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- Hansen, Stefan, 1953, et al.
(författare)
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Links between temperamental dimensions and brain monoamines in the rat
- 2006
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Ingår i: Behavioral Neuroscience. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0735-7044 .- 1939-0084. ; 120:1, s. 85-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 27 female Wistar rats we obtained composite scores on harm avoidance and novelty seeking, as well as 57 measures of monoamines and metabolites from 10 different brain regions. A multivariate regression method was used to discover associations between individual differences in temperament and neurochemistry. Harm avoidant subjects had low levels of striatal dopamine, and high levels of cortical norepinephrine and amygdaloid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. High novelty seeking scores were linked to low levels of brainstem serotonin and dopamine, and to low levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in amygdala and accumbens. Moreover, rats scoring high on novelty seeking had higher-than-average levels of norepinephrine in the thalamus and amygdala, and of serotonin in the amygdala.
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| 10. |
- Chaibi, Ilias, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Aggression and Impulsivity
- 2023
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Ingår i: Behavioral Neuroscience. - : AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 0735-7044 .- 1939-0084. ; 137:3, s. 155-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aggression is a complex social behavior that evolved in the context of defending a territory, fighting for limited resources, and competing for mates and protection. Although aggression considered as a negative or undesirable emotion is an essential part of many species repertoire of social behaviors. For humans, the motivations, actions, and limits of aggressive acts are not always clear. However, uncontrolled aggression may have destructive consequences, and it develops inappropriately into violence. At the neural level, several studies demonstrated that aggression is related to cortical abnormalities, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This review summarizes the state of the literature regarding the involvement of ACC in the neurobiology of aggression and impulsivity. We will first review structural and neuroanatomical studies, including volumetric and functional investigations of aggression. Next, we will discuss the neurochemical and neuropharmacological studies of aggression related to the ACC. We will focus mainly on the gamma-aminobutyric acid/glutamate balance, as well as the serotoninergic system. Finally, we will try to integrate these results and reconcile discrepancies in the field and suggest recommendations for future studies.
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| 11. |
- Chen, Ping, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of striatal dopamine on Pavlovian bias. A large [¹⁸F]-DOPA PET study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Behavioral Neuroscience. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0735-7044 .- 1939-0084. ; 137:3, s. 184-195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interaction between Pavlovian and instrumental control systems is key for adaptive motivated behavior, but also plays an important role in various neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, addiction, and anxiety. Here, we employed the flouorodopa positron emission tomography ([¹⁸F]-DOPA PET) in healthy participants (N = 100) to assess whether dopamine synthesis capacity (Ki), specifically in the ventral striatum, accounts for individual variation in Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT). Surprisingly, this was not the case. Rather, the relationship of ventral striatal Ki with PIT depended on working memory (WM) capacity. Ventral striatal dopamine boosted the effects of Pavlovian cues on instrumental responding to a greater degree in participants with higher WM capacity. Caution is warranted to interpret this post hoc four-way interaction given the modest sample size. Nonetheless, these results chime with prior findings demonstrating that dopaminergic drugs boost Pavlovian biases to a greater degree in participants with greater WM capacity and highlight the importance of interactions between striatal dopamine and WM capacity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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| 12. |
- Dimitriou, Michael
(författare)
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Task-Dependent Modulation of Spinal and Transcortical Stretch Reflexes Linked to Motor Learning Rate
- 2018
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Ingår i: Behavioral Neuroscience. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0735-7044 .- 1939-0084. ; 132:3, s. 194-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is generally believed that task-dependent control of body configuration ("posture") is achieved by adjusting voluntary motor activity and transcortical "long-latency" reflexes. Spinal monosynaptic circuits are thought not to be engaged in such task-level control. Similarly, being in a state of motor learning has been strongly associated only with an upregulation of feedback responses at transcortical latencies and beyond. In two separate experiments, the current study examined the task-dependent modulation of stretch reflexes by perturbing the hand of human subjects while they were waiting for a "Go" signal to move at the different stages of a classic kinematic learning task (visuomotor rotation). Although the subjects had to resist all haptic perturbations equally across task stages, the study leveraged that task-dependent feedback controllers may already be "loaded" at the movement anticipation stage. In addition to an upregulation of reflex gains during early exposure to the visual distortion, I found a relative inhibition of reflex responses in the "washout" stage (sensory realignment state). For more distal muscles (brachioradialis) this inhibition also extended to the monosynaptic reflex response ("R1"). Moreover, these R1 gains reflected individual motor learning performance in the visuomotor task. The results demonstrate that the system's "control policy" in visuomotor adaptation can also include inhibition of proprioceptive reflexes, and that aspects of this policy can affect monosynaptic spinal circuits. The latter finding suggests a novel form of state-related control, probably realized by independent control of fusimotor neurons, through which segmental circuits can tune to higher-level features of a sensorimotor task.
