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1.
  • Abbott, Jessica, et al. (author)
  • Correlated morphological and colour differences among females of the damselfly Ischnura elegans
  • 2009
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2311 .- 0307-6946. ; 34:3, s. 378-386
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. The female-limited colour polymorphic damselfly Ischnura elegans has proven to be an interesting study organism both as an example of female sexual polymorphism, and in the context of the evolution of colour polymorphism, as a model of speciation processes. 2. Previous research suggests the existence of correlations between colour morph and other phenotypic traits, and the different female morphs in I. elegans may be pursuing alternative phenotypically integrated strategies. However, previous research on morphological differences in southern Swedish individuals of this species was only carried out on laboratory-raised offspring from a single population, leaving open the question of how widespread such differences are. 3. The present study therefore analysed multi-generational data from 12 populations, investigating morphological differences between the female morphs in the field, differences in the pattern of phenotypic integration between morphs, and quantified selection on morphological traits. 4. It was found that consistent morphological differences indeed existed between the morphs across populations, confirming that the previously observed differences were not simply a laboratory artefact. It was also found, somewhat surprisingly, that despite the existence of sexual dimorphism in body size and shape, patterns of phenotypic integration differed most between the morphs and not between the sexes. Finally, linear selection gradients showed that female morphology affected fecundity differently between the morphs. 5. We discuss the relevance of these results to the male mimicry hypothesis and to the existence of potential ecological differences between the morphs.
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2.
  • Anderbrant, Olle (author)
  • Gallery construction and oviposition of the bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) at different breeding densities
  • 1990
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 15:1, s. 1-8
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Abstract. 1. The bole of a Norway spruce, Picea abies(L.) Karst., was cut in 25 cm sections and infested in the laboratory with 2 or 8 females/dm2 of Ips typographus (L.) and an equal number of males. 2. One log of each beetle density was dissected every second day, beginning 2 days after female introduction. 3. The oviposition rate was highest at the beginning of the breeding period for both densities and then declined, especially at the high density. Residence time is a useful approximation for the number of laid eggs in the beginning of the oviposition period or when the density is low. 4. Final gallery length and egg number per gallery were on average significantly smaller at density 8 than at density 2. 5. Linear relationships between total gallery length and number of egg niches were found to be similar for the two densities. 6. An estimate of the egg to adult mortality at different densities was found by using data from a field study that related gallery length to breeding density in attacked living trees, together with published relationships between density and egg niches or emergence of new adults. 7. It was concluded that both decreased oviposition rate and earlier re‐emergence at higher densities contribute to a declining oviposition with increasing density. The final offspring production is futher reduced by lower survival due to larval competition as density increases.
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3.
  • Brattström, Oskar, et al. (author)
  • AFLP reveals cryptic population structure in migratory European red admirals (Vanessa atalanta)
  • 2010
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2311 .- 0307-6946. ; 35:2, s. 248-252
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 2. Using the software STRUCTURE 2.2, we found two distinct genotype clusters present in different frequencies at all study sites. The frequencies of these genotypic clusters varied significantly between years within the same site. Remarkably few individuals were of mixed ancestry, indicating that some isolating mechanisms are present. Twenty-seven mtDNA haplotypes were identified but they showed no geographic structure, nor were they related to either of the two genotype clusters identified in the AFLP data. 3. Most field observations of migrating red admirals suggest a regular north-south migration pattern in Europe. Our data indicate both long-distance migration and a more variable pattern in orientation, since the composition of the two genotypic clusters shows dramatic variation between sites and years in the northern part of the distribution range.
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4.
  • Kumschick, Sabrina, et al. (author)
  • Determinants of local ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species richness and activity density across Europe
  • 2009
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2311 .- 0307-6946. ; 34:6, s. 748-754
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Species richness is influenced by local habitat features and large-scale climatic gradients. Usually, both influences are studied in isolation because of the divergent spatial scales at which they occur. Here, we compared the influence of large-scale climate and local habitat type on European ants using a continent-wide, standardised sampling programme. 2. We investigated species richness and activity density from pitfall traps distributed over four habitat types at 17 locations from northern Sweden to Spain and Greece. Species richness and activity density were analysed with respect to ambient energy [equilibrium evapotranspiration (EET)] and productive energy (net primary productivity). Furthermore, we compared ant richness and activity density between the four habitat types: arable land, scrubland, grassland, and forest. 3. Species richness and activity density of ants increased with equilibrium evapotranspiration (EET), explaining 30.2% of the total variation in species richness and 24.2% of activity density. Habitat type explained an additional 19.2% of the variation in species richness and 20.2% of activity density, and was not related to productivity. Species richness and activity density were highest in scrubland and significantly lower in forest and (marginally significant) in arable land. 4. The increase in EET and the decrease in forest confirms the pronounced thermophily of ants, whereas the decrease in arable land is probably caused by soil disturbance.
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5.
  • Larsson, Magnus, et al. (author)
  • Estimating the population size of specialised solitary bees
  • 2008
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 33:2, s. 232-238
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Reliable methods for quantifying population size are crucial for strategies to conserve endangered wild-bee species. Estimates of population size obtained through survey walks were compared with estimates obtained through mark–recapture studies in 10 populations of the red-listed solitary bee Andrena hattorfiana in southern Sweden. 2. The mean number of bees observed during survey walks was strongly correlated with estimates of population size obtained with mark–recapture. It was found that 5.5–23.4% (mean 13.4%) of the total population was observed during an average survey walk. 3. One component in mark–recapture analysis is the measure of survival of individuals. In the largest bee population, females of A. hattorfiana that emerged in early season were found to forage for pollen on average 18.4 days. 4. The findings suggest that during large-scale surveys, for example re-inventories for red-listed species, the population size of solitary bees can be quantified reliably and effectively by performing survey walks in a two-step process. The first step consists of survey walks to establish the relationship between number of bee observations per survey walk and mark–recapture population size for a small set of populations. In the second, simple observation survey walks can be performed for a large set of populations. In each population of A. hattorfiana, it is recommended that at least six survey walks are performed.
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6.
  • Albrectsen, Benedicte, et al. (author)
  • Does the differential seedling mortality caused by slugs alter the foliar traits and subsequent susceptibility of hybrid willows to a generalist herbivore?
  • 2007
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 32, s. 211-220
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Abstract. 1. Many Salicaceae species naturally form hybrid swarms with parental and hybrid taxa that differ in secondary chemical profile and in resistance to herbivores. Theoretically, the differential mortality in the seedling stage can lead to changes in trait expression and alter subsequent interactions between plants and herbivores. This study examines whether herbivory by the generalist slug Arion subfuscus, which causes extensive mortality in young willow seedlings, causes shifts in (a) the foliar chemistry of F2 willow hybrids (Salix sericea and Salix eriocephala), and (b) the subsequent susceptibility to Japanese Beetles, Popillia japonica.2. In 2001, two populations of F2 seedlings were generated: those that survived slug herbivory (80–90% of seedlings placed in the field were killed by the slugs) were designated as S-plants, whereas C-plants (controls) experienced no mortality.3. Common garden experiments with cuttings from these populations, in 2001 and 2002, revealed extensive variation in the phenolic chemistry of F2 hybrids, but revealed no significant difference between S- and C-plants, although the levels of foliar nutrients, proteins and nitrogen tended to be higher in S-plants.4. Concentrations of salicortin and 2'-cinnamoylsalicortin explained 55 and 38% of the the variation in leaf damage caused by Japanese beetles, and secondary chemistry was highly correlated within replicate clones (salicortin R2 = 0.85, 2-cinnamoylsalicortin R2 = 0.77, condensed tannins R2 = 0.68).5. Interestingly, Japanese beetle damage and condensed tannins were positively correlated within the S-plants, but not in the C-plants, suggesting that slugs had selected for plants with a positive relationship between tannins and P. japonica damage. This is unlikely to be a consequence of a preference for tannins, but is suggested to be related to the elevated nutrient levels in the S-plants, perhaps in combination with the complex-binding properties of tannins.6. The damage was highly correlated within replicate clones and a model choice analysis suggested that Japanese beetle damage may be explained by four factors: concentrations of salicortin, condensed tannins, and nitrogen, as well as the specific leaf area (thick leaves were damaged less).
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7.
