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1.
  • Ahlm, Clas, 1956-, et al. (författare)
  • Nephropathia epidemica (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) in children : clinical characteristics.
  • 1994
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 13:1, s. 45-9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The clinical characteristics of serologically verified nephropathia epidemica, the Scandinavian form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, were studied in Swedish children who were < 15 years of age. In 1990 to 1992, 14 cases were prospectively followed. A retrospective survey during 1984 to 1990 disclosed another 18 cases. Among the 32 cases (20 boys, 12 girls, 3 to 15 years of age; median age, 11 years), the most common symptoms were fever (100%), headache (100%), abdominal pain (93%), vomiting (91%) and back pain (76%). Laboratory findings included elevated serum creatinine concentration (19 of 28) and thrombocytopenia (7 of 22). Urinalysis showed proteinuria (31 of 31 patients) and hematuria (24 of 30). Six children had mild hemorrhagic manifestations (epistaxis, metrorrhagia, and petechiae). No severe complications occurred. The clinical symptoms of children with nephropathia epidemica seem to be similar to those found among adult nephropathia epidemica cases.
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2.
  • Baqui, Abdullah H., et al. (författare)
  • Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine on prevention of pneumonia and meningitis in Bangladeshi children : A case-control study
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 26:7, s. 565-571
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Few Asian countries have introduced Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine because of its cost and uncertainty regarding disease burden. Methods: To estimate the effectiveness of Hib conjugate vaccine in preventing pneumonia and meningitis in children age <2 years, an incident case-control study was conducted in a birth cohort of about 68,000 infants in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. DPT vaccine was systematically replaced, by a combined Hib-DPT vaccine in selected immunization centers of the study area. Four matched community- and 2 hospital-controls were randomly selected for each confirmed case of pneumonia and meningitis from the study area. Results: About 35% of the infants received each of the 3 doses of Hib-DPT vaccine. There were 2679 children who had a chest roentgenogram. For 475 children, a radiologist and a pediatrician independently identified substantial alveolar consolidation. Following at least 2 doses of Hib vaccine, the preventable fractions [95% confidence intervals (CI)] using community and hospital controls were 17% (- 10% to 38%) and 35% (13% to 52%) respectively. Of these 475 cases, 2 radiologists with the World Health Organization concurred with the findings for 343 patients, yielding preventable fractions of 34% (6% to 53%) and 44% (20% to 61%). Fifteen confirmed Hib meningitis cases were identified; the preventable fractions (95% CI) using community and hospital controls, respectively, were 89% (28% to 100%) and 93% (53% to 100%). Conclusions: The study documented that significant fractions of pneumonia and meningitis in Bangladeshi children age <2 years can be prevented by the Hib conjugate vaccine.
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3.
  • Becker-Dreps, Sylvia, et al. (författare)
  • Etiology of Childhood Diarrhea After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction A Prospective, Population-based Study in Nicaragua
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - : Lippincott, Williams andamp; Wilkins. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 33:11, s. 1156-1163
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Nicaragua was the first developing nation to implement routine immunization with the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5). In this RV5-immunized population, understanding infectious etiologies of childhood diarrhea is necessary to direct diarrhea treatment and prevention efforts. Methods: We followed a population-based sample of children less than5 years in Leon, Nicaragua for diarrhea episodes through household visits. Information was obtained on RV5 history and sociodemographics. Stool samples collected during diarrhea episodes and among healthy children underwent laboratory analysis for viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens. Detection frequency and incidence of each enteropathogen was calculated. Results: The 826 children in the cohort experienced 677 diarrhea episodes during 607.5 child-years of exposure time (1.1 episodes per child-year). At least 1 enteropathogen was detected among 61.1% of the 337 diarrheal stools collected. The most common enteropathogens among diarrheal stools were: norovirus (20.4%), sapovirus (16.6%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (11.3%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (8.3%), Giardia lamblia (8.0%) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (7.7%), with rotavirus detected among 5.3% of diarrheal stools. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli were frequently detected among stools from healthy children. Among children with diarrhea, norovirus was more commonly detected among younger children (less than2 years) and G. lamblia was more commonly detected among older children (2-4 years). The mean age of rotavirus detection was 34.6 months. Conclusions: In this Central American community after RV5 introduction, rotavirus was not commonly detected among children with diarrhea. Prevention and appropriate management of norovirus and sapovirus should be considered to further reduce the burden of diarrheal disease.
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4.
  • Benson, Mikael, et al. (författare)
  • Interleukin 6 response to urinary tract infection in childhood
  • 1994
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 13:7, s. 612-616
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study analyzed the interleukin 6 (IL-6) response in 114 children with suspected urinary tract infection (UTI). Urine and serum samples were obtained at the time of enrollment. There were 90 children with UTI, 41 with and 49 without a temperature > or = 38.5 degrees C. The remaining 24 children did not have bacteriuria; 11 were febrile and 13 were not. The urinary IL-6 concentrations were higher in the children with UTI (mean, 129 units/ml) than in the children without bacteriuria (mean, 7 units/ml, P < 0.01). In contrast the serum IL-6 did not differ between children with or without UTI or between children with or without a temperature > or = 38.5 degrees C. The urinary IL-6 response was higher in children who were infected with P fimbriated Escherichia coli than in other children with UTI (P < 0.05). There was a correlation of urinary IL-6 with the degree of proteinuria, hematuria and urinary leukocyte counts (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.05, respectively) but not with serum IL-6, CRP or temperature, and of serum IL-6 to C-reactive protein (P = 0.053) and renal concentrating capacity (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate that infections of the urinary tract activate an IL-6 response in children and that the magnitude of the IL-6 response is influenced by the properties of the infecting strain.
