| 1. |
- Rova, Carl, et al.
(författare)
-
When regulation fails : vendace fishery in the Gulf of Bothnia
- 2001
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 25:5, s. 323-333
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fishing of vendace (Coregonus albula), in the Gulf of Bothnia, is a good illustration of the presumption that institutional arrangements that are too inflexible to cope with changing ecological conditions, are unlikely to prosper. Although the vendace fishing is regulated by the State, catches have decreased dramatically, and there is a considerable fear that the resource is about to be depleted. This article discusses how the present institutional arrangement affects collective action and why political solutions seem to have failed. The vendace case illustrates that even a rather limited resource concentrated in a limited area is unlikely to be sustainably managed by top-down regulation performed by the State. It is concluded that changes in management practices that are obvious from the perspective of ecosystem management might turn out to be unfeasible, given the multi-stakeholder character of the, gi management system. From this article it can also be concluded that resilience theory and experiences from long-enduring CPRs correspond very well with each other. Finally, it is discussed whether it is meaningful to talk about institutional, or managerial, resilience uncoupled from the ecosystem it is supposed to be managed. If an ecosystem, like the vendace, that is subject to human activity loses its resilience this would automatically indicate the socio-economic system, as manifested in management practices, has already lost its ability to adapt. Thus, social and ecological resilience are communicating vessels but not perhaps as the concept might be understood according to a popular call for increased institutional resilience in natural resource management.
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| 2. |
- Ahmed, N, et al.
(författare)
-
Prawn postlarvae fishing in coastal Bangladesh : Challenges for sustainable livelihoods
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 34:2, s. 218-227
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fishing for prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) postlarvae is a major contributor to the livelihoods of the coastal poor in Bangladesh, including women. A study of coastal livelihoods along the lower Pasur River in southwest Bangladesh indicates that on average 40% of total annual income comes from postlarvae fishing during the few months involved. However, indiscriminate fishing of wild postlarvae, with high levels of by-catch, has an impact on biodiversity in coastal ecosystems. This has provoked imposition of restrictions on postlarvae collection. The ban has, however, not been firmly enforced because of the lack of alternative livelihoods for coastal poor. A conceptual framework, drawn from an approach to poverty reduction known as the sustainable livelihoods approach, is applied to understanding the role of prawn postlarvae fishing. Evidence from this study suggests that postlarvae fishers faced a number of livelihood constraints, including poor livelihood assets. This paper concludes that wider livelihood options need to be found for postlarvae fishers to support their livelihoods.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Akpalu, W., et al.
(författare)
-
The economic, social and ecological performance of the industrial trawl fishery in Ghana: Application of the FPIs
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 125
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To ensure that benefits from capture fisheries accrue to the nationals, fisheries regulations and acts prioritise local access and harvest rights in near and distant waters within a nation's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The lack of local capital to finance industrial fishing, such as trawling, has compelled developing coastal countries’ fishermen to access foreign investment through contractual agreement such as hire-purchases. In Ghana, this provision in the Fisheries Act (Act 625), has inadvertently, granted foreign owners de facto ‘recurring’ ownership and control rights over the trawl fisheries, with the nationals holding fishing licences retaining only de jure rights. The insecurity of the de facto rights may lead to overfishing and stock depletion. Using data collected with Fisheries Performance Indicators (FPIs) toolkit, the ecological, economic, and community outcomes of the industrial trawl fishery in Ghana are analysed and compared with the continent's average performances. Except for community (social) outcomes, which were high and marginally exceeded Africa's average; the overall ecological sustainability and the associated economic outcomes are performing at suboptimal levels. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
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| 5. |
- Alati, Victor Mwakha, et al.
(författare)
-
Gender analysis in fisheries : The case of the shelled mollusc fisheries in Kenya
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 158
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysing gender in small-scale fisheries (SSF) is vital for understanding the contributions of women and men and detecting potential inequalities. In this study, the shelled mollusc fishery was examined through the gender lens using quantitative and qualitative data collected from 132 shelled mollusc fishers accross five sites in coastal Kenya. In Kenya, both women and men participate in shelled mollusc fisheries. The study incorporated in its analyses the main components that intersect with gender to investigate whether similarities and differences exist in SSF in coastal Kenya in terms of access to shelled mollusc fisheries resources and the distribution of monetary benefits from the fishery. Most women respondents (73%, n = 91) relied on shelled mollusc fishing as their primary occupation compared to men (17%, n = 41) whose primary occupation was finfish fishing (69%, n = 41). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between women and men fishers in terms of income per individual fisher, time spent fishing, the number of species caught per individual fisher, as well as the monetary value of shells caught. There are several similarities between women and men in this fishery, but with a very important distinction that women more often consider this fishery their primary occupation. Thus, women constitute a large and important part of this fishery in Kenya. To advance coastal and fisheries management, it is essential that women, as well as gender aspects, are included in policy and decision-making processes related to SSF.
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| 6. |
- Almeida, Cheila, et al.
(författare)
-
The seafood market in Portugal : Driving forces and consequences
- 2015
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 61, s. 87-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Portugal has the third highest seafood consumption per capita in the world and current patterns of seafood consumption are linked to how seafood products were embodied in the Portuguese society. The objective of this research is to understand Portuguese seafood consumption's main drivers and its consequences. For that official statistics were analyzed and a literature review on seafood consumption was undertaken. Portuguese seafood consumption is characterized by a wide diversity of species and preparing modes, when compared to other countries in Europe. Cod (salted and dried), does not exist in Portuguese waters but due to several factors, such as politics, religion and tradition, became the main species in Portuguese seafood consumption, representing around 38% of the national seafood demand. Five drivers are suggested to explain why Portuguese eat so much seafood: geography, marine resources, fisheries, social forces and politics; and consequences for the environment, economy and health are discussed. Hence while most dietary recommendations advise an increase in fish consumption is not applicable to Portugal and a more sustainable seafood consumption for the future is advocated.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Does fishery activity affect local tourism? Evidence from Denmark
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 161
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fishery and tourism coexist in many harbors. Active fishing vessels may attract tourists, which may also provide income to hotels and restaurants. This paper analyzes whether fisheries affect tourism by investigating the effect of the presence of active vessels on overnight stays in coastal areas of Denmark. The analysis is based on monthly panel data from 2016 to 2021 divided into postal code areas. Estimating a double logarithmic model accounting for fixed effects, it is found that when the number of fishing vessels belonging to a harbor in a postal code area increases by 1%, overnight stays in the same area increase by 0.11%, and when the number of fishing vessels landing in an area increases by 1%, overnight stays increase by 0.08%. Our results suggest that tourism is significantly positively affected by having active fishing vessels landing in local harbors. This implies that by considering the interactive effects of fisheries and tourism when designing fisheries policy, society might attain economic gains, potentially resulting in a larger fleet than what would be optimal solely from a fisheries perspective.
