| 1. |
- Andersson, C, et al.
(författare)
-
Barrier properties and heat sealability/failure mechanisms of dispersion coated paperboard
- 2002
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 15, s. 209-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plate-like fillers are often added to improve barrier properties and to prevent blocking of dispersion coatings on paper and board. We have studied the effects of clay addition, neutralizing agent and drying conditions on water vapour permeability, water absorption, oxygen permeability and heat sealability of carboxylated styrene/butyl acrylate dispersion coatings on a pilot scale. The barrier dispersions were applied on a pre-coated side of a three-ply board, using a pre-metering roll coater. Coated strips were sealed under specified conditions of temperature, time and pressure and the sealability was assessed by measuring the peak load necessary to break the joints. The surface composition of the barrier-coated board was analysed and the mode of failure was characterized by ESCA. The occurrence of pinholes in the barrier coatings was assessed by both staining tests and ESEM/EDX analysis of the surface topography. The resulting barrier properties were satisfactory as far as resistance to water transport in both liquid and vapour form is concerned. The oxygen permeability was similar to that of similar amorphous polymers. Heat-sealing tests showed that the mode of failure was mainly cohesive in nature, as fibre tear occurred when sealed strips were separated. Neutralization with sodium hydroxide gave poor adhesion and had a negative effect on the seal strength. Barrier measurements and ESEM/EDX analysis both showed that the pinholes present extended only through the barrier coating
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| 2. |
- Andersson, C, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation and incorporation of microcapsules in functional coatings for self-healing of packaging board
- 2009
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 22:5, s. 275-291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The replacement of flexible polyolefin barrier layers with novel, thin, functional polymer coatings in the production of paperboard packaging involves the risk of deteriorated barrier and mechanical properties during the converting process. Local defects or cracks in the protective barrier layer can arise because of the stress induced in creasing and folding operations. In this study, the incorporation of microencapsulated self-healing agents in coating formulations applied both by spot- and uniform-coating techniques was studied. The preparation process of microcapsules with a hydrophobic core surrounded by a hydrophobically modified polysaccharide membrane in aqueous suspension was developed to obtain capsules fulfilling both the criteria of small capsule size and reasonably high solids content to match the requirements set on surface treatment of paperboard for enhancement of packaging functionality. The survival of the microcapsules during application and their effectiveness as self-healing agents were investigated. The results showed a reduced tendency for deteriorated barrier properties and local termination of cracks formed upon creasing. The self-healing mechanism involves the rupture of microcapsules local to the applied stress, with subsequent release of the core material. Crack propagation is hindered by plasticization of the underlying coating layer, while the increased hydrophobicity helps to maintain the barrier properties.
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| 3. |
- Beldie, Liliana, et al.
(författare)
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Paperboard packages exposed to static loads–finite element modelling and experiments
- 2001
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology & Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214. ; 14:4, s. 171-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to analyse the mechanical behaviour of paperboard packages subjected to static compressive loads. The study was divided in three parts and experiments and finite element analysis conducted for each part. First, a panel of paperboard was subjected to edge compressive loading as a means of checking the material model. Second, the package was cut into segments and each segment was subjected to compression in order to determine the contribution of the different parts to the overall behaviour of the package. Third, a whole package loaded in compression was studied. In the finite element simulations, the paperboard was modelled as an orthotropic, linear, elastic–plastic laminate. The study utilized a non-linear finite element analysis, based on the plasticity of the material and large displacements. The results show that the middle segment of the package exhibits a higher stiffness than that of the upper and lower package segments and that of the whole package, which leads to the conclusion that the low initial stiffness of the package is a consequence of the low stiffness of the upper and lower corners, i.e. of the horizontal creases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 4. |
- Bor, Yasemin, et al.
(författare)
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Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Analysis Reveals Migration of Cyclic Lactide Oligomers from Polylactide Packaging in Contact with Ethanolic Food Simulant
- 2012
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 25:7, s. 427-433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis revealed rapid migration of cyclic oligomers from polylactide (PLA) packaging when stored in contact with 96% ethanol. The mass losses in contact with water, 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol and isooctane were 3 to 5 times smaller and no migration of cyclic oligomers was observed. The presence of cyclic oligomers in the original PLA films and their solubility in ethanol, thus, explains the rapid mass loss for PLA in contact with ethanolic food simulant. On prolonged ageing no further mass loss was observed in 96% ethanol, whereas mass loss in aqueous food simulants increased because of hydrolysis of PLA matrix or the cyclic oligomers to water-soluble linear products. The mass losses were generally somewhat smaller for the stereocomplex material compared with the poly-l-lactide materials. Similar trend was observed for solvent uptakes, which is easily explained by the higher degree of crystallinity and stronger secondary interactions in the stereocomplex material. The use of ethanol as a fatty food simulant for PLA materials could, thus, lead to overestimation of the overall migration values.
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| 5. |
- Borgqvist, Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Localized Deformation in Compression and Folding of Paperboard
- 2016
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology & Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214. ; 29:7, s. 397-414
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The localized deformation patterns developed during in-plane compression and folding of paperboard have been studied in this work. X-ray post-mortem images reveal that cellulose fibres have been reoriented along localized bands in both the compression and folding tests. In folding, the paperboard typically fails on the side where the compressive stresses exists and wrinkles are formed. The in-plane compression test is however difficult to perform because of the slender geometry of the paperboard. A common technique to determine the compression strength is to use the so-called short-span compression test (SCT). In the SCT, a paperboard with a free length of 0.7 mm is compressed. Another technique to measure the compression strength is the long edge test where the motion of the paperboard is constrained on the top and bottom to prevent buckling. A continuum model that previously has been proposed by the authors is further developed and utilized to predict the occurrence of the localized bands. It is shown that the in-plane strength in compression for paperboard can be correlated to the mechanical behaviour in folding. By tuning the in-plane yield parameters to the SCT response, it is shown that the global response in folding can be predicted. The simulations are able to predict the formation of wrinkles, and the deformation field is in agreement with the measured deformation pattern. The model predicts an unstable material response associated with localized deformation into bands in both the SCT and folding.
