| 1. |
- Appelgren, Alva, et al.
(författare)
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Tuning in on motivation : Differences between non-musicians, amateurs, and professional musicians
- 2019
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 47:6, s. 864-873
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The drive to learn and engage in music varies among individuals. Global motivation to do something can be intrinsic, for example, the joy and satisfaction in an activity. But motivation behind our action can also be extrinsic, such as the desire for fame, status or increased financial resources. The type of motivation probably influences to what degree individuals engage in musical activities. In this study, we examined the associations between the level of musical engagement and self-rated global motivation, factoring in age and sex, in a sample of 5,435 individuals. Musical engagement ranged from no music activity to amateurs and professional musicians. We found that intrinsic motivation increases with level of music activity and that motivation differs depending on sex, with females scoring higher on intrinsic motivation than males. Such differences may be considered in adjusting the forms of support offered to young musicians in music education. The phenomenon of motivation is complex, and we have highlighted areas that require further investigation, but this study has elucidated some differences in motivation types found in men and women, and between non-musicians, amateurs and professional musicians.
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| 2. |
- Arriaga, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Looking at the (mis) fortunes of others while listening to music
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 42:2, s. 251-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study examined whether eye movements when regarding pictures of other people in fortunate (positive) and unfortunate (negative) circumstances are influenced by background music. Sixty-three participants were randomly assigned to three background music conditions (happy music, sad music, or no music) where pairs of negative-positive pictures were shown. Participants' eye movements were recorded throughout the experiment to assess distinct phases of attentional processes, i.e., initial orienting to, and subsequent engagement with, visual scenes. We found that these attentional processes were not uniformly influenced by the music. The type of background music had no effect on initial visual attention but played a relevant role in guiding subsequent gaze behaviour by maintaining attention in a mood-congruent fashion: sad music enhanced attentional bias to visual images of others in unfortunate circumstances, whereas happy music contributed to longer gazes at images of others in fortunate circumstances. These results support the notion that attention is affected by background music and reflected by gaze behaviour.
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| 3. |
- Barradas, Gonçalo, et al.
(författare)
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When words matter : A cross-cultural perspective on lyrics and their relationship to musical emotions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : Sage Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 50:2, s. 650-669
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several studies have investigated emotional reactions to instrumental music. However, studies on the effect of lyrics on emotions are limited. Previous studies suggest that the importance of lyrics may vary cross-culturally. The aim of this study was twofold: to investigate the effects of lyrics on aroused emotions and psychological mechanisms with music and to explore whether these differ cross-culturally. Fifty participants from Portugal and Sweden listened to six musical stimuli based on two songs, one representing each culture. These were presented in three versions each: the original, an instrumental, and the instrumental version with lyrics on the screen. The Portuguese and Swedish participants differed notably: the presence of lyrics did not affect listeners' happiness in neither group as predicted, but did increase sadness, albeit only in the Portuguese group. Lyrics also increased nostalgia for the Portuguese listeners as predicted and surprise-astonishment for the Swedish listeners. Regarding the mechanisms, lyrics increased the activation of episodic memory in both groups, and the activation of evaluative conditioning, contagion, and visual imagery in the Portuguese group. The present study indicates that lyrics have an effect on musical emotions and mechanisms which vary between groups of different cultural backgrounds.
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| 4. |
- Gabrielsson, Alf, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional expression in music performance: Between the performer's intention and the listener's experience
- 1996
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Ingår i: PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC. - 0305-7356. ; 24, s. 68-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nine professional musicians were instructed to perform short melodies using various instruments - the violin, electric guitar, flute, and singing voice - so as to communicate specific emotional characters to listeners. The performances were first validated by having listeners rating the emotional expression and then analysed with regard to their physical characteristics, e.g. tempo, dynamics, timing, and spectrum. The main findings were that (a) the performer's expressive intention had a marked effect on all analysed variables, (b) the performers showed many similarities as well as differences in emotion encoding, (c) listeners were generally successful in decoding the intended expression, and (d) some emotional characters seemed easier to communicate than others. The reported results imply that we are unlikely to find performance rules independent of instrument, musical style, performer, or listener.
