
(author)
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Are Capitalists Green? Firm Ownership and Provincial CO2 emissions in China
- 2018
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 123, s. 349-359
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In China, a large private sector has evolved alongside a still sizeable state-owned sector that is subject to government control. Several studies have found that in this mixed economy, the private sector is economically more efficient than the state-owned sector. In this paper, we investigate whether private firms are also more carbon efficient than state-owned firms. Using a macroeconomic panel data model with provincial data from 1992 to 2010, we confirm that private firms emit less carbon dioxide than state-owned firms. Our results imply that future reforms, such as ongoing privatization, introduced to increase the economic efficiency of state-owned companies will also mitigate emissions growth. The policy lesson, not only for China but for developing countries maintaining a large state-owned sector, is that economic efficiency and energy efficiency are conjoined mutual benefits.
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| 24. |
- Andersson, Fredrik N G, et al.
(author)
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CO2 Emissions and Economic Activity: Short- and Long-Run Economic Determinants of Scale, Energy Intensity and Carbon Intensity
- 2013
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 61, s. 1285-1294
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyze the short-term and the long-term determinants of energy intensity, carbon intensity and scale effects for eight developed economies and two emerging economies from 1973 to 2007. Our results show that there is a difference between the short-term and the long-term results and that climate policy are more likely to affect emission over the long-term than over the short-term. Climate policies should therefore be aimed at a time horizon of at least 8 years and year-on-year changes in emissions contains little information about the trend path of emissions. In the long-run capital accumulation is the main driver of emissions. Productivity growth reduces the energy intensity while the real oil price reduces both the energy intensity and the carbon intensity. The real oil price effect suggests that a global carbon tax is an important policy tool to reduce emissions, but our results also suggest that a carbon tax is likely to be insufficient decouple emission from economic growth. Such a decoupling is likely to require a structural transformation of the economy. The key policy challenge is thus to build new economic structures where investments in green technologies are more profitable.
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| 25. |
- Andersson, Johnn, et al.
(author)
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The critical role of informed political direction for advancing technology : The case of Swedish marine energy
- 2017
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In: Energy Policy. - London : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 101, s. 52-64
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Marine energy technologies can contribute to meeting sustainability challenges, but they are still immature and dependent on public support. This paper employs the Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) framework to analyze the development and diffusion of Swedish marine energy up until 2014. While there were promising device developers, relevant industrial capabilities, and world-class research, the system suffered from weaknesses in several important innovation processes. Finally, the analysis identifies the lack of informed political direction as a critical blocking factor and highlights its connection to domestic market potential. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
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| 26. |
- Aries, Myriam, et al.
(author)
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Effect of daylight saving time on lighting energy use : A literature review
- 2008
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 36:6, s. 1858-1866
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The principal reason for introducing (and extending) daylight saving time (DST) was, and still is, projected energy savings, particularly for electric lighting. This paper presents a literature review concerning the effects of DST on energy use. Simple estimates suggest a reduction in national electricity use of around 0.5%, as a result of residential lighting reduction. Several studies have demonstrated effects of this size based on more complex simulations or on measured data. However, there are just as many studies that suggest no effect, and some studies suggest overall energy penalties, particularly if gasoline consumption is accounted for. There is general consensus that DST does contribute to an evening reduction in peak demand for electricity, though this may be offset by an increase in the morning. Nevertheless, the basic patterns of energy use, and the energy efficiency of buildings and equipment have changed since many of these studies were conducted. Therefore, we recommend that future energy policy decisions regarding changes to DST be preceded by high-quality research based on detailed analysis of prevailing energy use, and behaviours and systems that affect energy use. This would be timely, given the extension to DST underway in North America in 2007.
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| 27. |
- Arnold, Michelle, et al.