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| 8. |
- Ardron, Jeff A., et al.
(författare)
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The sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity in ABNJ: What can be achieved using existing international agreements?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9460 .- 0308-597X. ; 49, s. 98-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While the international community debates the desirability and possible content of a new global instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, alternative approaches to improving the application and implementation of existing agreements for the protection of biodiversity appear to have fallen off the agenda. Recent practice under existing global and regional agreements suggests that, given political will, significantly greater protections could be achieved through the more effective implementation of individual sectoral agreements. However, while single-sector measures have the potential to make a valuable contribution, ultimately only multi-sectoral, integrated, cooperative management can ensure the conservation and long-term sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ. This requires establishing mechanisms for cooperation both intra and inter-sectorally, as well as between the sectoral and global and regional conservation agreements. This paper examines recent initiatives within various sectoral and conservation treaty regimes aimed at improving their application within ABNJ as well as some of the challenges to, and options for, further and better cooperation and coordination among and between existing regimes, and it identifies a range of possible mechanisms for achieving more effective implementation and coordination among them. Greater use of existing mechanisms represents a sensible approach to making the most of existing arrangements without in any way foreclosing the possibility of the adoption of a more comprehensive, integrated global agreement for the protection of marine biodiversity in ABNJ. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Arguello, Gabriela, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Regulation of ships at anchor: Safety and environmental implications
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 140
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ships waiting at anchor are associated with considerable environmental pressures and impacts. Growing and congested anchoring areas are receiving increasing scholarly attention to understand the environmental effects caused by large sea-going ships anchoring in coastal waters. While there is a lack of studies addressing the entire spectrum of environmental pressures and impacts from ships at anchor, ranging from scouring of the seafloor, operational emissions and discharges and waste from maintenance carried out while at anchor, it is well established that anchoring is associated with such pressures. This article takes a problem-oriented approach since there are potential cumulative environmental impacts of ships waiting at anchor. From both a public and private law perspective, we examine the legal structures and challenges associated with the regulation of ships waiting at anchor. We also analyze the public and private law factors that may limit the ability to prevent harmful anchoring practices. Our examination shows that while coastal states have significant jurisdictional powers to regulate anchoring in coastal waters, the current international regulatory framework addresses anchoring incidentally and lacks mechanisms for considering the cumulative impacts of anchoring. Furthermore, the incentives for ships to spend a considerable amount of time at anchor appear to differ substantially across different types of charterparties. Improved regulation requires better scientific knowledge, substantial mapping of legal structures, and a stakeholder survey providing a basis for the exploration of potential contractual practices that may reduce market incentives for anchoring.
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| 10. |
- Arias Schreiber, Milena, 1965, et al.
(författare)
-
Blue Justice and the co-production of hermeneutical resources for small-scale fisheries
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 137
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blue Justice emerges as a counternarrative to the promise and commitment to Blue Economy and Blue Growth by shifting imperatives for growth and innovation to the central role played by small-scale fisheries and social justice in sustainable ocean development. To instrument Blue Justice, it is important to understand injustices experienced by small-scale fisheries people which can range from accusations of disregard for the environment to equating their fishing practices as illegal, or even the sudden usurpation of their customary fishing grounds and means of livelihoods. Drawing on Fricker's concept of epistemic injustice, we examine how discrimination and lack of interpretative concepts to communicate unjust experiences wrongs small-scale fisheries people in their capacity as knowledge holders and subjects them to testimonial and hermeneutical injustice. We examine 20 testimonies of injustices experienced by small-scale fisheries people collected by the Global Research Network “Too Big To Ignore” (TBTI) and suggest a glossary of new concepts that can be used to interpret these experiences. Our results exemplify the presence of epistemic injustice, emphasizing the need to associate injustices in small-scale fisheries with non-conventional terms or concepts. We discuss the contribution of transdisciplinary research for providing such concepts and the potential role of social scientists and action researchers to enhance collective hermeneutical resources and thereby advance the goal of Blue Justice for small-scale fisheries. © 2022 The Authors
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| 11. |
- Arnason, Ragnar, et al.
(författare)
-
Strong user rights in fisheries: An editorial note
- 2024
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Ingår i: MARINE POLICY. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 161
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is an editorial note for the special issue: Strong User Rights in Fisheries (SURFs). SURFs are rights that constitute a subset of the wider category of rights in fisheries. Being held by the existing operators in the fishery, SURFs may be more acceptable than other fisheries rights. The special issue contains eight (8) papers addressing various issues concerning SURFs such as the theoretical and analytical properties of SURFs, empirical verification of SURF theory, case studies of the impacts of SURFs and challenges to achieve agreements in international fisheries required for the establishment of SURFs.
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| 12. |
- Arora Jonsson, Seema
(författare)
-
Raising the voices of Pacific Island women to inform climate adaptation policies
- 2018
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 93, s. 178-185
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policymakers and natural resource managers are increasingly recognizing the importance of broader geographic and gender participation in assessing climate vulnerability and developing effective adaptation policies. When such participation is limited, climate mitigation and adaptation polices may miss key opportunities to support vulnerable communities, and thus inadvertently reinforce the vulnerability of marginalized groups. This paper reports rich qualitative data from women leaders in conservation, development and climate adaptation projects to support local communities across seven Pacific Island nations. The results indicate the following priorities to support climate adaptation policies in the Pacific: (1) increased recognition for the importance of traditional knowledge; (2) greater support for local women's groups, including strategic planning and training to access climate finance mechanisms; and (3) climate policies that consider alternative metrics for women's empowerment and inclusion, formalize women's land rights, and provide land for climate refugees. Existing evidence is discussed which supports the importance of these priorities in the Pacific. Their input identifies research gaps in climate adaptation and provides important guidance for governments, non-governmental organizations, and development agencies leading climate adaptation efforts.
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| 13. |
- Asche, F., et al.
(författare)
-
Fisheries performance in Africa: An analysis based on data from 14 countries
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 125
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Fishery Performance Indicators is a data collection tool that allows collection of comparable fisheries data in the environmental, economic and community pillars even under data poor circumstances. In this paper, data collected for 35 fisheries in 14 African countries are analyzed and compared to global averages. Similar to a previous global analysis, the different pillars of sustainability were positively correlated. The results are even more pronounced for Africa than globally. The only exception is the relationship between environment and community pillars in Africa, which is statistically insignificant, and this is also the case for open access fisheries globally. The average scores in Africa are lower than global average scores in all dimensions, which is not unexpected given the high number of open access fisheries. However, factors that are not fisheries specific may be more important for this result, suggesting that a country's governance, economic conditions, and development status are important for fisheries performance. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Bachmann-Vargas, Pamela, et al.