  • Ammunét, Tea (author)
  • Invading and resident defoliators in a changing climate: cold tolerance and predictions concerning extreme winter cold as a range-limiting factor
  • 2012
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 37, s. 212-220
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Winter temperatures in northern latitudes are predicted to increase markedly as a result of ongoing climate change, thus making the invasion of new insect defoliators possible. The establishment of new outbreak pest species may have major effects on northern ecosystems that are particularly sensitive to disturbances. 2. Effects of winter minimum temperatures under field and laboratory conditions were examined and limitations by minimum temperatures on future range expansion were investigated for invasive [Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)] and potentially invasive [Agriopis aurantiaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)] birch-feeding forest pests. The results for the studied invasive and potentially invasive moths were compared with the parameters of the resident moth species Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). 3. The results showed tolerated critical temperatures of the invader (O. brumata) and the resident (E. autumnata) were more similar (differing only by 1 degrees C), whereas the potential invader (A. aurantiaria) was much less tolerant of cold temperatures. Although describing different stages of overwintering, results were consistent between laboratory and field studies except for those at one field location, at which other abiotic conditions are suggested to have significant influence on moth egg survival. 4. Based on the present results and expected changes in winter temperatures over the next 30 years, the range expansion of an established invasive species may be predicted. No limitations were found regarding the possible future invasion of a new pest species to northern Fennoscandia. The importance of studying a species' whole overwintering period is highlighted and further studies devoted to the effects of other abiotic factors in addition to the effects of temperature are suggested.
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8.
  • Andersson, Petter, et al. (author)
  • What shapes local density? : The importance of migration rates and local growth for density-patch size relationships in two Cionus weevils
  • 2012
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 37:1, s. 90-98
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. The relative effect of migration and local growth on the spatio-temporal density-distribution of two co-existing herbivorous weevils, Cionus scrophulariae L. and C. tuberculosus Scop., in 32 host plant Scrophularia nodosa L. patches of varying sizes was investigated. 2. Predictions of the temporal development of the slope in the density-patch size relationships were derived from a basic population model with scale-dependent migration rates. The model indicated that the slopes in the density-patch size relationships during the early season should be reflected by the net scaling of immigration and emigration rates, whereas the slopes during the later season should increase as a result of local growth. 3. Emigration rates of the weevils were estimated in a field experiment, were the weevils coexisted in space and time. These results were then combined with a previous estimate of immigration rates in order to determine the net scaling of migration rates. 4. The emigration rate differed between species, caused by different movement rates in small patches, which could explain differences in the general slope of the density-patch size relationships of the weevils in the natural figwort patches throughout the summer. The slopes in the relationships in the early season were largely predicted by the net scaling of migration rates. The slope also increased in the later season for C. tuberculosus, whereas the slope decreased for C. scrophulariae. 5. It was concluded that the understanding of both inter- and intra-specific variations in density-patch size relationships of insect herbivores can be improved using population models incorporating scale-dependent migration and local growth.
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9.
  • Baba, Yuki G., et al. (author)
  • Host-dependent differences in prey acquisition between populations of a kleptoparasitic spider Argyrodes kumadai (Araneae: Theridiidae)
  • 2007
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 32:1, s. 38-44
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. A kleptoparasitic spider, Argyrodes kumadai, is known to use phylogenetically unrelated host species in different regions - Cyrtophora moluccensis (Araneidae) in south-west Japan and Agelena silvatica (Agelenidae) in north-east Japan. The work reported here examined whether differences in host characters affect prey acquisition of A. kumadai. 2. Field surveys showed that prey-biomass capture rate of Argyrodes was significantly higher in populations parasitising Cyrtophora than in populations parasitising Agelena. Although Argyrodes appeared to catch fewer prey within Cyrtophora webs, they were able to feed upon substantially larger prey. 3. Differences in prey-biomass capture rate were found to reflect differences in host traits rather than regional differences in potential prey availability. Individuals in populations parasitising Cyrtophora were observed to acquire prey via a number of foraging tactics that included stealing wrapped food bundles, feeding upon prey remains and, in the case of large prey items, feeding together with the host. In contrast, individuals in populations parasitising Agelena were only ever observed to feed upon small prey items ignored by its host. 4. This variability in prey acquisition between kleptoparasite populations reflected different opportunities for feeding within their respective host webs - opportunities that were primarily determined by the foraging behaviour of the host. One key trait associated with host foraging behaviour was host-web structure, namely the presence/absence of a retreat.
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10.
  • Bergström, Anders, et al. (author)
  • Putting more eggs in the best basket : clutch size regulation in the comma butterfly
  • 2006
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 31:3, s. 255-260
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Many studies have identified different factors influencing clutchsize regulation, primarily within various groups of insects. One prediction is that ovipositing females should increase clutch size with host quality. However, in many studies it is not clear whether ovipositing females are responding to host quality or quantity. 2. Females of the polyphagous comma butterfly, allowed to oviposit on two hosts differing greatly in quality: the preferred host, stinging nettle (Polygonia c-album (L.), wereUrtica dioica L.), and the low-ranked host, birch (Betula pubescens  Ehrh). Ovipositing females were observed visually and clutch sizes were recorded. The experiment was repeated in three different years; in total, 938 observations of oviposition events were made. 3. In all three years, females ovipositing on (median 1.6–1.85) compared with females ovipositing on 1.0–1.3) three years were pooled. 4. Thus, on better hosts. It is suggested that the proximate mechanism is likely to be a response to the same stimuli used for female ranking of host plants in the preference hierarchy. U. dioica laid larger clutchesB. pubescens (median. The difference was significant in two out of three years and when allP. c-album females exhibit clutch-size regulation, with larger clutches
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11.
  • Betzholtz, Per-Eric, et al. (author)
  • Mobility is related to species traits in noctuid moths
  • 2011
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 36, s. 369-376
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Abstract. 1. Mobility is important for the understanding of how species survive infragmented landscapes and cope with increasing rates of habitat and climate change.However, mobility is a difficult trait to explore and is poorly known in most taxa.Species traits have been studied in relation to range shifts, extinction risks, andresponses to habitat area and isolation, and have also been suggested as good estimatorsof mobility. Here we explore the relation between mobility and species traits in noctuidmoths.2. We sampled noctuid moths by an automatic light-trap on an island far out in theBaltic Sea. We compared traits of the non-resident species on the island with traits ofa species pool of assumed potential migrants from the Swedish mainland.3. Mobility was significantly related to adult activity period, length of flightperiod, and the interaction between host-plant specificity and distribution area. Widelydistributed host-plant generalists were more mobile than host-plant specialists withmore restricted distribution, and species with an adult activity period in August toSeptember moved to the island to a higher extent than species with an adult activityperiod in May to July. Our results remained qualitatively robust in additional analyses,after controlling for phylogeny and including all species recorded on the island, exceptfor the trait ‘length of flight period’.4. Our results highlight the importance of the relation between mobility and speciestraits. Noctuid moths with certain traits move over longer distances than earlier known.This finding is important to include when predicting range dynamics in fragmentedand changing landscapes, and when conservation measures of species are devised.
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12.
  • Dalin, Peter, et al. (author)
  • Host-plant quality adaptively affects the diapause threshold : evidence from leaf beetles in willow plantations
  • 2012
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 37:6, s. 490-499
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Voltinism of herbivorous insects can vary depending on environmental conditions. The leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima L. is univoltine in Sweden but will sometimes initiate a second generation in short-rotation coppice (SRC) willow plantations. 2. The study investigated whether increased voltinism by P. vulgatissima in plantations can be explained by (i) rapid life-cycle development allowing two generations, or (ii) postponed diapause induction on coppiced willows. 3. In the field, no difference was found in the phenology or development of first-generation broods between plantations (S. viminalis) and natural willow habitats (S. cinerea). However, the induction of diapause occurred 12 weeks later in SRC willow plantations. 4. Laboratory experiments indicated no genetic difference in the critical day-length for diapause induction between beetles originating from plantations and natural habitats. Development time was unaffected by host-plant quality but critical day-length was prolonged by almost an hour when the beetles were reared on a non-preferred willow species (S. phylicifolia). When reared on new leaves from re-sprouting shoots of recently coppiced willow plants, diapause incidence was significantly less than when the beetles were reared on mature leaves from uncoppiced plants. 5. The study suggests that P. vulgatissima has a plastic diapause threshold influenced by host-plant quality. The use of host-plant quality as a diapause-inducing stimulus is likely to be adaptive in cases where food resources are unpredictable, such as when new host-plant tissue is produced after a disturbance. SRC willows may allow two beetle generations due to longer growing seasons of coppiced plants that grow vigorously.
