| 1. |
- Brück, Carolin, et al.
(author)
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Perception of Verbal and Nonverbal Emotional Signals in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder : Evidence of a Negative Bias and an Increased Reliance on Nonverbal Cues
- 2017
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 31:2, s. 221-231
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Studies conducted in patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have documented a variety of anomalies concerning patients' abilities to interpret emotional signals. Attempting to clarify the bases of these anomalies, the current literature draws attention to a possible role of dysfunctional expectations, such as the expectation of social rejection. Dysfunctional expectations, however, may not only bias social interpretations, but may also focus attention on social cues most important in conveying emotional messages, such as nonverbal signals. To explore these assumptions, 30 female BPD patients were tasked to judge the valence of emotional states conveyed by combinations of verbal and nonverbal emotional cues. Compared to controls, BPD patients exhibited a negative bias in their interpretations and relied more on available nonverbal cues. Shifts in the relative importance of nonverbal cues appeared to be rooted mainly in a reduced reliance on positive verbal cues presumably deemed less credible by BPD patients.
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| 2. |
- Colins, Olivier F., et al.
(author)
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Psychopathic Personality in the General Population : Differences and Similarities Across Gender
- 2017
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 31:1, s. 49-74
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study aimed to identify distinct subgroups of adults in a general population sample (N = 2,500; 52.6% females) based on their scores on three psychopathy dimensions. Using latent profile analysis, five groups were identified among males and females separately, including a psychopathic personality group. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that this latter group had higher levels of aggression, offending, substance use, attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms, internalizing problems, and maltreatment than most of the other groups. Associated features of males and females with a psychopathic personality were very similar; however, salient gender differences did emerge. Specifically, females with a psychopathic personality were more frequently exposed to sexual abuse, expressed more emotional difficulties, and engaged in higher levels of relational aggression. In conclusion, person-oriented analyses identified adults with a personality that looks like psychopathy, and furthered our understanding of gender similarities and differences in these adults.
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| 3. |
- Drislane, Laura E., et al.
(author)
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A triarchic model analysis of the youth psychopathic traits inventory
- 2015
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 29:1, s. 15-41
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Triarchic model of psychopathy characterizes this complex condition in terms of distinct phenotypic constructs of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. The current study evaluated the coverage of these constructs provided by a well-established inventory for assessing psychopathy in adolescents, the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). A consensus rating approach was used to identify YPI items relevant to each Triarchic model construct, and convergent and discriminant validity of the resulting YPI-Triarchic scales were examined in relation to criterion measures consisting of scores on other psychopathy measures and relevant personality trait variables (N = 618, M age = 18.8). The YPI-Triarchic scales showed good internal consistency and exhibited properties largely consistent with predictions based on the Triarchic model, aside from somewhat greater than expected covariance between boldness and other facet scales. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for interpreting scores on the YPI and for investigating distinctive components of psychopathy in youth.
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| 4. |
- Edens, JF, et al.
(author)
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Can the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality Be Used to Measure the Triarchic Model Constructs of Boldness, Meanness, and Disinhibition? A Scale Derivation Study
- 2021
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In: Journal of personality disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 1943-2763 .- 0885-579X. ; 35:Supple C, s. 1-U149
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Can the components of the triarchic model of psychopathy (i.e., boldness, meanness, disinhibition) be operationalized using the item pool comprising the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) model? To address this question, the authors first derived CAPP-based triarchic scales using standard item-selection procedures and then examined the external correlates of these provisional scales in three archival data sets: (a) U.S. jail inmates administered the institutional rating scale version of the CAPP and (b and c) prototypicality ratings of the CAPP traits provided by Swedish forensic mental health professionals and U.S. probation officers. Although most research on triarchic constructs has relied exclusively on self-report inventories, the results suggest that the CAPP model can be reorganized to reflect boldness, meanness, and disinhibition and that its institutional rating scale items can effectively quantify these constructs using interview and file review data. Implications for future research on the measurement and assessment of psychopathic traits are discussed.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Kelley, Shannon E., et al.
