| 1. |
- Assoufid, Lahsen, et al.
(författare)
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Next-generation materials for future synchrotron and free-electron laser sources
- 2017
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 42:6, s. 418-423
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of new materials and improvements of existing ones are at the root of the spectacular recent developments of new technologies for synchrotron storage rings and free-electron laser sources. This holds true for all relevant application areas, from electron guns to undulators, x-ray optics, and detectors. As demand grows for more powerful and efficient light sources, efficient optics, and high-speed detectors, an overview of ongoing materials research for these applications is timely. In this article, we focus on the most exciting and demanding areas of materials research and development for synchrotron radiation optics and detectors. Materials issues of components for synchrotron and free-electron laser accelerators are briefly discussed. The articles in this issue expand on these topics.
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| 2. |
- Balke, Nina, et al.
(författare)
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Scanning probes for new energy materials: Probing local structure and function
- 2012
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP): STM Journals - No Cambridge Open. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 37:7, s. 633-637
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design and control of materials properties, often at the nanoscale, are the foundation of many new strategies for energy generation, storage, and efficiency. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has evolved into a very large toolbox for the characterization of properties spanning size scales from hundreds of microns to nanometers. Recent advances in SPM involve properties and size scales of precise relevance to energy-related materials, as presented in this issue. These advances are put into the general context of energy research, and the general principles are summarized.
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| 3. |
- Berglund, Lars A., et al.
(författare)
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Cellulose Biocomposites : From Bulk Moldings to Nanostructured Systems
- 2010
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 35:3, s. 201-207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose biocomposites are widely used in industry as a low-cost engineering material with plant fiber reinforcement. However, chemical and microstructural heterogeneity causes low strength, low strain-to-failure, high moisture sensitivity, and odor and discoloration problems. Efforts toward improved performance through fiber orientation control, increased fiber lengths, and biopolymer use are reviewed. Interfacial strength control and moisture sensitivity are remaining challenges. As an attractive alternative reinforcement, high-quality cellulose nanofibers obtained by wood pulp fiber disintegration can be prepared at low cost. These nanofibers have high length/diameter ratios, diameters in the 5-15 nm range, and intrinsically superior physical properties. Wood cellulose nanofibers are interesting as an alternative reinforcement to more expensive nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes. Nanopaper and polymer matrix nanocomposites based on cellulose nanofiber networks show high strength, high work-of-fracture, low moisture adsorption, low thermal expansion, high thermal stability, high thermal conductivity, exceptional barrier properties, and high optical transparency. The favorable mechanical performance of bioinspired foams and low-density aerogels is reviewed. Future applications of cellulose biocomposites will be extended from the high-volume/low-cost end toward high-tech applications, where cellulose properties are fully exploited in nanostructured materials.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bienfang, J. C., et al.
(författare)
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Materials, devices, and systems for high-speed single-photon counting
- 2022
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Nature. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 47:5, s. 494-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optical communications and high-speed optoelectronics are enabling technologies for modern information networks. Driven by the need for improved bandwidth, high efficiency, and low noise, advances over the last decades have led to high-performance photodetectors operating at the quantum limit. In particular, single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) provide excellent performance in terms of high detection efficiency and low noise. In this article, we highlight materials challenges in these detectors and review recent progress on devices, and systems for high-count-rate single-photon counting with SPADs and SNSPDs. Device configurations specifically designed for high-speed optoelectronics are discussed, including active detector readout schemes. Advantages and tradeoffs of the different device technologies are summarized and compared, providing an outlook on future prospects for performance optimization and emerging applications.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Dadbakhsh, Sasan, et al.