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13.
  • Flenner, Ida, 1976-, et al. (author)
  • Predator-induced spine length and exocuticle thickness in Leucorrhinia dubia (Insecta : Odonata): a simple physiological trade-off?
  • 2009
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - Oxford : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 34:6, s. 735-740
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Morphological defence structures evolve against predators but are costly to the individual, and are induced only when required. A well-studied example is the development of longer abdominal spines in dragonfly larvae in the presence of fish. Numerous attempts to discover trade-offs between spine size and behaviour, development time or body size have, however, produced little evidence. 2. We considered a physiological trade-off. Spines consist of cuticle and using material to build longer structures may result in less material remaining elsewhere. We therefore measured exocuticle thickness at nine locations on Leucorrhinia dubia larvae from habitats with and without fish. 3. Our results show a significant effect of the interaction between fish presence and spine length on head and fore leg exocuticle thickness. Relative thickness increased with relative length of lateral spine 9 in the absence of fish, whereas no such relationship existed with fish. Hence, synthesis and secretion of cuticle material occur as a trade-off when larvae react to fish presence. 4. We assume the mechanism to be a selective synthesis of material with different responses in different parts of the larval body. These findings offer a new angle to the fish/spine trade off debate.
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14.
  • Hamback, Peter A., et al. (author)
  • Patch size effects are more important than genetic diversity for plant-herbivore interactions in Brassica crops
  • 2010
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 35:3, s. 299-306
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 2. This paper examines the effect of intraspecific genetic diversity within Brassica fields on two Brassica specialists, cabbage root fly, and diamondback moth, and on a parasitoid attacking diamondback moths. Genetic diversity was manipulated both in a replacement and an additive design. 3. Both herbivore densities and parasitism rates were higher in smaller plots, with limited responses to increased within-plot diversity. All species showed variable densities across genotypes, and preference hierarchies were species specific. 4. Responses to plot size in root flies scaled with the diameter-to-area ratio, suggesting that patch detectability affected local density, whereas responses by diamondback moths and parasitoids deviated from this ratio. These species differences could be traced to differences in the residence time within patches, where diamondback moths typically spend longer and more variable time periods in patches than root flies. 5. The lack of response to genetic diversity by both herbivores suggests that egg-laying rates are affected by decisions on the plant and not by attraction from a distance, neither to the plant itself nor the patch. Patterns of differential attack may then be due to different acceptability for studied genotypes. 6. Future theories on insect responses to spatial heterogeneity should focus on species traits and how traits interact with information landscapes in the field.
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15.
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16.
  • Janz, Niklas, et al. (author)
  • No effect of larval experience on adult host preferences in Polygonia c-album (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): on the persistence of Hopkins' host selection principle
  • 2009
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - Oxford : Blackwell. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 34:1, s. 50-57
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. The possible effect of juvenile imprinting or 'chemical legacy' on the subsequent oviposition - often called the 'Hopkins' host selection principle' - has been a controversial but recurrent theme in the literature on host-plant preference. While it appears possible in principle, experimental support for the hypothesis is equivocal. The present study points out that it is also important to consider its theoretical implications, and asks under what circumstances, if any, it should be favoured by natural selection. 2. Following this reasoning, it is predicted that host preference in the polyphagous butterfly Polygonia c-album L. (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) should not be influenced by larval environment. This was tested by rearing larvae on three natural host plants: the high-ranked Urtica dioica and the medium-ranked Salix cinerea and Ribes uva-crispa, and exposing the naive females to oviposition choices involving the same set of plants. 3. It was found that larval host plant had no effect on oviposition decisions of the adult female. Hence, the Hopkins' host selection principle does not seem to be applicable in this species. 4. Based on recent insights on how accuracy of environmental versus genetic information should affect the control of developmental switches, the conditions that could favour the use of juvenile cues in oviposition decisions are discussed. Although the Hopkins' host selection hypothesis cannot be completely ruled out, we argue that the circumstances required for it to be adaptive are so specific that it should not be invoked as a general hypothesis for host selection in plant-feeding insects.  
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17.
  • Johansen, Aleksandra I., 1980-, et al. (author)
  • Adaptive change in protective coloration in adultstriated shieldbugs Graphosoma lineatum (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae) : test of detectability of two colour formsby avian predators
  • 2010
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 35:5, s. 602-610
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Protective coloration in insects may be aposematic or cryptic, and some species change defensive strategy between instars. In Sweden, the adult striated shieldbugs Graphosoma lineatum (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) undergo a seasonal colour change from pale brown and black striation in the pre-hibernating adults, to red and black striation in the same post-hibernating individuals. To the human eye the pre-hibernating adults appear cryptic against the withered late summer vegetation, whereas the red and black post-hibernating adults appear aposematic. This suggests a possibility of a functional colour change. However, what is cryptic to the human eye is not necessarily cryptic to a potential predator. 2. Therefore we tested the effect of coloration in adult G. lineatum on their detectability for avian predators. Great tits (Parus major) were trained to eat sunflower seeds hidden inside the emptied exoskeletons of pale or red G. lineatum. Then the detection time for both colour forms was measured in a dry vegetation environment. 3. The birds required a longer time to find the pale form of G. lineatum than the red one. The pale form appears more cryptic on withered late summer vegetation than the red form, not only to the human eye but also to avian predators. The result supports the idea that the adult individuals of G. lineatum undergo a functional change from a cryptic protective coloration to an aposematic one.
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18.
  • Klapwijk, Maartje (author)
  • Spatial ecology of multiple parasitoids of a patchily-distributed host: implications for species coexistence
  • 2011
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 36, s. 212-220
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. The coexistence of multiple species sharing similar but spatially fragmented resources (e.g. parasitoids sharing a host species) may depend on their relative competitive and dispersal abilities, or on fine-scale resource partitioning. Four generalist and one specialist parasitoid species associated with the holly leaf miner, Phytomyza ilicis, in a woodland network of 127 holly trees were investigated. 2. To understand coexistence and persistence of these potential competitors, patterns of occurrence in relation to patch size and isolation, vertical stratum within patches, and incidence and abundance of potential competitors were documented. Field experiments creating empty habitat patches suggested that dispersal rather than local demographic processes determines abundance and incidence. 3. Parasitoids showed species-specific responses to patch properties, with the incidence of species determined mostly by patch size. Parasitism rates were less clearly related to patch characteristics, but parasitism rates for most species were lower in patches where the numerically dominant parasitoid species, Chrysocharis gemma, was present. No evidence of vertical stratification was found in species composition or abundance within patches, making it unlikely that coexistence is enhanced by fine-scale resource division. 4. Overall, the patterns detected may be attributed to the distribution of C. gemma and differences in species’ ecology other than dispersal ability. The life history of C. gemma may allow it to pre-emptively exploit a large fraction of the available hosts, avoiding direct competition with other parasitoids. In contrast, direct competition is more likely among the pupal parasitoids Cyrtogaster vulgaris, Chrysocharis pubicornis, and Sphegigaster flavicornis which have a similar biology and phenology. For these species, coexistence may be facilitated by contrasting incidence in relation to patch size and isolation
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19.
  • Maklakov, Alexeia A., et al. (author)
  • Inter-sexual combat and resource allocation into body parts in the spider, Stegodyphus lineatus
  • 2006
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 31:6, s. 564-567
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Sexual conflict, which results from the divergence of genetic interests between males and females, is predicted to affect multiple behavioural, physiological, and morphological traits. 2. Sexual conflict over mating may interact with population density to produce predictable changes in resource allocation into inter-sexual armament. 3. In the spider Stegodyphus lineatus, males fight with females over re-mating. The outcome of the fight is influenced by the cephalothorax size of the contestants. The investment in armament - the cephalothorax, may be traded-off against investment in abdomen, which is a trait that affects survival and fecundity. Pay-offs may depend on population density. Both sexes are expected to adjust resource allocation into different body parts accordingly. 4. Males had increased cephalothorax/body size ratio in low densities where probability of finding another receptive female is low and females had increased cephalothorax/body size ratio in high densities where cumulative costs of multiple mating are high. 5. The results support the theoretical conjecture that population density affects resource allocation into inter-sexual armament and call for further research on the interaction between sexual selection and population density.