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| 5. |
- Gabrielsson, Alf
(författare)
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Music performance research at the millennium
- 2003
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : London: SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356. ; 31, s. 221-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Empirical research on music performance has increased much during recent decades. This article updates the review of the research up to 1995 published by the current author in 1999. Covering about 2oo papers from 1995 up to 2002, this article confirms the
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| 6. |
- Johansen, Guro Gravem, 1973-
(författare)
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Explorational instrumental practice : An expansive approach to the development of improvisation competence
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : Sage Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 46:1, s. 49-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article seeks to discuss approaches to instrumental practicing directed towards developing improvisation competence, by analyzing empirical data from a qualitative study on jazz students' instrumental practicing. The concept explorational practice is derived from the theory of expansive learning, and compared against the concept deliberate practice. Findings show a variety of open-ended strategies to develop students' improvisation competence, which are framed as explorational practice.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Eye Movements and Reading Comprehension While Listening to Preferred and Non-preferred Study Music
- 2012
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 1741-3087 .- 0305-7356. ; 40, s. 339-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study 24 university students read four different texts in four conditions: (1) while listening to music they preferred to listen to while studying; (2) while listening to music they did not prefer to listen to while studying; (3) while listening to a recording of noise from a café; and finally (4) in silence. After each text they took a reading-comprehension test. Eye movement data were recorded for all participants in all conditions. A main effect for the reading-comprehension scores revealed that the participants scored significantly lower after they had been listening to the non-preferred music while reading, compared with reading in silence. No significant effects were found between the other conditions. No significant differences between conditions were found for the traditional eye movement measures in reading (fixation duration, saccadic amplitude, regressions, and first-pass and second-pass reading time). It is suggested that this result is a consequence of participants not being aware that their reading processes are disrupted by a non-preferred musical background. They do not make the necessary changes to the processes involved in reading required to compensate for increased cognitive load. The results are discussed in relation to study/reading habits, extraversion, arousal and working memory capacity.
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| 8. |
- Juslin, Patrik N
(författare)
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Five facets of musical expression: A psychologist's perspective on music performance
- 2003
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Ingår i: PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC. - 0305-7356. ; 31:3, s. 273-302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to outline a psychological approach to expression in music performance that could help to provide a solid foundation for teaching of expressive skills in music education. Drawing on previous research, I suggest that performance expression is best conceptualized as a multi-dimensional phenomenon consisting of five primary components: (a) Generative rules that function to clarify the musical structure; (b) Emotional expression that serves to convey intended emotions to listeners; (c) Random variations that reflect human limitations with regard to internal time-keeper variance and motor delays; (d) Motion principles that prescribe that some aspects of the performance (e.g., timing) should be shaped in accordance with patterns of biological motion; and (e) Stylistic unexpectedness that involves local deviations from performance conventions. An analysis of performance expression in terms of these five components - collectively referred to as the GERMS model – has important implications for research and teaching of music performance.
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| 9. |
- Juslin, Patrik N, et al.
(författare)
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Musical expression: An observational study of instrumental teaching.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : Sage Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 36:3, s. 309-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has shown that both music students and teachers think that expression is important. Yet, we know little about how expression is taught to students. Such knowledge is needed in order to enhance teaching of expression. The aim of this study was thus to explore the nature of instrumental music teaching in its natural context, with a focus on expression and emotion. Lessons featuring five music teachers and 12 students were video-filmed, transcribed, content analyzed, and coded into categories of feedback and language use. Results suggested that the focus of teaching was mainly on technique and on the written score. Lessons were dominated by talk, with the teacher doing most of the talking. Issues concerning expression and emotion were mostly dealt with implicitly rather than explicitly, although some teachers used a variety of strategies to enhance expression. Although there were individual differences among teachers, a common feature was the lack of clear goals, specific tasks, and systematic teaching patterns.
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| 10. |
- Juslin, Patrik N, et al.
(författare)
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What makes music emotionally significant? : Exploring the underlying mechanisms
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 42:4, s. 599-623
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A common approach to study emotional reactions to music is to attempt to obtain direct links between musical surface features such as tempo and a listener's response. However, such an analysis ultimately fails to explain why emotions are aroused in the listener. In this article, we propose an alternative approach, which seeks to explain musical emotions in terms of a set of underlying mechanisms that are activated by different types of information in musical events. We illustrate this approach by reporting a listening experiment, which manipulated a piece of music to activate four mechanisms: brain stem reflex; emotional contagion; episodic memory; and musical expectancy. The musical excerpts were played to 20 listeners, who were asked to rate their felt emotions on 12 scales. Pulse rate, skin conductance, and facial expressions were also measured. Results indicated that target mechanisms were activated and aroused emotions largely as predicted by a multi-mechanism framework.
