| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bencker, Andreas, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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High-level military and sport leaders' everyday challenges and psychological skills : A cross-contextual repeated measures study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - Washington, DC : Routledge. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research shows that high-level military and sport leaders share a high-stress and high-stakes leader role due to similar experiences of demanding conditions mainly manifested in psychological burden. This raises research questions about leaders' psychological strategies to maintain their mental health and performance under demanding conditions. Thus, the current study investigated how experienced demanding conditions were related to self-rated leader performance level and mental health indicators among high-level military and sport leaders and whether the application of psychological skills by these leaders moderated these relationships. A composite questionnaire was used to collect data longitudinally, once a week for four consecutive weeks. Fifty-two Swedish high-ranking military officers and executives in elite team sport organizations completed the questionnaire. Multilevel analysis revealed no effect of demanding conditions on leader performance, but they harmed leader vitality and were associated with higher stress symptoms. Moreover, psychological skills did not moderate the relationship between demanding conditions and leader performance. However, motivational and instructional self-talk negatively moderated the relationship between demanding conditions and vitality. In contrast, emotional regulation, comprised of mindfulness and cognitive reappraisal, positively moderated vitality. Emphasizing the nuanced application of psychological skills is crucial while avoiding one-sided beliefs about their positive effects. Interventions are suggested to focus on vitality and related psychological skills to ensure leaders feel good while performing under demanding conditions. More cross-contextual leadership research, suggestively applied research, is needed to better understand the links between high-level military and sport leaders' psychological skills, leader performance, and mental health under demanding conditions. © 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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| 4. |
- Bergman, David, et al.
(författare)
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Preparing to lead in combat : Development of leadership self-efficacy by static-line parachuting
- 2019
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 31:6, s. 481-489
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study examined whether a static-line parachute program could help prepare future military officers to lead in extreme situations by increasing leadership self-efficacy. Parachute training is commonly used for preparing to lead in combat since it presents a perceived threat to life which requires active mastery. Achieving such mastery facilitates the development of leader self-control efficacy and leader assertiveness efficacy. This assumption was tested in a real training situation within the Swedish Military Academy where two groups of cadets were included in the study. The group of cadets undertaking parachute training conducted repeated measures of assessment of their self-efficacy before and after the course as well as at a five-month follow-up. The results show that parachute training increased leader self-control efficacy when compared to a group of cadets who undertook different training. In addition, the training given contributed to increased leader assertiveness efficacy for both groups.
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| 5. |
- Berndtsson, Joakim, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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A question of time? Deployments, dwell time, and work-life balance for military personnel in Scandinavia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 35:2, s. 157-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, interest in the different ways in which military employment affects individuals’ work-life balance (WLB) has grown. At the same time, research on military organizations and personnel has increasingly included time-related factors such as deploy-to-dwell (D2D) ratios to help explain adverse health effects of overseas deployments. The aim of this article is to explore connections between organizational systems for regulating deployment frequency and dwell (or respite) time with a particular focus on potential consequences for work-life balance. We focus on personal and organizational factors that shape the nature and outcome of work-life balance, including stress, mental health problems, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. To explore these links, we first provide an overview of research on the impact of deploy-to-dwell ratios on mental health and social relations. We then turn to the regulation and organization of deployment and dwell time in Scandinavia. Here, the ambition is to identify potential sources of work-life conflict and associated effects for deployed personnel. The results provide a basis for further research into time-related effects of military deployments.
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| 6. |
- Börjesson, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Risk and Safety Attitudes Among Conscripts During Compulsory Military Training
- 2011
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 23:6, s. 659-684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose was to examine relationships between individual characteristics, leadership, group cohesion, and risk and safety attitudes among Swedish conscripts (N = 389). The longitudinal questionnaire study revealed positive associations between safety-specific leadership and safety attitudes, while safety skepticism and leadership promoting risk taking were associated with stronger attitudes of necessary risk taking. Attitudes of unnecessary risk taking, on the other hand, were negatively related to safety-specific leadership and group cohesion, but positively associated with safety fatalism and leadership promoting risk taking. Decreases in safety attitudes were found between basic and unit training. The results highlight the importance of a balanced leadership.