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20.
  • Maklakov, Alexei A., et al. (author)
  • Sexual selection did not contribute to the evolution of male lifespan under curtailed age at reproduction in a seed beetle
  • 2009
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 34:5, s. 638-643
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Sexual selection is a powerful evolutionary force that is hypothesised to play an important role in the evolution of lifespan. Here we test for the potential contribution of sexual selection to the rapid evolution of male lifespan in replicated laboratory populations of the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. 2. For 35 generations, newly hatched virgin male beetles from eight different populations were allowed to mate for 24 h and then discarded. Sexual selection was removed in half of these populations by enforcing random monogamy. 3. Classic theory predicts that because of sexual competition, males from sexually selected lines would have higher age-specific mortality rates and shorter lifespan than males from monogamous lines. 4. Alternatively, condition-dependent sexual selection may also favour genes that have positive pleiotropic effects on lifespan and ageing. 5. Males from all eight populations evolved shorter lifespans compared with the source population. However, there was no difference in lifespan between males from populations with or without sexual selection. Thus, sexual selection did not contribute to the evolution of male lifespan despite the fact that such evolution did occur in our study populations.
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21.
  • Ronnås, Cecilia, et al. (author)
  • Effects of colony size on larval performance in a processionary moth
  • 2010
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 35, s. 436-445
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Some lepidopteran species have larvae that live gregariously, especially in early instars. Colony-living species may benefit from improved protection from predators, thermoregulation, and feeding facilitation, for example.2. While many studies have compared solitary and gregarious life styles, few data exist as to the relationship between size of the larval colony and larval performance in gregarious species. The present study was aimed at understanding the importance of colony size for growth and survival of the northern pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pinivora) larvae.3. Field studies, comparing three different sizes of colonies of T. pinivora larvae, showed that individuals in larger colonies had a higher survival rate compared with those living in smaller colonies and also a faster growth rate.4. The higher survival rate of large colonies was attributed to improved protection from predacious arthropods.5. In early spring, the young larvae bask in the sun to increase their body temperature. In field experiments the thermal gain was higher in large colonies, and individuals in such colonies also grew faster. As growth rate was not affected by colony size when the ability to bask was experimentally removed in a laboratory experiment, the higher growth rate of the larger colonies was probably due to improved thermoregulation rather than feeding facilitation.6. The size of larval colonies of gregarious insects depends on natural mortality events as well as on female oviposition strategy. Our results show that decreasing colony size can lead to a reduction in growth rate and survival. It is therefore important to understand whether or not small colonies will benefit equally from the gregarious behaviour.
  •  
22.
  • Slove, Jessica, 1980-, et al. (author)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of the latitude-niche breadth hypothesis in the butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae
  • 2010
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 35:6, s. 768-774
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • One possible explanation for the latitudinal gradient in species richness often demonstrated is a related gradient in niche breadth, which may allow for denser species packing in the more stable environments at low latitudes. The evidence for such a gradient is, however, ambiguous, and the results have varied as much as the methods. Several studies have considered the non-independence of species, but few have performed explicit phylogenetic analyses. In the present study, we tested for a correlation between diet breadth and latitude of distribution in Nymphalinae butterflies using generalised estimating equations (GEE) and accounting for phylogenetic independence. Using a simple model with only latitude of distribution as a predictor variable revealed a significant positive relationship with diet breadth. Previous studies, however, have shown that diet breadth is also correlated with butterfly range size, and in turn, that range size may be correlated with latitude of distribution. Including geographical range size in the model also turned out to have a profound effect on the results – to the extent that the relationship between latitude of distribution and diet breadth was effectively reversed. We conclude that, at least for this group of butterflies, there is no evidence for a positive correlation between latitude of species distribution and diet breadth when controlling for range size, and that the effect may actually even be reversed.
  •  
23.
  • Sniegula, Szymon, et al. (author)
  • Photoperiod affects compensating developmental rate across latitudes in the damselfly Lestes sponsa
  • 2010
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 35:2, s. 149-157
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Although there is a great deal of theoretical and empirical data about the life history responses of time constraints in organisms, little is known about the latitude-compensating mechanism that enables northern populations' developmental rates to compensate for latitude. To investigate the importance of photoperiod on development, offspring of the obligatory univoltine damselfly Lestes sponsa from two populations at different latitudes (53°N and 63°N) were raised in a common laboratory environment at both northern and southern photoperiods that corresponded to the sites of collection. 2. Egg development time was shorter under northern photoperiod regimes for both populations. However, the northern latitude population showed a higher phenotypic plasticity response to photoperiod compared with the southern latitude population, suggesting a genetic difference in egg development time in response to photoperiod. 3. Larvae from both latitudes expressed shorter larval development time and faster growth rates under northern photoperiod regimes. There was no difference in phenotypic plastic response between northern and southern latitude populations with regard to development time. 4. Data on field collected adults showed that adult sizes decreased with an increase in latitude. This adult size difference was a genetically fixed trait, as the same size difference between populations was also found when larvae were reared in the laboratory. 5. The results suggest phenotypic plasticity responses in life history traits to photoperiod, but also genetic differences between north and south latitude populations in response to photoperiod, which indicates the presence of a latitudinal compensating mechanism that is triggered by a photoperiod.
  •  
24.
  • Solbreck, Christer, et al. (author)
  • Very long diapause and extreme resistance to population disturbance in a galling insect
  • 2012
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 37, s. 51-55
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Some insects have a prolonged diapause – a dormancy that extends over more than 1 year. In most species prolonged diapause involves one or a few extra years, but in extreme cases diapause may surpass 10 years. Few cases of very long diapause have been described, and very little is known about the population consequences of the temporal refuge formed by the diapausing individuals.  2. The gall midgeContarinia vincetoxiciKieffer galls the flowers of a long-lived herbVincetoxicum hirundinariaMed. After completing development, larvae leave the galls for the ground where they enter diapause. Extending an earlier published inoculation experiment, we show that the diapause may last up to at least 13 years, with a median duration of at least 6 years.  3. The gall midge is attacked by two parasitoid species. Dissections of gall midge larvae for presence of parasitoids revealed thatOmphale salicisHaliday had a maximum 2 year diapause andSynopeas acuminatusKieffer a maximum 4 years. The very long diapause of the gall midge may thus provide a temporal refuge from these enemies.  4. In a 15-year field experiment all galls were removed every year from six isolated habitat patches. Density changes in experimental populations were not statistically different from control populations for over a decade. After 14–15 years a modest decline could be observed. This slow response illustrates that prolonged diapause inC. vincetoxiciprovides a very strong population buffer against mortality during the galling stage.
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25.
  • Stenberg, Johan A, et al. (author)
  • Host-plant genotype mediates supply and demand of animal food in an omnivorous insect
  • 2011
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 36, s. 442-449
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Omnivorous predators can protect plants from herbivores, but may also consume plant material themselves. Omnivores and their purely herbivorous prey have previously been thought to respond similarly to host-plant quality. However, different responses of omnivores and herbivores to their shared host plants may influence the fitness, trophic identity, and population dynamics of the omnivores. 2. The aim of the present study was to show that an omnivorous heteropteran (Anthocoris nemorum L.) and two strictly herbivorous prey species respond differently to different genotypes of their shared host plant, Salix. Some plant genotypes were sub-optimal for the omnivore, although suitable for the herbivores, and vice versa. 3. The contrasting patterns of plant suitability for the omnivore and the herbivores highlight an interaction between plant genotype and omnivores' access to animal food. Plant genotypes that were sub-optimal for the omnivore when herbivores were experimentally excluded became the best host plants when herbivores were present, as in the latter situation additional prey became available. By contrast, the quality of plant genotypes that were intrinsically suitable for omnivores, did not improve when herbivores were present as these plant genotypes were intrinsically sub-optimal for herbivores, thus providing omnivores with almost no additional animal food. 4. The differential responses of omnivores and their prey to the same host-plant genotypes should allow omnivores to colonise sub-optimal host plants in their capacity as predators, and to colonise more suitable host plants in their capacity as herbivores. It may thus be difficult for Salix to escape herbivory entirely, as it will rarely be unsuitable for both omnivores and pure herbivores at the same time
  •  
26.
