| 1. |
- Cullinane, Kevin, et al.
(författare)
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The Hierarchical Configuration of the Container Port Industry: An Application of Multiple Linkage Analysis (MLA)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 39:2, s. 169-187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims to provide a hierarchical configuration of the container port industry. It attempts to do so by determining a port hierarchy and then, utilising this, deriving the nature of the spatial interactions between sample ports in East Asia. The former is determined by assessing the relative importance of a port within the given network, and the latter is mainly based on the significance of network flow movements. Rather than focusing purely on the economic or topological meaning or significance of the available shipping capacity, this paper aims to determine port hierarchy by addressing the spatial profile of network flow data as a supplementary indicator. An approach based on graph theory—Multiple Linkage Analysis—is described and applied to examining the profile of capacity flow on each linkage within a sample network consisting of 39 major container ports on the main east–west routes. The value on a linkage is defined in terms of the available shipping capacity between pairs of ports within a given unit time. As the output from this analysis, all significant connections are separated out from the initial flow matrix. The position of a particular port within the network port hierarchy relies upon the number of significant flows connected to the port and the origins/destinations of those flows. The results reveal a strong correlation between the importance of a port as indicated by its position in the hierarchy and the number of significant connections into or out of it. A further clustering analysis, based on the above distinction, is performed for the hierarchical mapping of the container port industry in a selected area and to provide a better understanding of inter-port competition.
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| 2. |
- Ek, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Safety culture on board six Swedish passenger ships
- 2005
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1464-5254 .- 0308-8839. ; 32:2, s. 159-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the results of a Swedish study on maritime safety culture. The study aims to increase knowledge about the characteristics of safety culture in the maritime setting and the relationship between safety culture and organizational climate. This knowledge can be vital in the process of developing and improving a safety culture. The paper reports the results of safety culture assessments on board six Swedish passenger ships in international traffic using observations, questionnaires, and interviews and focuses on 508 employees who completed the questionnaires. The results of the assessments revealed a generally good existing safety culture. Differences in individuals’ safety culture perceptions were found between ships, vessel type (high speed craft versus Ropax), and hierarchical working position. Important relationships between organizational climate and safety culture were also found. A comparison with other transport sectors where the same safety culture assessment has been applied, yielded that passenger shipping had an average safety culture score level in between air traffic control and airport ramp organizations. The method of assessment, which can be used by shipping companies and vessel crews, identified specific areas of concern in the safety culture that could support continuous improvements of safety and safety culture.
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| 3. |
- Giziakis, Costas, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental awareness and practice concerning maritime air emissions: The case of the Greek shipping industry
- 2012
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 39, s. 315-330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most urgent environmental problems facing the shipping industry today is the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from its operations and the possible cost-effective ways in which this reduction could be accomplished. Various technical and operational measures have been proposed as well as market-based instruments for the achievement of the compliance of marine industry with these measures. This paper investigates the levels of environmental awareness of the Greek shipping companies and their views and practices on the proposed policies for the reduction of GHG emissions from their ships. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire distributed to Greek shipping companies of different sizes, involved in different segments of the marine industry, so that the survey's results not only represent a large part of the Greek shipping industry but also reveal the different environmental attitudes and practices on maritime GHG emissions among the shipping companies. Given the size and the importance of the Greek shipping industry in the international maritime field, this paper's results present a special significance as they could be further analyzed and taken into account for the achievement of the compliance of marine industry with any future policy instrument for the reduction of maritime GHG emissions. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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| 4. |
- Hassler, Björn
(författare)
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Global regimes, regional adaptation : environmental safety in Baltic Sea oil transportation
- 2010
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 37:5, s. 489-503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite significant efforts to improve environmental safety in marine oil transportation, the risk of a major accident with devastating oil spills has most likely increased. Building on the regime analytical approach where it is assumed that international collaboration may benefit participating countries, it is argued that bilateral and sub-regional initiatives may increase maritime safety significantly, compared to exclusive reliance on universal conventions. A distinction is made between on the one hand investments in safety-increasing infrastructure and local capacity building and on the other, vessel design, on-board installations and crew qualifications. It is suggested that bilateral and sub-regional initiatives are more likely to be taken on the former kind of objects, targeting issues, such as modernization of port facilities, monitoring support, assistance in emergency capacity building and designation of ports of refuge, because the interaction between the involved countries are comparably stable in the cases. Actual efforts to improve safety seem to follow the logic of separation between these two types of safety-increasing measures. It is concluded that similar drivers of bilateral and sub-regional initiatives targeting specific aspects of marine safety and contributing to overall collective benefits from improved environmental protection probably exist also in other regions than the Baltic Sea.