(author)
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A dimensional comparison of a self-report and a structured interview measure of conduct disorder
- 2016
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 30:2, s. 232-241
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Eligibility for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) requires evidence of antecedent conduct disorder (CD). Accurately identifying CD may be influenced by various factors, including assessment methodology. The present study used a two-parameter latent variable model to examine the relative performance of a self-report measure and a structured clinical interview in retrospectively detecting the CD spectrum among adult male offenders (N = 1,159). Self-report and clinical interview tended to converge regarding the rank order of severity indicated by CD symptom criteria. In addition, at relatively low levels of CD severity, self-report provided more information about the CD spectrum than did clinical interview. At relatively higher levels of CD severity, however, clinical interview provided more information about the CD spectrum than did self-report. Latent variable models offer a potential means of combining multiple assessment methods in a way that maximizes information gleaned by capitalizing on the contextual strengths of each approach.
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| 7. |
- López-Romero, Laura, et al.
(author)
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Psychopathic Personality Configurations in Early Childhood : A Response to Dvoskin et al. (2022)
- 2022
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 36:3, s. 254-263
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Dvoskin et al. (2022) offered a cautionary comment on an article published in the Journal of Personality Disorders (López-Romero et al., 2021). This comment was focused on the scientific and policy grounds of our study, and cautioned against the use of the "putative psychopathic personality" label for applied purposes. While we agree with most of their concerns and cautions, we aim to provide additional clarification on the raised concerns, noting that the purpose of our study is purely exploratory, and that its findings are not intended for applied purposes. We do expect that our study and this commentary will further clarify the importance of examining psychopathic personality from a developmental perspective, opening new ways of discussion regarding how to best conceptualize and study a construct that, while waiting for additional longitudinal research, has been shown as relevant in identifying a group of children and adolescents at increased risk for maladjustment.
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| 8. |
- López-Romero, Laura, et al.
(author)
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Studying Configurations of Psychopathic Traits : Exploring the Viability of Psychopathic Personality in Early Childhood
- 2021
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 35, s. 97-U141
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The idea that very young children can manifest a constellation of personality traits that looks like psychopathy has rarely been explored. To fill this void, data from 2,247 children, aged 3-6 years (M = 4.25; SD = 0.91), from the Estudio Longitudinal para una Infancia Saludable (ELISA) were utilized. Parents and teachers completed questionnaires at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Using three parent-rated psychopathy dimensions as indicators, the authors conducted latent profile analysis and arrived at five latent classes: Control (39.2%), Impulsive-Need for Stimulation (34.8%), Grandiose-Deceitful (16.5%), Callous-Unemotional (6.2%), and Putative Psychopathic Personality (PP, 3.3%). Children in the PP class, overall, engaged in higher levels of concurrent, future, and stable conduct problems and reactive and proactive aggression, and lower levels of prosocial behavior, as rated by parents or teachers. Findings also revealed meaningful differences between the remaining four classes. Person-oriented analyses seem to offer a fruitful avenue to identify 3- to 6-year-olds who exhibit a putative psychopathic personality and are at risk for future maladjustment.
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| 9. |
- Moran, Paul, et al.
(author)
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Childhood Intelligence Predicts Hospitalization with Personality Disorder in Adulthood : Evidence from a Population-Based Study in Sweden
- 2009
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications Inc. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 23:5, s. 535-540
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Although low pre-morbid IQ is an established risk factor for severe mental illness, its association with personality disorder (PD) is unclear. We set out to examine whether there is a prospective association between childhood intelligence and PD in adulthood. Using a population-based prospective cohort study, we linked childhood IQ scores to routinely collected hospital discharge records in adulthood. Lower IQ scores were related to higher risk of being hospitalized with a PD across the full range of IQ scores, (odds ratio per one SD increase in IQ was 0.60; 95% CI: 0.49–0.75; p(trend) = 0.001). Adjusting for potential confounding variables had virtually no impact. We conclude that low childhood IQ predicts hospitalization with PD and may be an important factor in the development of PD.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Pfaltz, Monique C., et al.
(author)
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Acoustic emotional processing in patients with borderline personality disorder : Hyper- or hyporeactivity?