(författare)
-
Re-framing salmon aquaculture in the aftermath of the ISAV crisis in Chile
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 124
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Globally, aquaculture is expanding rapidly, with salmon becoming one of the most dynamic and fast-growing production systems in the world. Despite its commercial success, Chilean salmon production has navigated through severe economic and sanitary crises; followed by consecutive policy changes. Between 2007 and 2009, the rapid spread and the multiple effects of the Infectious Salmon Anemia virus (ISAV) marked a tipping point in the trajectory of the salmon aquaculture in southern Chile. This paper examines the discursive mechanisms through which the Chilean salmon aquaculture industry is currently being re-framed in the aftermath of the ISAV crisis, with a focus on searching for the emergence of ecosystem-related elements post crisis. The analysis shows that Chilean salmon aquaculture is being re-framed by the reproduction of three main discourses: biosecurity, sustainable protein and The Promise of Patagonia. The paper concludes that despite the staggering effects of the ISAV crisis on the national salmon production and on coastal communities more than a decade ago, new discourses are focused on the legitimization to growth, in the absence of integrated marine ecosystem-related elements, indicating a crucial gap toward environmental sustainability in salmon aquaculture.
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| 16. |
- Barreiro-Gen, Maria, et al.
(författare)
-
Gender equality for sustainability in ports: Developing a framework
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 131
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ports have increasingly been addressing sustainability issues; however, gender equality has been a low priority in such efforts. This paper is aimed at providing insights into how ports have been addressing gender equality to contribute to sustainability. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with top-level port managers from six European countries. The responses from the interviewees were analysed using Grounded Theory’s constant comparative analysis. The findings show that European ports have engaged in gender equality measures aimed at contributing to sustainability through gender equality in five stages: (1) Gender segregation, which needs to be overcome, and is, in many cases, the starting point; (2) Compliance with national laws and regulation; (3) Gender equity; (4) Gender equality; and (5) More sustainable ports. Internal and external forces affect each of the stages, where thrust forces help ports reduce gender segregation and advance towards becoming more sustainable and drag forces slow or block the efforts and may lead to returning to a previous stage of the framework. The findings were integrated to develop a “Gender equality for sustainability in ports” framework. Gender equality is a sine qua non for ports, and other male oriented industries, in becoming more sustainable.
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| 17. |
- Bergström, Lena
(författare)
-
Testing the concept of green infrastructure at the Baltic Sea scale to support an ecosystem-based approach to management of marine areas
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 147
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of Green Infrastructure (GI) can facilitate integration of ecological considerations and ecosystem service mapping into spatial planning. GI has been introduced in EU policy as a key tool for implementing the objectives of the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 on halting the loss of biodiversity as well as addressing other global environmental problems. Unlike terrestrial ecosystems, mapping of marine GI is still in infancy. Here, application of GI concept in mapping was developed and tested for a large marine region, the Baltic Sea, using existing regional spatial data sets on the distribution of different ecosystem components. Using a qualitative valuation approach, experts assessed 36 marine ecosystem components with respect to their relevance for six ecological value criteria and ten ecosystem services. Then, maps representing the ecological value of Baltic Sea ecosystems and their potential supply of ecosystem services were developed based on a hierarchical aggregation structure, designed to avoid double-counting of features that appeared in many data layers. Finally, results of the ecological value and ecosystem service supply mapping were integrated into the marine GI map. These pioneering results are used to discuss how marine GI mapping can support the ecosystem-based approach in MSP, by improving the knowledge base on the roles and connectedness of ecosystem components. Applied at the transboundary regional scale, as here, the GI concept can support cross-border coherence in spatial planning and provide practical management solutions to improve connectivity and functioning of MPA networks, or develop sustainable planning solutions of marine space.
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| 18. |
- Blandon, Abigayil, et al.
(författare)
-
Conceptualisations of fisheries development in Eastern Africa over time and between actors
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the late-2000s, there has been a growing discussion around development aid approaches that reflect complexity concepts, such as adaptive and iterative project management. Fisheries development interventions deal with particularly complex realities. They also illustrate the changing problems and prescribed solutions of development paradigms over time, which have yet to be systematically analysed in a fisheries context. This study analyses documents from 11 World Bank fisheries development projects from 1975 to 2017 in Eastern Africa and interviews with 13 project designers and implementers. The conceptualisation of the fisheries development system - the perceived problems, causal links and proposed solutions - was captured in each document and interview. The documents showed a clear difference in the variables and consequential links most frequently mentioned before 1995 and after 2000, moving from a narrow sectoral approach with tangible interventions such as infrastructure, to a more holistic approach pushing for softer solutions such as stakeholder engagement. While this suggests a change in the institutional World Bank paradigm, the contemporary interviews were not necessarily consistent with this shift. Interviewees' conceptualisations also differed between each other, which may have implications for project implementation. A range of concepts related to complexity thinking were found and coded in both interviews and documents, particularly documents from recent World Bank projects. While this shows some evidence of actors and institutions incorporating complexity concepts into their narrative, concepts of adaptation, unpredictability, non-comparability and feedbacks were poorly reflected, showing the current gaps if approaches such as adaptive management are to be taken up.
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| 19. |
- Blandon, Abigayil, et al.
(författare)
-
Seafood certification schemes in Japan : Examples of challenges and opportunities from three Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) applicants
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 123
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While there has been a global proliferation of marine certification schemes aiming to incentivize sustainable fishing in the last decade, the uptake has been comparatively slow in Japan. Suggested reasons include difficulties assessing Japanese fisheries co-management institutions, and reduced profitability from complex seafood distribution networks and mismatched consumer preferences. However, a few Japanese fisheries have been awarded the international Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification. This paper investigates the motivations and experiences of three such MSC applicants: the Kyoto Danish Seine Fisheries Federation offshore fishery, Ishihara Marine Products skipjack and albacore pole and line fishery, and Maruto Suisan rope grown Pacific oyster fishery. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants from each case study and coded into motivations, problems and impacts. It was found that although there were economic motivations to apply for the certification, this mainly involved increasing domestic distribution channels rather than gaining or retaining access to premium-paying foreign markets. The co-management system that governs the Kyoto fisheries hampered the re-certification process of the fishery due to the difficulty of influencing the higher levels of management within the system. It also became clear that the type of applicant was important to consider: the two more recent MSC clients - both seafood processors - are better placed in the value chain to utilize the certification and its logo, and therefore more likely to financially sustain the certification. The study provides an important insight into the applicant experience of certification schemes in countries with lower consumer demand for them, such as Japan.
