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1.	Castenfors, K., et al. (author) Crisis communication : learning from the 1998 LPG near miss in Stockholm 2001 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 88:2-3, s. 235-254 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The authors examine current trends in urban risks and resilience in relation to hazardous material transports in general, and crisis communication and the Stockholm liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) near miss in 1998 in particular The article discusses how current dynamics affecting urban areas, such as the decay in terms of increased condensation and limited expansion alternatives combined with industry site contamination and transports of hazardous materials on old worn-out physical infrastructure, work together to produce high-risk factors and increase urban vulnerability in large parts of the world today. Crisis communication takes a particularly pronounced role in the article as challenges in communication and confidence maintenance under conditions of information uncertainty and limited information control are explored. The LPG near miss case illustrates a Swedish case of urban risk and the tight coupling to hazardous material transports. The case also serves as a current example of Swedish resilience and lack of preparedness in urban crises, with particular observations and lessons learned in regards to crisis communication.
2.	Cui, Jirang, et al. (author) Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment : a review 2003 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 99:3, s. 243-263 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The production of electric and electronic equipment (EEE) is one of the fastest growing areas. This development has resulted in an increase of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE). In view of the environmental problems involved in the management of WEEE, many counties and organizations have drafted national legislation to improve the reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery of such wastes so as to reduce disposal. Recycling of WEEE is an important subject not only from the point of waste treatment but also from the recovery of valuable materials.WEEE is diverse and complex, in terms of materials and components makeup as well as the original equipment's manufacturing processes. Characterization of this waste stream is of paramount importance for developing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly recycling system. In this paper, the physical and particle properties of WEEE are presented. Selective disassembly, targeting on singling out hazardous and/or valuable components, is an indispensable process in the practice of recycling of WEEE. Disassembly process planning and innovation of disassembly facilities are most active research areas. Mechanical/physical processing, based on the characterization of WEEE, provides an alternative means of recovering valuable materials. Mechanical processes, such as screening, shape separation, magnetic separation, Eddy current separation, electrostatic separation, and jigging have been widely utilized in recycling industry. However, recycling of WEEE is only beginning.For maximum separation of materials, WEEE should be shredded to small, even fine particles, generally below 5 or 10 mm. Therefore, a discussion of mechanical separation processes for fine particles is highlighted in this paper.Consumer electronic equipment (brown goods), such as television sets, video recorders, are most common. It is very costly to perform manual dismantling of those products, due to the fact that brown goods contain very low-grade precious metals and copper. It is expected that a mechanical recycling process will be developed for the upgrading of low metal content scraps.
3.	Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al. (author) Case study of a highly dioxin contaminated sports field : Environmental risk assessment and human exposure 1995 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 43:3, s. 217-227 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Copper slag, containing high levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) was used as covering material of a community sports field. This led to a contamination up to 40 000 fold in comparison to background concentrations in soils. Levels and patterns of dioxins found in sediments of a nearby river proved a translocation of contaminated copper slag, while slightly elevated dioxin levels found in soil from nearby house gardens could not be attributed to the sports field as the source of dioxins.The annual flux of dioxins and furans to the environment was estimated using worst-case assumptions and the potential exposure of humans was deduced. Calculations of possible PCDD/PCDF-fluxes to the environment showed that only one major process - wind erosion - may have contributed to more than 90% of the total dioxin flux from the contaminated site to the surroundings, Based on PCDD/PCDF-exposure pathways for humans it was concluded that the PCDD/PCDF-content of the copper slag of the sports field did not pose a health hazard to athletes nor to the residents living in the neighbourhood.
4.	Acevedo, F., et al. (author) Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the Chilean white-rot fungus Anthracophyllum discolor 2011 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 185:1, s. 212-219 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The degradation of three- and four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Kirk medium by Anthracophyllum discolor, a white-rot fungus isolated from the forest of southern Chile, was evaluated. In addition, the removal efficiency of three-, four- and five-ring PAHs in contaminated soil bioaugmented with A. discolor in the absence and presence of indigenous soil microorganisms was investigated. Production of lignin-degrading enzymes and PAH mineralization in the soil were also determined. A. discolor was able to degrade PAHs in Kirk medium with the highest removal occurring in a PAH mixture, suggesting synergistic effects between PAHs or possible cometabolism. A high removal capability for phenanthrene (62%), anthracene (73%), fluoranthene (54%), pyrene (60%) and benzo(a)pyrene (75%) was observed in autoclaved soil inoculated with A. discolor in the absence of indigenous microorganisms, associated with the production of manganese peroxidase (MnP). The metabolites found in the PAH degradation were anthraquinone, phthalic acid, 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone, 9-fluorenone and 4,5-dihydropyrene. A. discolor was able to mineralize 9% of the phenanthrene. In non-autoclaved soil, the inoculation with A. discolor did not improve the removal efficiency of PAHs. Suitable conditions must be found to promote a successful fungal bioaugmentation in non-autoclaved soils. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
5.	Adil, Nurmeen, et al. (author) Evaluation of cytotoxicity of areca nut and its commercial products on normal human gingival fibroblast and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines 2021 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 403 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Consumption of areca nut products is the most common cause of oral cancers, particularly in South Asian countries. This study evaluates the cytotoxic and necrotizing effects of areca nut and its formulations on normal human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC, CAL-27) cell lines. Identification of various carcinogens and adulterants using LC-HR-ESI-MS/MS analysis was performed in the extracts of areca nut and its products. Apart from alkaloids and flavonoids, a major adulterant, saccharin was found in all the samples of chalia (one of the most common chewing products of areca nut) in the ranges between 1.697-7.170 mg/g of the sample. Cytotoxic studies showed that most of the areca nut products were found cytotoxic to HGF-1 cells while being relatively non-cytotoxic against CAL-27 cells, rather they promote the growth of cancer cells. Our findings revealed that the components of areca nut and its products were injurious to HGF-1 cells and caused necrosis, which may attenuate HGF-1 protection toward oral epithelial cells. Moreover, the non-cytotoxic effect of these products on cancer cell lines suggests further predisposal of the habitual chewers for developing oral carcinomas. This study will give a better understanding of the hazardous effects of areca nut products.
6.	Alijagic, Andi, 1992-, et al. (author) Gold nanoparticles coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone and sea urchin extracellular molecules induce transient immune activation 2021 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 402 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We report that the immunogenicity of colloidal gold nanoparticles coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-AuNPs) in a model organism, the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, can function as a proxy for humans for in vitro immunological studies. To profile the immune recognition and interaction from exposure to PVP-AuNPs (1 and 10 μg mL-1), we applied an extensive nano-scale approach, including particle physicochemical characterisation involving immunology, cellular biology, and metabolomics. The interaction between PVP-AuNPs and soluble proteins of the sea urchin physiological coelomic fluid (blood equivalent) results in the formation of a protein "corona" surrounding the NPs from three major proteins that influence the hydrodynamic size and colloidal stability of the particle. At the lower concentration of PVP-AuNPs, the P. lividus phagocytes show a broad metabolic plasticity based on the biosynthesis of metabolites mediating inflammation and phagocytosis. At the higher concentration of PVP-AuNPs, phagocytes activate an immunological response involving Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling pathway at 24 hours of exposure. These results emphasise that exposure to PVP-AuNPs drives inflammatory signalling by the phagocytes and the resolution at both the low and high concentrations of the PVP-AuNPs and provides more details regarding the immunogenicity of these NPs.