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5.
  • Bucardo, Filemon, et al. (författare)
  • Asymptomatic Norovirus Infections in Nicaraguan Children and its Association With Viral Properties and Histo-blood Group Antigens
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL. - : Williams and Wilkins. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 29:10, s. 934-939
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: It has been previously reported that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and particularly secretor status provides protection against symptomatic norovirus infection, but it remains unclear to what extent this includes asymptomatic infections in children. Methods: To explore whether HBGAs or certain viral genotypes are associated with asymptomatic norovirus infections in a pediatric population in Nicaragua, we investigated 163 children andlt;= 5 years of age, without a recent history of diarrhea (andlt;= 10 days). Results: Asymptomatic norovirus infections were observed in 11.7% (19/163), with children andlt;= 6 months of age being most frequently infected (16%). Of the 19 norovirus-positive children, 4 (21%) and 10 (53%) were infected with genogroups GI and GII, respectively, and 4 children (21%) were infected with viruses of both genogroups. Most children had andgt;= 10(6) viral genomes per gram of feces. Nucleotide sequence analysis (15/19) revealed uncommon genotypes, such as, GII. 7 (n = 5) and GII. 2 (n = 3). An interesting observation was the low frequency of norovirus GII. 4 strains among the asymptomatic children. AB blood type, Lewis a (Lea(a+b-)) phenotype and nonsecretor genotype (se(428)se(428)) were not found among the asymptomatic children, but they occurred in population controls. Conclusions: Frequency of asymptomatic norovirus infections was similar to that observed in symptomatic children from Nicaragua. Norovirus GII. 2 and GII. 7 were frequently detected but the globally dominating GII. 4 was infrequent. Host genetic factors previously observed to be associated with protection against symptomatic norovirus infection were not found in this study.
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6.
  • Cohen, Cheryl, et al. (författare)
  • Epidemiology of Viral-associated Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Among Children < 5 Years of Age in a High HIV Prevalence Setting, South Africa, 2009-2012
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 34:1, s. 66-72
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Data on the epidemiology of viral-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) from high HIV prevalence settings are limited. We aimed to describe LRTI hospitalizations among South African children aged < 5 years. Methods: We prospectively enrolled hospitalized children with physician-diagnosed LRTI from 5 sites in 4 provinces from 2009 to 2012. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for 10 viruses and blood for pneumococcal DNA. Incidence was estimated at 1 site with available population denominators. Results: We enrolled 8723 children aged < 5 years with LRTI, including 64% < 12 months. The case-fatality ratio was 2% (150/8512). HIV prevalence among tested children was 12% (705/5964). The overall prevalence of respiratory viruses identified was 78% (6517/8393), including 37% rhinovirus, 26% respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 7% influenza and 5% human metapneumovirus. Four percent (253/6612) tested positive for pneumococcus. The annual incidence of LRTI hospitalization ranged from 2530 to 3173/100,000 population and was highest in infants (8446-10532/100,000). LRTI incidence was 1.1 to 3.0-fold greater in HIV-infected than HIV-uninfected children. In multivariable analysis, compared to HIV-uninfected children, HIV-infected children were more likely to require supplemental-oxygen [odds ratio (OR): 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-1.7)], be hospitalized > 7 days (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 2.8-5.0) and had a higher case-fatality ratio (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 2.6-6.8). In multivariable analysis, HIV-infection (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 2.2-6.1), pneumococcal coinfection (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1-5.6), mechanical ventilation (OR: 6.9, 95% CI: 2.7-17.6) and receipt of supplemental-oxygen (OR: 27.3, 95% CI: 13.2-55.9) were associated with death. Conclusions: HIV-infection was associated with an increased risk of LRTI hospitalization and death. A viral pathogen, commonly RSV, was identified in a high proportion of LRTI cases.
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7.
  • Elfving, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • Pathogen Clearance and New Respiratory Tract Infections Among Febrile Children in Zanzibar Investigated With Multitargeting Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction on Paired Nasopharyngeal Swab Samples
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 37:7, s. 643-648
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: New molecular methods have revealed frequent and often polymicrobial respiratory infections in children in low-income settings. It is not known whether presence of multiple pathogens is due to prolonged infections or to frequent exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze short-term pathogen clearance from nasopharynx and the rate of new respiratory tract infections in febrile preschool children.METHODS: Children (n = 207) with uncomplicated acute febrile illness 2-59 months of age presenting to a health center in Zanzibar, Tanzania, April-July 2011, were included. Paired nasopharyngeal swab samples, collected at enrolment and after 14 days, were analyzed by multiple real-time polymerase chain reaction for Adenovirus, bocavirus, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Coronaviruses, Enterovirus, influenza A and B virus, metapneumovirus, measles virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, parainfluenza virus, Parechovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and Rhinovirus. An age-matched and geographically matched healthy control group (n = 166) underwent nasopharyngeal sampling on 1 occasion.RESULTS: At baseline, 157/207 (76%) patients had at least 1 pathogen detected, in total 199 infections. At follow-up (day 14), 162/199 (81%) of these infections were not detected, including >95% of the previously detected infections with Enterovirus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, metapneumovirus or parainfluenza virus. Still 115 (56%) children were positive for at least 1 pathogen at follow-up, of which 95/115 (83%) were not found at baseline. Detection of influenza B on day 14 was significantly associated with fever during follow-up.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that children with acute febrile illness in Zanzibar rapidly clear respiratory tract infections but frequently acquire new infections within 14 days.
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8.
