| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Choices at various levels of uncertainty: An experimental test of the restated diversification theorem
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 33:3, s. 183-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our ``Restated diversification theorem'' (Skogh and Wu, 2005) says that risk-averse agents may pool risks efficiently without assignment of subjective probabilities to outcomes, also at genuine uncertainty. It suffices that the agents presume that they face equal risks. Here, the theorem is tested in an experiment where the probability of loss, and the information about this probability, varies. The result supports our theorem. Moreover, it tentatively supports an evolutionary theory of the insurance industry--starting with mutual pooling at uncertainty, turning into insurance priced ex ante when actuarial information is available.
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| 3. |
- Andersen, Steffen, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating subjective probabilities
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 48:3, s. 207-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Subjective probabilities play a central role in many economic decisions and act as an immediate confound of inferences about behavior, unless controlled for. Several procedures to recover subjective probabilities have been proposed, but in order to recover the correct latent probability one must either construct elicitation mechanisms that control for risk aversion, or construct elicitation mechanisms which undertake "calibrating adjustments" to elicited reports. We illustrate how the joint estimation of risk attitudes and subjective probabilities can provide the calibration adjustments that theory calls for. We illustrate this approach using data from a controlled experiment with real monetary consequences to the subjects. This allows the observer to make inferences about the latent subjective probability, under virtually any well-specified model of choice under subjective risk, while still employing relatively simple elicitation mechanisms.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Robust inference in risk elicitation tasks
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Nature. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 61:3, s. 195-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent experimental evidence suggests that noisy behavior correlates strongly with personal characteristics. Since decision noise leads to bias in most elicitation tasks, there is a risk of falsely interpreting noise-driven relationships as preference driven. This puts previous studies that found a negative relation between personality measures and risk aversion into perspective and in particular raises the question of how to achieve robust inference in this domain. This paper shows, by way of an economic experiment with subjects from all walks of life, that using structural estimation to model heterogeneity of noise in combination with a balanced design allows us to mitigate the bias problem. Our estimations show that cognitive ability is related to noisy behavior rather than risk preferences. We also find age and education to be strongly related to noise, but the personality characteristics obtained using the Big Five inventory are less related to noise and more robustly correlated to risk preferences.
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| 7. |
- Bleichrodt, Han, et al.
(författare)
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Characterizing QALYs by Risk Neutrality
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 15:2, s. 107-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper shows that QALYs can be derived from more elementary conditions than thought hitherto in the literature: it suffices to impose risk neutrality for life years in every health state. This derivation of QALYs is appealing because it does not require knowledge of concepts from utility theory such as utility independence. Therefore our axiomatization greatly facilitates the assessment of the normative (non)validity of QALYs in medical decision making. Moreover, risk neutrality can easily be tested in experimental designs, which makes it straightforward to assess the descriptive (non)validity of QALYs. Copyright 1997 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Do administrators have the same priorities for risk reductions as the general public?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 45:1, s. 79-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A stated preference survey was used to investigate the potential discrepancy between the priorities of public administrators and the general public regarding risk reductions. Both groups of respondents were asked to assume the role of a public policy-maker and choose between different public safety projects. We investigate differences in three areas: (i) large vs. small accidents, (ii) actual vs. subjective risk, and (iii) the trade-off between avoiding fatalities and serious injuries for different age groups and accidents. We find only minor differences between the responses of administrators and the general public, the most important of which is the difference in priorities between reducing the risk of many small or one large accident. In this area the most common response from the general public is that they prefer avoiding many small accidents rather than one large accident while among the administrators there is almost an equal split between the two options.
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| 9. |
- Galliera, Arianna, et al.