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| 7. |
- Darr, Wendy, et al.
(författare)
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Defining integrity : An approach and military application
- 2022
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 34:5, s. 591-603
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Personnel selection research has seen an increasing interest in integrity tests. Although these tests have been found to predict a variety of workplace criteria, a long-standing criticism of integrity tests is their criterion-focussed nature. A construct-oriented approach to integrity test development involves identifying important elements of integrity and developing content to reflect those elements. Drawing upon earlier attempts to define integrity, this paper conceptualizes integrity as a behavior, and elaborates on two definitional elements, nature of standards and their referent. Undertaking a content analysis of the high-level codes of conduct of 13 military nations, this paper illustrates the application of an approach to defining integrity for use in the military context. It includes a discussion on the operationalization of integrity for assessment purposes, highlighting considerations that must be given to all aspects of the assessment development process.
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| 8. |
- Eid, J., et al.
(författare)
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Situation awareness and transformational leadership in senior military leaders : An exploratory study
- 2004
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 16:3, s. 203-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explored the relationship between leadership style and operational readiness in a sample of senior Norwegian military officers (N = 43), who participated in a 1-week joint staff exercise. Leadership style was measured by the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-45), and indicators of operational readiness included situation awareness and interpersonal influence. Transformational leadership emerged as a predictor of situation awareness (R2 = .33) and interpersonal influence (R2 = .25), with intellectual stimulation as the only significant predictor among the facet subscales. Some possible theoretical and methodological implications for future research are also pointed out.
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| 9. |
- Estrada, Armando X., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating a Brief Scale Measuring Psychological Climate for Sexual Harassment
- 2011
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 23:4, s. 410-432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We evaluated the measurement properties of the psychological climate for sexual harassment (PCSH) questionnaire with data from women officers (n = 311) in the Swedish Armed Forces. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a two-factor solution assessing risks and seriousness/actions associated with sexual harassment episodes described the underlying pattern of correlations among items. Correlational and regression analyses showed that ratings of perceived intolerance for sexual harassment were associated with high ratings of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and (positive) mental health; and decreased ratings of psychological distress. We discuss the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of our findings for future research.
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| 10. |
- Estrada, Armando X., et al.
(författare)
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Sexual Harassment and its Impact for Women Officers and Cadets in the Swedish Armed Forces
- 2009
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 21:2, s. 162-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the incidence, dimensions, and impact of sexual harassment on women officers and cadets in the Swedish military (N = 324). We expected that harassment rates for direct measures would be lower than for indirect measures; hostile environment harassment would be more prevalent than quid pro quo harassment; and harassment would negatively influence women's job-related outcomes and their psychological and physical health. We found that harassment rates for direct measures were lower than indirect measures; hostile environment harassment was more prevalent than quid pro quo harassment; and harassment was associated with decreased job satisfaction, organizational commitment, work group effectiveness, and psychological and physical health. We discuss the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of our findings for studying harassment across cultures.
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| 11. |
- Fors Brandebo, Maria, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal studies on cohesion in a military context : A systematic review
- 2022
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 34:6, s. 732-741
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cohesion is one of the most studied group phenomena and there is an agreement among scholars today that cohesion is a key contributor to team functioning and performance. A large body of research has shown that cohesion has several positive effects on psychological, social, and behavioral outcomes. Since research on cohesion has increased significantly in recent decades there is a need for an updated overview of research regarding antecedents and outcomes of cohesion in a military context. In this paper, a systematic literature review is conducted. The paper adheres to suggestions by scholars, relating the results in accordance with the dimensionality (i.e. social, task, or general) and organizational level of the construct (i.e. horizontal, vertical, or organizational) as well as focusing exclusively on studies with a longitudinal design. The paper highlights gaps in the literature and provides direction for future research.