(author)
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Productivity of innovation in biofuel technologies
- 2019
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 124, s. 54-62
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Biofuels are a regular focus of public policy. The productivity of innovation in biofuel technologies is rarely addressed either in research or policy. Yet as innovation in any field grows complex and costly it can experience reductions in productivity and diminishing returns to investments. We examine here the productivity of investments in the technologies used to produce biofuels, using data from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The results show that the productivity of innovation in biofuel technologies is declining. Continuation of this trend will in time force reductions in research investments in biofuel technologies. We discuss policy approaches to address declining returns to research investments.
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| 28. |
- Backlund, Sandra, 1986-, et al.
(author)
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Extending the Energy efficiency gap
- 2012
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 51, s. 392-396
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In order to reach the EU: s 20–20–20 primary energy savings target, energy efficiency needs to increase. Previous research on energy use and energy efficiency has focused mainly on the diffusion of energy efficient technologies. The discrepancy between optimal and actual implementation of energy efficient technologies has been illustrated in numerous articles and is often referred to as the energy efficiency gap. However, efficient technologies are not the only ways to increase energy efficiency. Empirical studies have found that a cost-effective way to improve energy efficiency is to combine investments in energy-efficient technologies with continuous energy management practices. By including energy management into an estimated energy efficiency potential this paper introduces an extended energy efficiency gap, mainly in manufacturing industries and the commercial sector. The inclusion of energy management components in future energy policy will play an important role if the energy savings targets for 2020, and later 2050, are to be met in the EU.
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| 29. |
- Bai, Yang, et al.
(author)
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Evaluating the Management of U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve during Oil disruptions
- 2018
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 117, s. 25-38
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Numerous countries have set up strategic petroleum reserves (SPRs) in response to oil disruptions since 1970. While numerous studies model such programs, we found few that evaluate SPRs' historical performance. Thus, we evaluate the U.S. SPR's performance by comparing actual real costs with estimated real benefits. From 1976 to 2014, the real U.S. SPR cost was about $219 billion real (2014$) dollars, whereas the real benefit was only $122 billion. Sensitivity testing suggests such negative net benefits are qualitatively robust. However, if world oil demand is extremely inelastic to oil price or GDP is elastic enough to oil price shocks, the estimated U.S. SPR net benefit is positive. Sensitivity testing around total real costs and benefits range from $380 billion to $80 billion. Limited testing of IEA coordinated drawdowns suggests that total U.S. benefits jump from $122 billion to more than $400 billion putting the SPR strongly in the black. Limited testing of private sector inventory changes was more disappointing and tentatively suggests private activities may at times have offset some of the government drawdowns. With 20-20 hindsight, initial experimentation found that better management could have significantly enhanced the value of the U.S. SPR, especially for the 1990-91 disruption.
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| 30. |
- Barragán-Beaud, Camila, et al.
(author)
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Carbon tax or emissions trading? : An analysis of economic and political feasibility of policy mechanisms for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the Mexican power sector
- 2018
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 122, s. 287-299
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study provides a comparative assessment of carbon-pricing instruments for the Mexican electricity sector, contrasting a carbon tax with an emissions trading scheme (ETS). The assessment is performed in terms of economic impacts and political feasibility. Model-based scenarios considering different price and quantity levels are analyzed on Balmorel-MX, a cost optimization bottom-up model of the Mexican electricity system. The political feasibility is evaluated using an online survey and interviews with representatives of relevant stakeholder groups. The assessment suggests that an ETS is the most appropriate instrument for the Mexican case. We recommend to set the cap as 31% abatement in relation to a baseline, which is suggested to be 102 MtCO2 by 2030, given the business-as-usual baseline used as reference by the Mexican government (202 MtCO2) is found to leave cost-effective abatement potential untapped. An emission trading system with such design has higher cost-efficiency and lower distributional effects than a carbon tax at equivalent ambition level (15 USD/tCO2). The political feasibility analysis confirms the assessment, as it is in line with the priorities of the stakeholder groups, allows earmarking carbon revenue and avoids exempting natural gas from carbon pricing.
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| 31. |
- Bartusch, Cajsa, 1965-, et al.