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| 5. |
- Horck, Jan
(författare)
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An analysis of decision making processes in multicultural maritimescenarios
- 2004
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 31:1, s. 15-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With three research studies recently carried out the pros and cons of multicultural, multilingual crews have given a ‘second’ food for thought:1.The Seafarers’ International Research Centre (SIRC): ‘Transnational Seafarer Communities’ and the research, ‘Finding a balance: companies, seafarers and family life’, linked to this []. The latter presented in Maritime Policy & Management, no. 1, January–March 2003.2.The Swedish National Maritime Museum (SNMM): Isolde av Singapore []. This research and sociological documentation will be reviewed in a later issue of Maritime Policy & Management.3.Horck, J., ‘A culturally mixed student body; the WMU experience in fostering future decision makers’ [].There is a growing conviction among seafarers and persons working in the land-based sector of the maritime industry (including ex-seafarers) that staff onboard and on shore should be prepared to work with crews and groups whose members come from different countries and cultures and speak different languages. The problem, though, is which culture will have to surrender and which will dominate? Will a third culture become the norm for common survival? Perhaps to understand oneself and be knowledgeable about others is a better way to avoid eventual conflicts. There are nearly no research findings on how a programme should comprise the aims of facilitating comprehension and appreciation of influences, from differences in cultural backgrounds, on group performance and decisions.This paper reports on the research carried out on students in the Shipping Management and the Maritime Education and Training courses at World Maritime University (WMU). How do post-graduate students holding unlimited certificates of competency, as well as holders of university degrees with experience in the maritime industry and maritime administration, come to a consensus decision?The findings in this research are discussed in balance with the results from both the SIRC and the SNMM research which is interesting because the results, in some significant issues, are not the same.A phenomenographic approach has been used to find out that a multicultural group is not free from working problems. Can cultural differences, perhaps, be developed from an assumed hindrance into a catalyst for stimulating national appreciation and cooperation? Perhaps the opposite is true; it might be a bottleneck for improvements in safety as formulated in the STCW95 and the ISM Code.
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| 6. |
- Jeevan, J., et al.
(författare)
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An environmental management system in seaports: evidence from Malaysia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 50:8, s. 1118-1135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seaports face significant environmental challenges in their role as hubs for logistics activities, particularly since ships are significant contributors to energy consumption, global warming and air and marine pollution. The environmental pressures facing ports has led to the emergence of the green port concept. Port Klang is the largest port in Malaysia, characterised not only by significant container throughput, but also by significant congestion issues, emissions and pollution. These characteristics led to the selection of Port Klang, the nation's major seaport, as a case study for this analysis of the variables most relevant in the effective implementation of the green port concept and subsequent research into how this green seaport concept influences a seaport's future competitiveness. To achieve these aims, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been employed. The findings of the analysis suggest that environmental quality, the use of energy and resources, waste handling and habitat quality and greenery are the critical influential factors required for establishing green port hub status and that then port competitiveness is most significantly affected by green operations, sustainable equipment, resources management and cost efficiency at seaports.