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| 13. |
- Feltmann, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Antidepressant drugs specifically inhibiting noradrenaline reuptake enhance recognition memory in rats.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Behavioral Neuroscience. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0735-7044 .- 1939-0084. ; 129:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients suffering from major depression often experience memory deficits even after the remission of mood symptoms, and many antidepressant drugs do not affect, or impair, memory in animals and humans. However, some antidepressant drugs, after a single dose, enhance cognition in humans (Harmer et al., 2009). To compare different classes of antidepressant drugs for their potential as memory enhancers, we used a version of the novel object recognition task in which rats spontaneously forget objects 24 hr after their presentation. Antidepressant drugs were injected systemically 30 min before or directly after the training phase (Session 1 [S1]). Post-S1 injections were used to test for specific memory-consolidation effects. The noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors reboxetine and atomoxetine, as well as the serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor duloxetine, injected prior to S1 significantly enhanced recognition memory. In contrast, the serotonin reuptake inhibitors citalopram and paroxetine and the cyclic antidepressant drugs desipramine and mianserin did not enhance recognition memory. Post-S1 injection of either reboxetine or citalopram significantly enhanced recognition memory, indicating an effect on memory consolidation. The fact that citalopram had an effect only when injected after S1 suggests that it may counteract its own consolidation-enhancing effect by interfering with memory acquisition. However, pretreatment with citalopram did not attenuate reboxetine's memory-enhancing effect. The D1/5-receptor antagonist SCH23390 blunted reboxetine's memory-enhancing effect, indicating a role of dopaminergic transmission in reboxetine-induced recognition memory enhancement. Our results suggest that antidepressant drugs specifically inhibiting noradrenaline reuptake enhance cognition and may be beneficial in the treatment of cognitive symptoms of depression.
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| 14. |
- Fischer, H, et al.
(författare)
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Fear conditioning and brain activity : a positron emission tomography study in humans.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Behav Neurosci. - 0735-7044. ; 114:4, s. 671-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with H2 (15)O positron emission tomography in 8 healthy women before and after fear conditioning (i.e., paired shocks) and unpaired shocks to videotape cues. Conditioning was supported by enhanced peripheral nervous system recordings and subjective ratings. Fear conditioning increased rCBF in the central gray of the midbrain; bilaterally in the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the left striatum; and in the right and left anterior cingulate and right prefrontal cortices. Regional CBF was attenuated bilaterally in the right and left prefrontal, temporal (including the amygdala), parietal, and occipital cortices, and in the left orbitofrontal cortex. When compared with unpaired shock presentations, fear conditioning resulted in elevated rCBF in the left cerebellum. Hence, in the present paradigm, only neural activity in the left cerebellum solely reflected processes associated with true Pavlovian conditioning.
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| 15. |
- Garpenstrand, H, et al.