(author)
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Introducing a demand-based electricity distribution tariff in the residential sector : demand response and customer perception
- 2011
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 39:9, s. 5008-5025
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Increased demand response is essential to fully exploit the Swedish power system, which in turn is an absolute prerequisite for meeting political goals related to energy efficiency and climate change. Demand response programs are, nonetheless, still exceptional in the residential sector of the Swedish electricity market, one contributory factor being lack of knowledge about the extent of the potential gains. In light of these circumstances, this empirical study set out with the intention of estimating the scope of households’ response to, and assessing customers’ perception of, a demand-based time-of-use electricity distribution tariff. The results show that households as a whole have a fairly high opinion of the demand-based tariff and act on its intrinsic price signals by decreasing peak demand in peak periods and shifting electricity use from peak to off-peak periods.
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| 32. |
- Bazilian, Morgan, et al.
(author)
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Considering the energy, water and food nexus : Towards an integrated modelling approach
- 2011
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 39:12, s. 7896-7906
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The areas of energy, water and food policy have numerous interwoven concerns ranging from ensuring access to services, to environmental impacts to price volatility. These issues manifest in very different ways in each of the three "spheres", but often the impacts are closely related. Identifying these interrelationships a priori is of great importance to help target synergies and avoid potential tensions. Systems thinking is required to address such a wide swath of possible topics. This paper briefly describes some of the linkages at a high-level of aggregation - primarily from a developing country perspective - and via case studies, to arrive at some promising directions for addressing the nexus. To that end, we also present the attributes of a modelling framework that specifically addresses the nexus, and can thus serve to inform more effective national policies and regulations. While environmental issues are normally the 'cohesive principle' from which the three areas are considered jointly, the enormous inequalities arising from a lack of access suggest that economic and security-related issues may be stronger motivators of change. Finally, consideration of the complex interactions will require new institutional capacity both in industrialised and developing countries.
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| 33. |
- Bazilian, Morgan, et al.
(author)
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Interactions between energy security and climate change : A focus on developing countries
- 2011
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 39:6, s. 3750-3756
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We briefly consider the tensions between climate change and energy security policy imperatives, and highlight some concepts that may bring additional clarity to decision-making at the nexus of the two areas. We focus on developing countries and use the case of the Medupi supercritical coal plant in South Africa. The justification for the plant's construction stemmed from an Integrated Resource Planning process informed by South Africa's national utility. Often, as in the case of South Africa, there are tensions not easily captured in quantitative algorithms between, inter alia, a lack of access to electricity by millions of people (and associated welfare losses) and greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation. It is difficult to identify any formal processes that have prioritised climate change considerations over those of energy access. Thus, it becomes imperative to have a clear understanding of the consequences of this reality when considering power system expansion. We find that the processes often employed do not provide an entirely satisfactory precedent for future planning analyses, and the justifications do not adequately reflect the complexity of the decision space. Finally, we highlight some options by which these tools might be enhanced in areas including explicit and formal consideration of risk.
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| 34. |
- Bazilian, Morgan, et al.
(author)
-
Open source software and crowdsourcing for energy analysis
- 2012
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 49, s. 149-153
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Informed energy decision making requires effective software, high-quality input data, and a suitably trained user community. Developing these resources can be expensive and time consuming. Even when data and tools are intended for public re-use they often come with technical, legal, economic and social barriers that make them difficult to adopt, adapt and combine for use in new contexts. We focus on the promise of open, publically accessible software and data as well as crowdsourcing techniques to develop robust energy analysis tools that can deliver crucial, policy-relevant insight, particularly in developing countries, where planning resources are highly constrained-and the need to adapt these resources and methods to the local context is high. We survey existing research, which argues that these techniques can produce high-quality results, and also explore the potential role that linked, open data can play in both supporting the modelling process and in enhancing public engagement with energy issues.