  • Victorsson, Jonas (author)
  • Semi-field experiments investigating facilitation : arrival order decides the interrelationship between two saproxylic beetle species
  • 2012
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 37:5, s. 395-401
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Acanthocinus aedilis (Linnaeus) and Rhagium inquisitor (Linnaeus) both colonise the cambial layer in newly dead Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. and thus are potential competitors. 2. Species interactions and in particular priority effects were investigated in an experiment with a replacement series design. Four pairs of adult beetles were released on each of 91 caged pine bolts (0.35 m long, 13 replicates). To test for priority effects, a 2-week interval was used to separate the species. 3. The interrelationship in simultaneous coexistence was positive for A. aedilis and negative for R. inquisitor (+,-). Acanthocinus aedilis produced 161% more offspring per female in coexistence than alone. Rhagium inquisitor had lower offspring quality in coexistence where its larvae weighed 39% less than in one-species bolts. 4. The interrelationship depended on arrival order. When A. aedilis had priority the interaction was again advantageous to A. aedilis (+,-) but when R. inquisitor had priority no species interaction occurred (0,0). Both species therefore fared better when having priority. 5. Facilitation in cerambycids is novel and the facilitative effect on A. aedilis could be oviposition incitement or resource enhancement by R. inquisitor.
  •  
27.
  • Åhman, Mikael, et al. (author)
  • Flight endurance in relation to adult age in the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi
  • 2009
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 34, s. 783-787
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Abstract. 1. The flight apparatus in butterflies as well as in other insects is costly to manufacture. Since most animals live in a world where resources are limited, trade-offs are expected and available resources must thus be allocated between flight and other functions such as reproduction. 2. To mitigate this trade-off, previous studies have shown that butterflies can break down flight muscles in the thorax as they age in order to use muscle nutrients for reproduction. 3. Although breakdown of flight muscles is expected to reduce flight ability, relative flight muscle ratio (thorax mass/body mass) in many butterfly species does not decrease with age.  Our aim in this study was to test the relationship between flight endurance and adult age in the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi (L.). The tests were performed in the laboratory under five different temperatures. 4. The results showed that age has a significant influence on butterfly flight endurance; older butterflies showed reduced flight endurance. Male butterflies fly for a longer time than females and flight endurance increase with temperature in both sexes.
  •  
28.
  • Abbott, Jessica (author)
  • Self-medication in insects: current evidence and future perspectives
  • 2014
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2311 .- 0307-6946. ; 39:3, s. 273-280
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Self-medication is an ability to consume or otherwise contact biologically active organic compounds specifically for the purpose of helping to clear a (parasitic) infection or reduce its symptoms. Consumption of these compounds may either take place before the infection is contracted (prophylactic consumption) or after the infection is contracted (therapeutic consumption). 2. An important insight is that self-medication is a form of adaptive plasticity, and as such, consumption of the medicinal substance when uninfected must impose a fitness cost (otherwise the substance would be universally consumed). This distinguishes self-medication from several closely related phenomena such as microbiome effects or compensatory diet choice. 3. A number of recent studies have convincingly demonstrated self-medication within several different, distantly-related, insect taxa. Here I review evidence of self-medication in the wooly bear caterpillar Grammia incorrupta Edwards, the armyworm Spodoptera Guenee, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus Kluk, and the honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus. 4. These studies show not only that self-medication is possible, but that the target of the medication behaviour may in some cases be kin rather than self. They also reveal very few general patterns. I therefore end by discussing future prospects within the field of insect self-medication.
  •  
29.
  • Bengtsson, Jan (author)
  • Biological control as an ecosystem service: partitioning contributions of nature and human inputs to yield
  • 2015
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 40, s. 45-55
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. The concept of ecosystem services (ES) has rapidly entered policy and planning agendas nationally and globally. However, its usefulness is hampered by, for example, insufficient understanding of underlying ecological processes and poorly developed and competing conceptual frameworks. 2. It is suggested that final ecosystem services, such as yield, can be partitioned into components describing contributions from ecosystems (regulating and maintenance ES as natural inputs) and human inputs. This conceptual framework is tested by examining the relative importance of farming system (conventional vs. organic, indicating human inputs, and management), landscape (field shape and landscape heterogeneity), and biological control of aphids by natural enemies (indicating a regulating ES) for barley yield on 10 fields in central Sweden. 3. Although biological control was related to increased yield, its contribution was relatively small (<20%). The farming system explained most of the magnitude and variation in yield (47% of the variation, of which 34% was unique). Landscape and biological control had the largest shared contribution to variation in yield (14%). Conventional farming management seemed to have a larger effect on yield than biological control. This could be interpreted as indicating that agricultural production should be further intensified to increase yields, but a high dependency on external inputs may cause further environmental problems, such as eutrophication, and may not be sustainable. 4. Although preliminary, the results suggest that partitioning of natural and human inputs is useful to analyse the contribution of regulating ES to final ecosystem services, and how ES are co-produced by ecosystems and humans.
  •  
30.
  • Braga, Mariana P., et al. (author)
  • Host repertoires and changing insect-plant interactions
  • 2021
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 46:6, s. 1241-1253
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. One of the main challenges faced by ecologists today is to understand and predict how species interactions will respond to the current environmental change. It is likely that these changes will have a stronger effect on phylogenetic lineages that depend on intimate and specialised ecological interactions, such as most herbivorous insects.2. In this review, we highlight the aspects that we consider are fundamental for understanding how species interactions change over time. We start by reviewing terminology and conclude that commonly used terms have undesired connotations with regard to what we know about how hosts are acquired and lost over time.3. Based on that, we suggest host repertoire as a better term to describe the use of multiple hosts than the host range or diet breadth, both of which fail to capture that host use is often non-contiguous and tend to emphasise the total number of hosts, while ignoring host identity.4. Another important issue that we highlight is the differentiation between fundamental and realised host repertoires, where the latter is the set of hosts that are actually used in nature, whereas the first includes all hosts that can potentially be used by the species. We show that the characterisation of the fundamental host repertoire is key to understanding how insect-plant interactions will respond to the ecological opportunities instigated by environmental change.
  •  
31.
  • Cuff, Jordan P., et al. (author)
  • Sources of prey availability data alter interpretation of outputs from prey choice null networks
  • 2024
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Null models provide a valuable baseline against which fundamental ecological hypotheses can be tested and foraging choices that cannot be explained by neutral processes or sampling biases can be highlighted. In this way, null models can advance our understanding beyond simplistic dietary descriptions to identify drivers of interactions. This method, however, requires estimates of resource availability, which are generally imperfect representations of highly dynamic systems. Optimising method selection is crucial for study design, but the precise effects of different resource availability data on the efficacy of null models are poorly understood.Using spider–prey networks as a model, we used prey abundance (suction sample) and activity density (sticky trap) data, and combinations of the two, to simulate null networks. We compared null diet composition, network properties (e.g., connectance and nestedness) and deviations of simulations from metabarcoding-based spider dietary data to ascertain how different prey availability data alter ecological interpretation.Different sampling methods produced different null networks and inferred distinct prey selectivity. Null models based on prey abundance and combined frequency-of-occurrence data generated null diet compositions, which more closely resembled the diet composition determined by metabarcoding. Null models based on prey abundance, activity density and proportionally combined data generated null network properties most like the networks constructed via dietary metabarcoding.We show that survey method choice impacts all aspects of null network analyses, the precise effects varying between methods but ultimately altering ecological interpretation by increasing disparity in network properties or trophic niches between null and directly constructed networks. Merging datasets can generate more complete prey availability data but is not a panacea because it introduces different biases. The choice of method should reflect the research hypotheses and study system being investigated. Ultimately, survey methods should emulate the foraging mode of the focal predator as closely as possible, informed by the known ecology, natural history and behaviour of the predator.
  •  
32.