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| 20. |
- Blasiak, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Aligning fisheries aid with international development targets and goals
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 88, s. 86-92
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Official development assistance (ODA) is intended to spur progress and increase security among recipient countries. Billions in ODA have been allocated to fisheries to support nutrition and livelihoods worldwide. Yet, from 2010 to 2015, fisheries allocations decreased by > 30%, while grants for non-fisheries sectors increased by > 13%. Globally, grants for climate change adaptation and mitigation fell for fisheries, while rapidly increasing in sectors like agriculture and forestry. In Oceania, a region highly dependent on fisheries for food security and particularly vulnerable to climate change, disbursements fell by 44%. Grants for fisheries research, education and training fell in absolute numbers, and as a proportion of total ODA to fisheries. These findings are out of alignment with recent international commitments, including the Sustainable Development Goals (2015), The Future We Want (2012), and relevant Aichi Targets (2010). Risk aversion among donors; redirection of climate finance into other sectors; and allocation decisions based on factors unrelated to fisheries are identified as contributing to observed findings. Increasing the volume of fisheries-related ODA and better aligning it with international commitments could bring substantial co-benefits and contribute to the sustainable use of marine ecosystems, support sustainable trade and economic opportunities, increase adaptive capacity, and foster human well-being.
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| 21. |
- Blasiak, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Promoting diversity and inclusiveness in seafood certification and ecolabelling : Prospects for Asia
- 2017
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 85, s. 42-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building on the inputs by a range of experts who participated in the February 2017 international symposium on Designing the Future for Fisheries Certification Schemes at the University of Tokyo, this manuscript traces the origins of fisheries certification schemes, relevant developments, and remaining challenges from an Asian perspective. Over the past 20 years, seafood certification has emerged as a powerful tool for meeting growing demands for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture products. Despite broad consensus among countries regarding what constitute responsible fishing practices, the fisheries certification landscape remains uneven. A plethora of certification schemes has generated confusion among consumers and retailers, and capital-intensive certification schemes may be out-of-reach or impractical for some small-scale fisheries, particularly within the developing world. A recent initiative by the Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative (GSSI) is aiming to address the diversity within the certification landscape by creating a tool to benchmark certification schemes that are in line with the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and other relevant agreed FAO guidelines on fisheries, ecolabelling and aquaculture. Countries in Asia are among the world's top consumers and exporters of seafood, yet have faced some particular challenges with regard to seafood certification, underscoring the need for certification schemes that account for regional and local conditions and management practices, particularly with regard to small-scale fisheries.
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| 22. |
- Blasiak, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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The role of NGOs in negotiating the use of biodiversity in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction
- 2017
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 81, s. 1-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2004, the UN General Assembly resolved to establish a working group to consider issues pertaining to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). The group met nine times between 2006 and 2015 before concluding its mandate by recommending the development of an international legally binding instrument on BBNJ under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Based on in-depth interviews with working group participants, this research examines how NGOs contributed to the working group process. Respondents from government delegations highlighted the usefulness of workshops and side events convened by NGOs, and the role of NGOs in bringing experts on technical issues particularly marine genetic resources and the sharing of benefits into the BBNJ negotiations. Respondents from both NGOs and government delegations emphasized the importance of fostering personal relationships in order to ensure a steady and constructive information flow. Social media efforts by NGOs were considered by some government representatives to have occasionally hampered open discussion, although they noted that conditions have improved. The lengthy working group process was marked by substantial fluctuation in participation, particularly within government delegations from developing states. Of 1523 individuals who participated in at least one of the working group meetings, only 45 attended more than half of the meetings, and 80% of these were representing NGOs or highly industrialized countries. Respondents felt that this comparatively small number of individuals provided a source of continuity that was crucial for moving the discussions forward.
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| 23. |
- Blasiak, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards greater transparency and coherence in funding for sustainable marine fisheries and healthy oceans
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This final manuscript in the special issue on Funding for ocean conservation and sustainable fisheries is the result of a dialogue aimed at connecting lead authors of the special issue manuscripts with relevant policymakers and practitioners. The dialogue took place over the course of a two-day workshop in December 2018, and this coda manuscript seeks to distil thinking around a series of key recurring topics raised throughout the workshop. These topics are collected into three broad categories, or needs: 1) a need for transparency, 2) a need for coherence, and 3) a need for improved monitoring of project impacts. While the special issue sought to collect new research into the latest trends and developments in the rapidly evolving world of funding for ocean conservation and sustainable fisheries, the insights collected during the workshop have helped to highlight remaining knowledge gaps. Therefore, each of the three needs identified within this manuscript is followed by a series of questions that the workshop participants identified as warranting further attention as part of a future research agenda. The crosscutting nature of many of the issues raised as well as the rapid pace of change that characterizes this funding landscape both pointed to a broader need for continued dialogue and study that reaches across the communities of research, policy and practice.
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| 24. |
- Blomquist, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Scrapping programmes and ITQs : Labour market outcomes and spill-over effects on non-targeted fisheries in Sweden
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 88, s. 41-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scrapping programmes and individual transferable quotas (ITQs) are two management measures frequently used to reduce overcapacity in fisheries. These measures are often aimed at specific vessel segments targeting specific fish stocks. In this case, fishermen who scrap their vessels or sell their quotas may shift their fishing activities, possibly contributing to overcapacity in other fleets. The aim of this paper is to provide some insights on this issue based on a Swedish scrapping programme for trawlers targeting cod and Norwegian lobster and the introduction of an ITQ system for pelagic vessels introduced in 2008 and 2009. Individual-level data on fishing activities and income from other industries are used to examine how effort and catches have changed after 2009, and to what extent fishermen have left the fishing industry. The lesson learnt from the Swedish case is that fishermen tend to stay in the fishing sector, and this holds true for both participants in the scrapping programme and fishermen who sold their quota in the ITQ system. Therefore measures to reduce overcapacity in targeted fleets have increased fishing pressure and competition for quotas in the Swedish small-scale fleet.
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| 25. |
- Bohman, Brita
(författare)
-
Lessons from the regulatory approaches to combat eutrophication in the Baltic Sea region
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 98, s. 227-236
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ever since the problem of eutrophication emerged, many approaches have been tested within the Helsinki Convention regime to reduce the discharges of nutrients to the sea. Despite important reductions in the levels of discharge since the 1970s, the nutrient loads to the sea are still significant and need to be further reduced. At the same time, it has become increasingly difficult to reduce the pollution that causes eutrophication. This difficulty is due to the complex nature of most pollution sources currently and the diffuse releases mainly related to agricultural activities and animal production. The regulatory structure for eutrophication in the Baltic Sea region has, however, adjusted rather well to these circumstances. The development over the past decade, since the introduction of the MSFD and the BSAP, progressed in adjusting the whole HELCOM regime to an ecosystem approach. Structures were created that embrace the new demands on the regulation through this approach. These structures put additional challenges on the perception of law, the general functions of the legal system, and how to assess and enforce compliance. The new structures not only create a kind of flexibility and openness to new regulatory approaches and soft law measures, but also combine law with governance and bridge the area of strict legal regulation with voluntary measures and projects. This combination of law with governance completes the overall picture of measures and approaches, but makes the line between law, extra-legal measures and non-governmental actors or organizations difficult to detect.