- 2015
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 29:6, s. 809-827
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Earlier studies have demonstrated emotional overreactions to affective visual stimuli in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, contradictory findings regarding hyper- versus hyporeactivity have been reported for peripheral physiological measures. In order to extend previous results, the authors investigated emotional reactivity and long-term habituation in the acoustic modality. Twenty-two female BPD patients and 19 female nonclinical controls listened to emotionally negative, neutral, and positive sounds in two identical sessions. Heart rate, skin conductance, zygomaticus/corrugators muscle, and self-reported valence/arousal responses were measured. BPD patients showed weaker skin conductance responses to negative sounds than controls. The elevated zygomaticus activity in response to positive sounds observed in controls was absent in BPD patients, and BPD patients assigned lower valence ratings to positive sounds than controls. In Session 2, patients recognized fewer positive sounds than controls. Across both groups, physiological measures habituated between sessions. These findings add to growing evidence toward partial affective hyporeactivity in BPD. © 2015 The Guilford Press.
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| 12. |
- Reichenberger, J., et al.
(author)
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Don'€™t praise me, don't chase me : Emotional reactivity to positive and negative social-evaluative videos in patients with borderline personality disorder
- 2017
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 31:1, s. 75-89
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) include interpersonal problems and high reactivity to negative social interactions. However, experimental studies on these symptoms are scarce, and it remains unclear whether reactivity is also altered in response to positive social interactions. To simulate such situations, the present study used videographic stimuli (E.Vids; Blechert, Schwitalla, & Wilhelm, 2013) in which actors express rejecting, neutral, or appreciating sentences. Twenty BPD patients and 20 healthy controls rated their emotional responses to these on pleasantness, arousal, and 11 specific emotions. In addition to elevated reactivity to negative E.Vids, patients with BPD showed marked reduction in pleasantness responses to positive E.Vids. Furthermore, they exhibited less pride, happiness, feelings of approval, and attraction/love in response to positive videos and more anger, anxiety, embarrassment, contempt, guilt, feelings of disapproval/rejection, and sadness to negative videos. Interestingly, BPD patients also reported negative emotions in response to positive videos. Implications for psychotherapy and research are discussed.
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| 13. |
- Schultebraucks, Katharina, et al.
(author)
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Suicidal Imagery in Borderline Personality Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder.
- 2019
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; , s. 1-19
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A better understanding of suicidal behavior is important to detect suicidality in at-risk populations such as patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Suicidal tendencies are clinically assessed by verbal thoughts rather than by specifically asking about mental images. This study examines whether imagery and verbal thoughts about suicide occur and differ between patients with BPD with and without comorbid PTSD compared to patients with MDD (clinical controls). All patient groups experienced suicide-related images. Patients with BPD with comorbid PTSD reported significantly more vivid images than patients with MDD. Severity of suicidal ideation, number of previous suicide attempts, and childhood traumata were significantly associated with suicidal imagery across all patient groups. The authors demonstrate for the first time that suicide-related mental imagery occurs in BPD and is associated with suicidal ideation. This finding highlights the importance of assessing mental imagery related to suicide in clinical practice.
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| 14. |
- Wetterborg, Dan, et al.
(author)
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Men With Borderline Personality Disorder and Antisocial Behavior : A Clinical Trial
- 2020
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 34:1, s. 22-39
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In addition to suicidal behaviors, men with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often display antisocial behavior that could impair contacts with mental health services. While research has established effective treatments for women with BPD, this is not yet the case for men. The authors evaluated 12 months of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for 30 men with BPD and antisocial behavior, using a within-group design with repeated measurements. The authors found moderate to strong, statistically significant pre-to posttreatment reductions of several dysfunctional behaviors, including self-harm, verbal and physical aggression, and criminal offending (rate ratios 0.17-0.39). Symptoms of BPD and depression were also substantially decreased. The dropout rate was 30%, and completing participants reported high satisfaction with treatment and maintained their improvements at 1-year follow-up. The authors conclude that DBT could be an effective treatment alternative for men with BPD and antisocial behavior, and it merits future studies with more rigorous design.
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| 15. |
- Zwaanswijk, Wendy, et al.