  • Eilers, Silke, et al. (author)
  • Micro-climate determines oviposition site selection and abundance in the butterfly Pyrgus armoricanus at its northern range margin
  • 2013
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2311 .- 0307-6946. ; 38:2, s. 183-192
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Knowledge about species habitat requirements is important when designing conservation strategies as well as for predicting species distributions. For herbivorous insects, insights in oviposition preferences can provide important information on their habitat requirements. 2. The oviposition preferences of Oberthür's Grizzled Skipper butterfly Pyrgus armoricanus Oberthür at its northern range boundary in southern Sweden were studied and it was also tested to what extent oviposition preferences can predict variation in population size among monitored sites. 3. Oviposition behaviour was observed and analysed using a two-step approach. First the characteristics of host plant ramets that female butterflies inspected for oviposition (including both ramets that were rejected and ramets used for oviposition) were compared with with control ramets. Second, ramets on which female butterflies oviposited were compared with ramets that butterflies inspected but rejected. 4. The preferred plant species for oviposition was Filipendula vulgaris Moench. Filipendula vulgaris ramets inspected for oviposition by P. armoricanus females were situated in warm microclimates, primarily on south facing slopes, surrounded by lower vegetation and a higher percentage cover of bare ground compared with random control ramets. 5. Among the inspected ramets, females chose to oviposit those situated in the warmest micro-climates and those surrounded by the largest percentage cover of bare ground. 6. Together with habitat patch area, oviposition preferences explained 65% of the variation in butterfly population size. 7. These results reveal the importance of a microclimate as a component of habitat quality for insect populations at the margins of their geographical range.
  •  
33.
  • Ekholm, Adam, et al. (author)
  • The forgotten season : the impact of autumn phenology on a specialist insect herbivore community on oak
  • 2019
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 44:3, s. 425-435
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Variation in spring phenology - like tree budburst - affects the structure of insect communities, but impacts of autumn phenology have been neglected. Many plant species have recently delayed their autumn phenology, and the timing of leaf senescence may be important for herbivorous insects.2. This study explored how an insect herbivore community associated with Quercus robur is influenced by variation in autumn phenology. For this, schools were asked to record, across the range of oak in Sweden, the autumn phenology of oaks and to conduct a survey of the insect community.3. To tease apart the relative impacts of climate from that of tree phenology, regional tree phenology was first modelled as a function of regional climate, and the tree-specific deviation from this relationship was then used as the metric of relative tree-specific phenology.4. At the regional scale, a warmer climate postponed oak leaf senescence. This was also reflected in the insect herbivore community: six out of 15 taxa occurred at a higher incidence and five out of 18 taxa were more abundant, in locations with a warmerclimate. Similarly, taxonomic richness and herbivory were higher in warmer locations.5. Trees with a relatively late autumn phenology had higher abundances of leaf miners (Phyllonorycter spp.). This caused lower community diversity and evenness on trees with later autumn phenology.6. The findings of the present study illustrate that both regional climate-driven patterns and local variation in oak autumn phenology contribute to shaping the insect herbivore community. Community patterns may thus shift with a changing climate.
  •  
34.
  • Emery, Sara (author)
  • Effects of predation pressure and prey density on short-term indirect interactions between two prey species that share a common predator
  • 2020
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 45, s. 821-830
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Generalist predators are important contributors to reliable conservation biological control. Indirect interactions between prey species that share a common generalist predator can influence both community dynamics and the efficacy of biological control.2. Laboratory cage experiments investigated the impact of the combined consumptive and non-consumptive effects of predation by adult Hippodamia convergens as a shared predator on the population growth and relative abundance of Acyrthosiphon pisum and Aphis gossypii as prey species. Predation pressure and prey density were varied.3. At low predation pressure the indirect interaction between aphid species was asymmetrical with a proportionally greater negative impact of predation on A. gossypii than on A. pisum. At intermediate predation pressure, the indirect interaction became symmetrical. At high predation pressure and higher levels of prey density, it was asymmetrical with greater negative impact on A. pisum, often driven to local extinction while A. gossypii populations persisted.4. A linear mixed-effects model including early population growth of both aphid species and predation pressure explained 96% and 92% of the variation in the population growth of A. pisum and A. gossypii, respectively, over an 8-day period. The overall effect of shared predation on the indirect interaction between the two aphid species is best described as apparent commensalism, where A. pisum benefited from early population growth of A. gossypii, while A. gossypii was unaffected by early population growth of A. pisum. Considering these indirect interactions is important for conservation biological control efforts to be successful.
  •  
35.
  • Everling, Sanne, et al. (author)
  • The effect of temperature and behaviour on the interaction between two dragonfly larvae species within the native and expanded range
  • 2022
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 47:3, s. 460-474
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Studies on interaction between species are needed to observe and predict the effects of climate change on species distributions. Here we studied intra- and interspecific competition and behaviour in larvae of a native and a northward expanding dragonfly species, Sympetrum vulgatum and Sympetrum fonscolombii, respectively. We estimated growth, mortality, and behaviour (prey capture success, activity, and boldness) at 20 degrees C and 23 degrees C. The northward expanding S. fonscolombii had a higher growth rate and a higher survival compared with the native S. vulgatum in interspecific competition. In intraspecific conditions, there was no significant difference between species in mortality and growth. Temperature had no significant effect on growth and survival of S. fonscolombii, but S. vulgatum showed both a higher growth rate and a higher mortality at 23 degrees C under intraspecific conditions. There was a correlation between growth and mortality, suggesting that cannibalism and intraguild predation caused the growth differences between treatments in the competition experiments. Temperature had no significant effect on any of the behaviours. There were very few significant correlations between any of the behaviours and the life-history traits survival and growth and there were also very few significant correlations between any of the behaviours. Repeatability of behaviours over ontogeny was low. The results of the present study suggest that the range expanding S. fonscolombii has the potential to outcompete the native species, but that this competition advantage does not seem to be driven by the temperature effects explored in this study.
  •  
36.
  • Friberg, Magne, et al. (author)
  • Host preference variation cannot explain microhabitat differentiation among sympatric Pieris napi and Pieris rapae butterflies
  • 2019
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 44:4, s. 571-576
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Often, closely related insect species feed on different host plant species, and the tremendous diversity of phytophagous insects is therefore attributed to host plant-driven speciation. However, for most taxa, host use information comes from field observations of egg-laying females or feeding caterpillars, which means that the underlying reason for a particular host-affiliation is not easily determined. 2. Therefore, it is often unclear whether an insect feeds on a certain host because it prefers that plant to alternative hosts, or because the host distribution overlaps with the habitat requirements of the insect. 3. We ask to what extent a divergent host use in the field mirrors the host plant preferences of two closely related butterflies, Pieris napi and Pieris rapae (Pieridae). In nature, P. napi typically occurs in moister habitats than P. rapae. 4. We scanned several microhabitats at a field site in Southern Sweden during multiple years, and collected Pieris eggs from three different plants, Cardamine pratensis (wet meadows), Barbarea vulgaris (drier micro-habitats) and Alliaria petiolata (intermediate areas). 5. As predicted, P. rapae eggs were more common than P. napi eggs on B. vulgaris, whereas all of the 358 individuals collected from C. pratensis were P. napi, indicating a divergence in host use between the Pieris species. However, under controlled laboratory conditions, both species had virtually identical oviposition preferences, laying eggs on all three plants, notably P. rapae also laying eggs on C. pratensis, indicating that habitat use, not plant preference, drives host plant use in nature.
  •  
37.
  • Gaytán, Álvaro, et al. (author)
  • Strong impact of temperature and resource specialisation on patterns of voltinism within an oak‐associated insect community
  • 2022
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 47:4, s. 544-552
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Insect phenology consists of the timing of life events, as well as the number of generations (voltinism). While several studies have focused on the impact of climate on the timing of seasonal events, or the voltinism of single species, we have few insights into the factors that shape patterns of voltinism within ecological communities. Importantly, voltinism can have a major impact on population growth, species interactions, and rate of evolution.2. We investigated the relative importance of spatial variation in temperature and species traits in shaping patterns of voltinism within an herbivore community feeding on deciduous oaks across a temperature gradient in Europe.3. Voltinism increased with temperature, where the probability for a species to be univoltine decreased with temperature, whereas the probability for a species to be strictly multivoltine increased with temperature. The relative abundance of the first and subsequent generations of multivoltine species did not significantly change along the temperature gradient. Resource specialisation affected voltinism, where oligophagous and polyphagous species were more likely to be strictly multivoltine than narrow oligophagous species. Overwintering stage and body size did not affect voltinism, and there was no evidence that species traits influenced the relationship between temperature and voltinism.4. Our findings highlight that temperature and species traits shape variation in voltinism within an herbivore community associated with oak trees. These temperature-induced shifts in voltinism within the oak-associated herbivore community may have profound effects on the synchrony within and between trophic levels, and consequently for food web structure and outbreak dynamics.
  •  
38.