(författare)
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Laser additive manufacturing of bulk and porous shape-memory NiTi alloys : From processes to potential biomedical applications
- 2016
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 41:10, s. 765-774
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- NiTi alloys are well known not only due to their exceptional shape-memory ability to recover their primary shape, but also because they show high ductility, excellent corrosion and wear resistance, and good biological compatibility. They have received significant attention especially in the field of laser additive manufacturing (AM). Among laser AM techniques, selective laser melting and laser metal deposition are utilized to exploit the unique properties of NiTi for fabricating complex shapes. This article reviews the properties of bulk and porous laser-made NiTi alloys as influenced by both process and material parameters. The effects of processing parameters on density, shape-memory response, microstructure, mechanical properties, surface corrosion, and biological properties are discussed. The article also describes potential opportunities where laser AM processes can be applied to fabricate dedicated NiTi components for medical applications.
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| 8. |
- Dürr, Hermann A., et al.
(författare)
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Revealing momentum-dependent electron-phonon and phonon-phonon coupling in complex materials with ultrafast electron diffuse scattering
- 2021
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Nature. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 46:8, s. 731-737
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite their fundamental role in determining many important properties of materials, detailed momentum-dependent information on the strength of electron–phonon and phonon–phonon coupling across the entire Brillouin zone has remained elusive. Ultrafast electron diffuse scattering (UEDS) is a recently developed technique that is making a significant contribution to these questions. Here, we describe both the UEDS methodology and the information content of ultrafast, photoinduced changes in phonon-diffuse scattering from single-crystal materials. We present results obtained from Ni, WSe2, and TiSe2, materials that are characterized by a complex interplay between electronic (charge, spin) and lattice degrees of freedom. We demonstrate the power of this technique by unraveling carrier–phonon and phonon–phonon interactions in both momentum and time and following nonequilibrium phonon dynamics in detail on ultrafast time scales. By combining ab initio calculations with ultrafast diffuse electron scattering, insights into electronic and magnetic dynamics that impact UEDS indirectly can also be obtained.
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| 9. |
- Flatt, RJ, et al.
(författare)
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The rheology of cementitious materials
- 2004
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 29, s. 314-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The introduction of a new generation of dispersants in concrete allow this material to exhibit self-compacting properties in its fresh state and high durability and mechanical strength in its hardened state. These translate into many practical advantages for the construction field. Two of the most important are reducing the ecological impact of this sector of industry and reducing the labour-intensive work associated with placing ordinary concrete by vibration. In this article, it will be shown that knowledge of colloidal science has proven essential in the development of this new generation of dispersants for concrete. Indeed, the polymer molecules used in these dispersants are specifically designed to induce steric repulsion between cement particles, reducing their agglomeration and allowing high workability of fresh concrete prior to setting. It will be emphasized that while the linkage between interparticle forces and the rheological behavior of cement pastes is still only semiquantitative, recent advances in the modeling of concrete rheology show very promising results in terms of handling aggregates with a wide distribution of particle sizes and shapes. However, accurate modeling requires reliable input on the interaction of the dispersant with the hydrating cement at the molecular level, which is identified as one of the future research challenges.
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| 10. |
- Gatenholm, Paul, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Bacterial Nanocellulose as a Renewable Material for Biomedical Applications
- 2010
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 35:3, s. 208-213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanocellulose, such as that produced by the bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus (bacterial cellulose, BC), is an emerging biomaterial with great potential as a biological implant, wound and burn dressing material, and scaffolds for tissue regeneration. BC has remarkable mechanical properties despite the fact that it contains up to 99% water. The water-holding ability is the most probable reason why BC implants do not elicit any foreign body reaction. Moreover, the nanostructure and morphological similarities with collagen make BC attractive for cell immobilization and cell support. The architecture of BC materials can be engineered over length scales ranging from nano to macro by controlling the biofabrication process. This article describes current and future applications of BC in the biomedical field.
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| 11. |
- Ha, SY, et al.