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| 12. |
- Grimell, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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An advanced perspective on moral challenges and their health-related outcomes through an integration of the moral distress and moral injury theory
- 2020
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 32:6, s. 380-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both the models of moral distress and of moral injury place an emphasis on various types of moral challenges that may violate the individual’s conscience, evoking moral emotions. Yet, there appears to be great conceptual confusion as regards both scholarly perspectives. The purpose of this article is to further elaborate on the qualitative content and conceptual demarcations of the theories of moral injury and moral distress. In the light of this theoretical elaboration, we propose an integrated moral distress and injury scale that provides a more holistic overview of these moral challenges. We suggest that the utility and applicability of the moral injury and moral distress theories may benefit from the integration of these concepts. A practical implication of our theoretical understanding is that processes of recovery, which involve moral dimensions, are complex. In line with this understanding, we advocate a holistic approach to health and well-being among military service members and Veterans.
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| 13. |
- Hyllengren, Peder, 1979-
(författare)
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Military Leaders' Adaptability in Unexpected Situations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 29:4, s. 245-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates adaptability among lower-level military leaders in unexpected threatening situations. Two studies were performed. In the first, a grounded theory approach was used, and 16 Swedish officers and soldiers with experience from international peacekeeping operations were interviewed. A model was developed based on the results. In Study 2, the model concepts from Study 1 were operationalized into a questionnaire and data was obtained from 102 respondents from the Swedish Armed Forces who had recently served in Afghanistan. Based on Study 1, the model suggests that the key aspects of adaptive leadership in such circumstances are 2 balancing acts. One is how subordinates handle structure/following rules versus their own initiatives/freedom of action. The other concerns the balance between individual decision making versus group input. Both are affected by availability of time, resulting in a favorable/unfavorable outcome. The hypotheses from Study 1 were partly confirmed in Study 2.
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| 14. |
- Ivarsson, Sophia, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding men's attitudes toward women in the Swedish armed forces
- 2005
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 17:4, s. 269-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined attitudes toward women in the military in a random representative sample of 1,320 male officers from the Swedish Armed Forces. We expected age, education, rank, years of military service, sexist beliefs, and interpersonal contact to correlate with men's attitudes toward women in the military. Correlational analyses indicated that individuals expressing more positive attitudes toward women in the military tended to be younger, more educated, and higher in rank, were less likely to endorse sexist ideologies, and had greater interpersonal contact with women in the military. Regression analyses showed that education, rank, sexism, and contact emerged as the best predictors of these attitudes. Further examination of the effects of contact on these attitudes indicated that the quality of the contact experience was uniquely important in understanding men's attitudes toward women in the military. We discuss the implications of these findings for promoting greater acceptance of women in the military.
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| 15. |
- Kjellevold Olsen, Olav, et al.
(författare)
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Leadership and Ethical Justice Behavior in a High Moral Intensity Operational Context
- 2010
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Routledge. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 22:1, s. 137-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study explores the relationship between moral behavior in a high moral intensity context and leadership behavior in Norwegian naval officer cadets (N = 82). Peer ratings of leadership behavior were used as predictor variables, and ethical justice behavior, defined as the disclosure of sensitive information in a demanding prisoner-of-war exercise, was used as an outcome measure. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that transactional leadership explained 19% of the variance in ethical justice behavior, whereas transformational leadership did not augment this effect. However, in a model including all facets of the full range of leadership model, 25% of the variance in leaders' ethical justice behaviors was accounted for, with high scores on the transformational facet of Intellectual Stimulation (β = -.45, p < .05) and low on Individual Consideration (β = .44, p < .05) combined with high scores on the transactional facet Contingent Reward (β = -.68, p < .01) as significant predictors. The present data indicate that there is a strong component of ethical behavior embedded in both transactional and transformational leadership.
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| 16. |
- Lane, Andrew M., et al.
