| 1. |
- Abdulsomad, Kamaruddin
(författare)
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The transformation of multinational corporations (MNCs) from an innovation perspective: Some notes on the theories of MNCs
- 2014
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Ingår i: AI & Society: The Journal of Human-Centred Systems and Machine Intelligence. - : Springer-Verlag London Ltd. - 0951-5666. ; 29:3, s. 415-426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- MNCs have a long history of evolution. A hundred years of internationalization process has transformed MNC greatly due to the evolution of the motives and the way companies integrate and expand their business around the world. Rapid liberalization, globalization and technological change especially in information and communication technology (ICT) sector have again revolutionized the transformation of the MNCs even further. As a consequence, the traditional version of the ownership-specific, localization and internalization advantages O.L.I) paradigm and recent new theories of the MNCs are inadequate to explain the dynamics and the growing of the MNCs from developed and emerging economies. This paper argues that the traditional International Business Theories of MNCs should seek cooperation from an innovation perspective approach such as Rothwell's five generations of innovation process and open innovation approach proposed by Chesbrough in order to strengthen the theories of MNCs. Since both approaches emphasize the role of external factors such as the role of knowledge, expertise, university and networks which are lacking in the traditional resource-based theory. The combination of O.L.I paradigm and innovation approaches will certainly strengthen the capability of the MNCs theories to generalize about how MNCs from emerging economies are similar and dissimilar to more traditional MNCs from developed countries in the era of rapid globalization.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Alsanius, B. W., et al.
(författare)
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Reflection on reflection in action : A case study of growers conception of irrigation strategies in pot plant production
- 2009
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 23:4, s. 545-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A case study of growers conception of irrigation strategies indicates that pot plant growers in Scandinavia base their management approaches on experientially based art. The study also indicates that there is a gap between experientially based art and available greenhouse technology. In order to standardize production and produce quality, both the grower's experience and available technology should be taken into account. In order to achieve this, the present study proposes to arrange reflection on reflection in action with a group of growers by means of the dialogue seminar method. The concept of reflection on reflection in action is novel to horticultural practice. Therefore, we suggest future inter- and multidisciplinary research within this domain.
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| 4. |
- Backlund, G., et al.
(författare)
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Training young engineers to see
- 2012
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 27:4, s. 509-515
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This case study in the professional education of engineers is based on a Talent Programme at Combitech in Sweden, in association with the Royal Institute of Technology. The approach is based on use of the Dialogue Seminar Method. © 2011 The Author(s).
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| 5. |
- Beckman, Ludvig, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial intelligence and democratic legitimacy. The problem of publicity in public authority
- 2022
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Machine learning algorithms (ML) are increasingly used to support decision-making in the exercise of public authority. Here, we argue that an important consideration has been overlooked in previous discussions: whether the use of ML undermines the democratic legitimacy of public institutions. From the perspective of democratic legitimacy, it is not enough that ML contributes to efficiency and accuracy in the exercise of public authority, which has so far been the focus in the scholarly literature engaging with these developments. According to one influential theory, exercises of administrative and judicial authority are democratically legitimate if and only if administrative and judicial decisions serve the ends of the democratic law maker, are based on reasons that align with these ends and are accessible to the public. These requirements are not satisfied by decisions determined through ML since such decisions are determined by statistical operations that are opaque in several respects. However, not all ML-based decision support systems pose the same risk, and we argue that a considered judgment on the democratic legitimacy of ML in exercises of public authority need take the complexity of the issue into account. This paper outlines considerations that help guide the assessment of whether a ML undermines democratic legitimacy when used to support public decisions. We argue that two main considerations are pertinent to such normative assessment. The first is the extent to which ML is practiced as intended and the extent to which it replaces decisions that were previously accessible and based on reasons. The second is that uses of ML in exercises of public authority should be embedded in an institutional infrastructure that secures reason giving and accessibility.