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| 6. |
- Bramklev, Caroline
(författare)
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On a Proposal for a Generic Package Development Process
- 2009
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 22:3, s. 171-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Globalization pressures have today inflicted significant changes in the way industrial enterprises are organized and how products are developed, manufactured and brought to market. A common denominator in many of these enterprises is the utilization of an organizational structure based on networks composed of divisions and supplier companies dispersed all over the world. ln these global enterprises the handling, transportation and storage of parts, subassemblies and final products creates an inner and an outer market, demanding in time and error-free deliveries to lowest possible costs and with a minimal impact on the environment. In order to successfully fulfil these demands it is necessary to focus not only on logistically related issues, but also to make sure that the Product-Package-System, the PPS for short, is developed in the most efficiently and effectively way possible. Since very few products are truly life cycle adapted, most products need supportive functions during part(s) of their life cycle - ranging from extensive systems of primary, secondary and tertiary packages to a simple wrapping or chemical surface protection. When a package is needed, considerations are seldom made to it during the actual development of the product see Bramklev (2004). In a proposal aiming at facilitating the fulfilment of the demands for an efficient and effective development of the PPS, Bjärnemo et al. (2000) suggested a development process for the integration of packaging logistics into the product development process. By adopting the proposed integration concept, the multidisciplinary product and packaging development team is given the freedom of allocating essential functions between product and package, thus making it possible to, in a most effective and efficient way, fulfilling the demands set out for a given PPS — something unattainable in the traditional, sequential, development of product and package. In three surveys, performed within the mechanical, food and pharmaceutical industries, Bramklev (2004) verified the interest and expectations in industry for the proposed integration concept. Note that these surveys, carried out as interviews, solely focused on the interest from the product manufacturing industries to integrate package development into their product development processes. The reason for not including the package manufacturing industries at this stage was simply the fact that these traditionally array themselves the role of supplier, thus entrust the initiative of cooperation to the product manufacturing industries. This somewhat passive role of the package manufacturing industry is an inevitable consequence of the predominant practice in the collaboration between the product manufacturing and the package manufacturing industries. From the surveys it was found that the initial definition and specifications of the package was frequently performed by the product development team/staff during the later parts of the product development process. In some of the companies, the production staff performed these tasks. After having defined and specified the package, the package manufacturing supplier was engaged to carry out the subsequent development and manufacturing of the package. Resulting from the confirmation of the validity of the integration concept - see Bramklev (2004), the second stage of the research project have been initiated, with the overall objective to develop an industrially implementable process model for the integration of product and package development. One of the cornerstones in achieving this goal is the access to a model of the package development process well adapted for integration into the product development process. The objective set out for research results presented here is to: Account for the development of a generic package development process which facilitates the establishment of the proposed integration concept and which also provides a more proactive and holistic approach to the development of new and innovative packages for the global market.
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| 7. |
- Carli Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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Medication packaging and older patients: a systematic review
- 2017
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 1099-1522 .- 0894-3214. ; 30:8, s. 525-558
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global challenges posed by demographic change call for more senior-friendly medication packaging. This paper presents a comprehensive integrated view and synthesis of the literature on medication packaging and older people. Considering the multidisciplinary nature of the research field, a systematic review was conducted in four databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Medline and Engineering Village), limited to original research studies containing empirical data and English-language papers, published until January 2015. Manual reference mining was carried out for other relevant papers, and a critical appraisal methodology was applied to judge the quality of the papers. In total, 34 studies are fully reviewed and classified according to the main characteristics of the studies, information about older patients and impact of the packaging on medication use. As a result, the review indicates the literature to be fragmented and diverse yet composed of two major interconnected research streams (physical functionality and user capability; medication management) and orientations (packaging; user). The physical functionality and user capability stream of research with a packaging orientation addresses child-resistant containers (CRCs), whereas the user-oriented studies address openability, i.e. the ease of opening the medication. In contrast, the medication management stream of research with a packaging orientation focuses on the adherence outcomes of different package aids, whereas the user-oriented studies focus on the counselling provided by healthcare professionals and coping strategies for older patients to handle the packages. These original findings provide valuable input to researchers and practitioners and offer guidance for the further development of medication packaging.
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| 8. |
- de Koeijer, Bjorn, et al.
(författare)
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Realizing Product-Packaging Combinations in Circular Systems: Shaping the Research Agenda
- 2017
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : WILEY. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 30:8, s. 443-460
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent years have shown a shift in the focus of sustainable development from eco-efficiency (minimizing negative impacts) towards eco-effectiveness (optimizing positive impacts). Currently, a focus on circular models can be identified; Cradle to Cradle and circular economy are main examples of such models. However, the current number and variety of models and tools focusing on circular systems are limited with regard to packaging development. This paper explores packaging development models and tools in relation to circular systems, in order to identify the current status of the circularity focus. A range of identified models and tools is structured into two categories (generative and evaluative tools) which cover three types (protocols, diagrams and evaluations). This is in line with the distinction between early and later phases of development and the cumulative nature of environmental lock-in. Protocol-type models and tools come in different forms, such as principles, guidelines and checklists (e.g. Cradle to Cradle and DfE). Aside from these, eight diagram-type models are analysed, focusing on packaging development, sustainable development and sustainable packaging development. In contrast to generative design tools, evaluation-type models and tools (e.g. LCA) are most useful in the later stages of development processes. Resulting from the analysis of the models and tools, three types of integration - integrated product-packaging development, the cross-functional integration of actors and the front-end integration of sustainability considerations - are appropriate for the development of product-packaging combinations for circular systems. This leads to an agenda which shapes research directions towards achieving this development. (C) 2016 The Authors Packaging Technology and Science Published by John Wiley amp; Sons, Ltd.
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| 9. |
- Demertzis, P.G., et al.
(författare)
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Studies on the development of a quick inertness test procedure for multi-use PET containers - Sorption behaviour of bottle wall strips
- 1997
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 10:1, s. 45-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is part of a larger project aimed at establishing criteria to ensure the quality and safety-in-use of recycled and re-used plastics for food packaging. A major concern is that plastic materials can interact with chemicals to a greater or lesser extent. As a consequence, refillable containers may be contaminated by migration of harmful substances into the plastic material due to misuse by consumers before return. On the other hand, there is currently neither any specific national or EU regulation nor a standard test procedure available which could be applied by industry or enforcement laboratories to meet this situation appropriately. In this study, a relative simple inertness test which focuses on the interaction of PET bottle wall strips with a selection of model contaminants was investigated. The model contaminants were selected to include four different sets of chemical functional classes (set A, alcohol-type compounds; set B, ester/ketone type compounds; set C, hydrocarbon-type compounds; set D, chlorinated hydrocarbons). A simple gas chromatographic method using flame ionization detection was developed to allow quantification of the whole range of model contaminants. Linearity and reproducibility of the calibration curves for all contaminants were excellent, which indicates the validity and efficacy of the proposed methodology. The sorption experiments with PET bottle wall strips showed that significant amounts of chemicals can be absorbed into the plastic material if misused, thus establishing a remigration potential in the bottle material after refilling. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 10. |
- Dominic, Chris A. S., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a conceptual sustainable packaging development model : A corrugated box case study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - New York : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 28:5, s. 397-413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Corrugated package designers are focused on balancing the need for product protection, material use efficiency and the packaging material's impact on the environment in the supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual sustainable packaging model that integrates the variables of technical design, supply chain systems and environmental factors and then use the model to identify to improve upon corrugated container design. A model was developed, from the extant literature, and a case study was performed on a corrugated container. This is believed to be a unique integrated model of most relevant agents related to the design and implementation of a corrugated box through a supply chain from design to potential post-consumer reuse. From this study, we found opportunities to improve the environmental design of the corrugated container through four ex ante design stages, and two ex post facto supply chain stages. Further, research can evaluate and refine this model via a 'live supply chain' for use in guiding corrugated box material selection design and reuse/recycling. Integration of the design criterion for a unit load in the supply chain creates opportunity to observe the packaging system holistically. Waste in the manufacturing process and CO2 emissions are traced along the material flow until the end of its useful life to provide an overall picture of the packaging system.
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| 11. |
- Dominic, Chris
(författare)
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Integrating Packaging Suppliers into the Supply/Demand Chain
- 2005
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 18, s. 151-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the results from qualitative studies done on leading edge companies in Supply/Demand Chain Management in Sweden. The aim of the study is to create a knowledge base, identify the Network Integrators, and with reference to previous studies conducted in the packaging industry, analyse the development for packaging suppliers.