7.	Alijagic, Andi, 1992-, et al. (author) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles temporarily influence the sea urchin immunological state suppressing inflammatory-relate gene transcription and boosting antioxidant metabolic activity 2020 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 384 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are revolutionizing biomedicine due to their potential application as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. However, the TiO2NP immune-compatibility remains an open issue, even for ethical reasons. In this work, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of TiO2NPs in an emergent proxy to human non-mammalian model for in vitro basic and translational immunology: the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. To highlight on the new insights into the evolutionarily conserved intracellular signaling and metabolism pathways involved in immune-TiO2NP recognition/interaction we applied a wide-ranging approach, including electron microscopy, biochemistry, transcriptomics and metabolomics. Findings highlight that TiO2NPs interact with immune cells suppressing the expression of genes encoding for proteins involved in immune response and apoptosis (e.g. NF-κB, FGFR2, JUN, MAPK14, FAS, VEGFR, Casp8), and boosting the immune cell antioxidant metabolic activity (e.g. pentose phosphate, cysteine-methionine, glycine-serine metabolism pathways). TiO2NP uptake was circumscribed to phagosomes/phagolysosomes, depicting harmless vesicular internalization. Our findings underlined that under TiO2NP-exposure sea urchin innate immune system is able to control inflammatory signaling, excite antioxidant metabolic activity and acquire immunological tolerance, providing a new level of understanding of the TiO2NP immune-compatibility that could be useful for the development in Nano medicines.
8.	Allegrini, Elisa, et al. (author) Quality and generation rate of solid residues in the boiler of a waste-to-energy plant 2014 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 270, s. 127-136 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Danish waste management system relies significantly on waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. The ash produced at the energy recovery section (boiler ash) is classified as hazardous waste, and is commonly mixed with fly ash and air pollution control residues before disposal. In this study, a detailed characterization of boiler ash from a Danish grate-based mass burn type WtE was performed, to evaluate the potential for improving ash management. Samples were collected at 10 different points along the boiler's convective part, and analysed for grain size distribution, content of inorganic elements, polychlorinated dibenzo-. p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD and PCDF), and leaching of metals. For all samples, PCDD and PCDF levels were below regulatory limits, while high pH values and leaching of e.g. Cl were critical. No significant differences were found between boiler ash from individual sections of the boiler, in terms of total content and leaching, indicating that separate management of individual ash fractions may not provide significant benefits.
9.	Altarawneh, Mohammednoor, et al. (author) Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from oxidation of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) 2020 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 400 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Brominated aromatic rings constitute main structural entities in virtually all commercially deployed brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Oxidative decomposition of BFRs liberates appreciable quantities of bromobenzenes (BBzs). This contribution reports experimental measurements for the generation of notorious polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from oxidation of monobromobenzene (MBBz). In the light of developed product profiles, we map out reaction pathways and report kinetic parameters for PBDFs and PBDEs formation from coupling reactions of MBBz molecule and its derived ortho-bromophenoxy (o-BPhxy) radical using quantum chemical calculations. The identification and quantitation of product species involve the use of gas chromatograph - triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-QQQMS) operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Bimolecular reactions of MBBz and o-BPhxy result in the generation of twelve pre-PBDF intermediates, of which four can also serve as building blocks for the synthesis of PBDEs. These four intermediates are denoted as pre-PBDE/pre-PBDF, with the remaining eight symbolised as pre-PBDF. The resonance-stabilised structure of the o-BPhxy radical accumulates more spin density character on its phenoxy O atom (30.9 %) in reference to ortho-C and para-C sites. Thus, the formation of the pre-PBDE/pre-PBDF structures via O/o-C couplings advances faster as it requires lower activation enthalpies (79.2 – 84.9 kJ mol−1) than the pre-PBDF moieties, which arise via pairing reactions involving o-C(H or Br)/o-C(H or Br) sites (97.2 – 180.2 kJ mol−1). Kinetic analysis indicates that, the O/o-C pre-PBDE/pre-PBDF adducts self-eject the out-of-plane H atoms to produce PBDEs, rather than undergo a three-step mechanism forming PBDFs. However, experimental measurements demonstrate PBDEs appearing in lower yields as compared to those of PBDFs; presumably due to H- and Br-induced conversion of the PBDEs into PBDFs following a simple ring-closure reaction. High reaction temperatures facilitate loss of ortho Br atom from PBDEs, followed by cyclisation step to generate PBDFs. PBDFs are observed in a narrow temperature range of 700–850 °C, whereas PBDEs form between 550–850 °C. Since formation mechanisms of PBDFs and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) are typically only sensitive to the bromination at ortho positions, the results reported herein apply also to higher brominated isomers of BBzs.
10.	Alverbro, Karin, et al. (author) A life cycle assessment of destruction of ammunition 2009 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 170:2-3, s. 1101-1109 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Swedish Armed Forces have large stocks of ammunition that were produced at a time when decommissioning was not considered. This ammunition will eventually become obsolete and must be destroyed, preferably with minimal impact on the environment and in a safe way for personnel. The aim of this paper is to make a comparison of the environmental impacts in a life cycle perspective of three different methods of decommissioning/destruction of ammunition, and to identify the environmental advantages and disadvantages of each of these destruction methods: open detonation; static kiln incineration with air pollution control combined with metal recycling, and a combination of incineration with air pollution control, open burning, recovery of some energetic material and metal recycling. Data used are for the specific processes and from established LCA databases. Recycling the materials in the ammunition and minimising the spread of airborne pollutants during incineration were found to be the most important factors affecting the life cycle environmental performance of the compared destruction methods. Open detonation with or without metal recycling proved to be the overall worst alternative from a life cycle perspective. The results for the static kiln and combination treatment indicate that the kind of ammunition and location of the destruction plant might determine the choice of method, since the environmental impacts from these methods are of little difference in the case of this specific grenade. Different methods for destruction of ammunition have previously been discussed from a risk and safety perspective. This is however to our knowledge the first study looking specifically on environmentally aspect in a life cycle perspective.
11.	Amato, Fulvio, et al. (author) Urban air quality : The challenge of traffic non-exhaust emissions 2014 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 275, s. 31-36 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract About 400,000 premature adult deaths attributable to air pollution occur each year in the European Region. Road transport emissions account for a significant share of this burden. While important technological improvements have been made for reducing particulate matter (PM) emissions from motor exhausts, no actions are currently in place to reduce the non-exhaust part of emissions such as those from brake wear, road wear, tyre wear and road dust resuspension. These "non-exhaust" sources contribute easily as much and often more than the tailpipe exhaust to the ambient air PM concentrations in cities, and their relative contribution to ambient PM is destined to increase in the future, posing obvious research and policy challenges.This review highlights the major and more recent research findings in four complementary fields of research and seeks to identify the current gaps in research and policy with regard to non-exhaust emissions. The objective of this article is to encourage and direct future research towards an improved understanding on the relationship between emissions, concentrations, exposure and health impact and on the effectiveness of potential remediation measures in the urban environment.