  • Espinoza, F., et al. (författare)
  • Shifts of rotavirus G and P types in Nicaragua - 2001-2003
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 25:11, s. 1078-1080
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present study reports the diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in León, Nicaragua during three years. There was a shift of G and P genotypes with increment of one specific genotype during the second most important peak of diarrhea occurring in the beginning of every year. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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11.
  • Gillman, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Primary tuberculosis infection in 35 children at a Swedish day care center
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 27:12, s. 1078-82
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND AND METHOD: The decline of tuberculosis (TB) in the Swedish population since the middle of the 20th century resulted in decreased awareness of the disease. Increased migration from TB-endemic countries has resulted in new cases and risk of transmission. A day care provider was diagnosed with cavitary TB after being symptomatic for 5 months. We describe the contact tracing at the day care center, the clinical and radiographic findings, and treatment of the infected children. RESULTS: We stratified the children by contact with the source case and examined the most exposed first. Thirty-two of 53 attending and 3 of 84 visiting preschool children were infected. All of them had spent at least 3 days at the center. Symptoms were usually mild and nonspecific. Seventeen children had pulmonary radiographic changes compatible with primary TB, and one had miliary TB. The radiographic resolution was slow, with normalization in 50% after 12 months. Eighteen months after termination of treatment, there have been no relapses. The children with latent infection were treated with rifampin for 4 months and none has developed TB. CONCLUSIONS: The manifestations of primary TB in children today are similar to those described 50-70 years ago. The tuberculin skin test is an effective tool for contact tracing in an unvaccinated, previously nonexposed childhood population. Rapid detection of contagious patients and thorough contact investigation remain our most important means to reduce transmission.
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12.
  • Hedin-Skogman, Barbro, et al. (författare)
  • Improved Laboratory Diagnostics of Lyme Neuroborreliosis in Children
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 27:7, s. 605-612
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Laboratory diagnostics in Lyme neuroborreliosis need improvement. We hereby investigate 4 new recombinant or peptide Borrelia antigens in cerebrospinal fluid in children with neuroborreliosis to evaluate their performance as diagnostic antigens. Methods: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect IgG antibodies to recombinant decorin binding protein A (DbpA), BBK32, outer surface protein C (OspC), and the invariable region 6 peptide (IR6). The recombinant antigens originated from 3 pathogenic subspecies; Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum from children with clinical features indicative for neuroborreliosis (n = 57) were analyzed. Classification of patients was based on clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. Controls were children with other neurologic diseases (n = 20) and adult patients with no proven infection (n = 16). Results: Sensitivity for DbpA was 82%, for BBK32 70%, for OspC 58% and for IR6 70%. Specificities were 94%, 100%, 97%, and 97%, respectively. No single antigen was superior. When new antigens were combined in a panel, sensitivity was 80% and specificity 100%. The reference flagella antigen showed a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 100%. Over all, the B. garinii related antigens dominated. Conclusions: Recombinant DbpA and BBK32 as well as the peptide antigen IR6 perform well in laboratory diagnostics of neuroborreliosis in children. New antigens seem to improve diagnostic performance when compared with the routine flagella antigen. If different antigens are combined in a panel to cover the antigenic diversity, sensitivity improves further and a specificity of 100% can be achieve.
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13.
  • Hedin-Skogman, Barbro, et al. (författare)
  • Lyme Neuroborreliosis in Children - a Prospective Study of Clinical features, Prognosis, and Outcome
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 27:12, s. 1089-1094
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    •   Background: Evaluation of children with clinically suspected neuroborreliosis (NB) is difficult. With a prospective study design we wanted to characterize children with signs and symptoms indicative for NB, investigate clinical outcome and, if possible, identify factors of importance for recovery. Material/Methods: Children being evaluated for NB (n = 177) in Southeast Sweden were categorized into 3 groups: "confirmed neuroborreliosis" (41%) with Borrelia antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid, "possible neuroborreliosis" (26%) with pleocytosis but 110 Borrelia antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid, and "not determined" (33%) with no pleocytosis and no Borrelia antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid, Antibiotic treatment was given to 69% of children. Patients were followed during 6 months and compared with a matched control group (n = 174). Results: Clinical recovery at the 6-month follow-up (n = 177) was generally good and no patient was found to have recurrent or progressive neurologic symptoms. However, persistent facial nerve palsy caused dysfunctional and cosmetic problems in 11% of patients. Persistent nonspecific symptoms, such as headache and fatigue, were not more frequently reported in patients than in controls. Influence on daily life was reported to the same extent in patients and controls. Consequently, persistent headache and fatigue at follow-up should not be considered as attributable to NB. No prognostic factors could be identified. Conclusions: Clinical recovery was satisfactory in children being evaluated for NB although persistent symptoms from facial nerve palsy occurred. Persistent nonspecific symptoms, such as headache and fatigue, were not more frequently reported in patients than in controls.
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14.
  • Johansson, A, et al. (författare)
  • Ciprofloxacin for treatment of tularemia in children.
  • 2000
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 19:5, s. 449-53
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In our sample of 12 patients ciprofloxacin was satisfactory for outpatient treatment of tularemia in children.
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15.