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| 35. |
- Bergek, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Motives to adopt renewable energy technologies : evidence from Sweden
- 2017
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 106, s. 547-559
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The diffusion of renewable energy technologies (RETs) has to speed up for countries to reach their, often ambitious, targets for renewable energy generation. This requires a large number of actors to adopt RETs. Policies will most likely be needed to induce adoption, but there is limited knowledge about what motivates RET adoption. The purpose of this paper is to complement and expand the available evidence regarding motives to adopt RETs through a survey to over 600 non-traditional RET adopters in Sweden. The main finding of the study is that although environmental concerns, technology interest, access to a base resource and prospects to make money are important motives in general, RET adopters is a heterogeneous group with regard to motives: there are many different motives to adopt RETs, adopters differ in how large importance they attach to the same motive and each adopter can have several different motives to adopt. There are also differences in motives between RETs (especially wind power vs. solar power) and between adopter categories (especially IPPs vs. individuals and diversified companies). This implies that a variety of policy instruments might be needed to induce further adoption of a variety of RETs by a variety of adopter categories.
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| 36. |
- Bergek, Anna, et al.
(author)
-
Who invests in renewable electricity production? : Empirical evidence and suggestions for further research
- 2013
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 56, s. 568-581
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Transforming energy systems to fulfill the needs of a low-carbon economy requires large investments in renewable electricity production (RES-E). Recent literature underlines the need to take a closer look at the composition of the RES-E investor group in order to understand the motives and investment processes of different types of investors. However, existing energy policies generally consider RES-E investments made on a regional or national level, and target investors who evaluate their RES-E investments according to least-cost high-profit criteria. We present empirical evidence to show that RES-E investments are made by a heterogeneous group of investors, that a variety of investors exist and that their formation varies among the different types of renewable sources. This has direct implications for our understanding of the investment process in RES-E and for the study of motives and driving forces of RES-E investors. We introduce a multi-dimensional framework for analyzing differences between categories of investors, which not only considers to the standard economic dimension which is predominant in the contemporary energy literature, but also considers the entrepreneurship, innovation-adoption and institutional dimensions. The framework emphasizes the influence of four main investor-related factors on the investment process which should be studied in future research: motives, background, resources and personal characteristics.
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| 37. |
- Berggren, Christian, et al.
(author)
-
Reducing automotive emissions-The potentials of combustion engine technologies and the power of policy
- 2012
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 41, s. 636-643
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Reducing transport emissions, in particular vehicular emissions, is a key element for mitigating the risks of climate change. In much of the academic and public discourse the focus has been on alternative vehicle technologies and fuels (e.g. electric cars, fuel cells and hydrogen), whereas vehicles based on internal combustion engines have been perceived as close to their development limits. This paper offers a different perspective by demonstrating the accelerated improvement processes taking place in established combustion technologies as a result of a new competition between manufacturers and technologies, encouraged both by more stringent EU legislation and new CAFE levels in the US. The short-term perspective is complemented by an analysis of future improvement potentials in internal combustion technologies, which may be realized if efficient regulation is in place. Based on a comparison of four different regulatory approaches, the paper identifies the need for a long-term technology-neutral framework with stepwise increasing stringencies, arguing that this will encourage continual innovation and diffusion in the most effective way.
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| 38. |
- Berglund, Christer, et al.
(author)
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Modeling technical change in energy system analysis : analyzing the introduction of learning-by-doing in bottom-up energy models
- 2006
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 34:12, s. 1344-1356
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview and a critical analysis of the recent literature on incorporating induced technical change in energy systems models. Special emphasis is put on surveying recent studies aimed at integrating learning-by-doing into bottom-up energy systems models through so-called learning curves, and on analyzing the relevance of learning curve analysis for understanding the process of innovation and technology diffusion in the energy sector. The survey indicates that this model work represents a major advance in energy research, and embeds important policy implications, not the least concerning the cost and the timing of environmental policies (including carbon emission constraints). However, bottom-up energy models with endogenous learning are also limited in their characterization of technology diffusion and innovation. While they provide a detailed account of technical options—which is absent in many top-down models—they also lack important aspects of diffusion behavior that are captured in top-down representations. For instance, they often fail in capturing strategic technology diffusion behavior in the energy sector as well as the energy sector's endogenous responses to policy, and they neglect important general equilibrium impacts (such as the opportunity cost of redirecting R&D support to the energy sector). Some suggestions on how innovation and diffusion modeling in bottom-up analysis can be improved are put forward.