(författare)
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Crowded out : Heterogeneity in risk attitudes among poor households in the US
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 63:2, s. 103-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Not much is known about the heterogeneity of risk attitudes among poor households in rich countries. This paper provides estimates from a unique data set collected among the urban poor in Atlanta, Georgia. The data set includes lab-in-the-field experiments on the relationship between risk attitudes and several household characteristics. Apart from looking at income, wealth, and education, we are particularly interested in household composition as it captures the number and kind of people who are dependant on the income of the household head. Heads of households who are less risk averse may be willing to take on the extra risk from smaller resource margins resulting from additional dependants, implying a negative relationship between household size and risk aversion. However, if the size of the household is a result of exogenous forces some heads of households may become more risk averse with more dependants. Household size can also reflect a risk management choice that involves adding non-dependant members who can provide resources and risk sharing. However, this possibility is limited to homes that are not already too crowded. We find that household size correlates positively with the risk aversion of the head, but with a large proportion of children the correlation is strongly dampened. However, this negative effect of children is conditional on the home not already being crowded. These heterogeneous findings have implications for the design of new insurance, savings, and credit programs where risk attitudes are important to the decisions to adopt.
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| 10. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Do life-saving regulations save lives ?
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Nature. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 24:3, s. 231-249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Life-saving regulations may be counter-productive since they have an indirect mortality effect through the reduction in disposable income. This paper estimates the effect of income on mortality, controlling for the initial health status and a host of personal characteristics. The analysis is based on a random sample of the adult Swedish population of over 40,000 individuals followed up for 10-17 years. The income loss that will induce an expected fatality is estimated to be $6.8 million when the costs are borne equally among all adults, $8.4 million when the costs are borne proportionally to income and $9.8 million when the costs are borne progressively to income.
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| 11. |
- Hultkrantz, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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The value of improved road safety
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 32:2, s. 151-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the results of a contingent valuation study for finding a conservative estimate of the value-of-statistical-life in an urban road safety context in Sweden. We estimate the value of both a private-good device and a public-good safety program. The reduction of risk is communicated with a "community analogy" representation of the "Vision Zero" target of the national traffic-safety policy. According to this target, the road-traffic system should be designed so as to prevent accidents when they happen to lead to fatalities or severe injuries. We use the "certainty approach" for ex-post correction of results to remove or mitigate hypothetical bias of responses. As expected we find insensitivity of responses in the full sample to the size of the risk reduction being valued. By our approach we can compute a conservative estimate, based on answers from fully confident respondents, of the value of the largest possible safety enhancement (i.e. fulfilment of the "Vision Zero"). This lower bound estimate indicates a higher average willingness-to-pay for public safety-improving measures than currently assumed in benefit-cost assessments. We also find that the willingness to pay is considerably lower within a public-good than a private-good framework and a weak indication of sensitivity to scale among the most confident respondents.
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| 12. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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On the Value of Changes in Life Expectancy: Blips versus Parametric Changes
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of risk and uncertainty. - : Springer Nature. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 15:3, s. 221-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimate the value of a 'blip', i.e. an immediate small reduction, in the hazard rate for a random sample of Swedes. Since the risk reduction is age-independent (2 'extra saved lives' out of 10,000 during the next year), we can examine how the value of a statistical life varies with age. We also show how blip data can be used to obtain a lower bound for the value of a permanent change in an individual's hazard rate. The value of a life exhibits an inverted-U shape with respect to age, peaking at the age of 40, and lies within the $3 to $7 million interval where most reasonable estimates are clustered according to Viscusi's (1992) survey.
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| 13. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Saving Lives in the Present versus Saving Lives in the Future--Is There a Framing Effect?
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of risk and uncertainty. - : Springer Nature. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 15:2, s. 167-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To estimate the discount rate for lives saved in the future a number of studies have been carried out on the trade-off between saving lives now and in the future. A telephone survey is administered to about 1,700 individuals to test if the framing of the question affects the estimated trade-off. In one sample the question is framed as saving 100 lives today versus saving x future lives and in one sample the question is framed as saving 100 future lives versus saving y live today. The result shows that the framing has a major impact on the trade-off.