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| 11. |
- Knörzer, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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"I like reggae and Bob Marley is already dead" : An empirical study on music-related argumentation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : Sage Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 44:5, s. 1158-1174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates music-related argumentation in different music genres (rock/pop versus classical music) applying a mixed-methods design with three groups (referred to as novices, semi-experts and experts). Participants were asked to compare two versions of a musical piece and justify their preference in individually written argumentation. Arguments were coded by applying a category system with four main categories, namely, attributes of the musical piece, subjective dimensions, context-specific background knowledge and media-related dimensions. Results of quantitative analyses showed that experts formulated longer arguments, referring to more different categories and mentioning more aspects within these categories. Further, a larger proportion of the experts' arguments referred to context-specific background knowledge and attributes of the musical piece, whereas semi-experts' and novices' argumentation consisted to a larger extent of subjective dimensions. For all analyses, there were no differences concerning the two different music genres. A discriminant analysis showed that the participants' ascribed level of expertise was correctly predicted on the basis of their argumentation in 97.3% of the cases. Therefore, the category system provides an effective instrument for representing and evaluating music-related argumentation. Our findings illustrate quantitative and qualitative differences between arguments and build a starting point for developing innovative intervention approaches for fostering music-related argumentation.
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| 12. |
- Lã, F.M.B., et al.
(författare)
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Augmented visual-feedback of airflow : Immediate effects on voice-source characteristics of students of singing
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glottal adduction is a crucial aspect in voice education and vocal performance: it has major effects on phonatory airflow and, consequently, on voice timbre. As the voice is a non-visible musical instrument, controlling it could be facilitated by providing real-time visual feedback of phonatory airflow. Here, we test the usefulness of a flow ball (FB) training device, visualizing, in terms of the height of a polystyrene ball placed in a plastic basket, phonatory airflow during phonation. Audio and electroglottographic recordings of five postgraduate, classically trained singer students were made under three subsequent conditions: before, during, and after phonating into the FB. The calibrated audio signal was inverse-filtered, using an electroglottograph signal to guide the manual tuning of the inverse filters. Mean phonatory airflow, peak-to-peak pulse amplitude, and normalized amplitude quotient were extracted from the resulting flow glottograms. After the FB condition, increases of mean flow and peak-to-peak pulse amplitude were observed in four singers. In addition, the singers’ mean normalized amplitude quotient increased significantly. The findings, although exploratory, suggest that reduction of glottal adduction can be observed immediately after FB phonation.
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| 13. |
- Laukka, Petri, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional and motivational uses of music in sports and exercise : A questionnaire study among athletes
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 41:2, s. 198-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Music is present in many sport and exercise situations, but empirical investigations on the motives for listening to music in sports remain scarce. In this study, Swedish elite athletes (N = 252) answered a questionnaire that focused on the emotional and motivational uses of music in sports and exercise. The questionnaire contained both quantitative items that assessed the prevalence of various uses of music, and open-ended items that targeted specific emotional episodes in relation to music in sports. Results showed that the athletes most often reported listening to music during pre-event preparations, warm-up, and training sessions; and the most common motives for listening to music were to increase pre-event activation, positive affect, motivation, performance levels and to experience flow. The athletes further reported that they mainly experienced positive affective states (e.g., happiness, alertness, confidence, relaxation) in relation to music in sports, and also reported on their beliefs about the causes of the musical emotion episodes in sports. In general, the results suggest that the athletes used music in purposeful ways in order to facilitate their training and performance.
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| 14. |
- Liljeström, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental evidence of the roles of music choice, social context, and listener personality in emotional reactions to music
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications (UK and US). - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 41:5, s. 579-599
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Music may arouse intense emotions in listeners, but little is known about the circumstances that contribute to such reactions. Here we report a listening experiment that investigated the roles of selected musical, situational, and individual factors in emotional reactions to music. In a 2 x 2 factorial design, we manipulated music choice (self-chosen vs. randomly sampled) and social context (alone vs. with a close friend or partner). Fifty university students (20-43 years old) rated their emotional responses to the music in terms of overall emotion intensity and 15 emotions. We also measured personality traits (NEO-PI-R) and psychophysiological responses (skin conductance, heart rate). Consistent with predictions based on previous field studies, listeners reported more intense emotions (1) to self-chosen music than to randomly selected music and (2) when listening with a close friend or partner than when listening alone. Moreover, listeners scoring high on the trait Openness to experience experienced more intense emotions than listeners scoring low. All three factors correlated positively with the experience of positive emotions such as happiness and pleasure.