12.	Arshad, Mamoona, et al. (author) The use of Neem biomass for the biosorption of zinc from aqueous solutions 2008 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3336 .- 0304-3894. ; 157:2-3, s. 534-540 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract An adsorbent was developed from mature leaves and stem bark of the Neem (Azadirachta indica) tree for removing zinc from water. Adsorption was carried out in a batch process with several different concentrations of zinc by varying pH. The uptake of metal was very fast initially, but gradually slowed down indicating penetration into the interior of the adsorbent particles. The data showed that optimum pH for efficient biosorption of zinc by Neem leaves and stem bark was 4 and 5, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity showed that the Neem biomass had a mass capacity for zinc (147.08 mg Zn/g for Neem leaves and 137.67 mg Zn/g Neem bark). The experimental results were analyzed in terms of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic assessment of the metal ion-Neem tree biomass system indicated the feasibility and spontaneous nature of the process and Delta G degrees values were evaluated as ranging from -26.84 to -32.75 (Neem leaves) kJ/mol and -26.04 to -29.50 (Neem bark) kJ/mol for zinc biosorption. Due to its outstanding zinc uptake capacity, the Neem tree was proved to be an excellent biomaterial for accumulating zinc from aqueous solutions. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
13.	Arwidsson, Zandra, et al. (author) Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil washing residues with amino polycarboxylic acids 2010 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 173:1-3, s. 697-704 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Removal of Cu, Pb, and Zn by the action of the two biodegradable chelating agents [S,S]-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) and methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), as well as citric acid, was tested. Three soil samples, which had previously been treated by conventional soil washing (water), were utilized in the leaching tests. Experiments were performed in batches (0.3 kg-scale) and with a WTC-mixer system (Water Treatment Construction, 10 kg-scale). EDDS and MGDA were most often equally efficient in removing Cu, Pb, and Zn after 10-60 min. Nonetheless, after 10 d, there were occasionally significant differences in extraction efficiencies. Extraction with citric acid was generally less efficient, however equal for Zn (mainly) after 10 d. Metal removal was similar in batch and WTC-mixer systems, which indicates that a dynamic mixer system could be used in full-scale. Use of biodegradable amino polycarboxylic acids for metal removal, as a second step after soil washing, would release most remaining metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) from the present soils, however only after long leaching time. Thus, a full-scale procedure, based on enhanced metal leaching by amino polycarboxylic acids from soil of the present kind, Would require a pre-leaching step lasting several days in order to be efficient. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
14.	Augulyte, Lijana, et al. (author) Multivariate analysis of a biologically activated carbon (BAC) system and its efficiency for removing PAHs and aliphatic hydrocarbons from wastewater polluted with petroleum products 2009 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 170:1, s. 103-110 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The efficiency of a biologically activated carbon system for treating wastewater polluted with petroleum products was examined and the effects of process parameters on its efficacy were evaluated. In each experiment 17 alkylated and 19 non-alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs, C10-C40) were extracted using semipermeable membrane devices from wastewater before and after treatment. The acquired data during experiments were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The treatment system robustly removed dissolved PAHs across the studied ranges of the process parameters, providing overall removal efficiencies of 96.9-99.7% for the sum of 36 PAHs. However, the major contributor to their removal was sorption rather than biodegradation, and despite the general efficiency of the process there was up to a 9-fold range in the sums of quantified PAHs in the effluents between experiments. Combinations of long process contact time (24 h) with high temperature (24 degrees C) and moderate oxygen concentration (6-7mg O2 L-1) resulted in good removal of bioavailable PAHs. The removal of TPHs was more dependent on biological activities during the wastewater treatment, and consequently more dependent on the process parameters. In addition, small but significant proportions of PAHs were volatilized and released during the wastewater treatment.
15.	Awasthi, M, et al. (author) Emerging applications of biochar : Improving pig manure composting and attenuation of heavy metal mobility in mature compost 2020 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 389 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study evaluated the effect of integrated bacterial culture and biochar on heavy metal (HM) stabilization and microbial activity during pig manure composting. High-throughput sequencing was carried out on six treatments, namely T1-T6, where T2 was single application of bacteria culture (C), T3 and T5 were supplemented with 12 % wood (WB) and wheat-straw biochar (WSB), respectively, and T4 and T6 had a combination of bacterial consortium mixed with biochar (12 % WB and 12 % WSB, respectively). T1 was used as control for the comparison. The results show that the populations of bacterial phyla were significantly greater in T6 and T4. The predominate phylum were Proteobacteria (56.22 %), Bacteroidetes (35.40 %), and Firmicutes (8.38 %), and the dominant genera were Marinimicrobium (53.14 %), Moheibacter (35.22 %), and Erysipelothrix (5.02 %). Additionally, the correlation analysis revealed the significance of T6, as the interaction of biochar and bacterial culture influenced the HM adsorption efficiency and microbial dynamics during composting. Overall, the integrated bacterial culture and biochar application promoted the immobilization of HMs (Cu and Zn) owing to improved adsorption, and enhanced the abundance and selectivity of the bacterial community to promote degradation and improving the safety and quality of the final compost product. Â© 2020 Elsevier B.V.
16.	Awasthi, S. K., et al. (author) Can biochar regulate the fate of heavy metals (Cu and Zn) resistant bacteria community during the poultry manure composting? 2021 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 406 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this study, the influence of coconut shell biochar addition (CSB) on heavy metals (Cu and Zn) resistance bacterial fate and there correlation with physicochemical parameters were evaluated during poultry manure composting. High-throughput sequencing was carried out on five treatments, namely T1−T5, where T2 to T5 were supplemented with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% CSB, while T1 was used as control for the comparison. The results of HMRB indicated that the relative abundance of major potential bacterial host altered were Firmicutes (52.88–14.32%), Actinobacteria (35.20–4.99%), Bacteroidetes (0.05–15.07%) and Proteobacteria (0.01–20.28%) with elevated biochar concentration (0%−10%). Beta and alpha diversity as well as network analysis illustrated composting micro-environmental ecology with exogenous additive biochar to remarkably affect the dominant resistant bacterial community distribution by adjusting the interacting between driving environmental parameters with potential host bacterial in composting. Ultimately, the amendment of 7.5% CSB into poultry manure composting was able to significantly reduce the HMRB abundance, improve the composting efficiency and end product quality.
17.	Badea, Silviu, et al. (author) The influence of soil composition on the leachability of selected hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) from soils using a batch leaching test 2013 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 254, s. 26-35 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The influence of soil composition (peat and clay content) on the leachability was investigated in batch leaching experiments for chemically diverse hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs: PCP, PAHs, HCB, HCHs, PCBs, and TCDD/Fs). An experimental design was applied to generate 8 diverse soil matrices, and the results were evaluated by orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS), as well as compound specific response surface models. Overall, the distribution coefficients (log Kd) of model HOCs were in the range of approx. 2.0–5.7. The Kd-values of HCHs, phenanthrene and PCP were positively correlated with the peat content. Kd-values of benzo(a)anthracene, HCB, and PCB 47 were positively correlated with both peat and clay content. The Kd-values of 1,3,6,8-TCDD and 1,3,6,8-TCDF were positively correlated with peat content but negatively correlated with clay content, while for PCB 153 and PCB 155 the correlations were reversed. The correlation between the Kd-values and the compounds’ Kow-values was linearly for compounds with log Kow <6. For HOCs with log Kow > 6, the Kd-values were leveling off, possibly due to small particles in the leachates. Our study demonstrated how complex interaction between both the organic matter and clay components influences the leachability of HOCs in a compound-specific manner.