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| 7. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Will the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan reduce CO2 emissions? A comparison with ISO 50001 and the ISM Code
- 2013
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 40:2, s. 177-190
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The IMO Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) is the sole international regulatory instrument expected to affect rising CO2 emissions from shipping in the short-term. In this article, we discuss present gaps in the SEEMP guidelines through a comparison with the international standard for energy management systems, ISO 50001, and with the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, which sets requirements for safety management systems in shipping companies. We show that the SEEMP lacks crucial features found in typical management system standards, such as requirements on policy and management reviews. Moreover, best-practice in the form of the ISO 50001 addresses important aspects, such as monitoring, energy auditing, design, and procurement processes in much more detail. In the context of previous research on these instruments and on energy efficiency in general, we argue that these gaps may be detrimental to the success of the SEEMP, both from the societal perspective of CO2 abatement and from the perspective of companies’ success in energy management. This requires further attention by academia, policy-makers and industry.
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| 8. |
- Laulajainen, Risto, 1937, et al.
(författare)
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Worldscale, what does it actually measure?
- 2006
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 33:5, s. 477-495
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Li, Guorong, et al.
(författare)
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Deciphering spatial heterogeneity of maritime accidents considering impact scale variations
- 2024
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy and Management. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; In Press
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ensuring maritime safety has ascended as a preeminent concern within the global maritime sector. Understanding how factors affect maritime accidents’ consequences in different water areas would be of great benefit to preventing the occurrence or reducing the consequences. This study thus employed a multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model on the accident dataset from Fujian waters in the East China Sea, to quantify the influences of different factors as well as the spatial heterogeneity in the effects of key factors on maritime accident consequence. The performances of MGWR are compared with multiple linear regression (MLR) and GWR. As expected, MGWR outperforms the other two models in terms of its ability to clearly capture the unobserved spatial heterogeneity in the effects of factors. Results reveal notably distinct influences of some factors on maritime accident consequences in different locations. An intuitive indication by MGWR is that approximately 50% of the accidents present positive coefficients of good visibility while other locations are negative, which are failed to recognize by MLR. The outcomes provide insights for making appropriate safety countermeasures and policies customized for different water areas.
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| 10. |
- Mellin, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish ports' attitudes towards regulations of the shipping sector's emissions of CO2
- 2011
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 38:4, s. 437-450
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shipping is increasing today along with the sector's emissions of greenhouse gases. The awareness of the emissions has increased the pressure for regulations of the shipping industry. Regulating the sector is far from simple due to the complexity of the market and the evasive characteristics of the industry. We know from studies of road pricing that attitudes among stakeholders are important for a successive policy implementation. The objective of this paper is to capture the Swedish ports' attitudes towards regulations of the shipping sector's emissions of CO2. This has been done by conducting a survey among commercial ports in Sweden. To our knowledge, this is the first study of this kind. Our analysis indicates that ports in Sweden are generally positive towards an implementation of regulations to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the shipping industry. The ports where most positive towards CO2 differentiated port due (97%), followed by a technical standard (92%), CO2 taxation (84%) and EU ETS (The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme; 74%).