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| 6. |
- Berglund, Johan
(författare)
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Discourses on age : Confronting disputed concepts by means of dialogue
- 2009
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 23:1, s. 117-121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article explores approaches to discourses concerning age, with different agendas and national contexts. The Dialogue Seminar Method is introduced, as a means of facilitating reflection and access to tacit knowledge. Democratic dialogue requires orchestration, and enables horizontal communication and collective reflection.
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| 7. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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From fever to flu : The rhetoric of reporting Asia in a Swedish business magazine
- 1999
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - London : Springer London. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 13:3, s. 235-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper some aspects of the stereotyping of China and Japan are explored by using a sample of articles from a Swedish business magazine. The main objective is to show how stereotypes are adapted to capture new developments in economy and technology. During the years of high hopes for the largest Asian economies, stereotypes proved to be far from timeless and unchanging. Also a large number of metaphors were used to express perceived similarities between East and West, further undermining tradi-tional Western understanding of Asia as inert and eternally different. The recent decline of Japan put an end to this, creating a return to a vocabulary of cultural characterisations and explanations.
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| 8. |
- Brännström, Leila, et al.
(författare)
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Guest Editorial: Tech and the transformation of legal imagination
- 2023
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Ingår i: AI & Society: The Journal of Human-Centred Systems and Machine Intelligence. - London : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 34, s. 309-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This special section on ‘Tech and the Transformation of Legal Imagination’ is an attempt at creatively exploring the law of the tech era. We believe that emerging lines of continuity and discontinuity in the current moment of tech-induced legal transformation are insufficiently investigated. Together with the authors of this special section, we therefore set out in an effort to recover and reimagine the histories of the law/tech nexus, to critically examine the imaginaries operative in the ongoing transformation but also to imagine the future of law. In so doing, we cover two different constellations: one in which the law is imagined, and another in which the law imagines. As this structure is one that operates in other disciplines, too—computer science is imagined as much as it imagines—we believe it will be a useful entry point for readers beyond the discipline of law to explore the relation between tech, law and imagination. In all, we make a move from the general theme of tech, legal transformation and imagination to the more specific one of tech and the transformation of legal imagination.
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| 9. |
- Brännström, Leila, et al.
(författare)
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Legal imagination and the US project of globalising the free flow of data
- 2023
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - London : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, the US pursues the global capture of data (understood as a significant engine of growth) by way of bi- and plurilateral trade agreements. However, the project of securing the global free flow of data has been pursued ever since the dawn of digital telecommunication in the 1960s and the US has made significant legal efforts to institutionalise it. These efforts have two phases: In the first 1970s and 80s “freedom of information” phase, the legal justification (and contestation) of the global free flow of data hinged on imagining data as information, and its exchange as a practice of liberty. The second phase began in the late 1990s and continues today. In this phase, the free flow of data is aligned with a free-trade agenda in the context of first e-commerce and, starting in the 2000s, through attempts at creating a global public domain of personal data for the platform economy. The global free flow of data is an intrinsic aspect of informational capitalism. Assuming a constitutive, but not commanding role for law in informational capitalism, we conclude that the US attempt at ensuring free flow for its informational corporations is neither an entirely contingent nor a necessary outcome. It is a product of legal imagination. © 2023, The Author(s).
