| 1. |
- Abrahamsson, Lena
(författare)
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Organisational design in small companies : a study of "diffuse" work organisations
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the new millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 137-140
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a conceptual framework for a study of work organisational structures in small companies. The goal is to gain a greater understanding of both strategic and unconscious organisational design processes in small companies. The starting point of the analysis is the diffuse and informal 'family' type of work organisation and the step to a more strategic and formal work organisation. The gender theory is used when discussing internal organisational obstacles for growth and organisational forming processes. Gender plays perhaps a more important role in small companies than in large companies. Therefore the small company may have a development quite contradictory to its own sound origins. During the growing process there is a risk that the small company develops a rigid and inflexible organisation based on old gender pattern.
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| 2. |
- Abrahamsson, Lena
(författare)
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Restoring and restraining mechanisms : A study of why organisational changes fail
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the New Millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 332-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This summary describes an analysis of restoring and restraining mechanisms in organisational changes and it focus on the question why organisational changes fail. The change projects studied are planned and rather comprehensive changes of work organisations aiming to organisational change in companies - strategies for flexibility, productivity, learning, continuous improvements, quality and growth. The paper discusses organisational structures, change processes and the effects of gender order. The case studies showed that it is difficult to handle a strongly gender segregated work organisations with gender neutral perspectives.
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| 3. |
- Akita, Munehira, et al.
(författare)
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Asian ergonomics in the new millennium
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the New Millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 690-691
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Asia has more than a half of the world population. However, ergonomics has not been widely applied with exceptions of Japan and Korea. Recently, the excitement of ergonomics is being spread to other countries such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Indonesia. Although there have been two regional conferences, PPCOE and SEA Conference, Asian ergonomists have not met together to discuss their activities in a world conference. Therefore, the objectives of this symposium is to provide the opportunities for them to discuss the current status of ergonomics and possibly joints efforts to promote ergonomics in Asia. At the same time, this symposium intends to introduce the ergonomics activities in Asia to Western and non-Asian ergonomists and to look for new guidance to enhance its activities from the world renowned exports who have experienced in working in Asia with Asian ergonomists. This syposium consists of two sessions: one panel session and one technical session
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| 4. |
- Alm, Håkan
(författare)
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Driver Fatigue and Accidents : Can Visual Sensitivity Predict Drivers' Ability to Drive Safely?
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the New Millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 267-270
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to investigate whether visual sensitivity, defined as the ability to quickly detect and react to a visual stimulus, could be used to predict drivers' ability to drive safely. Ten sleep-deprived and ten alert subjects drove for two hours on a simulation of a motorway, in an advanced driving simulator, and were exposed to a number of critical traffic situations. The results showed that visual sensitivity could predict about 50% of the subjects' variation in lateral position. Implications for the design of a driver support system, based on measurement of visual sensitivity, are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Berglund, Martina, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of production planning and scheduling work using ergonomic work analysis
- 2000
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 14th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association. - 0945289138 ; , s. 2:231-234
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Production scheduling is an important and complex activity in manufacturing enterprises. Increasing market demands concerning service has to be managed, offen within reduced time space and decision latitude. This paper reports findings from studying scheduling in a Swedish sawmill with the twofold aim to describe and analyze scheduling work and to assess ergonomic work analysis as a method for this. The conclusions drawn were that sawmill scheduling work was complex and that the scheduler was exposed to a high degree of uncertainty. The scheduling in practice was performed by a group of people, relating to different parts of the entire business processes in the company. The scheduling tools, developed by the individual schedulers, were efftcient and flexible complements to the MPCsystem. Finally, ergonomic work analysis proved to be a useful method for analyzing scheduling work, although there may be difficulties in distinguishing between the prescribed work and work as it is actually carried out.
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| 6. |
- Brunnberg, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of flexible offices
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the new millennium. - Santa Monica, Calif. : HFES. - 0945289138
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
- Gao, Chuansi, et al.