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| 15. |
- Lindblom, Anne, 1958-
(författare)
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‘It gives them a place to be proud’ : Music and social inclusion. Two diverse cases of young First Nations people diagnosed with autism in British Columbia, Canada
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : Sage Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 45:2, s. 268-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Growing up and becoming an active participant in society can be challenging for young people. Factors such as ethnicity, disability and gender can, separately, pose difficulties. When combined, they can develop into insurmountable obstacles. The use of music interventions and activities to overcome some of these obstacles is explored in this article, using two cases of young First Nations people diagnosed with autism, in British Columbia, Canada. Although there are similarities, the differences in severity of ASD, place of residence and school situation, to mention a few factors, make a huge difference in their daily lives. Their contrasting possibilities to be present and participate in society may have implications for their social inclusion in adulthood. Results show that both traditional and contemporary music interventions can provide foundations for inclusion and they need to be carefully designed for each individual.
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| 16. |
- Lundqvist, Lars-Olov, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional responses to music : experience, expression, and physiology
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 37:1, s. 61-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A crucial issue in research on music and emotion is whether music evokes genuine emotional responses in listeners (the emotivist position) or whether listeners merely perceive emotions expressed by the music (the cognitivist position). To investigate this issue, we measured self-reported emotion, facial muscle activity, and autonomic activity in 32 participants while they listened to popular music composed with either a happy or a sad emotional expression. Results revealed a coherent manifestation in the experiential, expressive, and physiological components of the emotional response system, which supports the emotivist position. Happy music generated more zygomatic facial muscle activity, greater skin conductance, lower finger temperature, more happiness and less sadness than sad music. The finding that the emotion induced in the listener was the same as the emotion expressed in the music is consistent with the notion that music may induce emotions through a process of emotional contagion.
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| 17. |
- Mateos-Moreno, Daniel, 1977-
(författare)
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Latent dimensions of attitudes towards contemporary music : A structural model
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : Sage Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 43:4, s. 545-562
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contemporary music from the Western Classical tradition, a term usually reduced to simply "contemporary music," is widely considered as being quite under-represented on the current musical scene in comparison to the music from any other period. As a perspective from which to explore this aversion beyond the obvious likes and dislikes, our aim was to find non-observable variables or latent dimensions by means of psychological constructs modelling attitudes towards contemporary music in a relevant population, such as music teachers to-be, in order to inform thinking about how to effect a change in this aversion. In doing so, a quantitative psychometric instrument was developed, validated and applied to a sample of this population during their university training period. Retrieved data was analysed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, leading to the proposal of a second-order, structural equations model comprising three constructs identified as "Perceived complexity & stridency", "Desire to discover" and "Aesthetic respect". Results could help in a) finding strategies to address aversion, both by the identification of its latent components and their interrelations; and b) proposing a model suitable to be compared to that of other population subgroups and to be connected to other variables for testing the effectiveness of future experimental actions in the teacher training context.
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| 18. |
- Napadow, Miriam, et al.
(författare)
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Memorizing song lyrics : Comparing the effectiveness of three learning formats
- 2023
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : Sage Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A central part of singing includes learning new pieces of vocal music. Learning a new song is a complex task that involves several functions and modalities, such as memory functions, language and motor skills, and auditory and visual perception. Memory functions are a well-studied area, but it is unknown how memory theories apply to a multimodal activity such as singing. In this study, an attempt is made to translate the theories to the applied field of singing. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of three types of learning formats for learning new song lyrics: auditory learning with image support (AI), auditory learning with text support (AT), and auditory learning only (A). Ninety-five participants were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions. A univariate analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of condition on the lyric recall score and post-hoc tests showed that participants performed significantly better in the AI condition in comparison to both the AT and the A condition. No significant difference was found between AT and A. This study sheds light on how memory processes might work in learning song lyrics. Practical implications for practitioners such as music educators, conductors, and choir singers are discussed.
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| 19. |
- Persson, Roland S., 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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The Limits of Experimentation : On Researching Music and Musical Settings
- 1995
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 23:1, s. 39-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years the maintaining of music psychology as a strictly experimental discipline has run into difficulties. Although the need for breaking new grounds has been observed by several eminent researchers, few suggestions on how to proceed have actually been made. On the basis of the current debate within the social sciences, and our own experience of field research amongst performing musicians, this article will make some proposals to this effect. We argue the significance of investigating the "real world" of music in the field, discuss potential obstacles which need to be overcome, and propose a strategy which may facilitate field work specifically amongst musicians. Our intention is also to provide an aid to the traditional experimenter with a limited experience of research outside the laboratory, as well as to furnish prospective field workers into music with appropriate literature for further study.