(författare)
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Degradation of SiC high-voltage pin diodes
- 2005
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 30:4, s. 305-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recent discovery of forward-voltage degradation in SiC pin diodes has created an obstacle to the successful commercialization of SiC bipolar power devices. Accordingly, it has attracted intense interest around the world. This article summarizes the progress in both the fundamental understanding of the problem and its elimination. The degradation is due to the formation of Shockley-type stacking faults in the drift layer, which occurs through glide of bounding partial dislocations. The faults gradually cover the diode area, impeding current flow. Since the minimization of stress in the device structure could not prevent this phenomenon, its driving force appears to be intrinsic to the material. Stable devices can be fabricated by eliminating the nucleation sites, namely, dissociated basal-plane dislocations in the drift layer. Their density can be reduced by the conversion of basal-plane dislocations propagating from the substrate into threading dislocations during homoepitaxy.
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| 12. |
- Hultman, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Fullerene-like carbon nitride : A resilient coating material
- 2003
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 28:3, s. 194-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon nitride is an emerging material for wear-resistant coatings. The fullerene-like CNx compounds generally exhibit extreme elasticity in combination with a low work of indentation hardness. Yet CNx shows a low-to-moderate resistance to penetration, depending on deposition conditions. Since the deformation energy is predominantly stored elastically, the material possesses an extremely resilient character. This new class of materials consists of sp(2)-coordinated basal planes that are buckled from the incorporation of-pentagons and cross-linked at sp(3)-hybridized C sites, both of which are caused by structural incorporation of nitrogen. Carbon nitride thus deforms elastically due to bending of the structural units. The orientation, radius of curvature of the basal planes, and the degree of cross-linking between them defines the structure and properties of the material. Due to the unique deformation behavior, the hardness requires special care to assess, but can be very high for films with a large degree of cross-linking. This article is a review of the research on CNx films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering, with examples from our recent work. The findings are significant for the design of fracture-tough materials.
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| 13. |
- Immerstrand, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Conjugated-polymer micro- and milliactuators for biological applications
- 2002
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 27:6, s. 461-464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of new conjugated-polymer tools for the study of the biological realm, and for use in a clinical setting, is reviewed in this article. Conjugated-polymer actuators, based on the changes of volume of the active conjugated polymer during redox transformation, can be used in electrolytes employed in cell-culture media and in biological fluids such as blood, plasma, and urine. Actuators ranging in size from 10 μm to 100 μm suitable for building structures to manipulate single cells are produced with photolithographic techniques. Larger actuators may be used for the manipulation of blood vessels and biological tissue.
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| 14. |
- Laurell, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Poled glasses
- 1998
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 23, s. 31-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 15. |
- Liu, C. W., et al.
(författare)
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New materials for post-Si computing
- 2014
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 39:8, s. 658-662
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is now widely recognized that continued performance gains in electronic computing will require new materials, both in the short and long term. In the short term, the silicon channel in transistors will be replaced by materials with higher mobility that are easier to "scale" (make thinner). In data storage, the goal is to have fast, non-volatile memory with a smaller cell size. In the long term, new architectures and new types of logic devices will be needed in order to further reduce power consumption. New materials cannot only boost performance, but can also add new functionalities, such as on-chip photonics, which can vastly improve interchip interconnects. The need for new materials is a big opportunity for materials research, but also a challenge. Replacement technologies must outperform conventional silicon technology, but also be compatible with the vast infrastructure of silicon manufacturing. Examples of some of the materials advances in the areas of computation, memory, and communication are given in this issue of MRS Bulletin
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| 16. |
- Lund, Anja, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Conducting materials as building blocks for electronic textiles
- 2021
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 46:6, s. 491-501
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- To realize the full gamut of functions that are envisaged for electronic textiles (e-textiles) a range of semiconducting, conducting and electrochemically active materials are needed. This article will discuss how metals, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene and MXenes, can be used in concert to create e-textile materials, from fibers and yarns to patterned fabrics. Many of the most promising architectures utilize several classes of materials (e.g., elastic fibers composed of a conducting material and a stretchable polymer, or textile devices constructed with conducting polymers or 2D materials and metal electrodes). While an increasing number of materials and devices display a promising degree of wash and wear resistance, sustainability aspects of e-textiles will require greater attention.