18.	Bank, Michael S., et al. (author) Multi-isotopic composition of brown crab (Cancer pagurus) and seafloor sediment from a mine tailing sea disposal impacted fjord ecosystem 2024 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 471 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Here we studied accumulation of heavy metals in brown crab (Cancer pagurus) and seafloor sediment from Jøssingfjord, Norway during 2018 to evaluate long-term, legacy pollution effects of coastal mine tailing sea disposal activities. Nickel and copper sediment pollution in the mine tailing sea disposal area was classified as moderate and severe, respectively, under Norwegian environmental quality standards, and highlights the persistent hazard and legacy impacts of heavy metals in these impacted fjord ecosystems. Mercury, zinc, and arsenic had stronger affinities to brown crab muscle likely due to the presence of thiols, and availability of metal binding sites. Our multi-isotopic composition data showed that lead isotopes were the most useful source apportionment tool for this fjord. Overall, our study highlights the importance and value of measuring several different heavy metals and multiple isotopic signatures in different crab organs and seafloor sediment to comprehensively evaluate fjord pollution and kinetic uptake dynamics. Brown crabs were suitable eco-indicators of benthic ecosystem heavy metal pollution in a fjord ecosystem still experiencing short- and long-term physical and chemical impacts from coastal mining sea disposal activities.
19.	Barba-Lobo, Alejandro, 1992, et al. (author) Behavior of 222Rn, 220Rn and their progenies along a daily cycle for different meteorological situations: Implications on atmospheric aerosol residence times and Rn daughters' equilibrium factors 2024 In: JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 464 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The correct assessment of the radiological hazard from radon and daughters, external and internal doses, resi-dence times and equilibrium factors, implies the need to properly determine 222Rn (radon), 220Rn (thoron) and their respective short-lived progenies (214Pb and 214Bi, and 212Pb and 212Bi, respectively), where the precise measurements of both progenies are quite complex due to their very short half-lives. In addition, it is important to study the temporal behavior of all these radionuclides along daily cycles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the temporal evolution of radon, thoron and their progenies, and of their activity ratios along daily cycles for two different meteorological situations (synoptic and mesoscale processes). Radon and thoron were measured using a radon monitoring system, while their respective progenies were collected onto atmospheric filters using an ASS-500 sampler, and then measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. Furthermore, the different relationships between the concentrations of radionuclides and the different meteorological variables of interest (temperature, ABL height, and speed and direction of the wind) were found. Finally, the atmospheric aerosol residence times and Rn daughters' equilibrium factors were estimated for each sampling carried out along the two daily cycles, finding results consistent with previous studies.
20.	Beiras, R., et al. (author) Ingestion and contact with polyethylene microplastics does not cause acute toxicity on marine zooplankton 2018 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 360, s. 452-460 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Toxicity of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) of size ranges similar to their natural food to zooplanktonic organisms representative of the main taxa present in marine plankton, including rotifers, copepods, bivalves, echinoderms and fish, was evaluated. Early life stages (ELS) were prioritized as testing models in order to maximize sensitivity. Treatments included particles spiked with benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a hydrophobic organic chemical used in cosmetics with direct input in coastal areas. Despite documented ingestion of both virgin and BP-3 spiked microplastics no acute toxicity was found at loads orders of magnitude above environmentally relevant concentrations on any of the invertebrate models. In fish tests some effects, including premature or reduced hatching, were observed after 12 d exposure at 10 mg L-1 of BP-3 spiked PE-MP. The results obtained do not support environmentally relevant risk of microplastics on marine zooplankton. Similar approaches testing more hydrophobic chemicals with higher acute toxicity are needed before these conclusions could be extended to other organic pollutants common in marine ecosystems. Therefore, the replacement of these polymers in consumer products must be carefully considered.
21.	Bhatnagar, Amit, et al. (author) Adsorptive removal of 2,4- dichlorophenol from water utilizing Punica granatum peel waste and stabilization with cement 2009 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 168, s. 111-117 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
22.	Bhatnagar, Amit, et al. (author) Bromate removal from water by granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) 2009 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 170:1, s. 134-140 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The feasibility of granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) for bromate removal from water has been studied. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of various experimental parameters such as effect of contact time, initial bromate concentration, temperature, pH and effect of competing anions on bromate removal by GFH. The adsorption kinetics indicates that uptake rate of bromate was rapid at the beginning and 75% adsorption was completed in 5 min and equilibrium was achieved within 20 min. The sorption process was well described by pseudo-second-order kinetics. The maximum adsorption potential of GFH for bromate removal was 16.5 mg g−1 at 25 °C. The adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir model. The increase in OH peak and absence of Br–O bonding in FTIR spectra indicate that ion-exchange was the main mechanism during bromate sorption on GFH. The effects of competing anions and solution pHs (3–9) were negligible. Results of the present study suggest that GFH can be effectively utilized for bromate removal from drinking water.
23.	Bhatnagar, Amit (author) Removal of bromophenols from water using industrial wastes as low-cost adsorbents 2007 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; B139, s. 93-102 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
24.	Bhowmick, S., et al. (author) Arsenic mobilization in the aquifers of three physiographic settings of West Bengal, India : Understanding geogenic and anthropogenic influences 2013 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 262, s. 915-923 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A comparative hydrogeochemical study was carried out in West Bengal, India covering three physiographic regions, Debagram and Chakdaha located in the Bhagirathi-Hooghly alluvial plain and Baruipur in the delta front, to demonstrate the control of geogenic and anthropogenic influences on groundwater arsenic (As) mobilization. Groundwater samples (n=90) from tube wells were analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. The low redox potential (Eh=-185 to -86mV) and dominant As(III) and Fe(II) concentrations are indicative of anoxic nature of the aquifer. The shallow (<100m) and deeper (>100m) aquifers of Bhagirathi-Hooghly alluvial plains as well as shallow aquifers of delta front are characterized by Ca2+HCO3 - type water, whereas Na+ and Cl- enrichment is found in the deeper aquifer of delta front. The equilibrium of groundwater with respect to carbonate minerals and their precipitation/dissolution seems to be controlling the overall groundwater chemistry. The low SO4 2- and high DOC, PO4 3- and HCO3 - concentrations in groundwater signify ongoing microbial mediated redox processes favoring As mobilization in the aquifer. The As release is influenced by both geogenic (i.e. geomorphology) and anthropogenic (i.e. unsewered sanitation) processes. Multiple geochemical processes, e.g., Fe-oxyhydroxides reduction and carbonate dissolution, are responsible for high As occurrence in groundwaters.