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| 39. |
- Björkqvist, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Risk Assessment of New Pricing Strategies in the District Heating Market : A Case Study at Sundsvall Energi AB
- 2010
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 38:5, s. 2171-2178
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The price structure of district heating has been no major scientific issue for the last decades in energy-related research. However, today trends in district heating pricing tend to move towards a more customer-oriented approach with predetermined prices under a longer periods, leading to a more complex price structure. If a district heating supplier offers district heating with predetermined prices in order to compete with similar electricity offers, the financial risk of the new price structure is significantly higher than the risk of an ordinary variable cost offer based on short-run marginal cost. In contrary to an electricity seller, the district heating company cannot transfer all of the risk of predetermined prices to the financial market, instead the company is thrown upon its own ability to handle the risk by, e.g., hedging its own energy purchase. However, all uncertainties cannot be coped with in this manner. Thus, there is a need for a methodology that can be used to estimate the financial risk of different price structures and to value different opportunities to reduce the risk. In this article, we propose a methodology, implemented in prototype software, to evaluate the risk associated with new price structures in district heating.
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| 40. |
- Bladh, Mats
(author)
-
Energy consumption and stocks of energy-converting artefacts
- 2012
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 43, s. 381-386
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The development of total energy consumption is important in a world with limited resources. It is the result of two basic tendencies working in opposite directions: growth in number and in use (such as more cars and driving more) and improvements in energy efficiency (such as more fuel-efficient engines). Since the 1970s growth of energy consumption has slowed down in Sweden. This means that increasing supply has been counteracted by measures improving overall energy efficiency to a larger degree than before. How can long-term development in energy consumption be analysed? This paper proposes a focus on stocks of energy-converting artefacts as a tool for such analyses. In order to show the fruitfulness of this approach, historical data on cars, dwellings and lamps in Sweden are used. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResults from the cases in this paper show considerable gains of efficiency in fuel consumption in private cars and heating efficiency in multi-dwelling houses. Demographic factors are important for the outcome. The approach seems to promise a way to analyse energy efficiency that captures both promoting and counteracting factors at both the micro and macro level.
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| 41. |
- Bladh, Mats, 1953-, et al.
(author)
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Towards a bright future? Household use of electric light : A microlevel study.
- 2008
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 36:9, s. 3521-3530
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper addresses the problem of energy saving in the residential sector and its relation to behavior. However, we know little about the mechanisms explaining consumption and use. The aim is to explore the behavioral elements behind patterns of use, so that consumption can be explained and saving possibilities identified. The study is based on detailed, metered data from an ongoing monitoring study. A larger sample from that study made testing of two hypotheses possible. Yet, many factors remain hidden and must be traced among the habits of households. The major part of the article is devoted to an exploration into what other variables are at work. This was done by studying the electricity consumption of seven households closely. Here, different sources of information from each household were combined: detailed, metered data for each lamp or fixture; data from interviews regarding habits; and observations of natural light and lighting equipment at visits. This information from combined sources was used to detect meanings of use and relationships with consumption. What has been found here must be translated to measurable variables and tested on representative samples of populations. This study offers information on these variables identified and how to interpret them.
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| 42. |
- Blomberg, Jerry, et al.
(author)
-
Energy efficiency and policy in Swedish pulp and paper mills : a data envelopment analysis approach
- 2012
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 42, s. 569-579
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The paper provides an empirical assessment of the electricity efficiency improvement potential in the Swedish pulp and paper industry by employing data envelopment analysis (DEA) and mill-specific input and output data for the years 1995, 2000 and 2005. The empirical results are discussed in relation to the reported outcomes of the Swedish voluntary energy efficiency programme PFE. The estimated electricity efficiency gap is relatively stable over the time period; it equals roughly 1 TWh per year for the sample mills and this is three times higher than the corresponding self-reported electricity savings in PFE. This result is largely a reflection of the fact that in the pulp and paper industry electricity efficiency improvements are typically embodied in the diffusion of new capital equipment, and there is a risk that some of the reported measures in PFE simply constitute an inefficient speed-up of capital turnover. The above does not preclude, though, that many other measures in PFE may have addressed some relevant market failures and barriers in the energy efficiency market. Overall the analysis suggests that future energy efficiency programs could plausibly be better targeted at explicitly promoting technological progress as well as at addressing the most important information and behaviour-related failures.