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| 17. |
- Matic, Aleksandar, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Ionic liquids for energy applications
- 2013
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 38:7, s. 533-537
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an urgent need for new energy storage and conversion systems in order to tackle the environmental problems we face today and to make the transition to a fossil fuel-free society. New batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells have the potential to be key devices for large-scale energy storage systems for load leveling and electric vehicles. In many cases, the concepts are known, but the right materials solutions are lacking. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been highlighted as suitable materials to be included in new devices, most commonly as electrolytes. Attractive features of ILs such as high ionic conductivity, low vapor pressure, high thermal and electrochemical stability, large temperature range for the liquid phase, and flexibility in molecular design have drawn the attention of researchers from many different fields. In addition, there is the possibility of designing new materials and morphologies using electrochemical synthesis with ILs. In this article, we provide an introduction to ILs and their properties, serving as a base for the topical articles in this issue.
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| 18. |
- Moodera, Jagadeesh S., et al.
(författare)
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On the path toward organic spintronics
- 2014
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 39:7, s. 578-581
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic materials provide a unique platform for exploiting the spin of the electron-a field dubbed organic spintronics. Originally, this was mostly motivated by the notion that because of weak spin-orbit coupling, due to the small mass elements in organics and small hyperfine field coupling, organic matter typically displays a very long electron spin coherence time. More recently, however, it was found that organics provide a special class of spintronic materials for many other reasons-several of which are discussed throughout this issue. Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in utilizing the molecular spin state as a quantum of information, aiming to develop multifunctional molecular spintronics for memory, sensing, and logic applications. The aim of this issue is to stimulate the interest of researchers by bringing to their attention the vast possibilities not only for unexpected science but also for the enormous potential for developing new functionalities and applications. The six articles in this issue deal with some of the breakthrough work that has been ongoing in this field in recent years.
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| 19. |
- Riel, Heike, et al.
(författare)
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III-V compound semiconductor transistors-from planar to nanowire structures
- 2014
-
Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1938-1425 .- 0883-7694. ; 39:8, s. 668-677
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conventional silicon transistor scaling is fast approaching its limits. An extension of the logic device roadmap to further improve future performance increases of integrated circuits is required to propel the electronics industry. Attention is turning to III-V compound semiconductors that are well positioned to replace silicon as the base material in logic switching devices. Their outstanding electron transport properties and the possibility to tune heterostructures provide tremendous opportunities to engineer novel nanometer-scale logic transistors. The scaling constraints require an evolution from planar III-V metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) toward transistor channels with a three-dimensional structure, such as nanowire FETs, to achieve future performance needs for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) nodes beyond 10 nm. Further device innovations are required to increase energy efficiency. This could be addressed by tunnel FETs (TFETs), which rely on interband tunneling and thus require advanced III-V heterostructures for optimized performance. This article describes the challenges and recent progress toward the development of III-V MOSFETs and heterostructure TFETs-from planar to nanowire devices-integrated on a silicon platform to make these technologies suitable for future CMOS applications.
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| 20. |
- Saha-Dasgupta, Tanusri, et al.
(författare)
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Computational design of magnetic metal-organic complexes and coordination polymers with spin-switchable functionalities
- 2014
-
Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 39:7, s. 614-620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Magnetic metal-organic complexes and coordination polymer frameworks can exhibit a transition between two different spin states of the integrated transition-metal ion, an attribute known as a spin-crossover (SCO) transition. This is a spectacular phenomenon that provides magnetic bi-stability and reversible spin-switchability to the material. Consequently, the magnetic state of the metal-organic center can be externally steered by temperature, pressure, or light irradiation. SCO molecules therefore are promising materials for various technological applications, such as spintronics devices, photo-switches, color displays, and information storage units. In spite of the importance of SCO materials in spintronics and other applications, the materials-specifi c understanding of the SCO phenomenon has remained a challenge. Here we survey recent developments in first-principles computational design of SCO metal-organic materials. A major outcome of recent state-of-the-art investigations is that an accurate quantitative description and even computational design of SCO materials can be provided by density functional theory-based electronic structure calculations combined with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.