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| 10. |
- Croon Fors, Anna, 1967-
(författare)
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The Beauty of the beast : the matter of meaning in digitalization
- 2010
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - London : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 25:1, s. 27-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Digitalization reveals the world in new varieties and forms. This power to unveil not only transforms human outreach and actions, but also changes our conceptions; about whom we are, about our uses and about human horizons for sense-making. In this paper, I explore experience design and the aesthetic turn in contemporary research in human–computer interaction and interaction design. This rather recent interest in aesthetic experience is in my view a move away from a view of digitalization as instances of objects aligned in networks, with certain features, qualities and properties, towards an understanding of digitalization as a relation to the world, to itself, and to what it means to be human (e.g. Technology and the character of contemporary life. A philosophical inquiry. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984, Holding on to reality. The nature of information at the turn of the millennium. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1999; Questioning technology. Routledge, New York, 1999; The question concerning technology and other essays. Harper and Row, New York, 1977; Technology and the lifeworld, from garden to earth. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1990). As such my attempt in this text is to outline a conceptual account concerning what it might mean to designate digitalization as experienced rather than as what we traditionally think of it—as a cause of what we perceive. The paper is based on some previous work suggesting that a focus on the beauty of digitalization (i.e. the beast) entails the possibility to investigate ambiguous meanings of digitalization, meanings that are intrinsic to digitalization but have so far received little or no attention. My suggestion is that there are aesthetic and/or sublime dimensions inherent in digitalization that involves the realization of meaning that are becoming increasingly important in both use and design of digital materials. Hence, the particular focus on aesthetics as implied by the title of this text refers to a pervasive quality harbouring meaning that through a phenomenological lens could be regarded as the material basis of digitalization. The paper concludes that it is crucial to conduct more thorough studies of the relationship between aesthetics and digitalization if we are truly interested in exploring the potential of digitalization in our lives.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Dahlin, Emma, 1980-
(författare)
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Think Differently We Must! An AI Manifesto for the Future
- 2023
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a problematic tradition of dualistic and reductionist thinking in artificial intelligence (AI) research, which is evident in AI storytelling and imaginations as well as in public debates about AI. Dualistic thinking is based on the assumption of a fixed reality and a hierarchy of power, and it simplifies the complex relationships between humans and machines. This commentary piece argues that we need to work against the grain of such logics and instead develop a thinking that acknowledges AI–human interconnectedness and the complexity in such relations. To learn how to live better with AI in futures to come, the paper suggests an AI politics that turns to practices of serious attentiveness to help us re-imagine our machines and re-configure AI–human relations.
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| 13. |
- de Fine Licht, Karl, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial intelligence, transparency, and public decision-making Why explanations are key when trying to produce perceived legitimacy
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ai & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 35, s. 917-926
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for making decisions in public affairs has sparked a lively debate on the benefits and potential harms of self-learning technologies, ranging from the hopes of fully informed and objectively taken decisions to fear for the destruction of mankind. To prevent the negative outcomes and to achieve accountable systems, many have argued that we need to open up the "black box" of AI decision-making and make it more transparent. Whereas this debate has primarily focused on how transparency can secure high-quality, fair, and reliable decisions, far less attention has been devoted to the role of transparency when it comes to how the general public come to perceive AI decision-making as legitimate and worthy of acceptance. Since relying on coercion is not only normatively problematic but also costly and highly inefficient, perceived legitimacy is fundamental to the democratic system. This paper discusses how transparency in and about AI decision-making can affect the public's perception of the legitimacy of decisions and decision-makers and produce a framework for analyzing these questions. We argue that a limited form of transparency that focuses on providing justifications for decisions has the potential to provide sufficient ground for perceived legitimacy without producing the harms full transparency would bring.
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| 14. |
- De Lucia Dahlbeck, Moa, 1981
(författare)
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AI and Spinoza: a review of law's conceptual treatment of lethal autonomous weapons systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: AI & Society: Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Communication. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 36, s. 797-805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article I will argue that the philosophy of Benedict Spinoza (1632–1677) may assist us in coming to terms with some of the conceptual challenges that the phenomenon of Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses on law and legal thought. I will pursue this argument in three steps. First, I will suggest that Spinoza’s philosophy of the mind and knowledge may function as an analytical tool for making sense of the prevailing conception of AI within the legal discourse on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS). Then, I will continue the argument with the aid of Spinoza’s political philosophy which partly complicates the picture as it seems to disqualify a normative process grounded directly upon the means stipulated for achieving a robust understanding of AI. Based on these two separate discussions I will conclude by outlining a composite critique – from the twofolded perspective of Spinoza’s ethical and political discussions – of the ongoing negotiations of a new Conventional Weapons Convention (CCW) protocol on LAWS.