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| 43. |
- Bomb, Christian, et al.
(author)
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Biofuels for Transport in Europe: Lessons from Germany and the UK
- 2007
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 35:4, s. 2256-2267
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The utilisation of biofuels is attracting growing support from the European Union and member states as a strategy to tackle climate change, enhance energy security, and contribute to regional development. This paper describes, compares, and analyses the markets for biofuels in Germany and the UK. The introduction of biofuels for transport in these member states provides contrasting pictures, and the success or failure of biofuels here is pertinent to the development and diffusion of biofuels across Europe. This paper concentrates on the socio-political context for the biofuels industry in Germany and the UK, discusses the lessons learned from the German and British experiences, and presents general conclusions for policy-makers that are predominantly relevant for the early stages of a biofuels industry. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 44. |
- Boräng, Frida, 1977, et al.
(author)
-
Political determinants of electricity provision in small island developing states
- 2016
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 98, s. 725-734
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper approaches provision of affordable and reliable electricity in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) as a case of public good provision. It aims to contribute to our understanding of how regime type and the quality of implementing institutions within political systems affect the prerequisites for successful electrification in SIDS. More specifically, we analyse the independent and interdependent effects of level of democracy and control of corruption on per capita household electricity consumption in SIDS, using data from 34 SIDS over the period 1996-2009. The results show that although the independent effects of level of democracy and control of corruption are sensitive to model specification, these two factors do have an interdependent impact on per capita household electricity consumption: democratization has positive effects on provision of electricity to the general population only when there is a certain level of corruption control in place. The results imply a) that it is important for policy actors to acknowledge the interaction between regime type and the quality of implementing institutions, and b) when planning electrification projects in SIDS, it is necessary to have information about the social and political context in order to design the most effective projects. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 45. |
- Broberg, Sarah, et al.
(author)
-
Industrial excess heat deliveries to Swedish district heating networks : drop it like it's hot
- 2012
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 51, s. 332-339
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Using industrial excess heat in District Heating (DH) networks reduces the need for primary energy and is considered efficient resource use. The conditions of Swedish DH markets are under political discussion in the Third Party Access (TPA) proposal, which would facilitate the delivery of firms' industrial excess heat to DH networks. This paper estimates and discusses the untapped potential for excess heat deliveries to DH networks and considers whether the realization of this potential would be affected by altered DH market conditions. The results identify untapped potential for industrial excess heat deliveries, and calculations based on estimated investment costs and revenues indicate that realizing the TPA proposal could enable profitable excess heat investments.
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| 46. |
- Broberg, Thomas, et al.
(author)
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Information policies and biased cost perceptions : The case of Swedish residential energy consumption
- 2021
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 149
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Households typically receive utility bills where all electricity use during a fixed period is lumped together. The lack of direct feedback in the form of marginal costs of using specific electric appliances potentially leads to mistakes in households' decision-making because of biased cost perceptions. In this paper, we test the commonly held notion that lack of relevant energy-related knowledge results in cost underestimation of using electric appliances that may lead to over-consumption of energy. Contrary to this notion, our results show that less knowledgeable energy consumers tend to have higher cost perceptions than others. This finding implies that less knowledgeable energy consumers may consume too little of energy. We also find that a substantial share of the sampled households, in particular less knowledgeable energy consumers, are less willing to receive relevant cost-free information about their energy use and costs. This finding suggests that poor energy-related knowledge may not only be a matter of high information search and processing costs, but also a matter of consumers’ limited attention capacity.