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| 14. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The psychometric and empirical properties of measures of risk preferences
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 54:3, s. 203-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the psychometric and empirical properties of some commonly used survey-based measures of risk preferences in a population-based sample of 11,000 twins. Using a model that provides a general framework for making inferences about the component of measured risk attitudes that is not due to measurement error, we show that measurement-error adjustment leads to substantially larger estimates of the predictive power of risk attitudes, of the size of the gender gap, and of the magnitude of the sibling correlation. Risk attitudes are predictive of investment decisions, entrepreneurship, and drinking and smoking behaviors; are robustly associated with cognitive ability and personality; and our estimates are often larger than those in the literature. Our results highlight the importance of adjusting for measurement error across a wide range of empirical settings.
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| 15. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The Value of Private Safety versus the Value of Public Safety
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of risk and uncertainty. - : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 13:3, s. 263-275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, one group of respondents is offered to purchase a safety device to be installed in their cars, while another group is offered a public safety program (improved road quality) which results in the same size risk reduction. In terms of the value of a statistical life, our results are very reasonable. However, the WTP for the private safety device is higher than the WTP for the public safety measure. Drawing on a model developed by Jones-Lee (1991), we show that some types of altruists may, but need not, be willing to pay more for a private risk reduction than for a uniform risk reduction of the same magnitude. Still, our empirical results are surprising, and further empirical research seems warranted.
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| 16. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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To Be, or Not to Be, That Is the Question: An Empirical Study of the WTP for an Increased Life Expectancy at an Advanced Age
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 13:2, s. 163-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study reports an attempt to measure the value of an increased survival probability at advanced ages. It turns out that the average willingness to pay for a program which would increase the expected length of life by one year, conditional on having survived to the age of 75 years, is lower than $1,500. The willingness to pay increases with a person's age, but at a low and seemingly constant rate (1-4 percent per year). Copyright 1996 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
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| 17. |
- Johansson, PER-OLOV
(författare)
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On the Definition and Age-Dependency of the Value of a Statistical Life
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of risk and uncertainty. - : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 25:3, s. 251-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The value of preventing a fatality or (saving) a statistical life is an important question in health economics as well as environmental economics. This paper adds new insights to several of the issues discussed in the literature. It is shown that the conventional way of measuring the value of a statistical life yields a biased estimate, in general. The major exception is the case where the estimate can be based on an infinitely short drop in the hazard rate. This is so in both life cycle models with and without actuarially fair annuities. Moreover, the claim that there are strong theoretical reasons for believing that the value of statistical life declines with age is shown to be wrong.
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| 18. |
- Kirchler, Michael, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of fast and slow decisions on risk taking
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 54:1, s. 37-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We experimentally compare fast and slow decisions in a series of experiments on financial risk taking in three countries involving over 1700 subjects. To manipulate fast and slow decisions, subjects were randomly allocated to responding within 7 seconds (time pressure) or waiting for at least 7 or 20 seconds (time delay) before responding. To control for different effects of time pressure and time delay on measurement noise, we estimate separate parameters for noise and risk preferences within a random utility framework. We find that time pressure increases risk aversion for gains and risk taking for losses compared to time delay, implying that time pressure increases the reflection effect of Prospect Theory. The results for gains are weaker and less robust than the results for losses. We find no significant difference between time pressure and time delay for loss aversion (tested in only one of the experiments). Time delay also leads to less measurement noise than time pressure and unconstrained decisions, and appears to be an effective way of decreasing noise in experiments.
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| 19. |
- Lindskog, Annika, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Risk-taking and others Does the social reference point matter?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 64, s. 287-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Real-life risk decisions are taken in a social context. However, we still know little about how that affects risk decisions. We have experimentally investigated the effect of social comparison on risk taking. We designed an experiment that allows us to isolate social comparison from other channels whereby the social context can affect risk decisions. The design also allows us to find impacts of the social reference point both if the individual cares about the distance to the social reference point and if she cares about her rank. Thus, we compare risk-taking in isolation to risk-taking with various exogenously imposed social reference points. We find that risk-taking is affected by the desire to get ahead of others, both when the social reference point is within reach (rank can be affected) and when it is out of reach (rank cannot be affected). Our results suggest that people do not only care about rank but also care about the distance to the social reference point.