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| 11. |
- Nikopoulou, Zoi, 1975
(författare)
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Incremental costs for reduction of air pollution from ships: a case study on North European emission control area
- 2017
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 44:8, s. 1056-1077
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group In addition to sulphur oxides control, the North and the Baltic Seas have recently been designated as nitrogen oxides control area. Amidst ongoing developments in energy markets and international trade, shipowners have to develop cost-efficient strategies to comply with the new regulation. This study creates and tests a model calculating the incremental costs of abating NO x and SO x emissions under MARPOL Annex VI regulations for the following methods: SCR, HAM and internal engine modifications, marine gas oil, wet scrubbers, and liquefied natural gas propulsion. The model is tested empirically on a broad sample of 244 ships from the Swedish Commercial Fleet database for different operating contexts and fuel prices. Individual ship emission reductions and incremental abatement costs are calculated and the results are presented for the entire studied sample and per ship type class. The study also explores the sensitivity of the chosen abatement methods to cost determinants and to main engine time operation under the light of economic performance and cost-efficiency. The results of the study aim to contribute to company abatement strategy.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Ringsberg, Anders Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Maritime security guidelines : a study of Swedish ports’ perceived barriers to compliance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 47:3, s. 388-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the constant risk of piracy and terrorist attacks which cause disturbances within international shipping of goods, barriers to the adoption of maritime security guidelines (MSGs) at European ports have become prevalent. In this paper, a conceptual framework was created to explore the perceived barriers that prevent compliance with MSGs. To verify the conceptual framework, empirical data were collected using a mixed-methods approach, which was comprised of interviews with national experts and a survey of 47% of Swedish ports involved in the shipping of goods. According to the presented framework, the perceived barriers of Swedish ports to compliance with MSGs were linked to collaborations within the Swedish Maritime Security stakeholder network, available resources and educational knowledge about security culture. In addition, the perceived barriers of smaller ports were linked to the adaptation to MSGs at different levels and the absence of specific tools of maritime security management. Due to an increased interest in international shipping of goods, this paper is currently one of few that addresses the barriers to compliance with MSGs. Moreover, the paper presents a general conceptual framework, novel managerial implications and recommendations for future research.
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| 15. |
- Saeed, N., et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the relationships between maritime connectivity, international trade and domestic production
- 2021
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 48:4, s. 497-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to simultaneously analyse the complex relationships between bilateral maritime connectivity, bilateral trade and domestic production as measured by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. This is achieved by applying non-recursive models and Path Analysis (PA). The top ten best maritime connected countries and their 155 trading partners are selected for the analysis. The components of maritime connectivity, maritime distance, and gravity variables are selected as instrumental variables to analyse the reciprocal relationship between export/import of ten countries and the GDP per capita of their 155 trading partners. The results confirm the reciprocal relationship between export values (that are the import values of trading partners) and GDP per capita, whereas a reciprocal relationship between import values (that are the export values of trading partners) and GDP per capita does not exist. The results also confirm the complexity of the relationships between maritime connectivity, trade and economic growth and that, compared to components of maritime connectivity, none of the gravity variables have a positive impact on bilateral trade. The results suggest that economic policy and trade policy at the global, regional, and national level should recognize the need for, and foster, better maritime connectivity.
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| 16. |
- Saeed, N., et al.
(författare)
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Identifying the characteristics of China's maritime trading partners on the basis of bilateral shipping connectivity: A cluster analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 50:1, s. 42-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- China is ranked as the number one maritime connected country in the world. This study attempts to analyse the characteristics of its 155 maritime trading partners. Five components of maritime connectivity have been used for the analysis. A hierarchical clustering technique is applied to group the trading partners into distinct meaningful clusters. As China's main maritime competitors within the East Asian region, the analysis is also applied to Singapore and Hong Kong. The clustering technique produces three distinct clusters for China and Singapore and two for Hong Kong. The results reveal the importance of direct maritime connectivity, with China having the highest number of trading partners with zero transhipment (including its top 15 trading partners), compared to Singapore and Hong Kong. The analysis is further extended by applying ordered logistic regression. The results show that the logistic performance index (LPI) and exports/imports have a positive and significant influence on clusters. Conclusions are drawn as to the potential for implementing strategies and policy interventions on the basis of the emergent clusters, particularly the need for Hong Kong to improve all five components of maritime connectivity in order to compete with China and Singapore.
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| 17. |
- Tseng, P. H., et al.