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| 12. |
- Dominic, Chris, 1968-
(författare)
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Supply and demand chain integration: : A case study conducted in the packaging industry
- 2013
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; :1, s. 51-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this work was to study the packaging supplier and the integration of integrating packaging suppliers into the supply and demand chain (SDC). The packaging industry has been analyzed using a structured market analysis, and the companies studied have been positioned in an integration model for packaging suppliers. In addition, case studies were conducted to study the development of the packaging industry and its integration within the SDC in the Scandinavian region. The analysis shows that there are gaps in the business relations between the packaging companies studied and the SDC. Most of the packaging suppliers were not integrated into the SDC. Valuable information, available in the network, seldom reaches the packaging supplier who holds the knowledge necessary to create and offer innovative packaging solutions. The article provides an empirical exploration into the field of packaging, logistics and SDC integration and an original conceptual framework that could serve as a theoretical framework for future research work applied in the packaging industry and an interesting business model to the increase understanding of packaging supply chain integration.
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| 13. |
- Eriksson, Daniel, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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How Small Is a Point Load? : A Preliminary Study of the Deformation and Failure of Cartons Subjected to Non-Uniform Loads
- 2017
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 30:7, s. 309-316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consumer packaging made from carton board is subjected to a variety of loads as it moves through the value chain. Packaging designers need tools for predicting the strength of packages under these loading conditions. For evenly distributed loads, there are methods for measuring and estimating compression resistance that can provide useful guidance. For loads concentrated to a small area, little work has been published. The aim of this preliminary study is to aid the development of a future test method for point loads by investigating how the size of the load application site influences the mechanical behaviour of the package. Rigid spheres of a range of sizes were used to compress packages. Small spheres gave rise primary damage in the form of a vertical yield line and secondary damage in the form of a parabolic yield line. Larger spheres produced a series of parabolic yield lines of increasing size. No vertical yield line appeared for the larger spheres. The larger spheres showed a stiffness transition at a displacement that could be estimated by considering the geometry of the test.
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| 14. |
- Flodberg, G., et al.
(författare)
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Liquid Crystalline Polymer Pouches for Local Anaesthetic Emulsion
- 2001
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 14:4, s. 159-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to enhance the long-term properties of a high-pH local anaesthetic drug, emulsion tests were conducted where the emulsion was stored in pouches made of a compression moulded high-barrier liquid-crystalline polymer, Vectra A950. The oxygen permeability of the pouch materia I was too low to be detected at 23 degreesC and 0% relative humidity with the instrument used. The water vapour transmission rate was 0.135 (g.mm/m(2).day) at 38 degreesC and 100% relative humidity. The emulsion, containing prilocain and lidocain as active substances, was stored in pouches which were sealed by the thermal impulse technique at 260 degreesC for 1.08 s. It was possible to obtain good quality films and good quality seals by optimization of the compression moulding and sealing operations. The concentrations of prilocain and lidocain in the emulsion were studied for 14 weeks at two different temperatures, 40 degreesC and 60 degreesC, and at 100% relative humidity. The decrease in concentration was higher for prilocain (5.4-8.3%) than for lidocain (3.4-3.6%). The loss of the substances from the emulsion was due mainly to adsorption onto the polar surface of the liquid crystalline polymer.
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| 15. |
- Gallstedt, M., et al.
(författare)
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Packagin-related properties of protein- and chitosan-coated paper
- 2005
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 18:4, s. 161-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanical and gas-barrier properties of paper and paperboard coated with chitosan-acetic acid salt (chitosan), whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate and wheat gluten protein were studied. Paper sheets were solution-coated using a hand applicator. In addition, bi-layer composites of wheat gluten and paper or paperboard were produced by compression moulding, and the chitosan solution was also applied on paperboard using curtain coating. Young's modulus, fracture stress, fracture strain, tearing strength, air permeance and oxygen permeability were assessed. The mechanical and air permeance measurements of solution-coated paper showed that chitosan was the most effective coating on a coat weight basis. This was due to its high viscosity, which limited the degree of penetration into the paper. ne proteins, however, also enhanced the strength and toughness of the paper. Compression-moulded wheat gluten/paper or paperboard, as well as curtain-coated chitosan paperboard laminates, showed oxygen barrier properties comparable to those of paper and paperboard coated with commercial barrier materials. None of the composites could be delaminated without fibre rupture, indicating good adhesion between the coatings and the substrates.
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| 16. |
- Gidlöf, Veronica
(författare)
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In Press Conditions and its Effect on Runnability and Convertability in Digital Package Printing
- 2005
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 18:4, s. 189-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major advantage of digital printing is that printing can be performed ondemand, but as all printing techniques it suffers from its specific runnability problems. This study reports on an investigation of problems during printing and how to improve the runnability, with the aim of pointing out the most critical factors. Test printing has been performed on three different paperboard types in digital print units based on both dry and liquid toner electrophotographic technology. Results show that the three main problems during printing were; feeding in sheet fed print units, cutting in web fed print units and increasing curl after printing. Feeding problems in sheet fed print units were mainly explained by curl and varying format size of the paperboard, but also by exceeding thicknesses limits for the press. Curl after printing principally occurred due to high temperature loads caused by, for example, fusing and conditioning.
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| 17. |
- Hallbäck, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Finite Element Analysis of Hot Melt Adhesive Joints in Carton Board
- 2014
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 27:9, s. 701-712
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanical behaviour of adhesive joints is critical for the performance of adhesively joined carton board packages. In this work, finite element analyses of hot melt adhesive (HMA) joints in carton board is conducted and compared to experimental results obtained using a Y-peel testing device. The aim of the present study is to analyse the behaviour of adhesive joints tested in the Y-peel testing device using a layered carton board model. The carton board is modelled as a layered structure where the layers are assumed to obey Hill's orthotropic elastic-plastic model, and the interfaces are modelled using a softening orthotropic damage model. The HMA is modelled as isotropic linear elastic, and the influence from a varying elastic modulus of the HMA is explored. It is found that the pre-peak behaviour of the Y-peel force-elongation curves is reasonably well captured by the FE simulations, although the initial stiffness is somewhat too high. Also, the pre-peak behaviour is practically insensitive to changes of the elastic modulus of the HMA. The deformation and delamination pattern obtained in the simulations was compared with microscope pictures taken during the corresponding Y-peel experiments, and it is shown that they conform to the observed behaviour during Y-peel testing at comparable loading levels. However, the delamination opening is somewhat underestimated by the model.
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| 18. |
- Hellström, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Packaging and logistics interactions in retail supply chains
- 2007
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology & Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 20:3, s. 197-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of the packaging system on logistics processes along the supply chain is often implicitly and fragmentally recognized. In order to increase understanding of the impact of packaging on logistics, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the interactions between the packaging system and logistics processes in the retail supply chain. Four case studies involving Swedish and Dutch retail supply chains were conducted to identify, describe and understand in depth the logistics activities related to packaging within these retail supply chains. The comprehensive overview provided in this paper serves as an elementary step towards understanding the role of packaging systems in logistics, which is a prerequisite for taking packaging and logistics decisions based on a supply chain perspective. Moreover, the paper provides a process-orientated description of what a packaging system must fulfil and perform along the retail supply chain. It also provides a means for evaluating packaging systems, with emphasis on logistics aspects. The interactions between the packaging system and the logistics processes identified in this research can be used to bridge the gap between logisticians and packaging engineers/designers/technicians/managers by enabling them to engage in a dialogue and understand where and how packaging and logistics decisions can impact the performance of packaging system and logistics processes in the retail supply chain. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 19. |
- Holmvall, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Print Uniformity of Corrugated Board in Flexo Printing: Effects of Corrugated Board and Halftone Dot Deformations.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 21:7, s. 385-394
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Print non-uniformity problems are a major concern for flexo post-printers. Many of these non-uniformities are suspected to be caused by the corrugated board structure itself. Striping is the most obvious one, but also other print quality problems might be structure-related. This work focuses on how deformations of the board might lead to print non-uniformities, and if the deformation of halftone dots is the mechanism behind striping in halftone flexo post-printing. The problems were analysed by using finite element models to simulate deformed board and halftone dot compression in the printing nip. Distortions of the board due to non-uniform hygro-thermal strains were shown to be a potential cause of print non-uniformities. Striping in halftone prints was found to be caused by differences in dot gain between ridge and valley areas above the flute structure.