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| 20. |
- Lundborg, Petter
(författare)
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Smoking, information sources, and risk perceptions - New results on Swedish data
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 34:3, s. 217-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data on Swedish adolescents, this study examines (1) perceptions of the addictiveness and mortality risk of smoking, (2) the effects of these perceptions on smoking behaviour, and (3) the role of various smoking risk information sources. The average respondent believed that 46 out of 100 smokers would die from diseases caused by their smoking. As to addictiveness perceptions, the average respondent believed that 68 out of 100 smokers trying to quit would not succeed. Both a higher perceived addictiveness and a higher perceived mortality risk were negatively related to smoking participation. The results showed substantial variation in the weight that the teenagers attached to the various information sources.
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| 21. |
- O'Conor, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Calibrating hypothetical willingness to pay responses
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of risk and uncertainty. - : Springer Nature B.V. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 18:1, s. 21-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental data comparing hypothetical and real dichotomous choice responses for two different goods were used to estimate a statistical bias function to calibrate the hypothetical yes responses. The probability that a hypothetical yes response would be a real yes response was estimated as a function of - the individual's self-assessed certainty of the hypothetical yes response (assessed on a 0-10 scale) and a variable representing the price level. Without calibration the hypothetical yes responses significantly exceeded the proportion of real yes responses, but after calibration the null hypothesis of no difference between hypothetical and real responses could not be rejected in any of the experiments.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Svensson, Mikael, 1980-
(författare)
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Precautionary behavior and willingness to pay for a mortality risk reduction : searching for the expected relationship
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 39:1, s. 65-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines within-sample correlation between six different precautionary behaviors and stated willingness to pay for a mortality risk reduction. The paper also shows estimates of the value of a statistical life based on seat belt and bicycle helmet use as well as based on the stated willingness to pay for a risk reduction in traffic mortality. Contrary to the theoretical expectations, no correlation is found between precautionary behavior and stated willingness to pay. One major explanation is that females and the elderly take more precaution, but state a lower WTP for a risk reduction. The estimates of VSL from the different approaches are 11.0 million,11.0million,5.0 million and $2.8 million from stated WTP, bicycle helmet use and seat belt use, respectively.
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| 24. |
- Thunström, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Strategic self-ignorance
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 52:2, s. 117-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine strategic self-ignorance—the use of ignorance as an excuse to over-indulge in pleasurable activities that may be harmful to one’s future self. Our model shows that guilt aversion provides a behavioral rationale for present-biased agents to avoid information about negative future impacts of such activities. We then confront our model with data from an experiment using prepared, restaurant-style meals—a good that is transparent in immediate pleasure (taste) but non-transparent in future harm (calories). Our results support the notion that strategic self-ignorance matters: nearly three of five subjects (58%) chose to ignore free information on calorie content, leading at-risk subjects to consume significantly more calories. We also find evidence consistent with our model on the determinants of strategic self-ignorance.
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| 25. |
- Wu, Hong, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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The Diversification Theorem Restated: Risk-pooling without Assignment of Probabilities
- 2005
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Ingår i: The Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 31(1), s. 35-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bayesian decision theory assumes that agents making choices assign subjective probabilities to outcomes, even in cases where information on probabilities is obviously absent. Here we show that agents that presume that they are equal risks can share risks mutually beneficially, even if the probabilities of losses are unpredictable or genuinely uncertain. We show also that different risk aversions among pool members do not exclude mutually beneficial loss sharing at uncertainty. Sharing when individualsâ?? losses differ in probabilities or in amount may still make individuals better off. Our findings have implications on the theory of the insurance firm, on the management of development risks, and to the theory of justice.