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| 21. |
- Stiller, Krystyna Marta, 1947, et al.
(författare)
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Atom probe tomography of interfaces in ceramic films and oxide scales
- 2016
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 41:1, s. 35-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atomic-scale characterization of interfaces in ceramic materials is needed in order to fully understand their electronic, ionic, mechanical, magnetic, and optical properties. The latest development of laser-assisted atom probe tomography ( APT), as well as new specimen preparation methods, have opened the realm of ceramics for structural and chemical characterization with high sensitivity and nearly atomic spatial resolution. This article reviews recent APT investigations of interfaces in thin nitride films and thermally grown oxides: TiAlN layers and oxide scales on alumina- and chromia-formers and Zr alloys. The selected examples highlight the role of interfaces in the decomposition of films and in transport processes.
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| 22. |
- Söderlind, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Computational modeling of actinide materials and complexes
- 2010
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 35:11, s. 883-888
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In spite of being rare, actinide elements provide the building blocks for many fascinating condensed-matter systems, both from an experimental and theoretical perspective Experimental observations of actinide materials are difficult because of rarity, toxicity, radioactivity, and even safety and security Theory, on the other hand, has its own challenges Complex crystal and electronic structures are often encountered in actinide materials, as well as pronounced electron correlation effects Consequently, theoretical modeling of actinide materials and their 5f electronic states is very difficult Here, we review recent theoretical efforts to describe and sometimes predict the behavior of actinide materials and complexes, such as phase stability, including density functional theory (DFT), DFT in conjunction with an additional Coulomb repulsion U(DFT+U), and DFT in combination with dynamical mean-field theory (DFT+DMFT)
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| 23. |
- Teixeira, AI, et al.
(författare)
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Designing and Engineering Stem Cell Niches
- 2010
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Ingår i: MRS BULLETIN. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 35:8, s. 591-596
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stem cells have received a lot of attention due to great promises in medical treatment, for example, by replacing lost and sick cells and re-constituting cell populations. There are several classes of stem cells, including embryonic, fetal, and adult tissue specific. More recently, the generation of so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from differentiated cells has been established. Common criteria for all types of stem cells include their ability to self-renew and to retain their ability to differentiate in response to specific cues. These characteristics, as well as the instructive steering of the cells into differentiation, are largely dependent on the microenvironment surrounding the cells. Such “stem cell friendly” microenvironments, provided by structural and biochemical components, are often referred to as niches. Biomaterials offer attractive solutions to engineer functional stem cell niches and to steer stem cell state and fatein vitroas well asin vivo. Among materials used so far, promising results have been achieved with low-toxicity and biodegradable polymers, such as polyglycolic acid and related materials, as well as other polymers used as structural “scaffolds” for engineering of extracellular matrix components. To improve the efficiency of stem cell control and the design of the biomaterials, interfaces among stem cell research, developmental biology, regenerative medicine, chemical engineering, and materials research are rapidly developing. Here we provide an introduction to stem cell biology and principles of niche engineering and give an overview of recent advancements in stem cell niche engineering from two stem cell systems—blood and brain.
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| 24. |
- Tong, Lianming, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Nanogaps for SERS applications
- 2014
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 39:2, s. 163-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nanogap is possibly the single most important physical entity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Nanogaps between noble metal nanostructures deliver extremely high electric field-enhancement, resulting in an extraordinary amplification of both the excitation rate and the emission rate of Raman active molecules situated in the gap. In some cases, the resulting surface-enhancement in the gap can be so high that Raman spectra from single molecules can be measured. Here, we briefly review some important concepts and experimental results on nanoscale gaps for SERS applications.