25.	Bialk-Bielinska, A., et al. (author) Hydrolysis of sulphonamides in aqueous solutions 2012 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894. ; 221-222, s. 264-274 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Hydrolysis is one of the most common reactions controlling abiotic degradation and is one of the main paths by which substances are degraded in the environment. Nevertheless, the available information on this process for many compounds, including sulphonamides (a group of antibiotic drugs widely used in veterinary medicine), is very limited. This is the first study investigating the hydrolytic stabilities of 12 sulphonamides, which were determined according to OECD guideline 111 (1st category reliability data on the basis of regulatory demands on data quality for the environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals). Hydrolysis behaviour was examined at pH values normally found in the environment. This was prefaced by a discussion of the acid-base properties of sulphonamides. All the sulphonamides tested were hydrolytically stable at pH 9.0, nine (apart from sulphadiazine, sulphachloropyridazine and sulphamethoxypyridazine) were stable in this respect at pH 7.0 and two (sulphadiazine and sulphaguanidine) at pH 4.0 (hydrolysis rate <= 10%; t(0.5(25 degrees c)) > 1 year). The degradation products were identified, indicating two independent mechanisms of this process. Our results show that under typical environmental conditions (pH and temperature) sulphonamides are hydrolytically stable with a long half-life; they thus contribute to the on-going assessment of their environmental fate. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
26.	Blanquez, Paqui, et al. (author) Continuous biodegradation of 17 beta-estradiol and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol by Trametes versicolor 2008 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3336 .- 0304-3894. ; 150:2, s. 459-462 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The feasibility of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) removal by Trametes versicolor was demonstrated in batch and continuous cultures. In batch, E2 and EE2 initially supplied at 10 mg l(-1) were removed by more than 97% in 24 h, which corresponded to volumetric removal rates of 0.43 and 0.44 mg l(-1) h(-1), respectively. A bioreactor inoculated with T versicolor pellets was then continuously operated during 26 days at a hydraulic retention time of 120 h. E2 and EE2 were completely removed at volumetric removal rates of 0.16 and 0.09 mg l(-1) h(-1), respectively, when fed at 18.8 and 7.3 mg l(-1), respectively. Evidence was found that removal was caused by laccase. This study demonstrates the technical feasibility of fungal treatment of estrogens using continuous bioreactor with suspended fungal biomass.
27.	Blum, Kristin M., 1989-, et al. (author) Comprehensive assessment of organic contaminant removal from on-site sewage treatment facility effluent by char-fortified filter beds 2019 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 361, s. 111-122 Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract The removal of organic contaminants from wastewater using cost-efficient and easily accessible methods have been increasingly studied in recent years. Most studies have focused on municipal sewage treatment plants; however, our study investigated treatment with char-fortified filter beds for on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs). OSSFs are commonly used in rural and semi-urban areas all over the world to treat wastewater to reduce eutrophication and water-related diseases. To screen for a wide range of organic contaminants in order to improve the understanding of wastewater treatment efficiency and molecular properties, samples were taken from an OSSF field study site that used three filter types: sand, char-fortified sand, and char-fortified gas concrete. First, we screened for organic contaminants with state-of-the-art gas chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based targeted and untargeted analysis and then we developed quantitative structure-property relationship models to find the key molecular features responsible for the removal of organic contaminants. We identified 74 compounds, of which 24 were confirmed with reference standards. Amongst these 74 compounds were plasticizers, UV stabilizers, fragrances, pesticides, surfactant and polymer impurities, pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, and many biogenic compounds. Sand filters that are sometimes used as a last treatment step in OSSFs can remove hydrophobic contaminants. The addition of biochar significantly increases the removal of these and a few hydrophilic compounds (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, α = 0.05). Gas concrete did not appear to be suitable for the removal of organic contaminants. This study showed that, besides hydrophobic effects, biodegradation is the most important removal pathway in long-term field applications. However, further improvements are necessary to remove very hydrophilic contaminants as they were not removed with sand and biochar-fortified sand.
28.	Bolan, Nanthi, et al. (author) Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils – To mobilize or to immobilize? 2014 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 266, s. 141-166 Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract Unlike organic contaminants, metal(loid)s do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation and persist for a long time after their introduction. Bioavailability of metal(loid)s plays a vital role in the remediation of contaminated soils. In this review, the remediation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils through manipulating their bioavailability using a range of soil amendments will be presented. Mobilizing amendments such as chelating and desorbing agents increase the bioavailability and mobility of metal(loid)s. Immobilizing amendments such of precipitating agents and sorbent materials decrease the bioavailabilty and mobility of metal(loid)s. Mobilizing agents can be used to enhance the removal of heavy metal(loid)s though plant uptake and soil washing. Immobilizing agents can be used to reduce the transfer to metal(loid)s to food chain via plant uptake and leaching to groundwater. One of the major limitations of mobilizing technique is susceptibility to leaching of the mobilized heavy metal(loid)s in the absence of active plant uptake. Similarly, in the case of the immobilization technique the long-term stability of the immobilized heavy metal(loid)s needs to be monitored.
29.	Bolan, Nanthi, et al. (author) Remediation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soils : To mobilize or to immobilize or to degrade? 2021 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 401 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals, which are introduced to the environment through anthropogenic activities. Aqueous film forming foam used in firefighting, wastewater effluent, landfill leachate, and biosolids are major sources of PFAS input to soil and groundwater. Remediation of PFAS contaminated solid and aqueous media is challenging, which is attributed to the chemical and thermal stability of PFAS and the complexity of PFAS mixtures. In this review, remediation of PFAS contaminated soils through manipulation of their bioavailability and destruction is presented. While the mobilizing amendments (e.g., surfactants) enhance the mobility and bioavailability of PFAS, the immobilizing amendments (e.g., activated carbon) decrease their bioavailability and mobility. Mobilizing amendments can be applied to facilitate the removal of PFAS though soil washing, phytoremediation, and complete destruction through thermal and chemical redox reactions. Immobilizing amendments are likely to reduce the transfer of PFAS to food chain through plant and biota (e.g., earthworm) uptake, and leaching to potable water sources. Future studies should focus on quantifying the potential leaching of the mobilized PFAS in the absence of removal by plant and biota uptake or soil washing, and regular monitoring of the long-term stability of the immobilized PFAS.
30.	Boulanger, Nicolas, et al. (author) Super-oxidized “activated graphene” as 3D analogue of defect graphene oxide : oxidation degree vs U(VI) sorption 2023 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 457 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Porous carbons are not favorable for sorption of heavy metals and radionuclides due to absence of suitable binding sites. In this study we explored the limits for surface oxidation of “activated graphene” (AG), porous carbon material with the specific surface area of ∼2700 m2/g produced by activation of reduced graphene oxide (GO). Set of “Super-Oxidized Activated Graphene” (SOAG) materials with high abundance of carboxylic groups on the surface were produced using “soft” oxidation. High degree of oxidation comparable to standard GO (C/O=2.3) was achieved while keeping 3D porous structure with specific surface area of ∼700–800 m2/. The decrease in surface area is related to the oxidation-driven collapse of mesopores while micropores showed higher stability. The increase in the oxidation degree of SOAG is found to result in progressively higher sorption of U(VI), mostly related to the increase in abundance of carboxylic groups. The SOAG demonstrated extraordinarily high sorption of U(VI) with the maximal capacity up to 5400 μmol/g, that is 8.4 – fold increase compared to non-oxidized precursor AG, ∼50 –fold increase compared to standard graphene oxide and twice higher than extremely defect-rich graphene oxide. The trends revealed here show a way to further increase sorption if similar oxidation degree is achieved with smaller sacrifice of surface area.