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| 26. |
- Ahamed, A. F. M. Jalal, 1976-
(författare)
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The Pursuit of Subjective Well-Being Through Financial Well-Being, Relationship Quality, and Spiritual Well-Being : A Configuration Approach with Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Family and Economic Issues. - : Springer. - 1058-0476 .- 1573-3475.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individuals’ subjective well-being is influenced by their financial well-being, family relationship quality, spiritual well-being, gender, and age. However, our knowledge of potential associations between these factors is limited, especially in non-western developing countries. Further, human thinking’s complexity, interconnectedness, and asymmetry fit nicely with subjective well-being conceptualizations. Therefore, this research is one of the very first studies from a typical Asian country that conceptualizes subjective well-being asymmetrically. The primary objective of this study was to determine which combinations of these factors resulted in higher or lower subjective well-being. We used a self-administered questionnaire to survey 250 married working people in Bangladesh’s capital city. The factor combinations are identified with a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Despite not finding any necessary condition for high or low subjective well-being, the analysis identifies two equifinal combinations of high subjective well-being and four combinations of low subjective well-being. In Asian cultures, where family bonds and spiritual well-being are feared to be declining, the combination of identified configurations re-emphasizes the importance of family relationship quality and spiritual well-being. Using a configurational approach, the findings contribute to the literature on subjective well-being and family relationships by explaining how different combinations of factors determine an individual's well-being. Additionally, this has important implications for policymakers and society as a whole.
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| 27. |
- Asuman, Derek, et al.
(författare)
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Disability and Household Welfare in Ghana : Costs and Correlates
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Family and Economic Issues. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1058-0476 .- 1573-3475. ; 42:4, s. 633-649
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Persons with disabilities face substantial barriers that impede their integration and participation in social and economic activities. Households with disabled members may be vulnerable to poverty due to the extra cost of living with a disability. However, there exists a knowledge gap in the magnitude of the extra cost of disabilities in sub Saharan Africa. Using data from a nationally representative household survey, this paper estimates the extra cost of disabilities in Ghana. The paper further examines the welfare effects of households with persons with disabilities. Based on the standard of living approach, we estimate the extra cost to households with a person with disability to be 26% of annual household consumption expenditures. Adjusting for the extra cost of poverty, the incidence of poverty increases from 38.5 to 52.9% amongst households with a disabled member. Our findings suggest the need to improve the efficiency of support programs to persons with disabilities to mitigate the extra costs of disabilities and reduce their vulnerability to poverty. In addition, enhancing access to economic opportunities and social services for persons with disabilities will be imperative to improve their quality of life and dignity.
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| 28. |
- Evertsson, Lars, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions and practices in independent management : Blurring the boundaries between ‘‘Mine,’’ ‘‘Yours’’ and ‘‘Ours’’
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Family and Economic Issues. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1058-0476 .- 1573-3475. ; 33:4, s. 389-506
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research suggests that couples categorized as practicing independent management (IM) have a high level of independence and separateness regarding financial matters. However, this interview study showed that the boundaries between “yours” and “mine” regarding money, finances and consumption are blurred in couples categorized as IM. The blurring of boundaries reflected participants’ understandings of what it means to be in a committed couple relationship and the difficulties associated with having joint expenses and consumption while lacking a "common purse." The study indicated that couples might be less individualistic and private than the label IM suggests and that the practices of those categorized as using IM are varied and complex.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Kridahl, Linda, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Financial Disagreements and Money Management Among Older Married and Cohabiting Couples in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Family and Economic Issues. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1058-0476 .- 1573-3475. ; 44:2, s. 394-411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates how partners' money management strategies are associated with the experience of financial disagreements among older couples (60-80 years old). Money management is a broad concept, and this study operationalizes whether the partners pool all money, the partners pool some money, one partner manages the money (and gives a share to the other partner for personal spending), or the partners keep all money separate. The data comprise a subsample from the Swedish Generations and Gender Survey from 2012 to 2013. The descriptive statistics show that 11% of older couples experience financial disagreements and that there is a large variation in how couples manage their money. Contrary to our expectations, logistic regression analyses further indicate that couples who pool all money are less likely to have financial disagreements than couples who either keep all money separate or adopt a lower degree of pooling. Whether some or all money is kept separate does not seem to be important for the likelihood of financial disagreements, as all these couples are more likely to experience disagreements. Among couples with financial hardship, partial pooling and keeping money separate are associated with a higher likelihood of financial disagreements than pooling all money. In conclusion, the greater probability of financial disagreements among couples who do not pool their earnings calls for greater awareness of the potential consequences of various money management contexts among individuals, couples, decision-makers and practitioners. In the worst cases, couples may have poor financial wellbeing.