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| 20. |
- Jamialahmadi, Arsalan, et al.
(författare)
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A Proposed Tool to Determine Dynamic Load Distribution between Corrugated Boxes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 24:6, s. 317-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper summarizes the dynamic analysis of the interaction of corrugated boxes in transport using a pressure-mapping system. The dynamic contact forces on the contact area between boxes in both vertical and horizontal directions were measured, and the position of the instantaneous centre of force was traced, from which the pitch motion of boxes relative to each other was studied. The level-crossing diagrams of the contact forces show a Rayleigh distribution for the vertical contact and a Gaussian distribution for the horizontal contacts. The contact force and acceleration power spectral density from accelerometers and pressure-mapping system were compared. The results show that a pressure-mapping system is an interesting tool for the analysis of the dynamic performance of systems of corrugated boxes under different stacking and loading conditions.
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| 21. |
- Jansson, S. E. A., et al.
(författare)
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Packaging materials for fermented milk : Effects of material crystallinity and polarity on food quality
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 14:3, s. 119-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability of a packaging material to protect the food product and extend its shelf-life depends on several material properties. In this work the effects of material crystallinity and polarity on the quality of fermented milk were studied. The fermented milk is a high-quality Swedish product, similar to yoghurt. The quality of the food product was determined as a function of storage time by containing the liquid in pouches of different materials. The material crystallinity was varied by using very low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene and aluminium laminate as packaging materials. Aluminium was used on account of its '100%' gas-tightness. The polarity was varied by comparing an aliphatic polyketone with polyethylene of similar crystallinity. The carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O-2) contents in the headspace of the pouches were determined. The food quality was determined by measuring whey syneresis, viscosity and the content of desired Bifidobacteria, as well as of undesired yeast and mould. A trained taste panel determined the degree of acidity and of the sparkling taste. It was found that the content of CO2 increased and that of O-2 decreased in the pouches with increasing degree of crystallinity and increasing polarity. The sparkling taste of fermented milk was a clear function of the headspace CO2 content. The data presented here could thus be used to 'design' a package for a desired sparkling taste of the fermented milk by selecting a certain material crystallinity. Whey syneresis, viscosity and content of Bifidobacteria were found to be independent of pouch material. While the degree of whey syneresis and the viscosity increased with increasing storage time, the content of Bifidobacteria slowly decreased. The content of yeast and mould in the liquid was below the existing limit values for foodstuffs. The degrees of acidity and sparkling taste were highest for the liquids contained in aluminium and polyketone pouches, although the differences in acidulous taste between the various pouch materials were small.
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| 22. |
- Jansson, S. E. A., et al.
(författare)
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Packaging materials for fermented milk Part 2 : Solute-induced changes and effects of material polarity and thickness on food quality
- 2002
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 15:6, s. 287-300
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work is a continuation of the application of a developed methodology for the selection of packaging material for a specific food product, in this case the 'demanding' food product. fermented milk. The effects of different packaging material parameters on the quality of fermented milk were studied. Food quality after storage was determined as a function of material polarity and pouch thickness by storing the liquid in pouches of different materials. The material polarity was varied by using laminates with polyethylene, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) with two different ethylene contents and an aliphatic polyketone. The effects of pouch thickness were studied using high-density polyethylene films of different thicknesses between 25 mum and 200 mum. The interactions between the milk product and the pouch material were analysed by oxygen and water permeability, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and tensile testing. The CO2 and O-2 contents in the headspace of the pouches were determined. The food quality was determined by measuring whey syneresis and the contents of Bifidobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, yeast and mould. A trained taste panel determined the sensory properties. The content of CO2, and consequently the sparkling taste, increased with increasing polarity and/or pouch thickness. The CO2 content was affected more easily by changes in material polarity than by changes in pouch thickness. The increase in whey syneresis and the decrease in Bifidobacteria content with time were independent Of material polarity and pouch thickness. The contents Of Enterobacteriaceae, yeast and mould in the liquid were always below existing limits for foodstuffs. A newly developed method was used by which the CO2 and 02 permeabilities of the pouch/packaging could be estimated, using the kinetics of the gas composition in the pouch headspace. Permeability values, as estimated by the method, revealed that the CO2 production and the O-2 consumption rates of the fermented milk were dependent on the CO2 and O-2 headspace concentrations. An increase in permeability, determined by conventional methods, suggested that both the non-polar and the polar polymers were plasticized by fermented milk. The plasticization was, however, modest and undetectable when the polyethylene tensile test data were analysed.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Jiménez Romanillos, Elena, et al.
(författare)
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Unpacking Behaviours : A Literature Study and Research Agenda on Consumer Behaviour in Packaging-Free Systems
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522.
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an era where food packaging plays a dual role in both reducing food waste and contributing to global packaging waste, this study presents an analysis of packaging-free systems. As governments and organizations attempt to address the environmental impact of single-use packaging, packaging-free alternatives have emerged as a promising solution. However, there is a need for a comprehensive assessment of environmental sustainability and its alignment with consumer behaviours and preferences in this growing type of grocery system. Considering this need, this study employs an integrative literature review process, selecting 51 research articles. This selection was classified into three principal areas: the characteristics of packaging-free services, the dynamics of consumer behaviour and patterns from a household perspective. This review evaluates the effectiveness of packaging-free systems, exploring the factors that drive consumer adoption, the obstacles to transitioning and the relevance of theoretical frameworks like the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and practice theory (PT) in understanding and assessing the sustainability of these alternatives. The result of this study is the identification of significant research gaps and opportunities, leading to a comprehensive research agenda. This agenda emphasizes the need for a more refined understanding of consumer classifications that extend beyond standard demographic metrics, delving into aspects like household structures, dietary preferences and regional variations. The study highlights the limited scope of existing literature by advocating for a holistic grocery analysis that blends packaging-free and conventional shopping practices to understand more realistic grocery scenarios, as not all products are available in packaging-free alternatives. It also underscores the importance of integrating environmental assessments with consumer behaviour studies to see the sustainability of the systems beyond reusable containers. Additionally, this research sheds light on the relatively unexplored area of online packaging-free services, questioning the sustainable implication of incorporating online alternatives in grocery practices, and suggests a broader application of theoretical frameworks, including activity theory (AT) as a new perspective to achieve a new understanding of these systems. Lastly, contributing to the overall understanding of packaging-free systems, the study concludes with a SWOT analysis that briefly identifies strengths in environmental sustainability and consumer awareness, balanced against weaknesses like data gaps and complex consumer decision-making processes.
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| 25. |
- Jiménez Romanillos, Elena, et al.
(författare)
-
Unpacking Behaviours: A Literature Study and Research Agenda on Consumer Behaviour in Packaging-Free Systems
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : WILEY. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522.