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| 26. |
- Bohman, Brita
(författare)
-
Regulatory control of adaptive fisheries : Reflections on the implementation of the landing obligation in the EU common fisheries policy
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 110
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most recently revised CFP Regulation, adopted in 2013, includes a number of significant changes with the aim to make fisheries more in tune with concept of the ecosystem approach and to avoid unsustainable exploitation of marine biological resources, including fish, as a natural resource. As part of that the CFP Regulation introduced the landing obligation, an obligation to land all catches as opposed to previous praxis where fisheries have been relying on a system of discarding fish and other marine biological resources in order to optimize their catch. One aim with the landing obligation is to push for new adaptive fishing methods and in a way to implement an ecosystem approach since the fishing strategies are meant to be adjusted to ecosystem factors. To be effective, the system for controlling implementation must be adjusted to take different aspects of the ecosystem approach into account. The paper presents some reflections on the required balance between adaptive approaches connected to the ecosystem approach and the strictness established by principles of rule of law in relation to the so called EU CFP landing obligation. It is concluded that the best way to create a control system adjusted to these factors seems to be by giving more influence to the industry itself. Involving those concerned at all levels, and thus applying all aspects of the regulatory governance under an ecosystem approach, would create an effective adaptive system where the rule of law is also safe-guarded.
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| 27. |
- Boonstra, Wiebren
(författare)
-
A history of breaking laws-Social dynamics of non-compliance in Vietnamese marine fisheries
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 34, s. 1261–1267-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether or not fishers comply with regulation depends on the economic and social context in which they operate their vessels. This is how conventional theory explains the phenomenon of noncompliance. It treats state-community interaction processes not as direct causes for non-compliance but rather as background conditions shaping individual fishers' perception and decisions for action. This paper argues that conventional theory fails to include the dynamics of tempo-relational processes between state and communities, which explains collective patterns of non-compliance in fisheries. The paper addresses this hiatus in the literature, using a process-sociological approach to analyse noncompliance in Vietnamese marine fisheries. The analysis highlights that Vietnamese marine fisheries are mainly regulated through informal networks of trust and mistrust, which function through their interplay with the highly centralised and formalised Vietnamese state. Based on this assessment, the paper concludes that outcomes of processes of the dynamic social interplay between state and communities are semi-dependent on individual perception and action, and as such have a causal effect of their own on patterns of non-compliance in fisheries. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 28. |
- Boonstra, Wiebren J., et al.
(författare)
-
A sea of many colours - How relevant is Blue Growth for capture fisheries in the Global North, and vice versa?
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 87, s. 340-349
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blue Growth is a relatively new term that is meant to realize economic growth based on the exploitation of marine resources, while at the same time preventing their degradation, overuse, and pollution. This article discusses the relevance and usefulness of this new concept for the development of capture fisheries, a sector where growth largely seems impossible without ecological devastation. An analytical distinction between intensive and extensive growth is used to argue that certain development trajectories of capture fisheries might qualify as Blue Growth. Such trajectories of growth are illustrated with the development of the Swedish bleak roe trawl fishery in the Bothnian Bay and Norwegian whitefish fishery in the Barents Sea. Comparison of the cases highlights aspects that Blue Growth advocates might want to include if they choose to consider capture fisheries as a relevant economic activity. These aspects include: a) adding value through certification; b) technological development to make more efficient use of resources used up in the fishing operation, and to upgrade their fish as commodity; and c) specialization.
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| 29. |
- Boonstra, Wiebren J., et al.
(författare)
-
What are the major global threats and impacts in marine environments? Investigating the contours of a shared perception among marine scientists from the bottom-up.
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 60, s. 197-201
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine scientists broadly agree on which major processes influence the sustainability of marine environments worldwide. Recent studies argue that such shared perceptions crucially shape scientific agendas and are subject to a confirmation bias. Based on these findings a more explicit engagement with scientists' (shared) perceptions of global change in marine environments is called for. This paper takes stock of the shared understanding in marine science of the most pertinent, worldwide threats and impacts that currently affect marine environments. Using results from an email survey among leading academics in marine science this article explores if a shared research agenda in relation to global change in marine environments exists. The analysis demonstrates that marine scientists across disciplines are largely in agreement on some common features of global marine change. Nevertheless, the analysis also highlights where natural and social scientists diverge in their assessment. The article ends discussing what these findings imply for further improvement of interdisciplinary marine science.
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| 30. |
- Bostedt, Göran, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
Benefits and costs of two temporary no-take zones
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 117
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temporary no-take zones (NTZs) are increasingly introduced in Sweden as a fisheries management tool to restore populations of specific target species. This paper presents a cost-benefit analysis of two real case temporary NTZs closed during a 5–6 year period in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea, using scenario analysis to account for uncertainty in both the biological and economic effects. A sensitivity analysis was added for certain key parameters. The results of the cost-benefit analyses for the two NTZs are positive in all scenarios relating to the most realistic case of no opportunity costs, i.e., assuming that all fishing activity could be relocated to adjacent areas without cost during the closed period. As an extreme case comparison, full opportunity costs were included, assuming that no fishing activity could be relocated to other areas during the closed period. One of the NTZs then exhibited a negative net result for most scenarios. For the other area the net result was positive even when the maximum opportunity costs of temporary lost fishing opportunities were included, largely depending on the strong positive change in the value of commercial fishing. By demonstrating potential costs and benefits of using temporary no-take zones in fisheries management this study may contribute to policy making, as well as to creating acceptance from stakeholder groups that incur short-term costs from closing areas to fishing.
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| 31. |
- Brady, Mark, et al.
(författare)
-
Fixing problems in fisheries-integrating ITQs, CBM and MPAs in management
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 33:2, s. 258-263
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We aim to show how some of the important interdisciplinary fixes or solutions to diverse problems observed in fisheries can complement each other. This can be achieved through methodical allocation of the rights pertaining to fisheries and simultaneous implementation of policy instruments to correct for market failures and equity concerns. We emphasize via a roadmap that there are some general principles that should be invoked when choosing between alternative structures of rights. Our examples from Sweden provide evidence of the flexibility of fishing rights and how they can be adapted to integrate fixes from different disciplines into practical fisheries management.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Brugere, Cecile, et al.