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| 31. |
- Lind, Thérese, et al.
(författare)
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Competence, Confidence, and Gender: The Role of Objective and Subjective Financial Knowledge in Household Finance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Family and Economic Issues. - : SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG. - 1058-0476 .- 1573-3475. ; 41:4, s. 626-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied the association of individual differences in objective financial knowledge (i.e. competence), subjective financial knowledge (i.e. confidence), numeric ability, and cognitive reflection on a broad set of financial behaviors and feelings towards financial matters. We used a large diverse sample (N = 2063) of the adult Swedish population. We found that both objective and subjective financial knowledge predicted frequent engagement in sound financial practices, while numeric ability and cognitive reflection could not be linked to the considered financial behaviors when controlling for other relevant cognitive abilities. In addition, both objective and subjective financial knowledge served as a buffer against financial anxiety, while we did not detect similar buffering effects of numeric ability and cognitive reflection. Subjective financial knowledge was found to be a stronger predictor of sound financial behavior and subjective wellbeing than objective financial knowledge. Women reported a lower level of subjective financial wellbeing even though they reported a more prudent financial behavior than men, when controlling for sociodemographics and cognitive abilities. Our findings help to understand heterogeneity in peoples propensity to engage in sound financial behaviors and have implications for important policy issues related to financial education.
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| 32. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Do they know what they are doing? Risk perceptions and smoking behaviour among Swedish teenagers
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - 1573-0476. ; 28:3, s. 261-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cross-sectional survey data on Swedish adolescents aged 12 - 18 was used to analyse perceived risks of smoking-related lung cancer, the determinants of these risk perceptions, and how these perceptions related to smoking behaviour. Three major conclusions were drawn: ( 1) that both smokers and non-smokers overestimated the risks of lung cancer, ( 2) that these risk perceptions fell substantially with age, but nevertheless implied risk overestimation, and ( 3) that individuals with higher perceived risks were less likely to be smokers but that risk beliefs had no effect on the number of cigarettes smoked.
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| 33. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Risk perceptions and alcohol consumption among young people
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - 1573-0476. ; 25:2, s. 165-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish cross-sectional survey data on young individuals was used to analyse the determinants of perceived risks of alcohol use and how these perceptions relate to drinking behaviour. Three major conclusions were drawn: (1) that people overestimate the risks of alcoholism, (2) that these risk perceptions fall substantially with age, but nevertheless imply risk overestimation, and (3) that education about alcohol, narcotics and tobacco leads individuals to perceive risks more correctly and to have lower risk beliefs. An additional finding was that individuals with higher perceived risks were less likely to consume alcohol. Equations were estimated both separately and simultaneously.