  • Johansson Kostenniemi, Urban, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • Psychiatric Disabilities and Other Long-term Consequences of Childhood Bacterial Meningitis
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 40:1, s. 26-31
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Bacterial meningitis is known to cause hearing impairments and neurological deficits; however, less is known regarding psychiatric disabilities. In this study, we assessed psychiatric disabilities and other long-term consequences of childhood bacterial meningitis.METHODS: From a previously validated dataset, we selected children having had bacterial meningitis. We then reviewed medical records and child health records from discharge onwards to identify disabilities. We calculated the occurrence of disabilities with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and we used a χ test to assess possible individual risk factors associated with occurrence of disabilities.RESULTS: Of the 80 children included in this study, permanent disabilities not attributed to preexisting diseases were noted in 56% (CI: 45-67) during the mean observation period of 19 years and 2 months. Psychiatric disease was diagnosed in 30% (CI: 21-41), and another 5% (CI: 2-13) were under ongoing investigations for symptoms of psychiatric disease. Hearing impairments affected at least 30% (CI: 20-40), and neurological deficits affected at least 23% (CI: 15-34). While other disabilities were often detected within the first year, psychiatric disabilities were detected after a mean time period of 14 years (CI: 11:1-16:11). Although some associations were noted, no individual risk factor was able to predict the occurrence of disabilities.CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric disabilities affect more than one-third of survivors and are among the most common long-term consequence of childhood bacterial meningitis. Late discovery and predictive difficulties call for a revision of current guidelines to include a specific long-term strategy for detecting psychiatric disabilities.
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16.
  • Käyhty, Helena, et al. (författare)
  • Immunogenicity and tolerability of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered at 3, 5 and 12 months of age
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 24:2, s. 108-114
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The recommended vaccination schedule for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) includes 4 immunizations, according to the national programs in the United States and some European countries. Other countries use a national schedule for routine vaccinations in early childhood that includes only 3 doses. Aims: The goals were to assess the immunogenicity and tolerability of PCV with a vaccination schedule that included 3 doses during the first 1 year of life (a 2+1 dose schedule) and to determine the immune responses to concomitantly administered Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine. Methods: A total of 101 healthy Swedish infants were enrolled in an open, nonrandomized, multicenter study. PCV was administered concomitantly with (at separate sites) a diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis vaccine, inactivated polio vaccine and Hib conjugate vaccine combination at 3, 5 and 12 months of age. IgG antibody concentrations for the 7 serotypes included in the PCV and the Hib capsular polysaccharide in serum samples taken at 3, 6, 12 and 13 months were determined with enzyme immunoassays. Local and systemic reactions were monitored for 3 days after each immunization, and serious adverse reactions were monitored for the whole study period. Results: Two doses of PCV induced satisfactory antibody responses, with the exception of serotypes 6B and 23F. The third dose evoked strong responses for all serotypes, which suggests good immunologic priming with the primary series of 2 doses. The mean anti-Hib antibody concentrations were similar to those noted in earlier studies among Swedish children. The PCV was well tolerated. Conclusion: The pneumococcal antibody concentrations at 13 months were comparable with those noted previously with the 4-dose schedule. The results suggest that the implementation of a 2+1 dose schedule for PCV should be considered.
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17.
  • Lundberg, Thorbjörn, et al. (författare)
  • Development and Validation of a New Grading Scale for Otitis Media
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 32:4, s. 341-345
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Grading of acute otitis media (AOM) is important in clinical situations as well as in research. Current grading scales for AOM have used a 6 to 9 point scoring system primarily based on variation of redness and bulging of the tympanic membrane (TM). This study aimed to develop and validate a new scale for grading AOM. Method: The scale was developed in 3 stages based on 32 patients with images taken of the TM when a child attended healthcare centre with othalgia and at follow-up visits. Content validity was used as the method for the first 2 stages. An expert panel reviewed the scale and repeated the process on a revised scale. Reliability was tested with a different expert panel that used the final scale on a sample of TM images in a test-retest and inter-rater and intra-rater agreements were calculated. Results: The scale was developed in 3 steps using expert committees. During the process the description of vascularization was judged to be of insufficient importance for our scale. Inter-rater agreement was moderate (kappa = 0.52) and intra-rater agreement was good (kappa = 0.66 to 0.89) in the test-retest of the final scale. Conclusions: The developed AOM image-based grading scale demonstrates substantial inter- and intra-rater reliability with potential use in clinical research and telemedicine applications. Furthermore, the parameter "redness of TM" is of less importance in our scale as compared with other available grading systems.
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18.
  • Msimang, Veerle M. Y., et al. (författare)
  • Impact of Rotavirus Vaccine on Childhood Diarrheal Hospitalization After Introduction Into the South African Public Immunization Program
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 32:12, s. 1359-1364
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Oral rotavirus vaccine was introduced into the South African routine immunization program in August 2009 administered at 6 and 14 weeks with no catch-up. We described the change in rotavirus-associated diarrheal hospitalizations among children <5 years at 3 sentinel sites from 2009 through 2011. Methods: During 2009 through 2011, we compared the proportion of enrolled children aged <5 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis and testing rotavirus positive. We used hospital data to determine the change in diarrhea hospitalizations and estimated total numbers of rotavirus hospitalizations by adjusting for nonenrolled patients. Stool samples were tested for rotavirus using enzyme immunoassay. Results: In 2009 (May-December), 46% (404/883) of samples among children <5 years tested rotavirus positive, decreasing to 33% (192/580) (P < 0.001) in 2010 and 29% (113/396) (P < 0.001) in 2011. Compared with May-December 2009, total diarrhea hospitalizations among children aged <5 years was one-third lower in May-December of 2010 and 2011. Among infants, adjusted rotavirus hospitalizations were 61% (n = 267) and 69% (n = 214) lower, respectively, in 2010 and 2011 when compared with 2009 (n = 689), and 45 and 50 percentage points greater than the reduction in rotavirus-negative cases. Among children <5 years, rotavirus hospitalizations were 54% and 58% lower in 2010 and 2011, compared with 2009 (40 and 44 percentage points greater than reduction in rotavirus-negative cases). Rotavirus reductions occurred in rural and urban settings. Conclusion: Using published estimates of rotavirus hospitalization burden, we estimate that at least 13,000 to 20,000 hospitalizations in children <2 years were prevented in the 2 years after rotavirus vaccine introduction.