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an era where food packaging plays a dual role in both reducing food waste and contributing to global packaging waste, this study presents an analysis of packaging-free systems. As governments and organizations attempt to address the environmental impact of single-use packaging, packaging-free alternatives have emerged as a promising solution. However, there is a need for a comprehensive assessment of environmental sustainability and its alignment with consumer behaviours and preferences in this growing type of grocery system. Considering this need, this study employs an integrative literature review process, selecting 51 research articles. This selection was classified into three principal areas: the characteristics of packaging-free services, the dynamics of consumer behaviour and patterns from a household perspective. This review evaluates the effectiveness of packaging-free systems, exploring the factors that drive consumer adoption, the obstacles to transitioning and the relevance of theoretical frameworks like the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and practice theory (PT) in understanding and assessing the sustainability of these alternatives. The result of this study is the identification of significant research gaps and opportunities, leading to a comprehensive research agenda. This agenda emphasizes the need for a more refined understanding of consumer classifications that extend beyond standard demographic metrics, delving into aspects like household structures, dietary preferences and regional variations. The study highlights the limited scope of existing literature by advocating for a holistic grocery analysis that blends packaging-free and conventional shopping practices to understand more realistic grocery scenarios, as not all products are available in packaging-free alternatives. It also underscores the importance of integrating environmental assessments with consumer behaviour studies to see the sustainability of the systems beyond reusable containers. Additionally, this research sheds light on the relatively unexplored area of online packaging-free services, questioning the sustainable implication of incorporating online alternatives in grocery practices, and suggests a broader application of theoretical frameworks, including activity theory (AT) as a new perspective to achieve a new understanding of these systems. Lastly, contributing to the overall understanding of packaging-free systems, the study concludes with a SWOT analysis that briefly identifies strengths in environmental sustainability and consumer awareness, balanced against weaknesses like data gaps and complex consumer decision-making processes.
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| 26. |
- Jonhed, Anna, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of film forming and hydrophobic properties of starches on surface sized packaging paper
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 21:3, s. 123-135
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect on mechanical and barrier properties upon addition of glycerol to temperature-responsive hydrophobically modified (HM) potato starch was studied on free films. The addition of glycerol lowered the glass transition temperature, the storage modulus, and the water vapor permeability (WVP) for the HM starch films. The HM starch phase separates upon cooling below an upper critical temperature into a solid and a liquid phase. Adding glycerol to the warm starch solution had an inhibiting effect on the particulate precipitation. Substrates surface sized with HM starch with various amounts of glycerol were investigated with respect to barrier properties; WVP, contact angle and Cobb values. Hydroxypropylated starch was used as a reference. Cobb values and WVP results on surface-sized substrates indicated that the film formation properties of the starches were of great importance for the final surface properties. Good film formation properties were essential for the gas barrier and water resistance while they were less important for high contact angles. The WVP decreased as the glycerol content of the sizes increased, but no sufficient water vapor barrier could be obtained. The HM starches investigated in this work provided good oxygen barrier and the contact angles indicated a hydrophobic character of the surface. The role of the precipitate was investigated, and surface sizing with the precipitate gave low WVP and high contact angles despite its poor film-forming properties under the experimental conditions. Cobb60 values were slightly improved for HM starch with increasing glycerol content over glycerol-free sizing.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Krook, M., et al.
(författare)
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A study on montmorillonite/polyethylene nanocomposite extrusion-coated paperboard
- 2005
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 18:1, s. 11-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extrusion coating was used to obtain montmorillonite/polyethylene-coated paperboard. The coating was prepared from a master batch containing maleated polyethylene, low-density polyethylene and 32 wt.% polyvinylpyrrolidone-surface-modified montmorillonite clay, which was blended with different amounts of low-density polyethylene to yield composites with 4 wt.% and 8.3 wt.% montmorillonite. X-ray diffraction revealed that the clay stacks in the coating were more extensively intercalated than in the original surface-modified clay. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the clay stacks were, to a large extent, separated by the high shear forces during extrusion into smaller evenly distributed entities. This was, unfortunately, achieved at the expense of the formation of a great many voids and pinholes, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy and dye staining. This had strong negative effects on the oxygen barrier properties but only a modest effect on the water vapour permeability. Tensile tests showed that the coating was always ductile and that the coating paperboard adhesion decreased with increasing clay content. The creasability was good and unaffected by the presence of the filler in the coating. Thermogravimetry showed that the degradation temperature in air of the filled coatings were of the order of 10degreesC higher than that of unfilled polyethylene.
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| 29. |
- Lewander, Märta, et al.
(författare)
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Non-intrusive measurements of headspace gas composition in liquid food packages made of translucent materials
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Packaging Technology & Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214. ; 24:5, s. 271-280
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increase in chilled food consumption requires enhanced food safety and quality assurance. Food deteriorating processes are affected by the presence of oxygen, combined with factors such as time and temperature. To slow down deterioration processes and prolong shelf life, traditional packaging methods are being replaced by Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP), for example. Oxygen, which is naturally present in the headspace of most food packages, is then reduced and controlled. Many sensing techniques for food quality assurance have been developed; however, almost all are intrusive, increasing the complication level and causing sample waste. The purpose of this article is to introduce a non-intrusive technique (GASMAS) for measuring gas composition in the headspace of liquid food packages. The GASMAS method uses diode laser absorption spectroscopy combined with diffuse light propagation to analyze gas located inside solids and liquids. By illuminating the package from the outside and analyzing the scattered light that emerges, the absorption from the gas inside the headspace can be studied. The GASMAS technique was evaluated on a series of carton packages with high quality orange juice and a nitrogen headspace. A clear variation in oxygen content was measured for samples with different storage times. The results demonstrate the possibility of using the GASMAS method for non-intrusive quality measurements in food products and packaging. They also indicate the potential for non-intrusive quality assurance applications without waste of samples. A further development of the technique could include “in-line” quality control of packed food items throughout the food packaging supply chain.
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| 30. |
- Lindberg, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Tray forming operation of paperboard : A case study using implicit finite element analysis
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 35:2, s. 183-198
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibility to perform advanced forming operations of initially plane paperboard paves the way to making products like food trays, plates, cups and other containers as a part of shifting towards a circular bioeconomy. As a part of the ongoing efforts of expanding the product range using paperboard, we performed analyses of the forming operation using simulations. An implicit non-linear finite element model is built to more accurately than previous studies simulate the tray forming process of paperboard. Two different commercial paperboards are investigated. The use of an implicit solver enabled the inclusion of the creasing pattern into the geometry of the paperboard blank resolving the formation of wrinkles during forming. The material data is extracted from tensile test curves of the investigated paperboards and was fitted accurately using Hill's plasticity with difference in tension and compression accounted for with subsequent failure evaluation. The results showed that the inclusion of the creases in the geometry is vital for getting a correct shape of the formed tray and important for decreasing the risk of failure. The results also showed that friction has a big impact on the formed shape and hence on the stress levels, and therefore supports the means of lowering friction between the blank holder and the blank during the tray forming operation. A stochastic approach is proposed to determine the probability of failure for the boards. The performed failure evaluation is consistent with the field observations. The developed approach enables more precise simulations of paperboard tray forming.