  • Golab, Maria J., et al. (author)
  • Let's mate here and now - seasonal constraints increase mating efficiency
  • 2019
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : WILEY. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 44:5, s. 623-629
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Latitudinal climatic conditions shape the length of the mating season and could thus influence reproductive traits. Knowledge of how animals behave along latitudinal clines will increase understanding of the impact of climate on sexual selection and might help in the prediction of whether peripheral populations will spread or shrink in response to changes in climate. 2. This study investigated variation in the mating efficiency of a temperate insect, the emerald damselfly Lestes sponsa, under semi-natural field conditions along a latitudinal gradient covering three regions of the species' distribution: south, central and north. 3. A comparison was done of the proportion of copulating males, the proportion of males that formed tandems but did not copulate (unsuccessful males), and the proportion of males that did not attempt to form a tandem (passive males) in these three regions. 4. It was found that the proportion of copulations was significantly higher at northern latitudes than in the southern and central regions. Southern latitudes had a higher proportion of successful copulations compared with central latitudes. The northern region had a significantly lower frequency of passive males. The southern region had an intermediate proportion of passive males, and the central region had the highest proportion. The proportion of unsuccessful males did not differ between regions. The population density across sites did not affect these results. 5. The study shows that damselflies inhabiting northern populations mate more intensively than individuals from southern and central populations. This suggests that more restrictive environmental conditions during a brief mating season select for higher mating efficiency.
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39.
  •  
40.
  • Höglund, Solveig (author)
  • Timing of growth determines fitness and performance of a galling insect on willow
  • 2014
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 39, s. 159-167
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Characteristics that determine a plant's quality as herbivore food exhibit within-plant heterogeneity. Most models suggest negative effects from secondary chemicals. Less work has focused on plant growth dynamics that might also be important in creating heterogeneity in the distribution of food resources among leaves within the plant. Gall-forming insects are sessile during their feeding stage and are therefore of particular interest when assessing the relative importance of growth and non-growth processes in plants. Galls act as sinks for photoassimilates, and successful redirection of these resources requires that gall formation takes place in plant modules that are in an active growth phase. The gall midge Dasineura marginemtorquens infests leaves of the fast-growing Salix viminalis. Several young leaves per shoot are used as oviposition sites during any single egg-laying occasion. This study investigates the extent to which growth in leaves that are apparently suitable for gall initiation varies along shoots of S. viminalis, and tests whether or not such variation affects the fitness and performance of D. marginemtorquens. The relative position of the galled leaves along a shoot was found to determine the success of the gall midge in terms of larval survival, larval developmental time, and adult size. Leaf growth dynamics, but not leaf size, was associated with the variation in insect fitness and performance. Thus, when considering habitat quality for a sessile insect like D. marginemtorquens, the length of time that the galling site acts as a photoassimilate sink is more important than the final size of the plant module.
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41.
  • Jander, K. Charlotte (author)
  • Indirect mutualism : ants protect fig seeds and pollen dispersers from parasites
  • 2015
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 40:5, s. 500-510
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Mutualisms are ubiquitous and ecologically important, but may be particularly vulnerable to exploitation by species outside of the mutualism owing to a combination of an attractive reward and potentially limited defence options. For some mutualisms, ants can offer dynamic and relatively selective protection against herbivores and parasites. 2. The mutualism between fig trees and their pollinating wasps, a keystone mutualism in tropical forests, is particularly well suited for ant protection because pollinators are protected inside hollow inflorescences but parasites are exposed on the outside. 3. In the present study, it was shown that the presence of ants provides a fitness benefit for both the pollinators and the hosting fig tree. The presence of ants (i) reduced abortions of developing figs, (ii) reduced herbivory of figs, and (iii) reduced parasitic wasp loads, resulting in more pollinators and more seeds in ant-protected figs. Even when taking costs such as ant predation on emerging pollinators into account, the total fitness increase of hosting ants was threefold for the tree and fivefold for the pollinators. 4. It was further shown that the seemingly most vulnerable parasitic wasps, of the genus Idarnes, have a specific behaviour that allows them to evade ant attack while continuing to oviposit. 5. Ants were present on 79% of surveyed Panamanian fig trees. Together with previous studies from the Old World, the results found here imply that ants are both powerful and common protectors of the fig mutualism worldwide.
  •  
42.
  • Kollberg, Ida, et al. (author)
  • Multiple effects of temperature, photoperiod and food quality on the performance of a pine sawfly
  • 2013
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 38, s. 201-208
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Many entomologists strive to understand what consequences climate change will have on insect performance. Such understanding is important, not least, when trying to predict the future impact of pest insects. In this study, it was reported how the multiple effects of temperature, photoperiod, and food quality affected the survival, development, and the final weight of the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr.), an herbivorous outbreak species in boreal pine (Pinus spp.) forests. Sawfly larvae were reared in two different temperatures (15 and 20 degrees C) and under two different light regimes (20 and 18 h light). The larvae were fed pine needles either low or high in diterpene content. A 5 degrees C higher temperature did not affect the survival of the larvae, but reduced the development time by 3741%. The final weight was reduced by 22% in the warmer temperature, but only in combination with a short day length. A high content of diterpenes in the needles reduced the susceptibility to the virus by 31%, but did not otherwise affect the performance of the larvae. This study shows that the larval development could be shortened in a warmer climate and thereby decreasing the risk of predation. This per se may increase the risk for insect outbreaks, but the interactive effects of warmer temperatures with other abiotic and biotic factors such as day length and food quality (indicated in this study), and potential better performance of natural enemies and pathogens, illustrate the possibility for complex outcomes in a climate change perspective.
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43.
  • Larsson, Stig (author)
  • Aggregative oviposition varies with density in processionary moths-Implications for insect outbreak propensity
  • 2023
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 48, s. 102-111
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In gregarious insects, groups commonly originate from females laying eggs in masses and feeding groups are established as soon as larvae hatch. Some group-living insect species may aggregate beyond the individual parent level, such that offspring from two or more egg masses develop within a common resource. Here we show that aggregative oviposition can vary with population density at oviposition and possibly be an important factor in outbreak dynamics of phytophagous insects. We analysed density data with respect to egg mass aggregation for two species of pine processionary moths, Thaumetopoea pinivora (in Sweden 2005-2019) and T. pityocampa (in Spain 1973-1991). Both species lay their eggs in egg masses and feed in groups. During the study periods, insect population density for both species varied by at least an order of magnitude. The two species showed strikingly similar patterns of egg mass aggregation. Egg masses were overdispersed at high population density, with few trees showing a high load of egg masses. Our data suggest that aggregative oviposition can be important in explaining the previously documented higher propensity for outbreaks in insects laying eggs in clusters, compared with those laying individual eggs.
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44.
  • Larsson, Stig (author)
  • Solar radiation directly affects larval performance of a forest insect
  • 2013
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 38, s. 553-559
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Solar radiation can affect the performance of insect herbivores directly by increasing body temperature, or indirectly through alteration of either host plant quality or natural enemy activity. To test for the direct effect of solar radiation on larval performance, young Pinus sylvestris trees growing on the island of Gotland (Sweden) were assigned to one of four shading treatments for the whole duration of the first larval instar of the northern pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pinivora. There was a strong, linear relationship between shading and the temperature of the first-instar colonies of T. pinivora, resulting in higher growth of the larvae exposed to full sunlight, but there were no effects on developmental rate or larval mortality. Putative negative effects of UV radiation on the larvae are not consistent with higher growth in full sunlight, but it is possible that UV effects might have modulated the response.Thaumetopoea pinivora has a strong preference for light and open pine stands, i.e. habitats with frequent intense incoming solar radiation. The data in the present study suggest that the opportunity for young larvae to bask in the sun during cold spring weather is an important determinant of the spatial distribution of T. pinivora.
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45.