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19.
  • Nzenze, Susan A, et al. (författare)
  • Temporal changes in pneumococcal colonization in a rural African community with high HIV prevalence following routine infant pneumococcal immunization
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 32:11, s. 1270-1278
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) immunization of children decreases their risk of nasopharyngeal acquisition of vaccine serotypes. We studied the impact of routine infant PCV immunization alone on the epidemiology of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization among a rural African community with high prevalence of HIV positivity.Methods: Two cross-sectional surveys were undertaken in a rural South African community from May to October 2009 (period 1) and 2011 (period 2). Seven-valent PCV was introduced into the public immunization program for infants in April 2009, without catch-up campaign for older children. Randomly selected households with at least 1 child <2 years of age were recruited. Nasopharyngeal swabs from all consenting household members were obtained for Streptococcus pneumoniae culture and serotyping by Quellung method.Results: The median ages (SD) of children enrolled were 4.32 (SD, 3.4) and 3.80 (SD, 3.4) years in periods 1 and 2, respectively. Overall, the prevalence of vaccine serotype colonization declined from 18.3% (368/2010) in period 1 to 11.4% (418/3659) by period 2 (P < 0.0001). This included reductions (adjusted risk ratio) of 50% [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.42-0.59], 34% (95% CI: 0.48-0.92) and 64% (95% CI: 0.18-0.74) in age groups < 2 years, 6-12 years and adults. The prevalence of vaccine serotype colonization among primary caregivers decreased from 10.2% to 5.4% (P <= 0.001) by period 2. The prevalence of nonvaccine serotype colonization increased by 35% (95% CI: 1.17-1.56) among <2-year-old children by period 2, while it declined by 45-54% among adolescents and adults.Conclusions: An indirect effect of PCV7 was realized in a high HIV prevalence setting within 2 years of PCV introduction. The unexpected decline in nonvaccine serotypes colonization among adolescents/adults may indicate lag in replacement colonization by nonvaccine serotypes in this group.
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20.
  • Rüger, Gabriela, et al. (författare)
  • Safety of a 2-dose regimen of a combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella live vaccine manufactured with recombinant human albumin
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 31:11, s. 1166-1172
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND:ProQuad, a vaccine containing antigens from M-M-RVAXPRO (measles, mumps and rubella vaccine) and VARIVAX (varicella vaccine), is indicated for simultaneous vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) in individuals from 12 months of age. To eliminate blood-derived products of human origin from the manufacturing process of the MMRV vaccine, recombinant human albumin was selected as a replacement for human serum albumin.METHODS:This open-label, multicenter clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00560755) was designed to describe the safety profile of a 2-dose schedule of the MMRV vaccine at a 1-month interval in healthy children aged 12-22 months.RESULTS:In total, 3388 children received at least 1 dose of the MMRV vaccine. Overall, 3376 (99.65%) children were included in the post-dose 1 safety analysis and 3342 (98.64%) in the post-dose 2 safety analysis. After doses 1 and 2, the frequencies of children experiencing solicited injection-site reactions (post-dose 1: erythema 14.31%; swelling 5.57% and pain 10.31%; post-dose 2: erythema 30.46%; swelling 13.23% and pain 11.49%), rashes of interest (post-dose 1: 11.4%; post-dose 2: 2.78%), vaccine-related nonserious systemic adverse events (post-dose 1: 34.86%; post-dose 2: 13.4%) and temperature ≥39.4 °C (post-dose 1: 25.24%; post-dose 2: 12.06%) were consistent with those observed in previous studies of the MMRV vaccine manufactured with human serum albumin. Neither serious allergic-type adverse events nor anaphylactic reactions were reported.CONCLUSION:The results confirm the good safety profiles of MMRV and of measles, mumps and rubella vaccines manufactured with recombinant human albumin.
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21.
  • Silfverdal, Sven Arne, et al. (författare)
  • Anamnestic Immune Response in 3- to 4-year-old Children Previously Immunized With 10-valent Pneumococcal Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Protein D Conjugate Vaccine as 2 Dose or 3 Dose Priming and a Booster Dose in the First Year of Life.
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 30:9, s. e155-e163
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND:: Immunogenicity of 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae proteind conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV), administered as 2 dose or 3 dose priming followed by a booster dose, has been described previously. The present study evaluated immunologic memory following PHiD-CV vaccination according to these vaccination schedules. METHODS:: A dose of PHiD-CV (to test anamnestic responses) was administered to 172 children at 36 to 46 months of age; 110 of them had previously been vaccinated with PHiD-CV according to 2 + 1 or 3 + 1 schedules (PHiD-CV [2 + 1] and PHiD-CV [3 + 1] groups) and 62 were unprimed age-matched controls. To measure immune responses before and 7 to 10 days after the PHiD-CV dose, 22F-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) assay were used. RESULTS:: Serotype-specific IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) and OPA geometric mean titers (GMTs) increased substantially (from before to 7 to 10 days after the additional PHiD-CV dose) for all 10 vaccines and 2 cross-reactive serotypes (6A and 19A) in the children previously vaccinated with PHiD-CV, regardless of the vaccination schedule used. Antibody GMCs and OPA GMTs after the administration of the PHiD-CV dose were markedly higher in both previously PHiD-CV-vaccinated groups than in the unprimed control group, clearly demonstrating prior induction of immunologic memory. Antiprotein D antibody GMCs had also increased substantially from before to 7 to 10 days after vaccination in all 3 groups, with higher antibody GMCs in the previously vaccinated groups than in the control group. CONCLUSION:: PHiD-CV vaccination according to 2 + 1 or 3 + 1 schedules resulted in comparable anamnestic immune responses. These findings suggest that similar protective efficacy may be achieved with both the schedules.