(författare)
-
More than fish : Policy coherence and benefit sharing as necessary conditions for equitable aquaculture development
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 123
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aquaculture development is part of the Blue Economy narrative and it may offer opportunities for improving the well-being of coastal people and the wider population. However, unlocking its full potential is unlikely to occur through sole focus on increasing production. Using a framework for identifying the people-policy gap in aquaculture as a starting point, we introduce benefit sharing as a necessary and complementary concept to filling this gap, as well as the notion of policy coherence to achieve equitable aquaculture development. We examine these concepts in the context of mariculture development through an analysis of national mariculture policies and plans from a selection of Western Indian Ocean (WIO) countries. Our analysis shows that whilst important building blocks and a common thrust for equitable mariculture development exist at regional level, mechanisms through which the benefits from mariculture development are to reach stakeholders affected directly and indirectly by mariculture operations at national levels are not adequately considered. Lack of policy coherence at national level not only prevents progress towards closing the people-policy gap in mariculture development, but it may also jeopardise how the sector can live up to its expectations in the region. On the basis of these considerations, we extend our reflection to the aquaculture sector as a whole and argue that policy coherence and benefit sharing should become key considerations in the planning and future development of sustainable and equitable aquaculture.
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| 34. |
- Bryhn, Andreas
(författare)
-
Integrated governance for managing multidimensional problems: potentials, challenges, and arrangements.
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 123
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The implementation challenge of ecosystem-based (fisheries) management (EB(F)M) has entailed calls for integrated governance (IG) approaches in the marine field. We arranged an expert workshop to study the preconditions and applicability of IG, and to suggest how IG could be arranged in practice. Focusing on the management of the dioxin problem shared by the herring and salmon fisheries in the Baltic Sea, and using a coupled ‘insight network’- SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) methodology, we evaluated two scenarios: 1) IG of herring and salmon fisheries to benefit from collaboration between these fisheries that suffer from the same problem, and 2) IG between the fisheries sector and the food/public health sector to incorporate food safety in fisheries governance. Our results demonstrate that a variety of societal, political, institutional, operational, instrumental, and biological factors affect the applicability of IG in marine contexts, and work as preconditions for IG. While societal needs for IG were obvious in our case, as major challenges for it we identified the competing cross-sectoral objectives, path dependencies, and limitations of experts to think and work across fields. The study suggests that establishing an IG framework by adding new aspects upon the current governance structures may be easier to accept and adapt to, than creating new strategic or advisory bodies or other new capacities. Viewing IG as a framework for understanding cross-sectoral issues instead of one that requires a defined level and form of integrated assessment and management may be a way towards social learning, and thereby towards the implementation of more sophisticated, open and broad EB(F)M frameworks.
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| 35. |
- Byrne, Conor, et al.
(författare)
-
Species-level quota concentration in the Icelandic harvesting sector
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 121
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The introduction of Iceland's current ITQ system in 1991 has been followed by significant consolidation of the harvesting sector. This paper quantifies the rate of consolidation by measuring the concentration of quota holdings at company and vessel level for eight commercially important demersal and pelagic species over the period 1991-2017, using concentration ratios and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. These metrics are complemented by calculation of the Instability Index, which is a measure of competitive rivalry. The results indicate a significant increase in concentration across all species at both company and vessel level, although company consolidation appeared to accelerate relative to fleet consolidation during the early 2000 ' s when the Icelandic financial sector was privatised and then slowed in the wake of the financial crisis in 2008. The Instability Index fell for all species, indicating a general decline in competitive rivalry. Concentration varies greatly by species, and is lowest for cod and haddock which are caught extensively by small and medium-sized vessels and highest in the pelagic sector, reaching levels associated with market power. Finally, there is evidence that regulatory limits on individual company quota holdings may be starting to hamper further consolidation and any associated efficiency gains.
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| 36. |
- Cardinale, Massimiliano
(författare)
-
Lessons for fisheries management from the EU cod recovery plan
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 37, s. 200-213
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The performance of the EU long-term management plan for cod stocks, in force since 2009, is analysed focusing on the human and institutional factors. The plan operates through landings quotas (TACs) and effort restrictions following a Harvest Control Rule, and deploys a novel instrument allowing Member States to 'buy back' or increase fishing effort for fleet segments engaged in cod-avoidance measures. The stipulated fishing mortality reductions have not been achieved. On the positive side, the 'buy-back' instrument has led to increased uptake of selective gear and implementation of permanent and real-time temporary closures. On the negative side, ignoring the dimension of fishers as reactive agents in the design, the impact assessment, and the annual implementation of the measures has contributed to the failure to adequately implement the plan and achieve its objectives. The main problem is that the landings quotas taken in a mixed fishery did not limit catches because fishers were incentivised to continue fishing and discard overquota catch while quota for other species was available. The effort limitations intended to reduce this effect were insufficient to adequately limit fishing mortality in targeted fisheries, although fishers experienced them as prohibiting the full uptake of other quotas. Recommendations for future plans include (i) management through catch rather than landings quotas, (ii) the internalisation of the costs of exceeding quotas, (iii) use of more selective gear types, (iv) the development of appropriate metrics as a basis for regulatory measures and for evaluations, (v) participatory governance, (vi) fishery-based management, (vii) flexibility in fishing strategy at vessel level. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 37. |
- Cardinale, Massimiliano
(författare)
-
Rebuilding EU fish stocks and fisheries, a process under way?
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 39, s. 43-52
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a signatory to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), the European Union (EU) has made a commitment to maintain or restore fish stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), and where possible not later than 2015. So how has the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) fared in trying to achieve this objective? The development of the status of 41 commercially exploited fish stocks from the North East Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic Sea (FAO Area 27) was analysed together with the economic performance of the fleets exploiting those stocks. The analyses indicate that the exploitation status for many of the stocks has greatly improved during the last 10 years while the economic performance of the fleets over the same period has been highly variable. The main economic indicators (gross value added (GVA) and operating cash flow (OCF)) have gradually improved at a time when the general economic situation, which has a great influence on the markets, costs and purchase power, has worsened. While recognizing that much remains to be done to achieve the objective of the WSSD, the analyses indicate that actions implemented in the last decade under the CFP have led to an improvement in the status of many commercially important fish stocks and their fleets towards levels that are closer to those producing MSY. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Cardinale, Massimiliano, et al.
(författare)
-
The "easy restriction" syndrome drive local fish stocks to extinction: The case of the management of Swedish coastal populations
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 83, s. 179-183
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spatially sensitive management built on detailed biological and socio-economic knowledge is required to establish sound fishing regulations and to avoid extinction of small coastal populations of fish and shellfish. Highly productive isolated populations of several commercial species have historically inhabited the Swedish west coast, but during the past century these populations have been depleted by fisheries and with no sign of recovery. Since 1999 several fisheries regulations and different stakeholder co-management initiatives have flourished along the Swedish coast of the Skagerrak. They aimed to facilitate the recovery of collapsed local stocks but the established regulations failed to identify and restrict the main sources of mortality acting on local stocks and they have thus been ineffective to promote the recovery. Furthermore, regulations have operated on the weakest among stakeholders (e.g.. recreational fishers), which have minor influence over management, and the restrictions have been imposed without providing any data which supported the choice (i.e. the "easy restriction" syndrome). In line with the general "spirit" of recent Swedish fishery management, we conclude that managers, without the disapproval of Swedish scientists, have circumvented limitations which should address the largest mortality factor, i.e. the commercial fishery. The regulations presently in place, have been politically uncontroversial and easy to implement, but have been highly unsuccessful. We therefore suggest that stakeholders, including politicians, should start focusing on more effective and science-based management and less on what is politically attractive if Swedish citizens shall have a chance to witness the recovery of their once flourishing coastal populations.