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| 25. |
- Winquist, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Electronic tongues
- 2004
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 29:10, s. 726-731
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of multivariate data analysis combined with sensors with partially overlapping selectivities has become a very powerful tool in measurement technology. These systems are often referred to as artificial senses, because they function in a way similar to the human senses. One such system is the electronic nose. This article focuses on similar concepts as the electronic nose, but for use in aqueous solutions. Because these systems are related to the human sense of taste in the same way the electronic nose is related to olfaction, they have been termed taste sensors, or "electronic tongues." Various measurement principles that can be used in electronic tongues are described and discussed in this article, These include electrochemical techniques such as potentiometry, voltammetry, and conductometry. Also, optical techniques based on light absorption at specific wavelengths or the use of surface plasmon resonance are described. Mass-sensitive devices based on piezoelectric crystals have also been used and are described here. A special emphasis is given to the voltammetric electronic tongue.
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| 26. |
- Xia, J., et al.
(författare)
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Thread-based wearable devices
- 2021
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Nature. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 46:6, s. 502-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract: One-dimensional substrates such as textile fibers and threads offer an excellent opportunity to realize sensors, actuators, energy harvesters/storage, microfluidics, and advanced therapies. A new generation of wearable devices made from smart threads offer ultimate flexibility and seamless integration with the human body and the garments that adorn them. This article reviews the state of the art in thread-based wearable devices for monitoring human activity and performance, diagnoses and manages medical conditions, and provides new and improved human–machine interfaces. In the area of new and improved human–machine interfaces, it discusses novel computing platforms enabled using thread-based electronics and batteries/capacitors. For physical activity monitoring, a review of wearable devices using strain sensing threads is provided. Thread-based devices that can monitor health from biological fluids such as total analysis systems, wearable sweat sensing patches, and smart sutures/smart bandages are also included. The article concludes with an outlook on how fibers and threads are expected to impact and revolutionize the next generation of wearable devices. Knowledge gaps and emerging opportunities are presented.
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| 27. |
- Ye, Zhou, et al.
(författare)
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Metal hydrides for high-power batteries
- 2013
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 38:6, s. 504-508
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rechargeable batteries are essentially unstable systems with respect to charging/discharging. The main electrode reactions of all battery chemistries are well known but are valid and reversible only at small currents. When batteries are used with nonzero current, gradients in voltage, current, and temperature will arise and initiate a number of less understood parasitic reactions. If all these rather complicated and interconnected reactions are not reversible upon charging/discharging, the battery will derail after a number of charging/discharging cycles. This article describes two ways to improve performance. One is to choose applications where the battery is not deeply discharged, such as in hybrid electric vehicles. In battery electric vehicle applications, this would correspond to working with a significantly oversized battery. The second way is to improve uniformity and quality of design and materials of metal hydride electrodes; however, this will also drastically increase cost, and for a battery application, the total throughput of available energy over the lifetime cost of the battery must be maximized. Uniform metal hydride particles with a large and uniform reaction surface are examples of how to increase battery performance by making the electrodes work under more ideal conditions, which slows down the deteriorating influence from the parasitic reactions.
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| 28. |
- Yoshimura, K., et al.
(författare)
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Metal hydrides for smart window and sensor applications
- 2013
-
Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 38:6, s. 495-503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hydrogenation of metals often leads to changes in optical properties in the visible range. This allows for fundamental studies of the hydrogenation process, as well as the exploration of various applications using these optical effects. Here, we focus on recent developments in metal hydride-based optical fiber and plasmonic sensors and smart windows. Both applications benefit from the existence of a reflective metallic state, which is lost on hydrogenation and allows for large reversible optical changes. In this article, we review the status of both technologies and their prospects for applications.
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| 29. |
- Yun, Younsuk, et al.
(författare)
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First-principles design of next-generation nuclear fuels
- 2011
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 36:3, s. 178-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The behavior of nuclear fuel in a reactor is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by a large number of materials properties, which include thermomechanical strength, chemical stability, microstructure, and defects. As a consequence, a comprehensive understanding of the fuel material behavior presents a significant modeling challenge, which must be mastered to improve the efficiency and reliability of current nuclear reactors. It is also essential to the development of advanced fuel materials for next-generation reactors. Over the last two decades, the use of density functional theory (DFT) has greatly contributed to our understanding by providing profound information on nuclear fuel materials, ranging from fundamental properties of f-electron systems to thermomechanical materials properties. This article briefly summarizes the main achievements of this first-principles computational methodology as it applies to nuclear fuel materials. Also, the current status of first-principles modeling is discussed, considering existing limitations and drawbacks such as size limitation and the added complexity associated with high temperature analysis. Finally, the future role of DFT modeling in the nuclear fuels industry is put into perspective.