31.	Bour, Agathe, et al. (author) Comprehending the complexity of microplastic organismal exposures and effects, to improve testing frameworks 2021 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 415 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Microplastics (MPs) have been identified as a threat to global ecosystems. Current projections indicate that the negative impacts of MPs will increase in the environment. Traditional toxicity testing does not account for the diversity of MP particles, the inherent diversity in potential exposure routes, and complex impacts in exposed organisms. Here we present and discuss factors influencing organismal exposure to MPs driven by fate and behavior of MPs in different environmental matrices and organisms behavioral niches. We then provide a structured classification of potential effects of MPs, chemical or particulate, generic or specific to MPs. Using these analyses, we discuss appropriateness and limitations of applying traditional, chemical-based ecotoxicity testing for the study of MPs, and propose practical recommendations and guidelines. Future laboratory based studies can be improved to increase understanding of potential real world effects of MPs by careful selection of appropriate exposure systems and conditions, test organism, MP characteristics, endpoints and required controls. We build upon recommendations provided in previous publications and complement them with a list of parameters and practical information that should be checked and/or reported in MP studies.
32.	Brännvall, Evelina, et al. (author) Effect of industrial residue combinations on availability of elements 2014 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 276, s. 171-181 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Industrial residues, such as fly ashes and biosolids, contain elements (e.g. N, P, K, S, Ca and Zn) that make them a viable alternative for synthetic fertilizers in forestry and agriculture. However, the use of these materials is often limited due to the presence of potentially toxic substances. It is therefore necessary to assess and, when warranted, modify the chemical and physical form of these and similar waste materials before any advantages are taken of their beneficial properties. Biofuel fly ash, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, biosolids, peat, peat residues and gypsum board waste were combined in various proportions, and this resulted in increased leaching of N, P, S, Cu and Mn, but decreased leaching of Ca, K, Mg, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, Al, As and Pb. Chemical fractionation revealed that elements Ca, K, Mg, S and Mn were predominantly exchangeable, while the rest of the elements were less mobile. Cadmium was mostly exchangeable in MSWI fly ash, but less mobile in biofuel fly ash mixtures. Recycling of MSWI fly ash in the mixtures with fertilizers is considerably less attractive, due to the high levels of salts and exchangeable Cd.
33.	Bundschuh, Jochen, et al. (author) Arsenic ecotoxicology : The interface between geosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere 2013 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 262, s. 883-886 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
34.	Bundschuh, Jochen, et al. (author) Naturally occurring arsenic in terrestrial geothermal systems of western Anatolia, Turkey : Potential role in contamination of freshwater resources 2013 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 262, s. 951-959 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Arsenic (As) contamination in terrestrial geothermal systems has been identified in many countries worldwide. Concentrations higher than 0.01mg/L are detrimental to human health. We examined potential consequences for As contamination of freshwater resources based on hydrogeochemical investigations of geothermal waters in deep wells and hot springs collected from western Anatolia, Turkey. We analyzed samples for major ions and trace element concentrations. Temperature of geothermal waters in deep wells showed extreme ranges (40 and 230°C), while, temperature of hot spring fluids was up to 90°C. The Piper plot illustrated two dominant water types: Na-HCO3 - type for geothermal waters in deep wells and Ca-HCO3 - type for hot spring fluids. Arsenic concentration ranged from 0.03 to 1.5mg/L. Dominance of reduced As species, i.e., As(III), was observed in our samples. The Eh value ranged between -250 and 119mV, which suggests diverse geochemical conditions. Some of the measured trace elements were found above the World Health Organization guidelines and Turkish national safe drinking water limits. The variation in pH (range: 6.4-9.3) and As in geothermal waters suggest mixing with groundwater. Mixing of geothermal waters is primarily responsible for contamination of freshwater resources and making them unsuitable for drinking or irrigation.
35.	Burzio, Cecilia, 1991, et al. (author) Removal of organic micropollutants from municipal wastewater by aerobic granular sludge and conventional activated sludge 2022 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3336 .- 0304-3894. ; 438 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Removal performances of organic micropollutants by conventional activated sludge (CAS) and aerobic granular sludge (AGS) were investigated at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Lab-scale kinetic experiments were performed to assess the micropollutant transformation rates under oxic and anoxic conditions. Transformation rates were used to model the micropollutant removal in the full-scale processes. Metagenomic sequencing was used to compare the microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes of the CAS and AGS systems. Higher transformation ability was observed for CAS compared to AGS for most compounds, both at the full-scale plant and in the complementary batch experiments. Oxic conditions supported the transformation of several micropollutants with faster and/or comparable rates compared to anoxic conditions. The estimated transformation rates from batch experiments adequately predicted the removal for most micropollutants in the full-scale processes. While the compositions in microbial communities differed between AGS and CAS, the full-scale biological reactors shared similar resistome profiles. Even though granular biomass showed lower potential for micropollutant transformation, AGS systems had somewhat higher gene cluster diversity compared to CAS, which could be related to a higher functional diversity. Micropollutant exposure to biomass or mass transfer limitations, therefore played more important roles in the observed differences in OMP removal.
36.	Carney Almroth, Bethanie, 1974, et al. (author) Circular economy could expose children to hazardous phthalates and chlorinated paraffins via old toys and childcare articles 2022 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 2772-4166. ; 7 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The European waste framework directive encourages reuse, refurbishment and recycling of products and materials in order to reduce plastic waste. However, thousands of chemicals are used in plastic materials. Many of these are potentially toxic, and may cause hormonal and developmental disruption in children. This includes phthalates and short chain chlorinated paraffins, which are used as plasticizers and flame-retardants. European legal frameworks regulate the amounts of these substances in toys in an effort to protect children's health and safety. Currently, limits are set to 0.1% for phthalates and 0.15% for SCCPs. Here, we have investigated levels of these compounds in toys and childcare products that were purchased prior to and after legislation on stricter exposure levels was implemented (total of 157 items, 54 and 103 new and old, respectively). We found that a larger portion of older toys and items (83.5%) contained amounts that exceed legal limits, compared to newer toys and items (29.6%). Concentrations of DEHP, BBP, DIDP, and SCCPs were significantly higher in old items, and both DEHP and DINP were found at concentrations exceeding 400,000 mg/kg in several old balls, which is approximately 40% of the weight of the toy, and 400 times above the legal limit. These findings indicate that old toys have the potential to pose a greater risk to children, and that regulations can be useful tools to protect children from exposure to toxic chemicals. We also stress that the waste framework directive, which urges reuse and repurposing of objects such as second hand items used for dress-up play, can lead to continued exposure via chemicals in older items. We conclude that movement towards circular economy threatens to expose children from legacy compounds already restricted on the market if efforts are not made to remove these items from circulation.