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22.
  • Silfverdal, Sven Arne, et al. (författare)
  • Immunogenicity of a 2-dose priming and booster vaccination with the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 28:10, s. e276-282
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: The immunogenicity of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) was determined following a simplified 2-dose priming and the more commonly employed 3-dose priming both followed by a booster dose. METHODS: A total of 351 healthy subjects were primed with PHiD-CV at either 3 and 5 or 3, 4 and 5 months of age followed in all subjects by a booster dose at 11 to 12 months of age. Serotype-specific pneumococcal responses were measured by 22F-inhibition ELISA and opsonophagocytic assays 1 month following primary and booster vaccinations. RESULTS: Depending on the serotype, the percentages of subjects reaching the ELISA antibody threshold of 0.2 microg/mL were 92.8% to 98.0% following 2 primary doses and 96.1% to 100% following 3 primary doses except for serotype 6B (55.7% and 63.1%, respectively) and serotype 23F (69.3% and 77.6%, respectively). Opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) could be measured in 74.4% to 100% and 88.9% to 100% of the subjects after the 2-dose or 3-dose priming, respectively, except for serotype 1 (60.8% and 62.9%, respectively). In both groups, robust increases in ELISA antibodies and OPA titers were observed for all serotypes after the booster dose. Higher postprimary and postbooster ELISA antibody levels and OPA titers were observed for most serotypes following the 3+1 schedule. CONCLUSION: PHiD-CV was immunogenic in both schedules, but further effectiveness data are needed to fully understand the public health benefit to be expected from these schedules in terms of prevention against invasive and mucosal infections.
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23.
  • Silfverdal, Sven-Arne, et al. (författare)
  • Long term enhancement of the IgG2 antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b by breast-feeding.
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 21:9, s. 816-21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • SUBJECTS: Sets of sera were obtained from 30 children <6 years of age with invasive type b (Hib) infection and their mothers. Duration and mode of breast-feeding were monitored. Titers of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM antibodies against Hib capsular polysaccharide were determined in sera taken during the acute illness and during early and late convalescence. RESULTS: Children 18 months or older with longer durations of exclusive breast-feeding (13 weeks or more; mean, 19.3 weeks) had higher Hib antibody concentrations of the IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM isotypes than those with a shorter duration of exclusive breast-feeding (<13 weeks; mean, 5.4 weeks). The difference was greatest for the IgG2 isotype. In regression analyses the association between the duration of exclusive breast-feeding and the anti-Hib IgG2 concentration was significant when breast-feeding, type of Hib infection, maternal Hib antibody titer and age were used as explanatory factors. In the group of 14 children <18 months of age no significant differences were noted. DISCUSSION: This study indicates the presence of a long lasting enhancing effect of breast-feeding on the antibody response to Hib in children, in particular on IgG2 Hib antibody production. This may result from the content in the milk of IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma-producing cells and possibly other factors, which can support IgG2 antibody production.
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24.
  • Vesikari, Timo, et al. (författare)
  • A Randomized, Controlled Study of DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T, a Fully Liquid Hexavalent Vaccine, Administered in a 3-,5-and 11-to 12-month Schedule
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 36:1, s. 87-93
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: To assess the immunogenicity and safety of a fully liquid, ready-to-use hexavalent DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T vaccine when administered in a 2 + 1 schedule at 3, 5 and 11-12 months of age.Methods: Phase III, randomized, active-controlled, observer-blind, multi-center study. Infants were randomized to receive DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T (N = 275) or a licensed control hexavalent vaccine (DTaP-IPV-HB//PRPNT: N = 275), both given in coadministration with Prevenar 13. Serum was analyzed for immune responses to all vaccine antigens. Noninferiority of DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T to the control vaccine was tested at completion of the primary series using predefined seroprotection (SP) rate and vaccine response (VR) rates. Safety was assessed using parental reports.Results: Noninferiority of DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T to the control vaccine was demonstrated postdose 3 for each antigen, and the SP (for D, T, poliovirus 1, 2 and 3, hepatitis B and polyribosylribitol phosphate) and VR rates (for pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin) were high in each group. SP rates for D, T, polio 1, 2, 3 and VR rates for pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin were similar in each group. For hepatitis B, SP rate was slightly higher for DTaP-IPV-HB//PRP similar to T (99.6%) than DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T (96.4%), and for PRP, SP rate was higher for DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T (93.5%) than DTaP-IPV-HB//PRP similar to T (85.2%). For Prevenar 13, the SP rate was high for each serotype and similar for both groups. All vaccines were well tolerated.Conclusions: These study findings confirm the safety and immunogenicity and thus the suitability of this fully liquid hexavalent vaccine for administration in a 2 + 1 schedule.
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25.