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| 40. |
- Cardinale, Massimiliano
(författare)
-
The Mediterranean fishery management: A call for shifting the current paradigm from duplication to synergy
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 131
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Independence of science and best available science are fundamental pillars of the UN-FAO code of conduct for responsible fisheries and are also applied to the European Union (EU) Common Fishery Policy (CFP), with the overarching objective being the sustainable exploitation of the fisheries resources. CFP is developed by DG MARE, the department of the European Commission responsible for EU policy on maritime affairs and fisheries, which has the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) as consultant body. In the Mediterranean and Black Sea, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (FAO-GFCM), with its own Scientific Advisory Committee on Fisheries (GFCM-SAC), plays a critical role in fisheries governance, having the authority to adopt binding recommendations for fisheries conservation and management. During the last years, advice on the status of the main stocks in the Mediterranean and Black Sea has been provided both by GFCM-SAC and EU-STECF, often without a clear coordination and a lack of shared rules and practices. This has led in the past to: i) duplications of the advice on the status of the stocks thus adding confusion in the management process and, ii) a continuous managers' interference in the scientific process by DG MARE officials hindering its transparency and independence. Thus, it is imperative that this stalemate is rapidly resolved and that the free role of science in Mediterranean fisheries assessment and management is urgently restored to assure the sustainable exploitation of Mediterranean marine resources in the future.
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| 41. |
- Cariou, Pierre, et al.
(författare)
-
Evidence on target factors used for port state control inspections
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9460 .- 0308-597X. ; 33:5, s. 847-859
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Target factors aim at setting criteria to select foreign vessels that should be inspected by port state control authorities. Although a relative consensus exists on the main factors to consider in selecting vessels, the weight to be given to these factors is still unclear. Using data on 26 515 PSC inspections that took place within the Indian Ocean MoU region from 2002 to 2006, we investigate the determinants of the number of deficiencies and of the probability of detention. Our results show that the main contributors to detention are the age of the vessel at inspection (40%), the recognised organization (31%) and the place where the inspection occurs (17%). Also, differences in detention rates amongst various inspecting authorities are essentially explained by differences in the characteristics of vessels calling in a specific country rather than by differences in the way inspections are done. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 42. |
- Carpenter, Angela, et al.
(författare)
-
Public perceptions of management priorities for the English Channel region
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 97, s. 294-304
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The English Channel region is an area of high conservational importance, as well being a contributor to economic prosperity, social well-being and quality of life of the people living around it. There is a need to incorporate societal elements into marine and coastal governance, to improve management of the Channel ecosystem. Public Perception Research (PPR) is a relatively unexplored dimension of marine science, with limited research at the scale of the Channel region. Using an online survey, this study examined the public's use of, and funding priorities for, the Channel's marine and coastal environment. It revealed that there are variations in how the English and French coastlines are used. Environmental issues were generally viewed as being more important than economic ones. Country-level differences were observed for public uses of, and priorities for the Channel region. Cleaner water and beaches, and improved coastal flood defences, were more highly prioritised by English respondents, while offshore renewable energy and sustainability of businesses were more highly prioritised by French respondents. The paper contributes to the debate on the value of PPR by addressing evidence gaps in the English Channel region, and to PPR literature more broadly. It provides baseline data to inform future engagement strategies for the marine and coastal governance of the Channel region specifically. It also identifies how this type of research has implications for the wider marine and coastal environment, including contributing to Sustainable Development Goal 14 on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources.
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| 43. |
- Chaigneau, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Individual and village-level effects on community support for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Philippines
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 51, s. 499-506
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A crucial factor in the success of protected areas and conservation efforts in general is the support amongst the adjacent community. It is thought to be especially crucial for the success of small MPAs. Whilst the importance of community support has been highlighted in a number of studies, it has not yet been clearly defined or explicitly studied. Questionnaires were carried out (N=166) at three different villages within the Visayas region of the Philippines to determine individuals' support towards adjacent MPAs and individual characteristics that have previously been hypothesised to influence support. Multiple regressions analysis determined: (1) Which individual-level factors predict attitude towards MPAs, (2) whether attitudes of individuals are related to actions that benefit the adjacent MPA and (3) whether individual or community-level factors are better predictors of individual support for local community-based MPAs. Knowledge of MPA objectives, perceived participation in decision making, trust towards other fishers and differences between villages all significantly predicted attitudes towards MPAs. Weak relationships were found between attitudes and certain MPA related actions due to contextual factors. Village was not the only significant predictor of both attitudes and MPA related actions; individual characteristics irrespective of differences between villages, were also important in predicting support for the MPA. This study highlights the importance in distinguishing between attitudes and actions of individuals and suggests specific individual characteristics can be vital in influencing support towards MPAs.
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| 44. |
- Crona, Beatrice I., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a typology of interactions between small-scale fisheries and global seafood trade
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 65, s. 1-10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fish and fish-related products are among the most highly traded commodities globally and the proportion of globally harvested fish that is internationally traded has steadily risen over time. Views on the benefits of international seafood trade diverge, partly as a result from adopting either an aggregate national focus or a focus on local market actors. However, both views generally assume that the trade in question is characterized by export of fisheries resources to international markets. This is potentially misleading as empirical evidence suggests that import of seafood can also have impacts on local SSF dynamics. A systematic analysis of the different ways in which local production systems connect to international seafood markets can therefore help shed more light on why small-scale fisheries exhibit such differences in outcomes as they engage in an increasingly global seafood trade. This paper conducts a synthesis across 24 cases from around the world and develops a typology of small-scale fisheries and how they connect to and interact with international seafood trade. The analysis is based on key features drawn from trade theory regarding how trade interacts with local production. The implications of the findings for social and ecological sustainability of small-scale fisheries are discussed with the aim of identifying further research topics which deserve attention to better inform trade policy for more sustainable fisheries and more just wealth distribution from their trade.
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| 45. |
- Crona, Beatrice, et al.