37.	Cederlund, Harald, et al. (author) Hot foam for weed control-Do alkyl polyglucoside surfactants used as foaming agents affect the mobility of organic contaminants in soil? 2016 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 314, s. 312-317 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Use of alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) as a foaming agent during hot water weed control may influence the environmental fate of organic contaminants in soil. We studied the effects of the APG-based foaming agent NCC Spuma (C8-C10) on leaching of diuron, glyphosate, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sand columns. We also examined how APG concentration affected the apparent water solubility and adsorption of the herbicides and of the PAHs acenaphthene, acenaphthylene and fluorene. Application of APGs at the recommended concentration of 0.3% did not significantly affect leaching of any of the compounds studied. However, at a concentration of 1.5%, leaching of both diuron and glyphosate was significantly increased. The increased leaching corresponded to an increase in apparent water solubility of diuron and a decrease in glyphosate adsorption to the sand. However, APG addition did not significantly affect the mobility of PAHs even though their apparent water solubility was increased. These results suggest that application of APG-based foam during hot water weed control does not significantly affect the mobility of organic contaminants in soil if used according to recommendations. Moreover, they suggest that APGs could be useful for soil bioremediation purposes if higher concentrations are used.
38.	Cederlund, Harald (author) Overcoming biochar limitations to remediate pentachlorophenol in soil by modifying its electrochemical properties 2022 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 426 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this study, we produced modified biochars with enhanced electrochemical properties to increase PCP remediation in soil. Although all biochars enhanced PCP remediation in aerobic conditions, only a few did in anaerobic soil. The most successful modifications were (i) the preloading of biomass with 10% w/w FeCl3, to obtain a biochar rich in redox-active metals (B-Fe); (ii) the oxidation of a conductive biochar pyrolyzed at 1000 ºC with 0.025 M KMnO4, to produce a biochar with both moderate conductivity and redox capacity (B-1000-KMnO4); and (iii) KMnO4 oxidation of an amorphous biochar pyrolyzed at 400 ºC to obtain a biochar with very high redox capacity (B-KMnO4). B-Fe reduced extractable PCP to almost zero after 50 days in both incubations, but showed slow kinetics of remediation in aerobic soil. B-1000-KMnO4 had the highest rate of remediation under aerobic conditions, but no significant effect under anaerobic conditions. B-KMnO4, however, presented high rates of remediation and high removal of extractable PCP under both conditions, which made it the recommended modification strategy for increased PCP remediation. We found that the degree of remediation primarily depends on the redox capacity, while the rate of remediation was determined by both the conductivity and redox capacity of biochar.
39.	Cema, Grzegorz, et al. (author) A one-stage system with partial nitritation and Anammox processes in Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) for treating landfill leachate In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract One of the major aspects associated with landfilling of solid wastes is related to the discharge of leachate into environment. Leachates with high ammonium nitrogen content are generally difficult to effective treat in conventional biological treatment processes. Therefore, it brings a requirement of developing new processes and technologies. Additionally, treatment procedures must consider small flow rates of leachate. The Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) is a good example of technology for treatment such wastewaters, because of its excellent shock and toxic loading capabilities, simple process control and low energy requirements. The main objective of the presented research was to investigate a simultaneous partial nitritation/Anammox process in the rotating biological contactor. For this purpose, the lab-scale reactor was fed with real landfill leachate from two municipal landfill sites in Gliwice and Zabrze (Poland). The reactor was highly loaded up to 7 g N m-2d-1 and it was possible to obtain the maximum inorganic nitrogen removal rate of 6.2 g N m-2d-1. Achieved results proved the possibility of efficient inorganic nitrogen removal by means of partial nitritation/ Anammox process in the temperature around 20°C.
40.	Cema, Grzegorz, et al. (author) Activity assessment and kinetic parameter estimation in single stage partial nitritation/Anammox 2009 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. Journal article (other academic/artistic)
41.	Chang, Tingru, et al. (author) Effects of interactions between natural organic matter and aquatic organism degradation products on the transformation and dissolution of cobalt and nickel-based nanoparticles in synthetic freshwater 2023 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 445, s. 130586-130586 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Expanding applications and production of engineered nanoparticles lead to an increased risk for their environmental dispersion. Systematic knowledge of surface transformation and dissolution of nanoparticles is essential for risk assessment and regulation establishment. Such aspects of Co- and Ni-based nanoparticles including metals, oxides, and solution combustion synthesized metal nanoparticles (metal cores with carbon shells) were investigated upon environmental interaction with organic matter, simulated by natural organic matter (NOM) and degradation products from zooplankton and algae (eco-corona biomolecules, EC) in freshwater (FW). The presence of NOM and EC in FW results in negative surface charges of the nanoparticles reduces the extent of nanoparticles agglomeration, and increases concentration, mainly due to the surface adsorption of carboxylate groups of the organic matter. The dissolution of the Co-based nanoparticles was for all conditions (FW, FW with NOM or EC) higher than the Ni-based, except for Co3O4 being nearly non-soluble. The surface transformation and dissolution of nanoparticles are highly exposure and time-dependent, and surface- and environment specific. Therefore, no general correlation was observed between dissolution and, particle types, surface conditions, or EC/NOM adsorption. This underlines the importance of thorough investigations of nanoparticles adsorption/desorption, degradation, and exposure scenarios for developing regulatory relevant protocols and guidelines.
42.	Chang, Young-Cheol, et al. (author) Characterization of Ralstonia insidiosa C1 isolated from Alpine regions: Capability in polyhydroxyalkanoates degradation and production 2024 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 471 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
43.	Chen, Hongyu, et al. (author) Effects of microbial culture and chicken manure biochar on compost maturity and greenhouse gas emissions during chicken manure composting 2020 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 389 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The effects of chicken manure biochar (CMB) and chicken manure integrated microbial consortium (CMMC) as co-amendments were assessed on compost maturity and reduction of greenhouse gases and ammonia (NH3) emissions during chicken manure composting. Composting was conducted using six combinations of CMB and CMCC (0 % CMB + 0 % CMMC, 0 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 2 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 4 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 6 % CMB + 10 % CMMC, 10 % CMB + 10 % CMMC added on a dry weight basis) in six polyvinyl chloride composting reactors for 42 days under an aerobic environment. Co-amendment of CMB and CMMC extended the thermophilic stage and promoted compost maturity. The release of greenhouse gases [nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4)] and NH3 from treatments co-amended by CMB and CMMC were reduced by 19.0-27.4 %, 9.3-55.9 % and 24.2-56.9 %, respectively, compared with the control. In addition, a redundancy analysis showed that the C/N ratio and temperature had a significant relationship with greenhouse gases and NH3 emissions among all physiochemical characteristics.
44.	Chen, Quan, et al. (author) Influence of CaO on the thermal kinetics and formation mechanism of high value-added products during waste tire pyrolysis 2022 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 436 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract There is a lack of detailed research on the production of isoprene and D-limonene by solid base-catalysed thermal depolymerization of waste tires (WTs). This work aimed to investigate the thermal decomposition characteristics, reaction kinetics, high value-added products production and potential mechanisms during WT pyrolysis in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) via Thermogravimetry-Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR) and Pyrolyzer-Gas Chromatography/Mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results obtained from TG indicated that CaO accelerated depolymerization in terms of reducing the reaction temperature, which is also reflected in the kinetic parameters. It can be found that the content of D-limonene increased by 13.76% and that of isoprene increased by 37.57%, which were attributed to differences in the depolymerization mechanisms in the presence of CaO. Furthermore, CaO had a profound impact on desulfurization by reducing benzothiazole, sulfoacid, and thiophene. The potential catalytic mechanisms of isoprene and D-limonene production and desulfurization were also proposed. This work deepens the understanding of the catalytic pyrolysis of WT under CaO and unambiguously demonstrates the great potential of CaO in enhancing isoprene and D-limonene production, providing new insight for the cleaner production of high value-added products from WT.