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| 34. |
- Peterson, Helen, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Missing Out on the Parenthood Bonus? Voluntarily Childless in a “Child-friendly” Society
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Family and Economic Issues. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1058-0476 .- 1573-3475. ; 37, s. 540-552
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article draws on interviews with Swedish voluntarily childless women and men in order to discuss their understandings of living in a so-called “child-friendly” welfare society where social policies subsidize families with children. Previous research from Anglo-Saxon countries implies that the social, political and economical interests of the voluntarily childless are in conflict with the interests of parents and that state subsidies and policies in support of parents could be considered as discrimination of childless people. However, in contrast to this previous research, the interviewees did not object to the redistributive tax system that benefits parents or to the political ambition to build a “child-friendly” labour market where it is possible to reconcile work with parenthood. Instead they defended themselves against accusations for being “free-riders” who did not contribute to society by referring to the responsibility they took by paying high taxes. Notwithstanding, the informants criticized how some parents misused their benefits and cashed in on them, making the voluntarily childless feel exploited. The article also suggests that state subsidies can eliminate some motives for voluntary childlessness but not all of them. The results add nuances to previous research as they highlight the importance of further investigating the relations between parents and non-parents in a social and political context.
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| 35. |
- Rojas, Yerko
(författare)
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Debt Problem of One Partner and Depressive Morbidity in the Other : A 2-Year Follow-up Register Study of Different-Sex Couples in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Family and Economic Issues. - : Springer Nature. - 1058-0476 .- 1573-3475. ; 44, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study sets out to examine whether depressive morbidity varies by status of financial indebtedness of a spouse or cohabiting partner. For this purpose, individuals aged between 20 and 60 with a different-sex spouse/cohabiting partner with a registration date for a debt at the Swedish Enforcement Authority (SEA) during 2017 (n = 6979) are followed-up for a 2-year period for prescriptions of antidepressants and compared with a sample from the general Swedish population (n = 29,708). The analysis is based on penalized maximum likelihood logistic regressions. Both women and men were more likely to suffer from depressive morbidity if the spouse/cohabiting partner had been registered at the SEA in 2017 and was still active for a debt in the SEA’s register in 2018 (OR 1.31 and OR 1.57, respectively), irrespective of their own health, employment, socioeconomic status, and other background variables. This also held true for men if a wife/cohabiting partner had been registered at the SEA in 2017 but was no longer active for a debt in the SEA’s register in 2018 (OR 1.29). For women, on the other hand, only those with no history (11-year period) of prescription of psychotropic medications were also at an enhanced risk of depressive morbidity if a husband/cohabiting partner had gone from being registered for a debt at the SEA in 2017, to not being registered as active for a debt in the SEA’s register in 2018 (OR 1.24). The results reinforce the importance of acknowledging that negative effects of financial indebtedness extend beyond the individual debtor.
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| 36. |
- Svedin, Carl Göran, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Selling sex in a population-based study of high school seniors in Sweden : Demographic and psychosocial correlates
- 2007
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Ingår i: Archives of Sexual Behavior. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0004-0002 .- 1573-2800. ; 36:1, s. 21-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adolescents reporting selling sex for payment were studied with respect to socioeconomic background, perceived mental health and health behavior, antisocial behavior, sexual experiences, including sexual abuse and abusive behaviors, and the use of pornography. The sample consisted of a representative sample of 4,339 students (response rate, 77.2%) from the third year of upper secondary schools in five Swedish cities. Of the participating adolescents, 1.8% of the boys and 1.0% of the girls indicated that they had sold sex for money or other reimbursements. Selling sex was associated with having an immigrant background, higher level of unemployment in the family, and studying a practical/vocational program. Adolescents with the experience of selling sex had an increased risk for different psychosocial problems, such as poorer mental health, weekly use of alcohol, and antisocial behaviors. The adolescents selling sex were also characterized by having had a greater number of sexual experiences, a greater preoccupation with sex, relatively early sexual debut, and experience with sexual abuse as victim and/or perpetrator. The index group students watched pornography more frequently than the majority and they also watched more deviant forms of pornography. The significance of the higher frequency among boys and the gray zone between normal sexual exploration and prostitution are discussed.
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