(författare)
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Emotions and emotion regulation among novice military parachutists
- 2012
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 24:3, s. 331-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soldiers (N = 95) reported emotions and emotion regulation strategies experienced in their first parachute jump and other challenging situations. Results indicated an emotional profile characterized by feeling anxious, energetic, and happy before parachuting and playing sport. However, this pattern was not similar to the emotional responses experienced at work or in life in general. Participants reported greater use of strategies to increase unpleasant emotions an hour before parachuting than in other situations. Findings suggest that developing training protocols to increase the flexibility and versatility of emotion regulation skills might enhance the preparation of novice soldiers for military duties.
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| 17. |
- Larsson, Gerry, et al.
(författare)
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Appraisal and coping processes immediately before ejection : A study of Australian and Swedish pilots
- 1990
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Routledge. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 2, s. 63-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study focuses on appraisal and coping processes among military pilots during ejection episodes. A total of 49 ejection episodes were reported by 24 pilots from the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and 24 pilots from the Swedish Air Force (SAF). Two clusters of coping strategies were identified- instrumental self-management and emotional self-management-and both forms of coping were clearly related to effective problem solving. The emotional self-management strategies suggest an effective block of disturbing thoughts and emotions. Good performance was associated with challenge appraisals and considerable use of instrumental self-management. Poor performance was associated with appraising the episodes as irrelevant or threatening. Ejections caused by technical malfunctions were handled more effectively psychologically than were ejections caused by human errors. Only minor differences were found between the Australian and Swedish samples.
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| 18. |
- Larsson, Gerry
(författare)
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Implementation of developmental leadership in the Swedish armed forces
- 2006
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 18, s. S103-S109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of behavioral research on military systems design is often limited. Typically, military, technical, economic, and political systems designers are more influential. The implementation of a new leadership model-developmental leadership-in the Swedish Armed Forces may constitute an exception. The aim of this article is to describe and evaluate the implementation process and its effects. The new leadership model is now well on the way to full-scale implementation. The conclusion is that an interplay between structural aspects (limited organization size and the formal authority of the supreme commander) and behavioral and attitudinal aspects (internal and external change agents) contributed to this outcome.
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| 19. |
- Larsson, Gerry, et al.
(författare)
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Leader development in natural context : A grounded theory approach to discovering how military leaders grow
- 2006
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 18, s. S69-S81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite an increasing number of programs that aim to develop or educate leaders, the underlying processes involved in leader development or growth are not well understood. This study was undertaken to discover what factors or processes are involved in leader development for junior military officers, from their own perspective and in the natural context of their career and life experiences. Military officers (N = 51) from 5 different countries were interviewed using a standardized approach, and interview transcripts were analyzed according to the constant comparative method of grounded theory, as elaborated by Glaser and Strauss (1967). Consistently across the 5 countries, the core of the process model of leader development is the social interaction between the young officer and his or her significant others (soldiers, peers, and superiors). In the favorable case, officers end this process feeling secure, being able to flexibly adapt their overt behavior on an underdistanced–overdistanced continuum according to situational demands, and have a firm professional identity.
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| 20. |
- Larsson, Gerry, Professor, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived stress and hair cortisol level amongst conscripts during basic military training : A repeated measures study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 34:5, s. 541-550
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to examine hair cortisol levels and self-reported stress amongst conscripts during their basic military training, and how they are related to four types of theory-derived determinants. The following prediction was made: lower levels of perceived stress and hair cortisol will be associated with: (1) higher levels of emotional stability (the individual nonmilitary aspect); (2) a lower degree of private life problems (the contextual nonmilitary aspect); (3) more positive attitudes toward the military, higher engagement in military service, and higher adaptability to military conditions (the individual-military aspect); and (4) stronger group cohesion and better leadership (the contextual-military aspect). The sample consisted of a total of 107 male Lithuanian conscripts. Assessments were made at the beginning of their basic military training, in the middle, and at the end. Established instruments were used on all self-reported scales. Hair cortisol levels were established through analyses of hair samples. Low to moderate levels of stress were found throughout the basic training period regarding perceived stress levels. Hair cortisol levels were mainly unrelated to the self-rating scales. Regarding perceived stress, the prediction was fully confirmed. The future value of the theoretical model is discussed.