  • Vesikari, Timo, et al. (författare)
  • Immunogenicity and Safety of a Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Children 6 Months to 17 Years of Age, Previously Vaccinated with an AS03-Adjuvanted A(H1N1)Pdm09 Vaccine Two Open-label, Randomized Trials
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 34:7, s. 774-782
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: During the influenza pandemic 2009-2010, an AS03-adjuvanted A(H1N1) pdm09 vaccine was used extensively in children 6 months of age and older, and during the 2010-2011 influenza season, the A(H1N1) pdm09 strain was included in the seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) without adjuvant. We evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of TIV in children previously vaccinated with the AS03-adjuvanted A(H1N1) pdm09 vaccine. Methods: Healthy children were randomized (1:1) to receive TIV or a control vaccine. Children were aged 6 months to 9 years (n = 154) and adolescents 10-17 years (n = 77) when they received AS03-adjuvanted A(H1N1) pdm09 vaccine at least 6 months before study enrolment. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibody responses against the A(H1N1) pdm09 strain were evaluated before (day 0) and at day 28 and month 6 after study vaccination. Reactogenicity was assessed during the 7 day postvaccination period, and safety was assessed for 6 months. Results: At day 0, >93.9% of all children had HI titers >= 1:40 for the A(H1N1) pdm09 strain, which increased to 100% at both day 28 and month 6 in the TIV group. Between days 0 and 28, HI antibody geometric mean titers against A(H1N1) pdm09 increased by 9-fold and 4-fold in children 6 months to 9 years of age and 10-17 years of age, respectively. Conclusion: AS03-adjuvanted A(H1N1) pdm09 vaccine-induced robust immune responses in children that persisted into the next season, yet were still boosted by TIV containing A(H1N1) pdm09. The reactogenicity and safety profile of TIV did not appear compromised by prior receipt of AS03adjuvanted A(H1N1) pdm09 vaccine.
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26.
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27.
  • Ahl, Jonas, et al. (författare)
  • Risk Factors for Pneumococcal Carriage in Day Care Centers: A Retrospective Study During a 10-year Period.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 1532-0987. ; 33:5, s. 536-538
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this retrospective epidemiologic study, we present pneumococcal carriage data from 109 Swedish day care centers over a period of 10 years. Aspects of season, age, personnel and group size were studied. We found a significant seasonal variation in pneumococcal carriage. Group size was a significant risk factor for pneumococcal carriage. Pneumococcal carriage was 4.5 % in personnel.
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28.
  • Ali, Mohammad, et al. (författare)
  • Vaccine Protection of Bangladeshi infants and young children against cholera: implications for vaccine deployment and person-to-person transmission.
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric infectious disease journal. - 0891-3668. ; 27:1, s. 33-7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Killed oral cholera vaccines are internationally licensed for older children and adults, but not for infants and young children. We investigated whether mass immunization of older children and adults can confer herd protection to children too young to be vaccinated. METHODS: We analyzed the first year of surveillance of an individually randomized, placebo-controlled trial of killed oral cholera vaccines in 89,596 older Bangladeshi children and adult women. Vaccine herd protection of children less than 2 years of age, who were too young to participate in the trial, was evaluated by determining whether the incidence of cholera during the first year of follow-up of this age group was lower in residential clusters with higher levels of vaccine coverage than in clusters with lower levels of vaccine coverage. RESULTS: Vaccine coverage of the targeted population ranged from 4% to 65% in different clusters. The incidence (cases per 1000) of cholera among children less than 2 years of age ranged from 18.9 in clusters in the lowest quintile of vaccine coverage to 8.6 in clusters in the highest quintile (P = 0.004 for the inverse association between vaccine coverage and risk of cholera) Vaccine coverage of adult women (relative risk of cholera = 0.95 for each percent increase in vaccine coverage; 95% confidence interval: 0.92-0.99; P < 0.01), but not of older children, was independently associated with a lower risk of cholera in children less than 2 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination of older age groups was associated with protection of children too young to be vaccinated. The pronounced herd protection of young children associated with vaccination of adult women suggests that adult women may play a prominent role in the transmission of cholera to young children in this setting.
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29.
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31.
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33.
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34.
  • Bhuiyan, Taufiqur Rahman, 1974, et al. (författare)
  • Infection by Helicobacter pylori in Bangladeshi children from birth to two years: relation to blood group, nutritional status, and seasonality.
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric infectious disease journal. - 0891-3668. ; 28:2, s. 79-85
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: A birth cohort of 238 children was followed in an urban slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to determine incidence, prevalence, and epidemiologic factors related to Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS: H. pylori infection was determined by a specific stool antigen test as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting specific IgA and IgG antibodies in sera in children who completed 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Using the stool antigen test and serology, 50% and 60% of infants respectively, were positive for H. pylori by 2 years; an increase in the infection rate was seen after 6 months of age. Determination of specific antibodies in sera and detection of H. pylori antigen in stool were comparable. A typical seasonality, peaking in spring and autumn, was observed for acquisition of initial H. pylori infection. Children with blood group "A" were more susceptible to H. pylori infection than those with other ABO blood groups. Malnutrition did not seem to promote colonization by H. pylori. However, H. pylori-infected children were more often infected by multiple enteropathogens, often isolated at different time points. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that noninvasive diagnostic methods such as serology and the stool antigen test are suitable for the study of acquisition of H. pylori infections in infants and can be used in field settings as well as in laboratories and clinical setting having less well equipped facilities. The study also shows seasonality for initial H. pylori infection and a relationship between blood group "A" and infection.
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35.
  • Biering-Sorensen, Sofie, et al. (författare)
  • Small Randomized Trial Among Low-Birth-Weight Children Receiving Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccination First Health Center Contact
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 1532-0987. ; 31:3, s. 306-308
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A total of 105 low-birth-weight children presenting for first vaccination were randomized to receive bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immediately or later (current practice). The mortality rate ratio for BCG was 0.17 (95% CI = 0.02-1.35) within 3 days of enrollment, 0.28 (0.06-1.37) in the first month, and 0.27 (0.07-0.98) after 2 months of age. The mortality rate ratio was 0.41 (0.14-1.18) (P = 0.098) in infancy. Administration of BCG vaccine at first contact may contribute to lower mortality.
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36.
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37.
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38.
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39.
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40.
  • Claesson, Bo A, 1948, et al. (författare)
  • Antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide and tetanus toxoid before and after a booster dose of the carrier protein nine years after primary vaccination with a protein conjugate vaccine.