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| 31. |
- Lindh, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Elucidating the Indirect Contributions of Packaging to Sustainable Development : A Terminology of Packaging Functions and Features
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 29:4-5, s. 225-246
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Packaging has great potential to contribute to sustainable development through its functions. Previous research has indicated a need for increased knowledge among consumers, suppliers, authorities and media of how packaging functions and features influence sustainable development. Previous research also shows the need for a common terminology of packaging functions and features in order to facilitate and improve communication and understanding in development and decision processes. This conceptual paper sets out to identify, collect, analyse and systemize packaging functions and features and evaluate them based on their indirect contributions to sustainable development. The systemized functions and features are expressed in generic terminology. Three clusters of packaging functions were identified from the literature: protect, facilitate handling and communicate. Nineteen packaging features were also identified. They were grouped under the three functions and elaborated based on their indirect contributions to the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable development. Fourteen potential positive indirect effects were identified including decreased product waste, reduced risk for human health hazards, increased handling and transport efficiency. Decreased product waste was generated by 13 of the features and was thus the most frequently appearing. Reducing waste is thereby indicated to be a manifold matter, but also one of great potential. The proposed terminology can contribute to an increased understanding of how packaging can actually contribute to sustainable development. In a theoretical context, this paper attempts to complement earlier work in sustainable packaging development by its emphasis on the indirect contributions of packaging to sustainable development.
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| 32. |
- Linvill, Eric
(författare)
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Box Compression Strength : A Crippling Approach
- 2015
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 28:12, s. 1027-1037
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A crippling analysis method has been utilized to estimate the compression strength paperboard boxes. Crippling analysis is typically utilized in the aerospace industry to predict the compressive failure strength of thin, slender structures with complex cross-sectional geometry. This type of analysis is investigated, because crippling is a simple, predictive method that can provide very good estimates of the compressive failure strength of thin, slender structures. This preliminary study investigates the possibility of applying crippling analysis to estimate paperboard box compression strength by comparing experimental and theoretical results for box compression tests of milk and cigarette boxes in various loading scenarios and with various materials. This preliminary study shows that the crippling method provides results which are almost as accurate as pre-existing methods, although significant work remains to verify the validity and applicability of the crippling approach for paper-based boxes.
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| 33. |
- Linvill, Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Parametric Study of Hydroforming of Paper Materials Using the Explicit Finite Element Method with a Moisture-dependent and Temperature-dependent Constitutive Model
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 29:3, s. 145-160
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A moisture-dependent and temperature-dependent constitutive model for paper materials was proposed and implemented into a finite element model of the paper hydroforming process. Experimental hydroforming was conducted at temperatures of 23°C and 110 °C and moisture contents of 6.9 and 10.6 (respectively corresponding to 50 and 80% relative humidity). The proposed model, which also included the effects of drying, captured the extent of forming of all experimental results within reasonable accuracy. For the moisture content and temperature conditions in this study, the phenomenon of drying was found to be the reason why the application of temperature had a much greater effect on the degree of forming than hydroforming at various moisture contents. A simulation-based parametric study was conducted in order to identify the importance of various process and material parameters. This parametric study confirmed many previous empirical findings and was capable of quantifying the extent to which these process and material parameters affect the three-dimensional formability of paper. The coefficient of friction was identified as one of the most important factors when determining the extent of forming.
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| 34. |
- Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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Towards patient‐centered packaging design: An industry perspective on processes, functions, and constraints
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 32:2, s. 59-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medication packaging is essential to provide patients with guidance and correct use of their medicines for effective treatment. This research aims to increase knowledge about the medication packaging innovation process and its uptake towards patient‐centered packaging design. The study applied a qualitative research approach based on data from 25 in‐depth interviews with stakeholders involved in medication packaging design. The empirical data analysis revealed four themes that can improve and advance user‐centered packaging design: medication packaging innovation process, medication packaging functions and features, medication packaging design constraints, and patient‐centered medication packaging design. The findings suggest that medication packaging design is strongly affected by an emphasis on protective and safety packaging functions rather than on patients' needs. Packaging innovation usually is constrained by rigid incremental development processes, where compliance with regulations, extensive documentation, avoidance of manufacturing complexity, and considerations on cost prevail. These findings are discussed in relation to the three most evident trade‐offs for patient‐centered design: protection versus openability, utility versus cost, and complexity of manufacturability versus complexity of use. This research contributes with valuable input and additional evidence about the necessary shift to a user‐centered approach in a field that has not been design driven. This input complements previous research and provides an opportunity for industry decision makers and policy makers to lead patient‐centered packaging design that can benefit patients and relieve overloaded health care systems.
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| 35. |
- Marin, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
-
Experimental and finite element simulated box compression tests on paperboard packages at different moisture levels
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Finite element (FE) analyses can be used as a powerful tool in the package design process to study for instance stress and strain fields that arise during loading.An orthotropic linear elastic material model with a stress-based failure criterion was used to simulate box compression tests (BCT) of a paperboard package in the FE-solver LS-DYNA. Physical experiments were performed at 50, 70 and 90 % relative humidity (RH), respectively. The input parameters required for the simulations were calculated based on material characterization at standard climate (50 % RH and 23 °C) and a linear relation between mechanical material properties and moisture ratio established in earlier studies.The result showed that it was possible to accurately predict the load-compression curve of a BCT when moisture was accounted for. Furthermore, it was found that modelling of the mechanical properties of the creases are important for capturing the stiffness response of the package.To conclude, it was possible to predict the box compression strength and the linear stiffness response prior to the peak in the load-compression response at relevant moisture levels, by using the previously established linear relationship between moisture ratio and material properties. In addition to the moisture ratio at the preferred moisture level, the only material properties required were the in-plane strengths and stiffnesses, and the out-of-plane shear moduli at standard climate.
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| 36. |
- Marin, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
-
Experimental and finite element simulated box compression tests on paperboard packages at different moisture levels
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 34:4, s. 229-243
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Finite element (FE) analyses can be used as a powerful tool in the package design process to study for instance stress and strain fields that arise during loading. An orthotropic linear elastic material model with a stress-based failure criterion was used to simulate box compression tests (BCTs) of a paperboard package in the FE solver LS-Dyna. Physical experiments were performed at 50%, 70%, and 90% relative humidity (RH). The input parameters required for the simulations were calculated based on material characterization at standard climate (50% RH and 23°C) and a linear relation between mechanical material properties and moisture ratio established in earlier studies. The result showed that it was possible to accurately predict the load–compression curve of a BCT when moisture was accounted for. Furthermore, it was found that modelling of the mechanical properties of the creases are important for capturing the stiffness response of the package. To conclude, it was possible to predict the box compression strength and the linear stiffness response prior to the peak in the load–compression response at relevant moisture levels, by using the previously established linear relationship between moisture ratio and material properties. In addition to the moisture ratio at the preferred moisture level, the only material properties required were the in-plane strengths and stiffnesses, and the out-of-plane shear moduli at standard climate.