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| 15. |
- Decker, Stephanie, et al.
(författare)
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Finding light in dark archives: Using AI to connect context and content in email
- 2022
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 37, s. 859-872
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Email archives are important historical resources, but access to such data poses a unique archival challenge and many born-digital collections remain dark, while questions of how they should be effectively made available remain. This paper contributes to the growing interest in preserving access to email by addressing the needs of users, in readiness for when such collections become more widely available. We argue that for the content of email to be meaningfully accessed, the context of email must form part of this access. In exploring this idea, we focus on discovery within large, multi-custodian archives of organisational email, where emails’ network features are particularly apparent. We introduce our prototype search tool, which uses AI-based methods to support user-driven exploration of email. Specifically, we integrate two distinct AI models that generate systematically different types of results, one based upon simple, phrase-matching and the other upon more complex, BERT embeddings. Together, these provide a new pathway to contextual discovery that accounts for the diversity of future archival users, their interests and level of experience.
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| 16. |
- Dodig Crnkovic, Gordana, 1955
(författare)
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Cognitive revolution, virtuality and good life
- 2013
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Ingår i: AI and Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 28:3, s. 319-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We are living in an era when the focus of human relationships with the world is shifting from execution and physical impact to control and cognitive/informational interaction. This emerging, increasingly informational world is our new ecology, an infosphere that presents the grounds for a cognitive revolution based on interactions in networks of biological and artificial, intelligent agents. After the industrial revolution, which extended the human body through mechanical machinery, the cognitive revolution extends the human mind/cognition through information-processing machinery. These novel circumstances come with new qualities and preferences demanding new conceptualizations. We have some work ahead of us to establish value systems and practices extended from the real to the increasingly virtual/info-computational. This paper first presents a current view of the virtual versus the real and then offers an interpretation framework based on an info-computational understanding of cognition in which agency implies computational processing of informational structures of the world as an infosphere. The notion of "good life" is discussed in light of different ideals of well-being in the infosphere, connecting virtuality as a space of potential and alternative worlds for an agent for whom the reality is a space of actual experiences, in the sense of Deleuze. Even though info-computational framework enables us to see both the real world and the diversity of virtual worlds in terms of computational processes on informational structures, based on a distinct layered cognitive architecture of all physical agents, there is clear difference between potential worlds of the virtual and actual agent's experiences made in the real. Info-computationalism enables insight into the mechanisms of infosphere and elucidates its importance as cognitively predominant environment and communication media. The conclusion is that by cocooning ourselves in an elaborate info-computational infrastructure of the virtual, we may be increasingly isolating ourselves from the reality of direct experience of the world. The biggest challenges of the cognitive revolution may not be technological but ethical. They are about the nature of being human and its values. © 2012 Springer-Verlag London Limited.
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| 17. |
- Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana, et al.
(författare)
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Togetherness and Respect - Ethical Concerns of Privacy in Global Web Societies
- 2006
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 20:3, s. 372-383
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today's computer network technologies are sociologically founded on hunter-gatherer principles; common users may be possible subjects ofsurveillance and sophisticated internet-based attacks are almost impossible to prevent. At the same time, information and communication technology, ICT offers the technical possibility of embedded privacy protection. Making technology legitimate by design is a part of the intentional design for democracy. This means incorporating options for socially acceptable behaviour in technical systems, and making the basic principles ofprivacy protection, rights and responsibilities, transparent to the user. The current global e-polis already has, by means of different technologies, de facto built-in policies that define the level of user-privacy protection. That which remains is to make their ethical implications explicit and understandable to citizens of the global village through interdisciplinary disclosive ethical methods, and to make them correspond to the highethical norms that support trust, the essential precondition of any socialization. The good news is that research along these lines is already inprogress. Hopefully, this will result in a future standard approach to the privacy of network communications.