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| 21. |
- Larsson, Gerry
(författare)
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Personality, appraisal and cognitive coping processes, and performance during various conditions of stress
- 1989
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 1:3, s. 167-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article reports the relationships between personality factors, situation- specific appraisal and coping processes, and psychomotor performance during calm and stressful conditions. Eighty-nine Swedish male conscripts (M age = 19.6 years) constituted the sample. The performance task was to shoot down 10 enemy aircraft on an anti-aircraft artillery simulator. The task was carried out three times-in calm conditions, noisy conditions, and noisy conditions with sleep deprivation (27 hr). Performance deteriorated as suc- cessive stressors were added. Personality factors showed weaker relationships with performance than situation-specific appraisal and cognitive coping in- dicators. The relative importance of personality factors increased when stres- sors were added. Appraising the performance situation as a challenge was associated with positive thinking and good performance; appraising the sit- uation as a threat was associated with negative thinking and poor perform- ance. A considerable cross-situational, intraindividual performance stability was found, and a subgroup of consistently well-performing subjects was iden- tified. These individuals had low scores on trait anxiety and high scores on achievement, order, and intraception.
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| 22. |
- Larsson, Gerry, et al.
(författare)
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Systematic Assessment of Mental Health Following Various Types of Posttrauma Support
- 2000
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 12:2, s. 121-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we evaluated the influence of different forms of support (peer support, ventilation or defusing led by the ordinary group leader, and more formal debriefing sessions led by an external counselor) on mental health following traumatic experiences, using a prospective study design. The sample consisted of a Swedish battalion (N = 510), which was part of NATO’s implementation force in Bosnia in 1996. Preservice assessment was made of personality, sense of coherence, and mental health. One third of the soldiers experienced traumatic situations during their service. Results showed that poor mental health after service was related more to preservice mental health and sense of coherence than to trauma exposure and posttrauma support. Peer support followed by a defusing session had a positive effect on postservice mental health, although this did not apply to the individuals with the worst preservice mental health. The value of formal debriefings could not be evaluated due to insufficient data.
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| 23. |
- Lindén, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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A latent core of dark traits explains individual differences in peacekeepers’ unethical attitudes and conduct
- 2019
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 31:6, s. 499-509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of military members’ malevolent personality traits on their ethical attitudes and behaviors has been the subject of research for decades. We investigated the relationship between malevolent individual difference factors (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, the dominance facet of social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism) and aspects of military ethics before and during a peacekeeping mission to Mali. Based on pre-service responses from 175 Swedish soldiers, a factor analysis revealed a latent variable to which all individual difference factors contributed. This latent “core of darkness” was related to being more positive toward unethical behaviors both in a warzone and in the Swedish military organization. Extending these findings using a sub-sample of the soldiers (n = 63), we also found that the latent darkness variable prospectively predicted a higher frequency of self-reported insulting and cursing of non-combatants while in Mali. Our results suggest that malevolent individual difference factors have a common core and that moral transgressions during peacekeeping can be predicted and perhaps minimized by identifying soldiers who score high on this common core. However, more research is needed to understand the unique relations of some malevolent factors and different types of morally questionable warzone behavior.