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| 20. |
- Ramji, Rathi, et al.
(författare)
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Musical information increases physical performance for synchronous but not asynchronous running
- 2016
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 44:5, s. 984-995
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Given that physical performance is enhanced by listening to music, what information in the music is the active ingredient? Here, we varied the amount of music information in an otherwise identical piece of music, from only the rhythm, through a synthesized and scaled down version, to the full original version. Twenty-two university students (11 males and 11 females) ran for 10 minutes to each of eight conditions, two with white noise, three with music that facilitated synchronization with the running pace, and three with tempi where synchronization was impossible. Dependent variables were distance run and the number of steps, from which stride length was computed. Heart rate and mood (PANAS) were also measured for control purposes. Participants tended to run a greater distance when there was more music information, which was mainly an effect of longer strides rather than a faster stride rate. This effect was stronger in the synchronous conditions. The results suggest that the motivational effects of music information during running is mostly related to richer temporal information conveyed by faster metrical levels, when attempting to synchronize with the beat in the music
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| 21. |
- Sakka, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional reactions to music in depressed individuals
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : Sage Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 46:6, s. 862-880
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Music is often used to alleviate depression, an affective disorder. Yet, little is known about how listeners suffering from depression respond emotionally to music. The goal of this study was to investigate whether listeners show different patterns of emotional reactions to music depending on level of depression. In previous research, depression has been linked with negative biases in cognitive processes such as memory and attention. Here we indirectly investigated whether such biases may also influence psychological mechanisms involved in the arousal of emotions during musical experiences. Seventy-seven listeners (19?65 years old) took part in an experiment which compared depressed individuals with non-depressed controls. The participants listened to music stimuli designed to target specific induction mechanisms (brain stem reflex, contagion, episodic memory), and were asked to rate felt emotions. Based on previous studies on cognitive bias, we made predictions about how depression would affect reactions to each stimulus. The predictions received partial support: depressed listeners reported significantly lower levels of happiness in the memory condition and non-significantly higher levels of anxiety in the brain stem condition, than did controls. Conversely, no difference in reported sadness was found in the contagion condition. Observed differences were mainly attributable to the severely depressed listeners.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Sandgren, Maria
(författare)
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Exploring personality and musical self-perceptions among vocalists and instrumentalists at music colleges
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 47:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to investigate whether vocalists and instrumentalists (N = 108) would differ in personality traits, such as the Big five dimensions, competence-based self-esteem, and musical self-perceptions. The design involved both global and domain-specific features to more closely map similarities and differences between the groups. Results indicated that vocalists reported significantly higher levels of extraversion, agreeableness, and openness than the control group (p < .01–.05) but not musicians. The musical self-perceptions were explored using a qualitative method by asking the students to, in their own words, describe aspects of two categories of musical self-perceptions. For self-perceptions related to musical development, goal-orientation, personality, and expressivity were of most importance for both vocalists and instrumentalists, although personality ranked first among vocalists and third for instrumentalists. For self-perceptions related to musical expression in a performance, vocalists assigned most value to timbre, emotions, and musical ideas, whereas instrumentalists indicated dynamics, musical ideas, and timbre. In sum, global and objective measurements failed to discriminate well between vocalists and instrumentalists, whereas the qualitative study aimed at tapping domain-specific features was successful in embracing a large variety of musically related items and to differentiate between vocalists and instrumentalists.