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| 18. |
- Dolles, Harald, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship and the Carbon Market: Opportunities and Challenges for South African Entrepreneurs
- 2013
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Ingår i: AI & Society: The Journal of Human-Centred Systems and Machine Intelligence. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666. ; 29:3, s. 335-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Kyoto Protocol and its implementation brought forward issues of climate change and its mitigation strategy by national measures through the creation of market mechanisms in carbon trading. The trading of emission certificates has become an important trade commodity worldwide and its markets have diversified. While this opportunity has created new markets for entrepreneurs and actors that range from farmers to brokers, unequal involvement in most developing countries is noted. This has been mostly observed in those countries where entrepreneurship is often regarded as the cornerstone of economic growth and social improvement. South Africa has spearheaded other African countries in its implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects leading to carbon trading. Based on our research on South African entrepreneurship and its involvement in the carbon market, we conclude that albeit a number of opportunities, the biggest challenge for entrepreneurial participation in the carbon market remains in the nature and processes of CDM project implementation, the lack of a clear supportive system, limited access to financing and – more importantly – general ignorance of the trading opportunities by entrepreneurs. The complex nature of CDM projects themselves limits participation due to lack of the necessary skills on the national level leading to uneven distribution of CDM projects on provincial levels in South Africa. Recommendations are provided to overcome the obstacles and to promote entrepreneurial activity in the carbon market.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Eklöf, Jon, et al.
(författare)
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Abstraction, mimesis and the evolution of deep learning
- 2023
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Nature. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; , s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deep learning developers typically rely on deep learning software frameworks (DLSFs)—simply described as pre-packaged libraries of programming components that provide high-level access to deep learning functionality. New DLSFs progressively encapsulate mathematical, statistical and computational complexity. Such higher levels of abstraction subsequently make it easier for deep learning methodology to spread through mimesis (i.e., imitation of models perceived as successful). In this study, we quantify this increase in abstraction and discuss its implications. Analyzing publicly available code from Github, we found that the introduction of DLSFs correlates both with significant increases in the number of deep learning projects and substantial reductions in the number of lines of code used. We subsequently discuss and argue the importance of abstraction in deep learning with respect to ephemeralization, technological advancement, democratization, adopting timely levels of abstraction, the emergence of mimetic deadlocks, issues related to the use of black box methods including privacy and fairness, and the concentration of technological power. Finally, we also discuss abstraction as a symptom of an ongoing technological metatransition.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Ennals, Richard
(författare)
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Artificial stupidity
- 2016
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 31:3, s. 431-432
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 24. |
- Ennals, Richard
(författare)
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Beyond the age of innocence (review of two books)
- 2016
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 31:1, s. 127-128
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A Dangerous Master: How to Keep Technology from Slipping Beyond Our Control, Wendell Wallach, Basic Books, New York 2015, ISBN: 978-0-465-05862-4Money Machines: Electronic Financial Technologies, Distancing, and Responsibility in Global Finance, Mark Coeckelbergh, Ashgate, Farnham 2015, ISBN: 978-14724-4508-7
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Ennals, Richard
(författare)
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Eight legs good, two legs bad? (review of three books)
- 2018
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 33:4, s. 645-646
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Review of:1. Common Sense, The Turing Test and the Quest for Real AI Hector J Levesque Cambridge MA, The MIT Press 2017 ISBN:978-0-262-03604-72. The Digital Mind: How Science is Redefining Humanity Arlindo Oliveira Cambridge MA, The MIT Press 2017 ISBN: 978-0-262-03603-03. Other Minds: The Octopus and the Evolution of Intelligent Life Peter Godfrey-Smith London, William Collins 2017 ISBN: 978-0-00-822627-5
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| 27. |
- Ennals, Richard
(författare)
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Histories and futures (review of four books)
- 2016
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 31:1, s. 131-132
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress and Prosperity in a time of Brilliant Technologies, Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, WW Norton, New York 2014, ISBN978-0-393-23935-5The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revo-lution, Tony Hey and Gyuri Papay, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, ISBN 978-0-521-15018-7Computation, Proof, Machine: Mathematics enters a New Age, Gilles Dowek, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, ISBN 978-0-521-13377-7Twitter: A Digital Socioscope, Eds. Yelena Mejova, Ingmar Weber and Michael W. Macy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-500007-5
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| 28. |
- Ennals, Richard
(författare)
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Ideas, context and action (review of two books)
- 2016
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 31:1, s. 129-130
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Encyclopaedia of CSR (4 volumes). Idowu S.O., Capaldi N., Zu L., Das Gupta A. (eds.), Heidelberg, Springer 2013. ISBN 978364228035.Dictionary of CSR. Idowu S.O., Capaldi N., Fifka M.S., Zu L., Schmidpeter R. (eds.), Heidelberg, Springer 2015. ISBN 9783339105352.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Ennals, Richard
(författare)
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Thirty years on
- 2016
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 31:2, s. 297-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 31. |
- Fruchter, R, et al.