(författare)
-
Middlemen, a critical social-ecological link in coastal communities of Kenya and Zanzibar
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 34:4, s. 761-771
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the middlemen-fishermen link in coastal communities along the coast of southern Kenya and Zanzibar, and explores effects of reciprocal agreements and credit arrangements on social-ecological feedbacks of coastal systems The existence and generality of such arrangements are mapped and their effect on resource use and ecosystem dynamics is then explored Data show that credit arrangements are widespread and that fishermen are bound by reciprocal agreements and financial guarantees during periods of lower catches that provide short-term stabilizing social effects These arrangements create incentives which disconnect resource extraction from ecosystem dynamics and impede development of sustainable use practices The role of middlemen is seldom accounted for in fisheries governance Scenarios for the development of small-scale fisheries in the region are outlined and the function of middlemen is discussed considering the influence of external drivers Policies that incorporate middlemen are recommended to improve the governance of fish stocks and coastal ecosystems in East Africa.
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| 46. |
- Crona, Beatrice, et al.
(författare)
-
Outside the law? : Analyzing policy gaps in addressing fishers' migration in East Africa
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 35:3, s. 379-388
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal areas, and their small-scale fisheries, are important targets for both internal and transboundary migration partly because high mobility is an inherent feature of many artisanal fisheries livelihoods. As climatic changes are forecast to occur, environmental changes may trigger increased flows of migrant fishers. Policies that seek to promote development in ways that do not extensively degrade natural resources will thus have to deal with likely increases in flows of people across administrative boundaries. However, to date little attention has been directed at this issue and little is known about how policies related to coastal resources and development address these issues. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by analyzing policies and legal documents related to coastal resource management and development to examine the extent to which they recognize and integrate fishers' migration in their provisions. Migrant well-being and vulnerabilities are also addressed by examining the extent to which existing policies dealing with socio-economic development and environmental management address migrants and their needs. The analysis shows that policies related to governance of marine resources and coastal development lack an acknowledgment of fishers' migration issues and suggests that this signals an important gap in policy. The implications of this are discussed. The paper also highlights the fact that the invisibility of the issue in policy means that institutions developed to deal with coastal management at the community level may not have sufficient support from legal and policy documents, and may not be developed or equipped to handle the possible conflicts and difficult trade-offs that need to be addressed as a result of current and potentially increasing fishers' mobility.
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| 47. |
- De la Torre-Castro, Maricela, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fishing institutions : Addressing regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive elements to enhance fisheries management
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 34:1, s. 77-84
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Institutional approaches in natural resource management in general and in fisheries in particular seldom address cultural aspects or social institutions like kinship. In this study, a broad institutional approach is used to investigate the institutionalization of small-scale fisheries and seaweed farming in a seagrass dominated bay in Zanzibar. Regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions and their rapid/slow moving properties are analyzed. The results show that dynamics of cooperation and conflict between different institutional elements and the balance of forces among actors are crucial to understand fisheries management dynamics. Regulations are, despite their importance, insufficient to promote sound management if they are not backed up by norms and cultural-cognitive institutions. Fisheries management would benefit by broadening the institutional perspective to increase the efficiency of management and to avoid blueprint solutions. The study shows that gaining knowledge about the wide institutional setting takes time but the investment is worth it in the long run.
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| 48. |
- de la Torre-Castro, Maricela, et al.
(författare)
-
Gender analysis for better coastal management - Increasing our understanding of social-ecological seascapes
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 83, s. 62-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although highly recognized as needed, studies linking gender and coastal/marine management are scarce. This research illustrates the importance of gender analysis in natural resource management by linking gender and coastal management i.e. Marine Spatial Planning. The research was conducted in various Zanzibar seascapes (Unguja Island, Tanzania). Using a typology comprising gender structure, symbolism and identity; the results show a clear gendered division of labor, highly associated with a gender symbolism in which traditional roles of women as responsible for reproduction activities played a major role. Men used the whole seascape for their activities, while women remained in coastal forests and shallow areas collecting wood, invertebrates and farming seaweed. These activities allowed women to combine productive and reproductive work. Ecosystem importance for subsistence decreased with distance from land for both genders, while the importance for income increased with distance for men. Both genders acknowledged seagrasses as very important for income. Income closely followed the universal pattern of men earning more. Identities were defined by traditional ideas like women are housewives, while men identities were strongly associated with fisheries with reinforced masculinity. Livelihood diversity was higher for women also showing a tendency of slow change into other roles. Management was found to be strongly androcentric, revealing a deep gender inequality. The research exemplifies how a gender analysis can be conducted for management enhancement. It also invites replication around the world. If management is found to be androcentric in coastal locations elsewhere, a serious gender inequality can be at hand at global level.
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| 49. |
- Dekker, Willem
(författare)
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Chinese eel products in EU markets imply the effectiveness of trade regulations but expose fraudulent labelling
- 2021
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stock of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is in a multi-decadal decline. Therefore, trade in European eel is now restricted by EU law and the listing in CITES Appendix II. EU law prohibits the trade of European eel across the EU’s outer border and CITES regulates the global trade elsewhere. In November and December 2019, we purchased 108 eel products in 21 cities in five major eel importing countries in Europe (Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Great Britain, France) and three online shops. All were imported from China and 73 samples were genetically identified as American eel (A. rostrata), 33 as Japanese eel (A. japonica), and a single sample each as European eel and Indian shortfin eel (A. bicolor pacifica). The one European eel sample violated the EU trade ban and CITES trade regulations. However, 28.7 % of the product labels violated EU Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 on the provision of food information to consumers (FIC). Our results imply that Chinese exporters sell their European eel products outside the EU market and therefore avoid violating EU law. However, fraudulent labelling point at inadequate existing EU labelling requirements for prepared and preserved products and ongoing molecular genetic control of eel commodities entering the EU from China.
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| 50. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Assistance networks in seafood trade - A means to assess benefit distribution in small-scale fisheries
- 2017
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 78, s. 196-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article addresses the connections between value chain actors in the tropical-marine small-scale fisheries of Zanzibar, Tanzania, to contribute to a better understanding of the fisher-trader link and how connections in general might feed into livelihood security. A sample of 168 fishers and 130 traders was taken across 8 sites through questionnaires and observations. The small-scale fishery system is mapped using a value chain framework both traditionally and from a less economic point of view where the assistance-exchange networks between fishery actors add another layer of complexity. Auxiliary actors previously disregarded emerge from the latter method thus shedding light on the poorly understood distribution of benefits from seafood trade. Female actors participate quite differently, relative to males in the market system, detached from high-value links such as the tourist industry, and access to predetermined or secured sales deals. Data shows that the fisher-trader link is not as one-sided as previously presented. In fact it has a more symbiotic exchange deeply nested in a broader trading and social system. Expanding the analysis from this link by taking a further step downstream highlights traders' own sales arrangements and the social pressures they are under in realizing them. A complex picture, inclusive of diversified perspectives, on interactions in the market place is presented, as well as a. reflection on the remaining critical question: how to integrate this type of data into decisions about future fisheries governance.
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