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| 47. |
- Broberg, Thomas, et al.
(author)
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The economy-wide rebound effect from improved energy efficiency in Swedish industries–A general equilibrium analysis
- 2015
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 83, s. 26-37
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to analyse the rebound effect from increased efficiency in industrial energy use in Sweden. Energy efficiency improvements can have significant micro- and macroeconomic effects that hamper the positive effect on real energy savings. To assess the size of the overall rebound effect in the Swedish economy, we apply a computable general equilibrium model. The results show that the economy-wide rebound effect depends on a number of factors, e.g. the extent of the energy efficiency improvement, how the labour market is modelled as well as whether the increase in energy efficiency is combined with a cost or not. We find that the rebound effect following a five per cent increase in energy efficiency in the Swedish industry lies in the 40-70 per cent range. When energy efficiency is only improved in energy-intensive production, the rebound effect becomes even higher. These findings are in line with the results in the literature.
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| 48. |
- Brännlund, Runar, et al.
(author)
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Carbon intensity in production and the effects of climate policy – evidence from Swedish industry
- 2014
-
In: Energy Policy. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 67, s. 844-857
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyze carbon intensity performance at firm level and the effectiveness of the Swedish CO2 tax. Carbon intensity performance is derived from a production technology and measured as changes in the CO2 emission-output production ratio. As one of the first countries to introduce a CO2 tax in 1991, Sweden serves as an appropriate "test bench" for analyzing the effectiveness of climate policy in general. Firm level data from Swedish manufacturing spanning over the period 1990-2004 is used for the analysis. Results show that EP has improved in all the sectors and there is an evidence of decoupling of output production growth and CO2 emissions. Firms' carbon intensity performance responds both to changes in the CO2 tax and fossil fuel price, but is more sensitive to the tax.
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| 49. |
- Brännlund, Runar, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Swedish industry and Kyoto : An assessment of the effects of the European CO2emission permit trading system
- 2007
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 35:9, s. 4749-4762
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We assess the effects on Swedish industry input demands and output of different climate policy scenarios connected to energy policy induced by the Kyoto protocol. We use a unique dataset containing firm-level data on outputs and inputs between 1991 and 2001 to estimate a factor demand model, which we use to simulate different policy scenarios. Sector-specific estimation suggests that the proposed quadratic profit function specification exhibits properties and robustness that are consistent with economic theory; that is, all own-price elasticities are negative and all output elasticities are positive. Furthermore, the elasticities show that the input demands are, in most cases, relatively inelastic. Simulation of the model for six different policy scenarios reveal that effects on the Swedish base industry of a EU-level permit-trading system depends on (i) the removal or maintenance of the current CO2 tax, (ii) the price of permits, and (iii) the future price of electricity. Our analysis shows that changes in electricity price may be more important than the price of permits for some sectors.
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| 50. |
- Bögel, Paula M., et al.
(author)
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What is needed for citizen-centered urban energy transitions : Insights on attitudes towards decentralized energy storage
- 2021
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 149
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper aims to fill a research gap in the area of consumer-citizen attitudes to business models for decentralized energy storage, at the level of households and buildings. The study focuses on the interaction of such attitudes and their underlying motivation factors with socio-cultural, contextual factors. Self-determination theory (SDT) is used as a theoretical framework, to connect interpersonal and contextual factors, addressing the question of how contexts influence the motivation to support energy storage. Drawing on SDT, this study examines the role of autarky (independence from the energy system), autonomy (control over energy management) and relatedness (degree of sharing required) in this regard, embedded and interpreted in the socio-cultural local context of two demonstration sites in Sweden and Portugal. A mixed method approach is used. Quantitative survey data provides information on local social and cultural dimensions, followed by stakeholder consultation workshops that elicit participants’ views on different models of decentralized energy storage. The findings raise questions of how to improve autarky and autonomy for prosumers, while keeping the need for time investment low and provide flexibility regarding the required degree of interaction between prosumers. Implications for business models and policy support for citizen-centered sustainable urban energy systems are derived.
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