(författare)
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Key criteria influencing the choice of Arctic shipping: a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process model
- 2018
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 45:4, s. 422-438
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As Arctic sea ice shrinks due to global warming, the Northern Sea Route (NSR) and the Northwest Passage (NWP) offer a substantial reduction in shipping distance between Asia and the European and North American continents, respectively, when compared to conventional routes through the Suez and Panama Canals. However, Arctic shipping routes have many problems associated with their use. The main objective of this paper is to identify the key criteria that influence the decisions of shipping operators with respect to using Arctic shipping routes. A multi-criteria decision-making methodology, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, is applied to rank four potential categories of criteria (economic', technical', political' and safety' factors) and their sub-criteria.The results of the analysis suggest that, on aggregate, economic' is the most important category of influential factors, followed by safety', technical' and political' factors. The paper concludes, however, that the most influential specific sub-criteria relate to risks that lie mainly within the safety' and political' domains and that, especially in combination, these overwhelm the importance which is attached to economic' factors such as reduced fuel use. Finally, the implications of these findings for the future development of Arctic shipping are addressed at a strategic level.
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| 18. |
- Zis, T. P. V., et al.
(författare)
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Economic and environmental impacts of scrubbers investments in shipping: a multi-sectoral analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 49:8, s. 1097-1115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented a series of increasingly stricter regulations to reduce sulphur emissions from international shipping. As of January 2020, the global sulphur cap requires the use of fuel containing a maximum of 0.5% sulphur content, or the use of technology achieving a similar reduction in sulphur emissions. Deciding between fuel switching or investing in abatement technologies has been a recurring topic for research in the last decade, with a focus on shipping activities within Emission Control Areas (ECAs). The quest for the desulphurization of shipping results in higher operating costs as well as CO2 emissions. We estimate the economic and environmental impacts of compliance with sulphur limits for a variety of representative ship types. This paper quantitatively assesses case studies across the most important shipping sectors highlighting their different challenges. The results confirm that scrubber investments are more profitable at times of higher fuel prices, and for ships that spend relatively more time sailing. We show that the potential for speed differentiation inside and outside ECAs has been diminished. This framework can be a useful decision support system for selecting the best response amongst different compliance options to environmental regulations.
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| 19. |
- Österman, Cecilia, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Administrative burdens and over-exertion in Swedish short sea shipping
- 2016
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 43:5, s. 569-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite significant changes in work tasks performed on board, towards more sedentary monitoring and administrative work, the incidence of occupational injuries and disorders remains high among seafarers. In order to improve safety standards, industry stakeholders increasingly require written documentation of numerous routines, procedures and tasks performed on board. These increased demands have however added to the administrative burden. Some say, to the extent that administrative work has become a safety risk in itself. This paper presents the result of a survey investigating how Swedish seafarers perceive their own level of fatigue, stress and over-exertion related to work. The material consists of 1309 respondents originating from a random selection procedure, of which 651 reported to be employed in short sea shipping. Multiple regression analysis (OLS regression), allowing adjusted effects, were applied in several steps of the analysis. The highest levels of exertion were reported by employees in the catering department, positions not generally associated with high administrative burden. Perceived high levels of administrative work do increase the level of exertion, but cannot explain the observed pattern. Future ship and trade-specific studies on physical and mental well-being and complementary studies on the catering department’s working conditions and work environment are necessary.
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| 20. |
- Österman, Cecilia, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing financial impact of maritime ergonomics on company level : a case study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 42:6, s. 555-570
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present paper reports a case study examining a conceptual framework for assessing financial impact of occupational maritime ergonomics in a Swedish shipping company. Specifically, the aim was to study the availability and applicability of suggested determinants for operational performance; routines for estimating the effects of ergonomics; and the customer’s (sea transport buyer’s) demands for ergonomics management on the case company.The results show that the determinants and sub-categories for operational performance in terms of productivity, efficiency and quality are present and applicable, albeit not measured to any large extent. No routines or specific methods for measuring or estimating cost and effects of ergonomics investments, accidents and operational disturbances were found. Further, the results show that the sea transport buyers increasingly express interest for and place demands related to maritime ergonomics, for instance through compliance of specific standards and guiding principles linked to maritime ergonomics. It is concluded that in order to support and enable managers’ ability to make well informed decisions and prioritizations, between investments, ergonomic or other, increased knowledge is needed of the financial effects of ergonomics on company core value processes. There is also a need to develop and implement usable tools to simplify these measuring procedures.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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