(author)
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Variants of Psychopathy and the Dependence on Gender, Age, and Ethnic Background
- 2018
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 32:6, s. 721-737
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The current study examines variants of psychopathy in a community sample of Dutch adolescents (N = 2,855, 57% male) using three dimensions of psychopathy and trait anxiety. Five subgroups were identified, two with high levels of psychopathic traits. The first seemed consistent with primary psychopathy, high on all dimensions, with additional low levels of anxiety, whereas the second showed elevated levels of anxiety, consistent with secondary psychopathy. Two variants low on psychopathic traits were identified: a low-risk variant and an anxious variant. Further, a moderate-risk group was found, with slightly above average psychopathy traits and average levels of mental health problems. The secondary psychopathy and the anxious variant reported the most problem behaviors. Boys, younger adolescents, and non-Western immigrant youth were overrepresented in the secondary group. These findings show that in a community sample psychopathy is a heterogeneous phenomenon.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Johansson, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Linking adult psychopathy with childhood hyperactivity-impulsivity-attention problems and conduct problems through retrospective self-reports
- 2005
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X. ; 19:1, s. 94-101
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of the present study was to test whether adult criminals with psychopathy diagnoses, more than those without, have histories of hyperactivity–impulsivity–attention problems (HIA) and conduct problems (CP). We compared psychopathic and nonpsychopathic violent criminal offenders on retrospective reports of conduct problems before the age of 15 and hyperactivity–impulsivity–attention problems before the age of 10. We used a sample of 186 adult men sentenced to prison in Sweden for 4 years or more for violent, nonsexual crimes. The mean age was 30.7(SD = 9.4). The results showed that a combination of childhood HIA problems and CP was typical for adult psychopathic offenders. They were four times more likely than chance to have had a combination of HIA problems and CP during childhood and only one–fifth as likely than chance to have had neither problem. Nonpsychopathic offenders, on the other hand, were five times more likely than chance to have had neither problem and only one-quarter as likely than chance to have had both problems.
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| 18. |
- Johansson, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Psychopathy and intelligence : a second look
- 2005
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In: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X. ; 19:4, s. 357-369
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Empirical studies using the PCL-R (Hare, 2003) have shown no intelligence differences between psychopaths and nonpsychopaths. However, Cleckley (1976) argued that psychopaths often show superior intelligence. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the correlation between intelligence and severity of criminal development is the opposite in psychopaths than in nonpsychopathic criminals using a sample of 370 men sentenced for violent (nonsexual) crimes. That pattern would provide a way of explaining the discrepancy between Cleckley's view and later empirical work. The results showed that for nonpsychopaths, higher total IQ and particularly verbal intelligence meant a later start in violent crime. For those diagnosed as psychopaths, however, this association was reversed.
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| 19. |
- Ottosson, Hans, et al.
(author)
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Cross-system concordance of personality disorder diagnoses of DSM-IV and diagnostic criteria for research of ICD-10.
- 2002
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In: Journal of personality disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X. ; 16, s. 283-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim in this study was to examine the cross-system concordance between the personality disorders (PDs) of DSM-IV and Diagnostic Criteria for Research of ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders, 10th rev. (ICD-10) PD diagnoses were made by a structured interview in a clinical psychiatric sample of 138 individuals. Both categorical and dimensional scores for each PD were established. The frequency of patients with a PD diagnosis on either classification who were also positive on the other varied from 26% for the schizoid PDs to 88% for the histrionic PDs. The chance-corrected agreement (Cohen's kappa) ranged from .37 to .94. The dimensional correlation (Pearson's r) between pairs of PD criteria sets was in the range of .79 to .98. In conclusion, when analyzed categorically, some of the PDs of DSM-IV and ICD-10-DCR were only moderately concordant. The reasons appear to be different criteria formulations and arbitrary thresholds for diagnoses. In contrast to categorical diagnoses, dimensional agreement was high, implicating similar trait-concept definitions. The least concordant pair of PD was antisocial (DSM-IV)-dissocial (ICD-10).
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| 20. |
- Sand, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Psychiatrists' Perspectives on Prescription Decisions for Patients With Personality Disorders.
- 2024
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In: Journal of personality disorders. - 1943-2763. ; 38:3, s. 225-240
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is currently insufficient evidence for the use of a specific pharmacological treatment for personality disorders (PD). The research literature lacks a systematic exploration of clinicians' experiences of pharmacological treatment of PD. The aim of the qualitative study was to examine how psychiatrists make decisions about pharmacological treatment for patients with PD. The interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The results showed that ambiguous guidelines had the effect that the psychiatrists often relied on their own experience, or that of their colleagues. As a basis for decisions concerning drug treatment, an interpersonal component was also identified. Some of the psychiatrists in the current study argued that medications may be part of the alliance-building with the patient and that medications were a way of tying the patient to the clinic. Our findings show that it is important to work on how the clinical guidelines should be implemented in practice.
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| 21. |
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