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| 30. |
- Zetterling, Carl-Mikael
(författare)
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Integrated circuits in silicon carbide for high-temperature applications
- 2015
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 40:5, s. 431-438
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-temperature electronic applications are presently limited to a maximum operational temperature of 225 degrees C for commercial integrated circuits (ICs) using silicon. One promise of silicon carbide (SiC) is high-temperature operation, although most commercial efforts have targeted high-voltage discrete devices. Depending on the technology choice, several processing challenges are involved in making ICs using SiC. Bipolar, metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors, and junction field-effect transistor technologies have been demonstrated in operating temperatures of up to 600 degrees C. Current technology performance and processing challenges relating to making ICs in SiC are reviewed in this article.
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| 31. |
- Zheng, Guangyuan, et al.
(författare)
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Nanostructured paper for flexible energy and electronic devices
- 2013
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 38:4, s. 320-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose is one of the most abundant organic materials on earth, and cellulose paper is ubiquitous in our daily life. Re-engineering cellulose fibers at the nanoscale will allow this renewable material to be applied to advanced energy storage systems and optoelectronic devices. In this article, we examine the recent development of nanofibrillated cellulose and discuss how the integration of other nanomaterials leads to a wide range of applications. The unique properties of nanofibrillated cellulose enable multi-scale structuring of the functional composites, which can be tailored to develop new concepts of energy and electronic devices. Tapping into the nanostructured materials offered by nature can offer many opportunities that will take nanotechnology research to a new level.
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| 32. |
- Baretzky, B., et al.
(författare)
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Reconstruction of historical alloys for pipe organs brings true baroque music back to life
- 2007
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - 0883-7694. ; 32:3, s. 249-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pipe organ is the king of musical instruments. No other instrument can compare with the pipe organ in power, timbre, dynamic range, tonal complexity, and sheer majesty of sound. The art of organ building reached its peak in the Baroque Age (similar to 1600-1750); with the industrial revolution in the 19th century, organ building shifted from a traditional artisans' work to factory production, changing the aesthetic concept and design of the organ so that the profound knowledge of the organ masters passed down over generations was lost. This knowledge is being recreated via close collaborations between research scientists, musicians, and organ builders throughout Europe. Dozens of metallic samples taken from 17th- to 19th-century organ pipes have been investigated to determine their composition, microstructure, properties, and manufacturing processes using sophisticated methods of materials science. Based upon these data, technologies for casting, forming, hammering, rolling, filing, and annealing selected lead-tin pipe alloys and brass components for reed pipes have been reinvented and customized to reproduce those from characteristic time periods and specific European regions. The new materials recreated in this way are currently being processed and used by organ builders for the restoration of period organs and the manufacture of new organs with true Baroque sound.
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| 33. |
- Cumings, J., et al.
(författare)
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Electric and magnetic phenomena studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy
- 2008
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - 0883-7694. ; 33:2, s. 101-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a wide array of technologically significant materials whose response to electric and magnetic fields can make or break their utility for specific applications. Often, these electrical and magnetic properties are determined by nanoscale features that can be most effectively understood through electron microscopy studies. Here, we present an overview of the capabilities for transmission electron microscopy for uncovering information about electric and magnetic properties of materials in the context of operational devices. When devices are operated during microscope observations, a wealth of information is available about dynamics, including metastable and transitional states. Additionally, because the imaging beam is electrically charged, it can directly capture information about the electric and magnetic fields in and around devices of interest. This is perhaps most relevant to the growing areas of nanomaterials and nanodevice research. Several specific examples are presented of materials systems that have been explored with these techniques. We also provide a view of the future directions for research.