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| 24. |
- Sandgren, Maria, 1963-
(författare)
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How modes of instrumental practice are distributed in three musical genres and among vocalists and instrumentalists at music colleges
- 2019
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : Sage Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 47:5, s. 767-778
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates whether past and present instrumental practices differ across musical genres (jazz, folk music, classical music) and vocalists in relation to instrumentalists ( N = 108). New findings were that vocalists and instrumentalists differed significantly in all practice experiences ( p < .05–.001), whereas fewer differences were found across genres. In line with previous research, classical musicians engaged more in solitary practice than folk music and jazz musicians did ( p < .001), yet jazz and folk music students practiced more in ensemble compared to classical musicians ( p < .05). In addition, the results contrasted with the general view of solitary practice as a demanding and unpleasant activity, as all groups of music students found solitary practice to be a more positive than negative experience. Future studies are warranted to more closely and empirically investigate vocalists’ practice habits, and to examine how emotions are related to instrumental practicing in music education.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Strukelj, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of sound presentations on executive control: Evidence from eye movements
- 2016
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 1741-3087 .- 0305-7356. ; 44:5, s. 996-1011
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To examine the influence on performance of sound presentation considered more or less disturbing, distracting, and intrusive, an antisaccade task was used to assess executive control over reflexive eye movements. By examining the latency and proportion of correct eye movements in eight sound presentations for 32 participants (15 female), the effect of disturbance from sound was measured. The only effect found for latency was a significant increase during the Mozart violin concerto, suggesting an unconscious speed–accuracy tradeoff. Participants inhibited reflexive eye movements in favour of correct responses, which were marginally better than the silent control condition. The mean number of correctly launched saccades was significantly lower during three sound presentations which were all social in nature, namely playing children, crying baby, and babble noise. These were also classified as highly disturbing by participants. This suggests that certain sounds can have a large effect on executive control. Finally, the sound presentation with children playing affected females significantly more negatively than males, as seen in lower mean numbers of correctly launched saccades.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Wallerstedt, Cecilia, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Learning to discern and account: The trajectory of a listening skill in an institutional setting
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 42:3, s. 366-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- he purpose of this study is to investigate how children (aged 6 to 8 years) appropriate concepts relevant to making distinctions about music. In particular, the focus is on how they perceive and describe differences in time in pieces of music. The data were generated through interviews with children. The results show that there seems to be a developmental trajectory from a point where children are unable to discern differences in time in music, via a situation where they perceive such differences but account for them in an ad hoc manner, to a stage where they are able to discern and explain such differences in institutionally relevant concepts. In addition, the study documents how children - operating in the zone of proximal development - may be scaffolded in interaction with a more competent person to appropriate such institutionally relevant distinctions. It is argued that this developmental trajectory describes the development of a cultural skill where children increase their ability to structure music through bodily performance and in linguistic terms. Through this development they also become more skilled at communicating about significant features of music. Generally, in research analysing learning these processes of appropriation and scaffolding are presumed rather than made explicit.
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| 29. |
- Wingstedt, Johnny, et al.
(författare)
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Young adolescents' usage of narrative functions of media music by manipulation of musical expression
- 2008
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 36:2, s. 193-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates usage and knowledge of musical narrative functions in contemporary multimedia. A group of young adolescents were given the task of adapting musical expression, using the non-verbal research tool REMUPP, to fit different visual scenes shown on a computer screen. This was accomplished by manipulating seven musical parameters: instrumentation, tempo, harmonic complexity, rhythmic complexity, register, articulation and reverb. They also answered a questionnaire giving information about their musical training and media habits. Numerical data from the manipulation of the musical parameters were analysed to search for tendencies within the group with regard to the musical expression in relation to the different visual scenes shown. The results showed a large degree of in-group consensus regarding narrative functions of music, indicating knowledge about musical narrative codes and conventions. Also, the results were clearly influenced by factors such as the participants' musical training, gender and habits of music listening, playing computer games and watching movies - highlighting the complexity of learning and pointing to the impact of the increasing availability of narrative media on our attitudes and knowledge
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| 30. |
- Yamasaki, Teruo, et al.
(författare)
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Viewing the world through the prism of music : Effects of music on perceptions of the environment
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 43:1, s. 61-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Questionnaire and interview studies suggest that music is valued for its role in managing the listener’s impression of the environment, but systematic investigations on the topic are scarce. We present a field experiment wherein participants were asked to rate their impression of four different environments (a quiet residential area, traveling by train in the suburbs, at a busy crossroads, and in a tranquil park area) on bipolar adjective scales, while listening to music (which varied regarding level of perceived activation and valence) or in silence. Results showed that the evaluation of the environment was in general affected in the direction of the characteristics of the music, especially in conditions where the perceived characteristics of the music and environment were incongruent. For example, highly active music increased the activation ratings of environments which were perceived as inactive without music, whereas inactive music decreased the activation ratings of environments which were perceived as highly active without music. Also, highly positive music increased the positivity ratings of the environments. In sum, the findings suggest that music may function as a prism that modifies the impression of one’s surroundings. Different theoretical explanations of the results are discussed.
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