(författare)
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Distributing attention across multiple social worlds
- 2010
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 25:2, s. 169-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Being a member of both local and global teams requires constant distribution and re-distribution of attention, engagement, and intensive communication over synchronous and asynchronous channels with remote and local partners. We explore in this paper the increasing number of social worlds such participants distribute their attention to, how this affects their level of engagement and attention, and how the workspace, collaboration technologies, and interaction modes afford and constrain the communicative events. The use of information and collaboration technologies (ICT) shapes and reshapes work spaces, processes, and social interactions among team members, and team members reshape ICT and the way it is used. We use as a testbed the AEC Global Teamwork course established at Stanford in 1993 in collaboration with universities worldwide and provide examples from two sites—Stanford PBL Lab, California USA and Chalmers University, Goteborg Sweden. We used temporal analysis and qualitative methods of inquiry in order to study participants’ attention, how they used the site and the means, i.e., their social and material resources, to accomplish their interaction needs, and how they engaged throughout project reviews.
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| 32. |
- Fruchter, Renate, et al.
(författare)
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Tension between perceived collocation and actual geographical distribution in project teams
- 2010
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Ingår i: AI & Society, Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Communication. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. ; 25:2, s. 183-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes an exploratory comparative study of knowledge workers and their challenges in high tech global project teams. More specifically we focus on the tension between perceived collocation and actual geographical distributed project work as a function of: (1) the demand to distribute and shift attention in multi-teaming, (2) virtuality i.e. number of virtual teams participants engage in, (3) the continuous adjustment and re-adjustment to new places they perform their activity, and (4) the collaboration technologies they use. We present the methodology for data collection that included semi-structured interviews, surveys, and on site shadowing of the project participants, and discuss the findings from the data analysis. The study is based on the bricks-bits-interaction framework. It is at the intersection of the design of physical spaces, i.e., bricks; rich digital information and collaboration technology (ICT) content, mobile devices and network infrastructures, i.e., bits, and emergent work practices, process, and new ways people behave in communicative events using the affordances of ICT augmented physical, virtual spaces and digital content, i.e., interaction.