(författare)
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Perception of slipperiness, thermal comfort and wearability of footwear used on icy surfaces
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the new Millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 522-525
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objectives of this study are to assess the perception of slipperiness, thermal comfort, and wearability of footwear used on icy surfaces, and the anti-slip effect of materials spread on ice using outdoor walking trials. Twenty-five subjects wore four types of footwear walking on five different icy surfaces. A five-point rating scale was used recording wearer's perception. The results showed that pure ice was perceived as very slippery. Spreading sand (180 g/m2) greatly decreased the slipperiness. Slip resistance, thermal insulation and wearability of footwear chosen were not properly integrated, and were ranked differently in four types of footwear. In addition to thermal insulation, prevention of slip and fall hazard by improving anti-slip property and wearability must also be priorities for development of footwear for use in a cold climate.
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| 8. |
- Karltun, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Experts versus participants
- 2000
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 14th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association. - 0945289138 ; , s. 2:197-200
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Participation has been of great interest in organizational development as well as in the field of ergonomics and total quality management (TQM) for many years. However, many aspects of participation are still not well understood. The aim of this paper is to contribute towards a better understanding of the expert versus the participant in change and how these relate to each other. The conclusions drawn are that the expert and the participant build their legitimacy in change on different knowledge and political bases. The expert participates in change on his professional basis, representing an outside perspective, mutually related to management and not personally affected by the change. The participant bases his participation on an extensive knowledge of the workplace, delegated power, subordinate position towards management and he represents an inside perspective as he is personally affected by the change.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Liyanage, Jayantha P., et al.
(författare)
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On the way to world-wide ergonomics : a methodical approach to introduce ergonomics to IDC's - a typical example from Sri Lanka
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the new Millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 158-161
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ergonomics has become an effective discipline and a productive field of practice and study for the last two decades with an ever-growing demand. Yet there seems to be a challenge to all concerned at the dawn of the new millennium, to spread ergonomics world-wide and to fill the unfilled gap in knowledge and in practice in different parts of the world. Third world countries have been identified as potential targets. They require critical attention, supportive sources and necessary guidance to spread the knowledge and equally to improve working conditions. This paper considers a methodical approach to introducing ergonomics to Sri Lanka, where ergonomics was hardly known even in the early 90's. This attempt has become a continuous process since 1988, and to date many intervention programmes have been planned and carried out. The paper discusses intervention programmes introducing ergonomics to the educational system and the industrial sector in Sri Lanka.
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| 11. |
- Mathiassen, S.E., et al.
(författare)
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Integrating production engineering and ergonomics in production system design
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the New Millenium : proceedings of the XIVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics society, July 29 through August 4, 2000, San Diego, California USA.. - 0945289138 ; 5, s. 501-504
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
- Piamonte, D. Paul T., et al.
(författare)
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On the merits of using multiple indices in evaluating small graphical symbols
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the new Millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 657-660
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The advantages of using multiple indices in evaluating small graphical symbols were discussed. Prospective users from eastern (Asian) and western countries were used as subjects. Several tests were performed utilizing videophone symbols based on studies done by the Human Factors Technical Committee (HFTC) of the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI). The results show that using multiple indices helped reveal subtle but potentially important differences in the results between different cultural groups.
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| 13. |
- Ruth, Walter
(författare)
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Dramaturgy of work life : transfer of knowledge as key issue in ergonomic interventions, theoretical framework and applications
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the new millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 655-658
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- For successful ergonomics intervention the ergonomist should become a catalyst of change leading the expert role. Human Interactive Methods (HIM) are characterized by having the 'problem owners' become committed to actively dealing with the problems. HIM is part of a wider theoretical framework 'The Dramaturgy of Work Life' (DWL) in which Transfer of Knowledge becomes a key issue. The design process can be described as a play where different actors create different roles. The rules of the play have to be adapted to the language of the user. Otherwise it is inadequate to speak of Participative Ergonomics. Examples from industry, service, health care, education and culture enterprises illustrate the application of DWL and HIM.