45.	Chen, Song, et al. (author) Incorporation of strontium and europium in crystals of α-calcium isosaccharinate 2019 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 364, s. 309-316 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The final repository for short-lived, low and intermediate level radioactive waste in Sweden is built to act as a passive repository. Already within a few years after closure water will penetrate the repository and conditions of high alkalinity (pH 10.5―13.5) and low temperature (< 7 °C) will prevail. The mobility of radionuclides in the repository is dependent on the radionuclides distribution between solid and liquid phases. In the present work the incorporation of strontium (II) and europium (III) in α-calcium isosaccharinate (ISA) under alkaline conditions (pH ~10) at 5 °C and 50 °C have been studied. The results show that strontium and europium are incorporated into α-Ca(ISA)2 when crystallized both at 5 °C and 50 °C. Europium is incorporated to a greater extent than strontium. The highest incorporation of europium and strontium at 5 °C rendered the phase compositions Ca0.986Eu0.014(ISA)2 (2.4% of Eu(ISA)3 by mass) and Ca0.98Sr0.02(ISA)2 (2.2% of Sr(ISA)2 by mass). XPS spectra show that both trivalent and divalent Eu coexist in the Eu incorporated samples. Strontium ions were found to retard the elongated growth of the Ca(ISA)2crystals. The incorporation of Sr2+ and Eu3+ into the solid phase of Ca(ISA)2 is expected to contribute to a decreased mobility of these ions in the repository.
46.	Chortarea, S, et al. (author) Hazard assessment of abraded thermoplastic composites reinforced with reduced graphene oxide 2022 In: Journal of hazardous materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3336 .- 0304-3894. ; 435, s. 129053- Journal article (peer-reviewed)
47.	Cormier, Bettie, 1993-, et al. (author) Chronic feeding exposure to virgin and spiked microplastics disrupts essential biological functions in teleost fish 2021 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 415 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Toxicity of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics (MPs), either virgin or spiked with chemicals, was evaluated in two short-lived fish using a freshwater species, zebrafish, and a marine species, marine medaka. Exposures were performed through diet using environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs over 4 months. No modification of classical biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, genotoxicity or F0 behaviour was observed. A significant decrease in growth was reported after at least two months of exposure. This decrease was similar between species, independent from the type of MPs polymer and the presence or not of spiked chemicals, but was much stronger in females. The reproduction was evaluated and it revealed a significant decrease in the reproductive output for both species and in far more serious numbers in medaka. PVC appeared more reprotoxic than PE as were MPs spiked with PFOS and benzophenone-3 compared to MPs spiked with benzo[a]pyrene. Further, PVC-benzophenone-3 produced behavioural disruption in offspring larvae. These results obtained with two species representing different aquatic environments suggest that microplastics exert toxic effects, slightly different according to polymers and the presence or not of sorbed chemicals, which may lead in all cases to serious ecological disruptions.
48.	Cuklev, Filip, 1981, et al. (author) Does ketoprofen or diclofenac pose the lowest risk to fish? 2012 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 229-230, s. 100-106 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Ketoprofen and diclofenac are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often used for similar indications, and both are frequently found in surface waters. Diclofenac affects organ histology and gene expression in fish at around 1 mu g/L. Here, we exposed rainbow trout to ketoprofen (1, 10 and 100 mu g/L) to investigate if this alternative causes less risk for pharmacological responses in fish. The bioconcentration factor from water to fish blood plasma was <0.05(4 for diclofenac based on previous studies). Ketoprofen only reached up to 0.6 parts per thousand of the human therapeutic plasma concentration, thus the probability of target-related effects was estimated to be fairly low. Accordingly, a comprehensive analysis of hepatic gene expression revealed no consistent responses. In some contrast, trout exposed to undiluted, treated sewage effluents bioconcentrated ketoprofen and other NSAIDs much more efficiently, according to a meta-analysis of recent studies. Neither of the setups is however an ideal representation of the field situation. If a controlled exposure system with a single chemical in pure water is a reasonable representation of the environment, then the use of ketoprofen is likely to pose a lower risk for wild fish than diclofenac, but if bioconcentration factors from effluent-exposed fish are applied, the risks may be more similar.
49.	Diesen, Veronica, et al. (author) Effects of cellulose degradation products on the mobility of Eu(III) in repositories for low and intermediate level radioactive waste 2017 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 340, s. 384-389 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The deep repository for low and intermediate level radioactive waste SFR in Sweden will contain large amounts of cellulosic waste materials contaminated with radionuclides. Over time the repository will be filled with water and alkaline conditions will prevail. In the present study degradation of cellulosic materials and the ability of cellulosic degradation products to solubilize and thereby mobilise Eu(III) under repository conditions has been investigated. Further, the possible immobilization of Eu(III) by sorption onto cement in the presence of degradation products has been investigated. The cellulosic material has been degraded under anaerobic and aerobic conditions in alkaline media (pH: 12.5) at ambient temperature. The degradation was followed by measuring the total organic carbon (TOC) content in the aqueous phase as a function of time. After 173 days of degradation the TOC content is highest in the anaerobic artificial cement pore water (1547 mg/L). The degradation products are capable of solubilising Eu(III) and the total europium concentration in the aqueous phase was 900 μmol/L after 498 h contact time under anaerobic conditions. Further it is shown that Eu(III) is adsorbed to the hydrated cement to a low extent (<9 μmol Eu/g of cement) in the presence of degradation products.
50.	Doan, Que Thi, et al. (author) Profile occurrences and in vitro effects of toxic organic pollutants in metal shredding facilities in Wallonia (Belgium) 2022 In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 423 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract End-of-life vehicles and e-waste contain several hazardous substances that can contaminate the environment during treatment processes. Occurrences and adverse effects of toxic organic pollutants emitted from 3 shredder plants located in Wallonia, Belgium, were investigated by chemical and biological analyses of fluff, dust, and scrubbing sludge sampled in 2019. Site 1 showed the highest concentrations of chlorinated compounds in sludge with 7.5 ng/g polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans and 84.5 mu g/g estimated total polychlorinated biphenyls, while site 3 led the brominated flame retardant levels in dust (53.4 mu g/g). The level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was highest in the sludge samples, 78 and 71 mu g/g for sites 2 and 3, respectively. The samples induced significant dioxin-like activities in murine and human cells at concentrations of around 0.01-0.1 and 0.5-1 ng (sample) per ml (medium), respectively, with the efficacy similar to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin and EC50 values of around 1 and 10 ng/ml. The samples also displayed high estrogenic activities, already at 1 ng/ml, and several induced a response as efficient as 17 beta-estradiol, albeit a low androgenic activity. Shredder workers were estimated to be highly exposed to dioxin-like compounds through dust ingestion and dermal absorption, which is of concern.

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