(författare)
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Human fear conditioning is related to dopaminergic and serotonergic biological markers
- 2001
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Ingår i: BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE. - 0735-7044. ; 115:2, s. 358-364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological markers for acquisition and extinction of fear conditioning were studied in 40 individuals selected for displaying either good or poor acquisition of fear conditioning, as estimated by the skin conductance response. Participants with a short se
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| 17. |
- Hazari, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Examining Changes in Rodent Temperament Following Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescence
- 2020
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Ingår i: Behavioral Neuroscience. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0735-7044 .- 1939-0084. ; 134:5, s. 384-393
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mild traumatic brain injuries are known to cause a host of symptoms, including headaches, nausea, and depression, that when persistent, are known as postconcussive syndrome. In addition to these overt symptomologies, individuals may experience changes in day-to-day behavior or temperament, which although not meeting criteria for postconcussive diagnosis, does cause distress to the individual. The aim of this study was to determine whether we could measure temperament in a rat and, if so, determine whether temperament is altered in response to repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (RmTBI). Forty male and female adolescent Sprague-Dawley rats were same-sex pair housed and subjected to RmTBIs or sham injuries. The rats were recorded at 6 different time points throughout the study for the temperament assessment protocol, a measure of the complex behavioral profile of each rat within its dyadic home cage environment. The temperaments were quantified via a novel behavioral scoring algorithm. The rats were also tested on a battery of tests that were designed to measure symptoms of postconcussion syndrome. We determined that rodent temperament is quantifiable, is sex dependent, changes with age, and is modifiable in response to experiential factors such as RmTBI. Rats that received the RmTBIs were significantly less active and showed decreased levels of social interaction compared with their sham-injury counterparts. Moreover, both task switching and recovery patterns for RmTBI rats were dependent on the injury status of their cage mates. Future studies are now required to determine the mechanisms underlying these important changes in temperament.
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| 20. |
- Millroth, Philip, et al.
(författare)
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Disentangling the Effects of Serotonin on Risk Perception: S-Carriers of 5-HTTLPR Are Primarily Concerned With the Magnitude of the Outcomes, Not the Uncertainty
- 2017
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Ingår i: Behavioral Neuroscience. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0735-7044 .- 1939-0084. ; 131:5, s. 421-427
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serotonin signaling is vital for reward processing, and hence, also for decision-making. The serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) has been connected to decision making, suggesting that short-allele carriers (s) are more risk averse than long-allele homozygotes (ll). However, previous research has not identified if this occurs because s-carriers (i) are more sensitive to the uncertainty of the outcomes or (ii) are more sensitive to the magnitude of the outcomes. This issue was disentangled using a willingness-to-pay task, where the participants evaluated prospects involving certain gains, uncertain gains, and ambiguous gains. The results clearly favored the hypothesis that s-carriers react more to the magnitude of the outcomes. Self-reported measures of everyday risk-taking behavior also favored this hypothesis. We discuss how these results are in line with recent research on the serotonergic impact on reward processing.
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| 21. |
- Olofsson, Jonas K., et al.
(författare)
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Fast Versus Slow Word Integration of Visual and Olfactory Objects : EEG Biomarkers of Decision Speed Variability
- 2018
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Ingår i: Behavioral Neuroscience. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0735-7044 .- 1939-0084. ; 132:6, s. 587-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In psychological experiments, behavioral speed varies across trials, and this variation is often associated with corresponding fluctuations in cortical activity. Little is known about such cortical variations in semantic priming tasks where target words are matched with preceding sensory object cues. Here, two visually presented target words (pear and lilac) were repeatedly cued by corresponding odors or pictures, and the participants were to indicate matching or nonmatching combinations. Data were split in behaviorally fast versus slow trials. We hypothesized that slow trials would be associated with higher prestimulus alpha activity and reduced ERP amplitudes, and that response-time differences between odor-cued and picture-cued trials would be especially large in slow behavioral trials. Results confirmed that slow trials showed increased alpha-band activity prior to word target onset, as well as amplitude decreases in the sensory P1 and semantic N400 components. However, no interactions between cue-modality and processing speed were observed. Instead, odor-cue integration responses were uniquely delayed on incongruent trials, a novel behavioral effect that was not observed in EEG measures. The results show that semantic integration speed is reflected in cortical activity before and during stimulus processing. Behavioral interactions with cue modality did not correspond to observed cortical activity changes, perhaps because olfactory circuits are not readily observed in scalp-recorded EEG. We conclude that combining behavioral speed variability and cortical EEG measures is useful in understanding the fluctuating nature of cognitive processing sequences.