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| 37. |
- Marin, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
-
Experimental quantification of differences in damage due to in-plane tensile test and bending of paperboard
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 35:1, s. 69-80
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creasing is an essential process to convert paperboards into packages since it enables folding along well-defined lines. The creasing process relies on purpose-made damage that is initiated in the paperboard structure: delamination. However, creasing might also cause in-plane cracks, which must be avoided. In this laboratory study, three paperboards were creased at six different depths, respectively. Two mechanical tests were performed to characterize the creases at standard climate (23°C and 50% RH): 2-point folding, to examine the bending force and short-span in-plane tensile test to evaluate the strength. The results were normalized with the values for the uncreased boards, which gave the relative strength ratios: relative creasing strength (RCS) and relative tensile strength (RTS). When the relative strengths were evaluated against the normative shear strains, a creasing window was formed. This window has an upper limit given by the RTS values, corresponding to the in-plane cracks, and a lower limit given by the RCS values, corresponding to the delamination damage initiated in the paperboard during creasing. It was observed that both the RCS and RTS values exhibit a linear relation against normative shear strain. From this, it was concluded that performing tests at two creasing depths might be sufficient to estimate the lower, and upper, limits for the creasing window in future studies. Finally, the effect of moisture was investigated by creasing, folding and tensile testing at 23°C and 90% RH, which showed that moisture had no clear effect on the RCS or the RTS values.
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| 38. |
- Marin, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
-
Torsional and compression loading of paperboard packages : Experimental and FE analysis
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 36:1, s. 31-44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates torsional and compressive loading of a paperboard package. Finite element (FE) analyses simulating the tests were performed to improve understanding of the stresses and deformations in the paperboard during loading. A simple experimental characterization of the necessary material properties could be performed to represent the multi-ply paperboard as a single-ply structure. The results from the single-ply model were compared with a laminate model, and the differences between the models were small. Comparing experimental and FE simulations of box compression and torsion showed that the FE models could accurately predict the response curves. However, in the simulations, there was an overprediction of the maximum compressive force and maximum torque, which was expected since geometrical imperfections and the heterogeneous internal structure of the material were not accounted for in the material model or the FE model. Local yield lines formed at the onset of non-linearities in the package load–displacement curves. Therefore, the strength of the paperboard affects the maximum compressive strength and maximum torque, and the bending stiffness of the paperboard only had a minor effect. When a first local maximum was reached, the number of FE that reached the failure stress increased exponentially. The simulations also showed that box compression was not an effect of package height, but higher packages had a lower maximum torque. © 2022 The Authors.
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| 39. |
- Molina-Besch, Katrin, et al.
(författare)
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A simplified environmental evaluation tool for food packaging to support decision-making in packaging development
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 33:4-5, s. 141-157
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Packaging developers in the food industry must consider several, sometimes conflicting, environmental requirements on packaging along with an already complex combination of marketing, logistics and production requirements. Existing methods for the environmental evaluation of packaging either focus on a limited amount of environmental packaging criteria (such as recyclability or renewable content) or rely on life cycle assessment methodology requiring expert competence. To support the food industry in their efforts toward developing product and packaging combinations that reduce the total environmental impact in food supply chains, this article presents a simplified environmental evaluation tool for food packaging. The presented tool was developed through an iterative process in a collaborative research project with the food industry. It evaluates packaging systems based on packaging criteria sorted into four areas that represent the life-cycle steps packaging material production, transport, household and end-of-life. A comparison of the tool results and screening LCA results for three packaging cases showed no major differences. From the practitioners' perspective, the main advantages of the suggested tool are that it does not require LCA-competence, that the required input data is commonly available in packaging development projects and that its overall structure invites several functions of the company to participate. The theoretical benefits of the suggested tool are that it allows for a parallel assessment of eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness criteria in a life cycle perspective and that it considers littering risk as well as the influence of packaging on food waste in households.
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| 40. |
- Molina-Besch, Katrin, et al.
(författare)
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A Supply Chain Perspective on Green Packaging Development -Theory Versus Practice
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Packaging Technology & Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214. ; 29:1, s. 45-63
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into how companies work during packaging development to reduce negative environmental impact along supply chains, and to compare their practical approaches with the theoretical concepts presented in the literature. The research approach is explorative and based on nine cases in the food and manufacturing industries in Sweden. Data were collected from the managerial perspectives of the packaging manager, the logistics manager and the environmental manager. The findings indicate that companies commonly apply a variety of green packaging approaches with a focus on approaches with clear economic benefits. Moreover, companies seem to lack guidance on how to handle trade-offs and are unable to fully utilize the theoretical environmental benefits of green packaging approaches because of internal and external barriers. The paper presents five propositions regarding to what extent the theoretical green packaging concepts are applied in practice. To address the gap between theory and practice companies should: develop packaging solutions that contribute to a reduction of environmental impact from the consumer phase (for example through improved apportionment, user-friendly and informative packaging); use local packaging adaptation as a strategy to address geographically varying transport, handling and waste management conditions; replace brand recognition through packaging size and shape with graphic design, high-quality materials and printing. The results confirm that internal and external collaborations are important requirements for successful green packaging development. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 41. |
- Nestorson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Enzyme immobilization in latex dispersion coatings for active food packaging
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 21:4, s. 193-205
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carboxylated styrene acrylate latex samples have been functionalized by the immobilization and entrapment of the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx), which can be used as an oxygen scavenger in food packaging. GOx was covalently immobilized both on the surface of already formed films and on the latex particles in dispersion, as well as entrapped within the polymer matrix. In the latter two cases, polymer films were formed after the enzyme had been added to the latex dispersion. The storage stability of the enzyme and the influence of adding clay were also studied. For a given amount of enzyme, the enzyme immobilized on the film surface showed an enzyme activity about 10 times higher than that of the enzyme present within the polymer matrix. This is probably due to the diffusion limitations of the substrate in the polymer matrix. The films with the enzyme present within the polymer matrix, however, showed a higher total oxygen-removal capacity than films with the enzyme immobilized on the surface. Entrapped enzyme showed a slightly higher activity than enzyme immobilized in the dispersion due to the negative effect of the activating chemicals used during the immobilization and on conformational constraints upon covalent bonding. Low amounts of clay added to the dispersion decreased the enzyme activity, but with higher amounts of clay the enzyme activity increased, probably because of the increased porosity and thus higher substrate accessibility. The most suitable storage condition for all the enzyme-containing films was +8°C, which is just above the glass transition temperature of the polymer used.
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| 42. |
- Nestorson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Interactions between aroma compounds and latex films : Partition coefficients and influence on latex film formation
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 19:2, s. 71-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential of various latex grades to take up, retain and release different types of aroma compound has been explored. The latex grades used included two styrene-acrylate latices and two styrene-butadiene latices, of which one contained talc. The aroma compounds used were ethyl butyrate, 1-hexanol, heptanal, 3-octanone, ?-pinene and limonene dissolved in propylene glycol. It was shown that talc improves both the uptake of aroma compounds in the dispersion phase and the retention during the film formation process. However, the styrene-acrylate latex had a greater ability than the styrene-butadiene latex to hold the aroma compounds once the films were formed. These results have been compared to calculated solubility parameters. The uptake of 1-hexanol and propylene glycol in the latex dispersions were higher than expected from the theoretical calculations, probably because of the amphiphilic nature of these molecules. In addition, the influence of aroma compounds on the film formation was evaluated.
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| 43. |
- Nestorson, A., et al.
(författare)
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Multivariate analysis of retention and distribution of aroma compounds in barrier dispersion coatings
- 2007
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley InterScience. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 20:5, s. 345-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of drying conditions, latex type, talc content and amount of added aroma compounds on the retention and distribution of aroma compounds in barrier dispersion coatings was explored using static headspace gas chromatography combined with multivariate data analysis. The model aroma system consisted of an alcohol, an ester, an aldehyde, a ketone and two terpenes. Four latex grades based on styrene-acrylate and styrene-butadiene were studied. It was found that non-polar aroma compounds were retained best in styrene-butadiene latex, while polar ones were retained more in the styrene-acrylate latex. Talc increased the retention of all the aroma compounds. The retention of polar compounds was higher with shorter drying times, which is probably due to greater losses during the later steps of the film formation process when internal water was evaporated. Polarity and talc also affected the partition of the aroma compounds between air and film.