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| 34. |
- Dick, Kimberly A.
(författare)
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Gas-phase materials synthesis in environmental transmission electron microscopy
- 2023
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - 0883-7694. ; 48:8, s. 833-841
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gas-phase transmission electron microscopy is an essential tool for elucidating the mechanisms involved in the synthesis of functional materials. Here, we review the latest developments in understanding the growth of novel nanostructural materials afforded by following the process in situ in electron microscopes. Particular focus is on investigations of catalyzed growth of one-dimensional carbon-based and semiconductor nanostructures, while other types of nanocrystal and epitaxial crystal growth are briefly addressed. Also discussed are how these methods have been employed to answer critical questions about the growth mechanisms as well as to bring insight into the relationships between synthesis parameters and materials properties. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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| 35. |
- Dick Thelander, Kimberly, et al.
(författare)
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Directed growth of branched nanowire structures
- 2007
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - 1938-1425. ; 32:2, s. 127-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe the production of hierarchical branched nanowire structures by the sequential seeding of multiple wire generations with metal nanoparticles. Such complex structures represent the next step in the study of functional nanowires, as they increase the potential functionality of nanostructures produced in a self-assembled way. It is possible, for example, to fabricate a variety of active heterostructure segments with different compositions and diameters within a single connected structure. The focus of this work is on epitaxial III-V semiconductor branched nanowire structures, with the two materials GaP and InAs used as typical examples of branched structures with cubic (zinc blende) and hexagonal (wurtzite) crystal structures. The general morphology of these structures will be described, as well as the relationship between morphology and crystal structure.
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| 36. |
- Ferrer, S., et al.
(författare)
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In situ investigations of chemical reactions on surfaces by X-ray diffraction at atmospheric pressures
- 2007
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - 1938-1425. ; 32:12, s. 1010-1014
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Catalytic reactions occurring at metal surfaces and nanoparticles have been an established research field for decades, yielding information on adsorption sites and reaction pathways under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Recent experimental developments have made it possible to perform well-controlled in situ surface x-ray diffraction measurements from single-crystal surfaces and nanoparticles under industrially relevant conditions. In this way, a new understanding of atomic-scale processes at surfaces and nanoparticles occurring during catalytic reactions under realistic conditions has been gained. In particular, the identification of the formation of thin oxides on model catalysts and their role in oxidation reactions demonstrates the importance of in situ probes under relevant conditions.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Jakobsen, Marianne U, et al.
(författare)
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Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease : a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies.
- 2009
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 89:5, s. 1425-1432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake increases plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations; therefore, intake should be reduced to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD). Lower habitual intakes of SFAs, however, require substitution of other macronutrients to maintain energy balance. OBJECTIVE: We investigated associations between energy intake from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and carbohydrates and risk of CHD while assessing the potential effect-modifying role of sex and age. Using substitution models, our aim was to clarify whether energy from unsaturated fatty acids or carbohydrates should replace energy from SFAs to prevent CHD. DESIGN: This was a follow-up study in which data from 11 American and European cohort studies were pooled. The outcome measure was incident CHD. RESULTS: During 4-10 y of follow-up, 5249 coronary events and 2155 coronary deaths occurred among 344,696 persons. For a 5% lower energy intake from SFAs and a concomitant higher energy intake from PUFAs, there was a significant inverse association between PUFAs and risk of coronary events (hazard ratio: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.97); the hazard ratio for coronary deaths was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.89). For a 5% lower energy intake from SFAs and a concomitant higher energy intake from carbohydrates, there was a modest significant direct association between carbohydrates and coronary events (hazard ratio: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14); the hazard ratio for coronary deaths was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.13). MUFA intake was not associated with CHD. No effect modification by sex or age was found. CONCLUSION: The associations suggest that replacing SFAs with PUFAs rather than MUFAs or carbohydrates prevents CHD over a wide range of intakes.
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