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| 14. |
- Shahnavaz, Houshang
(författare)
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Creating ergonomics awareness in industrially developing countries
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the New Millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 414-417
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ergonomics education and training programmes adapted to needs and prevailing socio-cultural conditions of industrially developing countries (IDC) are discussed. The training programmes involve people in ergonomics intervention activities which create positive environment at work motivating employees to utilize their creative problem solving capacity. The easy use to 'Ergonomics Checkpoint' offers on-site assessments and adjustments part of daily activity within industrial settings. The workshop procedure provides tool for worker participation and involvement in problems identification and feasible solution development
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| 15. |
- Shahnavaz, Houshang, et al.
(författare)
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Macroergonomics in industrially developing countries : case study Iran
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the New Millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 177-180
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A case study on macroergonomics in industrially developing countries (IDC) is presented. The experiences from industrialized countries (IC) show that consideration of macroergonomics is a significant contributing factor for creating the appropriate working environment. Ergonomics concern in IDC is slowly growing among progressive industrial managers, in line with rapid technological changes that are taking place in most IDC. The case studies provides a general ergonomics awareness to the employees and basic micro and macro-ergonomics knowledge and ergonomics intervention skill to the top and middle managers.
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| 16. |
- Stubbs, Jonathan D., et al.
(författare)
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Reducing occupational accident and injury rates through safety and macroergonomic education of future managers
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the New Millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 209-212
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prevention of large-scale accidents (often called organizational disasters) is growing in importance in today's industrial organizations. Organizational disasters where large numbers of people and wide geographic areas are affected can mean serious economic and operation disruption to an organization. The role of managers in the prevention of organizational disasters is described as critical. However, typical manager attitude towards organizational disasters is that occurrence is unlikely. This attitude causes them to neglect prevention strategies and activities. Shaping the attitudes of future managers during their university level training (e.g., in MBA programmes) through a class in ergonomics and safety is described as one means to shape manager attitudes. Psychological models of attitude formation and behaviour show that an attitude is stronger when there is learning about a topic. Greater knowledge and interest may later prevent organization disasters when students become managers. There would likely be an additional benefit of greater awareness of existing ergonomics and safety programmes that guard against small, single worker accidents.
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| 17. |
- Sundström, Lars
(författare)
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Better work environment for small companies in Sweden
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the new millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 175-177
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Department of Human Work Sciences at Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, has, since the autumn of 1991, been conducting a research project that offers a free advisory service regarding matters of the working environment to companies with fewer than 50 employees. The model used has offered the companies 16 hours' free advisory service and an additional 75 hours at half price. The project is financed by the Swedish Council for Work Life Research. This service is offered to all types of small company - both those that produce goods and those that produce services. A total of 148 small companies have contacted the service. At present the improvement process in these companies is being evaluated. The material presented in this paper represents only a part of the evaluation. In the evaluation the following questions are considered: why is the company interested in issues concerning the working environment? what advantages does the company derive from an improved working environment? does an improved working environment, with the introduction of new technology, result in any financial gain.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Vinberg, Stig, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Networks, ICT level and social consequences : an integrated model for small and medium sized enterprises
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ergonomics for the New Millenium. - San Diego : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 567-570, s. 567-570
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focus on conditions and relationships between factors in small and medium sized enterprises related to organizational change and information technology level using an integrated and empirically founded model. Data come from a study of small and medium sized enterprises in the northern part of Sweden. The design combines a quasi-experimental approach with ideas on concept-driven development and network building research. Concepts and data analysis are multi-level - an individual level with leaders and co-workers in the enterprises as units, and an organizational level, with the enterprises as units. Empirical results of network activities, ICT-level, change competencies, ergonomic and psychosocial tension are presented and related to other relevant research
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