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| 44. |
- Nygårds, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Simulation and experimental verification of a drop test and compression test of a gable top package
- 2019
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 32:7, s. 325-333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A finite element framework has been proposed that can be used to simulate both empty paperboard packages and package filled with plastic granulates. A gable top package was made of a commercial paperboard, and material properties needed in the material model were determined. Two simulations were performed, a drop test and a compression test. By comparison between experimental and numerical results, the deformation mechanisms at impact could be identified and correlated to material properties. When the package was filled with granulates, different mechanisms was activated compared with an empty package. The granulates contribute to bulging of the panels, such that the edges became more load bearing compared with the panels. When the edges carried the loads, the importance of the out-of-plane properties also increased, and local failure initiation related to delamination was observed. Comparison between experimental and numerical impact forces shows that there are still important things to consider in the model generation, eg, variation of properties within the package, which originate both from material property variations, and the loading history, eg, during manufacturing and handling.
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| 45. |
- Olsmats, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Packaging Scorecard - A Packaging Performance Evaluation Method
- 2003
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 16, s. 9-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To support a more holistic approach to the contribution of packaging to efficiency and value creation in the product supply chain, a systematic evaluation method Packaging Scorecard - has been developed and tested in two case studies. The Packaging Scorecard is based on research of functional criteria of packaging and the theories of Balanced Scorecard, a general management approach to evaluating organisational performance using different perspectives. The results of the case studies indicate that the method can be very useful to get a systematic overview of packaging performance throughout the product supply chain.
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| 46. |
- Olsson, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Packaging throughout the value chain in the customer perspective marketing mix
- 2002
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214. ; 15:5, s. 231-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lauterborn has suggested that McCarthy's 4 P marketing mix classification be viewed by suppliers as the customers' four Cs, i.e. customer value, cost to satisfy, convenience and communication (the 4C perspective).[1] This paper seeks to illustrate the impacts of the four Cs on packaging value in the area of fast-moving consumer goods throughout the whole value chain from the packaging producer to the end-user, the consumer. Findings from two separate studies regarding trade-offs in package values between different actors in the value chain, created through development of value-adding package solutions, are presented and elaborated on. The positive effects of brand advertising can be acknowledged, but they cannot compensate for less efficient packaging. The market need will easily be affected and turned into a higher demand chain pull when creating packaging solutions that will attract retail business. Dynamics in values and trade-offs were identified, even though requirements from the whole value chain were considered. The packaging solutions created gave the majority of stakeholders in the value chain great advantages, but the lack of dynamism in available infrastructure demanded adaptation that diminished value addition for all actors in the value chain. The contribution of this article is to theorize the 4C concept in the process of package design, taking value chain actor needs and value optimisation into consideration. Furthermore, a suggestion of an evaluation model from the 4C perspective on all value chain actors is presented and elaborated on.
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| 47. |
- Pousette, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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An extended method to measure overall consumer satisfaction with packaging.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 27:9, s. 727-738
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are several reasons why people find it troublesome to use and handle consumer packages. The European Committee for Standardization recently suggested a technical specification (TS) regarding packaging and ease of opening. The present study has expanded the procedure by including consumer satisfaction measurements in two steps and engaging panels comprising two separate age groups. The expanded method, which used six different packages as test objects, engaged 75 panellists, 40 in the older group (65–80 years) and 35 in the younger group (25–40 years). The expanded method not only included the same operations as described in the TS but also included panellists who graded each handling element separately on a 'smiley' scale, along with feedback for their grades and an overall judgement of the package handling.The grading feedback differed between the two groups. The younger panellists mainly noted issues that were not connected to openability, while older panellists noted openability as the most influential factor. Further analysis revealed that openability was also a key issue for the younger panellists, despite their claims to the contrary. Satisfaction was the most critical TS element for describing a package as being easy to open.
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| 48. |
- Pålsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Current state and research directions for disposable versus reusable packaging : a systematic literature review of comparative studies
- 2023
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 36:6, s. 391-409
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of disposable and reusable packaging is a hot topic in policy and practice, but different studies have come to different conclusions on when each packaging type is the more sustainable alternative. The purpose of this paper is to map and review scientific literature that compares disposable and reusable packaging for food, beverages and e-commerce from a sustainability perspective. The methodology is a systematic literature review, which identifies 91 scientific papers. The paper describes and analyses the origin, characteristics and state of current knowledge and then proposes future research directions within five areas. It identifies and presents what is known in literature to achieve environmental and social sustainability, as well as circularity for disposable compared to reusable packaging. The review shows that the literature is to great extent qualitative, often studying individual products in a specific context. European studies dominate the current literature, and many of them revolve around a few types of products and packaging. Slightly under half of the studies use the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The review of these studies provides some indicative suggestions for when disposable and reusable packaging is environmentally preferable, but the number of LCA studies is too limited, and their content too fragmented to draw general conclusions about this. Overall, the review of 91 articles shows a great need for continued research that compares the environmental efficiency of disposable and reusable packaging. It also highlights the necessity for more knowledge to be able to clearly state under what conditions and in what contexts disposable and reusable packaging are the most sustainable options.
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| 49. |
- Pålsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Selection of packaging systems in supply chains from a sustainability perspective – the case of Volvo
- 2013
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology & Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 26:5, s. 289-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this article is to develop an evaluation model for the selection of packaging systems in supply chains from a sustainability perspective. A theoretical evaluation model for comparing cost efficiency and the environmental impact of packaging systems in supply chains are developed from literature. The model is tested in a case study of a supply chain involving Volvo Car Corporation and Volvo Logistics Corporation, comparing the use of newly developed, one-way packaging with the sustainability of returnable packaging. The model compares the environmental and economic impacts of two packaging systems in a specific supply chain. The criteria used in the model are (i) packaging fill rate, (ii) packaging material, (iii) transport, (iv) material handling, (v) waste handling and (vi) administration. In the case study, the one-way packaging resulted in fewer economic and environmental impacts, thereby indicating the importance for companies to question their packaging systems. The model has been tested on one component in a case study. It provides a comparison of the packaging choices included using comparative, but not absolute, figures for the economic and environmental impacts. Managers can use the model to compare packaging systems for component supply and determine the most sustainable packaging from environmental and economic perspectives. The case study indicated that the returnable packaging system commonly used in the automotive industry is not always preferable in terms of sustainability. The article fulfils the need to evaluate the impact of packaging systems on supply chain sustainability in terms of economic and environmental criteria. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 50. |
- Robertsson, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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A continuum damage model for creasing and folding of paperboard
- 2023
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - 0894-3214. ; 36:12, s. 1037-1050
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A continuum damage framework is proposed for modelling the delamination process occurring in paperboard during mechanical loading. The main application of interest is line creasing and subsequent line folding used in package forming. To adequately capture creasing and folding, a continuum damage framework that uses a single isotropic damage variable that evolves with the plastic strains associated with out-of-plane shearing is used. The damage evolution is calibrated against folding experiments for a specific reference mesh, and a simple scaling strategy is proposed to reduce the inherent mesh dependency. To highlight the potential of the proposed model, an illustrative 3D example is considered where a paperboard sheet is creased by two plates and folded to resemble the corner of a package.
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