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric infectious disease journal. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0891-3668. ; 24:5, s. 463-4
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • IgG antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and tetanus toxoid (TT) were measured for 53 children, 10 years of age, before and 1 month after a booster dose of diphtheria-tetanus vaccine (DT). All children had been vaccinated at 3, 5 and 12 months of age with DT and a Hib-TT conjugate. Geometric mean concentrations of Hib CPS serum IgG antibody were 4.16 and 4.30 microg/mL before and after the DT booster, respectively. The geometric mean concentration of TT IgG antibody increased from 0.09 IU/mL to 4.58 IU/mL (P < 0.001). Hib CPS IgG levels remained well above protective titers for 9 years after 3 doses of Hib-TT appropriately spaced in infancy. A booster dose of TT did not affect Hib CPS antibody concentrations but induced a pronounced IgG response against TT.
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41.
  • Diaz, L. M. R., et al. (författare)
  • Impact of the Rotavirus Vaccination Program in Norway After Four Years With High Coverage
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0891-3668. ; 40:4, s. 375-381
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Use of rotavirus vaccines worldwide since 2006 has led to a significant impact on the burden of rotavirus disease. However, only a third of European countries have introduced rotavirus vaccination in their immunization programs. In October 2014, rotavirus vaccination was introduced for Norwegian infants under strict age restrictions. Exclusive use of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) and high vaccination coverage from the beginning enabled evaluation of the impact of this vaccine during the first 4 years after introduction. Methods: Prospective laboratory-based surveillance among children <5 years of age hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis at 5 Norwegian hospitals was used to assess the vaccine effectiveness of 2 vaccine doses against rotavirus hospitalization in a case-control study. We used community controls selected from the national population-based immunization registry, and test-negative controls recruited through hospital surveillance. We also assessed the vaccine impact by using time-series analysis of retrospectively collected registry data on acute gastroenteritis in primary and hospital care during 2009-2018. Results: Vaccine effectiveness against rotavirus-confirmed hospitalization was 76% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34%-91%) using test-negative controls, and 75% (95% CI: 44%-88%) using community controls. In the postvaccine period, acute gastroenteritis hospitalizations in children <5 years were reduced by 45% compared with the prevaccine years (adjusted incidence rate ratios 0.55; 95% CI: 0.49-0.61). Reduction in hospitalizations was also seen in cohorts not eligible for vaccination. Rates in primary care decreased to a lesser degree. Conclusions: Four years after introduction of rotavirus vaccination in the national childhood immunization program, we recorded a substantial reduction in the number of children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Norway, attributable to a high vaccine effectiveness.
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42.
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43.
  • Elfving, Kristina, et al. (författare)
  • Pathogen Clearance and New Respiratory Tract Infections Among Febrile Children in Zanzibar Investigated With Multitargeting Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction on Paired Nasopharyngeal Swab Samples
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0891-3668. ; 37:7, s. 643-648
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: New molecular methods have revealed frequent and often polymicrobial respiratory infections in children in low-income settings. It is not known whether presence of multiple pathogens is due to prolonged infections or to frequent exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze short-term pathogen clearance from nasopharynx and the rate of new respiratory tract infections in febrile preschool children. Methods: Children (n = 207) with uncomplicated acute febrile illness 2-59 months of age presenting to a health center in Zanzibar, Tanzania, April-July 2011, were included. Paired nasopharyngeal swab samples, collected at enrolment and after 14 days, were analyzed by multiple real-time polymerase chain reaction for Adenovirus, bocavirus, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Coronaviruses, Enterovirus, influenza A and B virus, metapneumovirus, measles virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, parainfluenza virus, Parechovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and Rhinovirus. An age-matched and geographically matched healthy control group (n = 166) underwent nasopharyngeal sampling on 1 occasion. Results: At baseline, 157/207 (76%) patients had at least 1 pathogen detected, in total 199 infections. At follow-up (day 14), 162/199 (81%) of these infections were not detected, including >95% of the previously detected infections with Enterovirus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, metapneumovirus or parainfluenza virus. Still 115 (56%) children were positive for at least 1 pathogen at follow-up, of which 95/115 (83%) were not found at baseline. Detection of influenza B on day 14 was significantly associated with fever during follow-up. Conclusion: The results suggest that children with acute febrile illness in Zanzibar rapidly clear respiratory tract infections but frequently acquire new infections within 14 days.
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49.
  • Furuta, Yasushi, et al. (författare)
  • Varicella-zoster virus reactivation is an important cause of acute peripheral facial paralysis in children.
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: The Pediatric infectious disease journal. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0891-3668. ; 24:2, s. 97-101
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 is thought to be a major cause of adult idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis or Bell's palsy. However, few studies have examined the pathogenesis of this condition in children. Serologic assays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of paired sera and saliva samples were used here to investigate the causes of acute peripheral facial paralysis in pediatric patients. METHODS: A total of 30 children with acute peripheral facial paralysis were recruited. Paired sera were assayed for evidence of herpesvirus, mumps virus or Borrelia infection. PCR was used to detect herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNA in saliva samples. RESULTS: Ramsay Hunt syndrome with accompanying zoster lesions was diagnosed clinically in 2 patients, and VZV reactivation was confirmed serologically. VZV reactivation in the absence of zoster (zoster sine herpete) was diagnosed in 9 patients with either serologic assays or PCR. Thus VZV reactivation was demonstrated in 11 of 30 (37%) patients. The prevalence of VZV reactivation among patients between 6 and 15 years of age was significantly higher than in those younger than 5 years of age (53% versus 9%, P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that VZV reactivation is an important cause of acute peripheral facial paralysis in children, especially those between 6 and 15 years of age.
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50.
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