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| 22. |
- Palsdottir, Vilborg, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term effects of perinatal essential fatty acid deficiency on anxiety-related behavior in mice.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Behavioral neuroscience. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1939-0084 .- 0735-7044. ; 126:2, s. 361-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dietary essential fatty acids have been shown to regulate behavioral and cognitive functions in rodents. However, the long-term effect on behavior, besides memory and learning, of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), i.e., lack of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, during the perinatal period has not been investigated. Therefore, pregnant C57Bl/6 mice were given either an EFAD or an isoenergetic control diet from gestational day 16 and throughout lactation. The female offspring were given standard chow from 3 weeks of age, and at 12 to 14 weeks of age, open-field, object recognition, light-dark transition, elevated plus maze, and social interaction tests were performed. The brain glycerophospholipid fatty acid composition was investigated in 3-week-old and adult offspring by gas chromatography. The differences observed in behavior were indicative of lower anxiety in the EFAD mice compared to controls illustrated by more time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze (+ 41%, p < .05) and in the light compartment in the light-dark transition test (+ 63%, p < .05). The proportion of total n-3 fatty acids, especially 22:6n-3 in the brain, was lower with a compensatory increase in the proportion of total n-6 fatty acids, foremost 22:5n-6, in the EFAD mice compared to controls at 3 weeks of age. In the adult brains the fatty acid composition was normalized. In conclusion, our data show that EFAD during the perinatal period results in short-term alterations of fatty acid composition in brain and decreased anxiety in adult life.
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| 23. |
- Wallin-Miller, Kathryn, et al.
(författare)
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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids Alter Decision Making in a Balanced Rodent Model of the Iowa Gambling Task
- 2018
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Ingår i: Behavioral Neuroscience. - : AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 0735-7044 .- 1939-0084. ; 132:3, s. 152-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse is implicated in maladaptive decision making such as increased risk taking and problem gambling. Endogenous testosterone correlates with economic risk taking in both the stock market (Coates & Herbert, 2008) and in the laboratory, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (Stanton, Liening, & Schultheiss, 2011). Additionally, AAS use has been associated with problem gambling behavior in adolescents (Proimos, DuRant, Pierce, & Goodman, 1998). Thus, AAS may impair economic decision making. However, studies of human AAS users cannot control for preexisting risky behavior or normalize androgen levels. Accordingly, the present study investigated AAS effects on decision making in rats using a novel, balanced rodent model of the IGT. Adolescent male Long-Evans rats were treated chronically with high-dose testosterone (7.5 mg/kg) or vehicle (13% cyclodextrin in water) sc, and trained to work for sugar pellets in an operant chamber equipped with 4 levers, each associated with a different schedule of reward magnitude (number of pellets), probability, and punishment (time-out) duration. By RM-ANOVA, there was a main effect of lever (F-3,F-78 = 25.33, p < .05), such that all rats preferred lever L4 offering a large reward (4 pellets), but with low probability (45%) and a long (35 sec) time-out. There was also a significant interaction of testosterone x lever (F-3,F-78 = 2.78, p < .05), with testosterone increasing preference for L4 and decreasing preference for the other levers, relative to vehicle-treated controls. These data extend our previous findings of altered decision making in AAS-treated rats, and suggest that AAS may alter economic decision making in human users.
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