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| 24. |
- Mattingsdal, Jostein, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of changing threat conditions on police and military commanders’ preferences for urgent and offensive actions : An analysis of decision making at the operational level of war
- 2023
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simulation was conducted to examine the decision making of 102 high-ranking police and military commanders (male/female = 88/12, mean years of employment = 22.15) engaged in a simulated hybrid attack on Norway. Four 2 × 3 repeated-measures ANOVA tests were performed, with two groups (police, military) and three phases (peace, war, and post-conflict) as independent variables. The decision tasks of force posture and mission urgency, along with Subject Matter Expert (SME) ratings of decision-making performance, served as dependent variables. By using social cognitive theory as the theoretical framework, the analysis demonstrated within-group effects indicating how the transition from peace to war caused more offensive postures, higher urgency levels, and increased performance in wartime. Between-group differences were also found, illustrating that police commanders had higher levels of urgency than military commanders in general. Regarding force posture, within-group differences were only found in the post-conflict phase, when police commanders returned to pre-war levels, while military commanders showed less offensive postures than in peacetime. No significant between-group differences were found in decision-making performance. The analysis demonstrated new empirical findings about how crisis management is impacted by change and the backgrounds of those in charge. The findings have implications for designing interagency frameworks that improve police-military interoperability in collaborative efforts.
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| 25. |
- Oprins, Esther, et al.
(författare)
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Predictive validity of a selection instrument measuring resilience : The INSPIRE resilience scale
- 2024
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 36:1, s. 58-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Military personnel needs to be resilient to be able to remain effective, motivated, and in good mental and physical health. Military organizations select on resilience to determine whether candidates are psychologically fit for their job. The INSPIRE Resilience Scale (IRS) is such a selection instrument that aims to assess the psychological resilience potential of candidates in high-risk professions. A longitudinal predictive validity study was conducted in five European Defense organizations and in the Dutch National Police. The IRS was submitted in selection (N = 11,404), and criterion data about performance and health were collected in the second half of the first training year (N = 726). The results based on correlational and regression analyses showed that the IRS scores significantly predicted the criterion measures. Emotional stability, part of the IRS, turned out to be the best predictor. Results also showed that candidates who dropped out of training had significantly lower means on the IRS in selection than candidates who were still in training in the second half of the first training year. Overall, the IRS proved to be a valid instrument to assess resilience potential in candidates for high-risk professions. Selecting on resilience may therefore contribute to training success and reduction of health problems.
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| 26. |
- Rosa, Eduardo, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive performance, fatigue, emotional, and physiological strains in simulated long-duration flight missions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 34:2, s. 224-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pilots in long-duration flight missions in single-seat aircraft may be affected by fatigue. This study determined associations between cognitive performance, emotions and physiological activation and deactivation–measured by heart rate variability (HRV)–in a simulated 11-h flight mission in the 39 Gripen aircraft. Twelve participants volunteered for the study. Perceived fatigue was measured by the Samn-Perelli Fatigue Index (SPFI). Cognitive performance was measured by non-executive and executive tasks. Emotions were assessed by the Circumplex Affect Space instrument. HRV was considered in relation to the cognitive tasks in four time points–Hours 3, 5, 7, 9–and their associations with emotional ratings. Results indicated a decrease in performance in the non-executive task after approximately 7 h. This result was correlated with self-reported measures of fatigue. HRV, assessed by indices of parasympathetic modulation, remained unchanged for both non-executive and executive tasks over time (p >.05 for all). Significant correlations were observed between emotions and HRV; with increased boredom, increased passiveness, decreased stimulation, and decreased activeness, HRV indicators increased (p <.05). This suggests that a low self-regulatory effort for maintaining performance in these conditions was prevalent and that pilots could adapt to some degree to the demands and fatigue of long-duration missions.