  • Lindman, Ly, et al. (author)
  • Microclimate in hollow trees and how it affects an inhabiting beetle species, Osmoderma eremita
  • 2023
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 48, s. 112-126
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Studies of species' responses to microclimatic conditions have increased our understanding of their habitat requirements and possible responses to climate warming. However, little is known about the role of microclimate for insects inhabiting hollow trees. We explored the relationship between tree characteristics and microclimate, and analysed how the microclimate in tree-hollows affects the occurrence and body size of an endangered beetle species, Osmoderma eremita. We placed temperature data-loggers in wood mould (= loose material in tree-hollows) and surveyed O. eremita in 47 hollows in oak pastures in south-eastern Sweden. We found that tree characteristics previously known to be associated with occurrence of beetle species confined to tree-hollows (larger diameters, more wood mould, entrances higher up, and not directed upwards) tend to decrease moisture and moisture variation, while their effects on temperature and temperature fluctuations differ during different seasons. This indicates that microclimatic conditions are important for beetles in hollow trees, and many specialised species seem to avoid conditions that are too moist. O. eremita occurred more frequently in trees with a warmer and more stable microclimate, while adult body size decreased with a warmer microclimate. A positive effect of a warmer microclimate was expected, since the study was done near the northern margin of the species' range. O. eremita is confined to living in hollow trees, which may be due to the microclimate there being more stable in comparison to both the ambient climate and the microclimate in standing and downed dead wood.
  •  
46.
  • Mair, Louise (author)
  • Quantifying the activity levels and behavioural responses of butterfly species to habitat boundaries
  • 2015
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 40, s. 823-828
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. The ability of species' to undergo climate-driven range shifts across fragmented landscapes depends on their dispersal ability as well as the structure of the landscape. For species' range shifts to occur, individuals must first leave suitable habitat to seek new habitat; this is likely to depend on the rate of movement of individuals within habitat and the likelihood that a boundary is crossed, once it is encountered. For three species of butterfly with contrasting histories of recent range expansion, we examined the propensity of individuals to move within a habitat and their responses to habitat boundaries. 2. We quantified the extent to which Plebejus argus (Linnaeus) (a declining habitat specialist), Aricia agestis (Schiffermuller) (an expanding generalist) and Polymmatus icarus (Rottemburg) (a geographically ubiquitous generalist) crossed habitat boundaries into unsuitable habitat and moved within suitable habitat. The observed movement was then related to individual and environmental conditions. 3. Species differed in their activity levels in accordance within their recent distribution patterns (P. icarus > A. agestis > P. argus). Our results for P. argus suggest that movement may be motivated by nectar-seeking, and that males generally move more than females. All three species tended to avoid crossing habitat boundaries; however the proportion of individuals crossing habitat boundaries did not differ significantly among species. 4. We conclude that levels of activity within a habitat, which will affect the frequency with which individuals encounter habitat boundaries, rather than behavioural responses to the boundaries, may be important drivers of distribution change.
  •  
47.
  • Metcalfe, Daniel B., et al. (author)
  • Ecological stoichiometry and nutrient partitioning in two insect herbivores responsible for large-scale forest disturbance in the Fennoscandian subarctic
  • 2019
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 44:1, s. 118-128
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Outbreaks of herbivorous insects can have large impacts on regional soil carbon (C) storage and nutrient cycling. In northernmost Europe, population outbreaks of several geometrid moth species regularly cause large-scale defoliation in subarctic birch forests. An improved understanding is required of how leaf C and nutrients are processed after ingestion by herbivores and what this means for the quantity and quality of different materials produced (frass, bodies). 2. In this study, larvae of two geometrid species responsible for major outbreaks (Epirrita autumnata and Operophtera brumata) were raised on exclusive diets of Betula pubescens var. czerepanovii (N. I. Orlova) Hämet Ahti and two other abundant understorey species (Betula nana, Vaccinium myrtillus). The quantities of C, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) ingested and allocated to frass, bodies and (in the case of C) respired were recorded. 3. Overall, 23%, 70% and 48% of ingested C, N and P were allocated to bodies, respectively, rather than frass and (in the case of C) respiration. Operophtera brumata consistently maintained more constant body stoichiometric ratios of C, N and P than did E. autumnata, across the wide variation in physico-chemical properties of plant diet supplied. 4. These observed differences and similarities on C and nutrient processing may improve researchers' ability to predict the amount and stoichiometry of frass and bodies generated after geometrid outbreaks.
  •  
48.
  • Murray, Rosalind L., et al. (author)
  • Exposure to potentially cannibalistic conspecifics induces an increased immune response
  • 2020
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Royal Entomological Society. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 45:2, s. 355-363
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Within-population infectious disease dynamics depend on multiple factors, including the ability of hosts to mount an effective immune response. These immune responses can be highly plastic, responding to pathogen risk, as well as the ecological context in which pathogens are encountered.2. High conspecific density can stimulate immune activity, and recent research suggests that predators can cause indirect protective effects in their prey through the induction of increased immune responses. Comparatively little work, however, has investigated whether exposure to potentially cannibalistic conspecifics, representing both increased density and predatory pressures, will have similar effects on immune expression.3. Using dragonfly larvae, the present study investigated whether exposure to potentially cannibalistic conspecifics altered the melanisation of simulated parasites.4. Increased levels of melanisation were found in larvae regardless of whether that conspecific had recently engaged in cannibalism or not. Melanisation also increased as conspecific density increased, even if the conspecifics present were small, and therefore unlikely to pose a cannibalism threat.5. The findings obtained in the present study indicate that conspecific presence is sufficient to affect immune responses in these insects even though they are relatively solitary compared with the phase-polyphenic taxa typically associated with density-dependent prophylaxis. Because melanisation is also important for wound healing, we suggest that the increased melanin response observed with increased conspecific density might act to induce heightened immunity when faced with potentially increased risk of infection, and also facilitate wound healing under threat of predation/cannibalism.
  •  
49.
  • Norman, Hannah, et al. (author)
  • Novel grid-based population estimates correlate with actual population sizes of the marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia), while transect and larvae counts are less reliable
  • 2024
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 49:2, s. 180-190
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Established butterfly survey methods that are useful for monitoring species that are widely distributed and numerous may be less accurate for more rare species. We therefore need new monitoring approaches.2. We describe a plot-based survey method, where butterflies or larvae nests are counted within 1-ha grid cells. The aim was to compare this grid method with more traditional transect counts and evaluate both methods in relation to high-quality capture-mark-release (CMR) population estimates (reflecting the 'true' population). We do this using data from a large population of the marsh fritillary butterfly in Sweden. Moreover, we followed the overall population trend from 2017 to 2021 for both adult butterflies and larvae.3. Results showed a higher detection probability using the grid method compared with transect counts, which for adult butterflies seem to be explained by time effort. Moreover, grid surveys of adult butterflies showed a clear significant relationship with the estimated 'true' population size from CMR, while transect counts did not. For larvae, both methods showed significant relationships with the estimated adult population size, but the grid method found 5.7 times more larvae. The overall popu-lation fluctuated significantly across years. In years with low densities, the transect method largely failed to detect the species.4. The grid method seems more reliable for detecting the marsh fritillary and for estimating its population size, and thus, tracking the population trend. We propose this novel method to be integrated into surveys and monitoring of biodiversity, especially when focusing on rare habitat specialists that are normally underrepre-sented in monitoring based on volunteer counts.
  •  
50.
  • Nylin, Sören, et al. (author)
  • Vestiges of an ancestral host plant: preference and performance in the butterfly Polygonia faunus and its sister species P. c-album
  • 2015
  • In: Ecological Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6946 .- 1365-2311. ; 40:3, s. 307-315
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. In the study of the evolution of insect-host plant interactions, important information is provided by host ranking correspondences among female preference, offspring preference, and offspring performance. Here, we contrast such patterns in two polyphagous sister species in the butterfly family Nymphalidae, the Nearctic Polygonia faunus, and the Palearctic P. c-album. 2. These two species have similar host ranges, but according to the literature P. faunus does not use the ancestral host plant clade-the urticalean rosids'. Comparisons of the species can thus test the effects of a change in insect-plant associations over a long time scale. Cage experiments confirmed that P. faunus females avoid laying eggs on Urtica dioica (the preferred host of P. c-album), instead preferring Salix, Betula, and Ribes.3. However, newly hatched larvae of both species readily accept and grow well on U. dioica, supporting the general theory that evolutionary changes in host range are initiated through shifts in female host preferences, whereas larvae are more conservative and also can retain the capacity to perform well on ancestral hosts over long time spans.4. Similar rankings of host plants among female preference, offspring preference, and offspring performance were observed in P. c-album but not in P. faunus. This is probably a result of vestiges of larval adaptations to the lost ancestral host taxon in the latter species. 5. Female and larval preferences seem to be largely free to evolve independently, and consequently larval preferences warrant more attention.
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