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| 27. |
- Sundberg, Ralph, 1981-
(författare)
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Change and stability in attitudes toward violence during ISAF service
- 2017
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 29:5, s. 370-380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Swedish contingent to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF; N = approx. 320) was studied before and after deployment to Afghanistan to assess if the mission and experiences on it affected attitudes toward violence. Attitudes toward war violence and penal violence were assessed across t = 1 and t = 2, as were the effects of combat exposure on change and stability in attitudes. It was hypothesized that the attitudes would remain stable across the deployment due to their importance to the soldierly identity, but that experiences of combat exposure would cause an increase in the propensity toward change. Results demonstrate that attitudes did not change between the pre- and postdeployment stages. Unexpectedly, increasing levels of combat exposure did not predict higher rates of change, but rather increased stability in attitudes toward violence. The results demonstrate that in terms of the willingness to use force, peacekeeping deployments do not have detrimental effects on soldiers. The study tracked the attitudes toward violence of approximately 300 Swedish soldiers deployed to northern Afghanistan as part of ISAF, conducting surveys before and after deployment. Results demonstrated that, overall, very few soldiers changed their attitudes toward war or violence in the penal system as a result of the deployment: irrespective of the levels of combat they were exposed to. The results show that, contrary to what is often believed, military deployments do not necessarily harden the attitudes of soldiers.
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| 28. |
- Sundberg, Ralph, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Measurements for the institutional cohesion dimension of the standard model of military group cohesion
- 2021
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 33:2, s. 92-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Notwithstanding the prominence of the so-called Standard Model of Military Group Cohesion (SMMGC), important parts of the model are understudied: both conceptually and empirically. In this article we, first, synthesize previous research to conceptualize and measure the overlooked institutional cohesion dimension. Second, we test the validity of the proposed full four-dimensional SMMGC model using a survey of an Italian Alpini battalion, and more rigorous methods than in previous research. Results are supportive of our proposed measurements and the validity of the four-dimensional model. We thus make a methodological and an empirical contribution to further the ongoing debate on military cohesion.
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| 29. |
- Thunholm, Peter
(författare)
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Social desirability in personality testing of military officers
- 2001
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 13:4, s. 223-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The tendency among Swedish military officers to answer in a socially desirable way when taking some personality tests was investigated. Participants were 216 Army, Navy, and Air Force captains. The test used for measuring social desirability was the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS; Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) and a subset of those test items. Data revealed a strong tendency among the officers to answer in a socially desirable manner compared to earlier data from testing with the M-C SDS and compared to data from a sample of Swedish students of economics. M-C SDS correlated significantly with all 3 of the personality tests used. The comparably strong tendency to answer in a socially desirable way could be due to in part a need for many individuals to "look good" and in part due to difficulties of applying a 5-step Likert scale to the items of the M-C SDS.
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| 30. |
- Wallenius, Claes, et al.
(författare)
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Military observers’ reactions and performance when facing danger
- 2004
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 16:4, s. 211-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Some groups have to face threats and dangers professionally with maintained cognitive functioning, which implies a need to know both the extent to which maladaptive reactions occur and the factors that may affect it. This study examines self-reported reactions and performance when facing risks and dangers on peacekeeping observer missions. The sample consisted of 154 military observers.,A self-made questionnaire, including the General Health Questionnaire and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale, was used. We found that feelings of invulnerability were common in relation to mission risks. In a specific danger incident, most participants subjectively performed well, although partial loss of cognitive functioning was reported in half of the cases and severely dysfunctional reactions in about one tenth. Cluster. analysis showed that self-reported cognitive limitations in danger incidents were related to 2 factors: complicating situational factors, such as high levels of threat, complex decision demands, and minor control possibilities; and individual vulnerability factors, such as general worry and anger, low SOC, anxiety, and psychosomatic symptoms.
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| 31. |
- Österberg, Johan, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Job satisfaction among Swedish soldiers : Applying the Job Characteristics Model to newly recruited military personnel
- 2018
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 30:4, s. 302-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A professional military organization was introduced in Sweden in 2010. This means that the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) need to attract and employ soldiers, and to retain them within the organization. This scenario creates new types of challenges in manning the organization. The transition to an all-volunteer force puts job satisfaction in focus in order to retain personnel. This cross-sectional study of the relations between working conditions and job involvement among 300 recently employed soldiers showed that the dimensions of the Job Characteristics Model related significantly to job satisfaction and work motivation and (negatively) to turnover intentions from the SAF. The results further showed that all the critical psychological states contributed independently to the variance in the outcome variables.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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