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| 33. |
- Fällman, Daniel, 1975-
(författare)
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A different way of seeing : Albert Borgmann's philosophy of technology and human-computer interaction
- 2009
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 25:1, s. 53-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditional human–computer interaction (HCI) allowed researchers and practitioners to share and rely on the ‘five E’s’ of usability, the principle that interactive systems should be designed to be effective, efficient, engaging, error tolerant, and easy to learn. A recent trend in HCI, however, is that academic researchers as well as practitioners are becoming increasingly interested in user experiences, i.e., understanding and designing for relationships between users and artifacts that are for instance affective, engaging, fun, playable, sociable, creative, involving, meaningful, exciting, ambiguous, and curious. In this paper, it is argued that built into this shift in perspective there is a concurrent shift in accountability that is drawing attention to a number of ethical, moral, social, cultural, and political issues that have been traditionally de-emphasized in a field of research guided by usability concerns. Not surprisingly, this shift in accountability has also received scarce attention in HCI. To be able to find any answers to the question of what makes a good user experience, the field of HCI needs to develop a philosophy of technology. One building block for such a philosophy of technology in HCI is presented. Albert Borgmann argues that we need to be cautious and rethink the relationship as well as the often-assumed correspondence between what we consider useful and what we think of as good in technology. This junction—that some technologies may be both useful and good, while some technologies that are useful for some purposes might also be harmful, less good, in a broader context—is at the heart of Borgmann’s understanding of technology. Borgmann’s notion of the device paradigm is a valuable contribution to HCI as it points out that we are increasingly experiencing the world with, through, and by information technologies and that most of these technologies tend to be designed to provide commodities that effortlessly grant our wishes without demanding anything in return, such as patience, skills, or effort. This paper argues that Borgmann’s work is relevant and makes a valuable contribution to HCI in at least two ways: first, as a different way of seeing that raises important social, cultural, ethical, and moral issues from which contemporary HCI cannot escape; and second, as providing guidance as to how specific values might be incorporated into the design of interactive systems that foster engagement with reality.
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| 34. |
- Fällman, Daniel, 1975-
(författare)
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Mobility as involvement : On the role of involvement in the design of mobile support systems for industrial application
- 2009
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 25:1, s. 43-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, the concept of mobility is examined theoretically, from a phenomenological perspective, as well as empirically, through two design case studies. First, a background to how the notion of mobility is generally conceptualized and used in academia as well as within industry is provided. From a phenomenological analysis, it becomes necessary to question the currently dominating understanding of mobility as first and foremost a provider of freedom from a number of constraints. Rather, it is argued, mobility needs to be understood primarily as quite the opposite; as being about getting involved in different contexts. Based on this analysis, it is described how such an altered way of understanding mobility has come to challenge our design team’s preconceptions of mobile interaction design and influence the design of two mobile support system for service and maintenance in industrial settings.
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| 35. |
- Granström, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Turing's man : A dialogue
- 2013
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 28:1, s. 21-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We can never emulate their meekness,soft servants of durable material:they live without pretensionin complicated relays and electrical circuits. Speed, docility are their strength. One asks: "What is 2 × 2?"-"Are you a machine?"They answer orrefuse to answer, depending on what you demand. There are, however, other machines as well,more abstract automatons, bolder and moreinaccessible,which eat their tape in mathematical formulae. They imitate in language. In infiniteloops, farther and farther back in their retreattowards more subtlealgorithms, more recursive functions. They are logical and describe themselves. As when a man with a hand-mirror pressed against his nosein front of a mirrorsees in infinite rows the same image multipliedin a shrinking, darkening corridor of glass. It is a Gödel theorem as good as any. He sees infinity,but what he does not see is his face.(From Göran Printz-Påhlsońs poem "The Turing Machine" published in Säg minns du skeppet Refanut? Samlade dikter 1950-1983 (1984) Bonniers, Stockholm).
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| 36. |
- Griffin, Gabriele, Prof, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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AI and Swedish Heritage Organisations : challenges and opportunities
- 2023
-
Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Nature. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the challenges and opportunities that arise with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methods and tools when implemented within cultural heritage institutions (CHIs), focusing on three selected Swedish case studies. The article centres on the perspectives of the CHI professionals who deliver that implementation. Its purpose is to elucidate how CHI professionals respond to the opportunities and challenges AI/ML provides. The three Swedish CHIs discussed here represent different organizational frameworks and have different types of collections, while sharing, to some extent, a similar position in terms of the use of AI/ML tools and methodologies. The overarching question of this article is what is the state of knowledge about AI/ML among Swedish CHI professionals, and what are the related issues? To answer this question, we draw on (1) semi-structured interviews with CHI professionals, (2) individual CHI website information, and (3) CHI-internal digitization protocols and digitalization strategies, to provide a nuanced analysis of both professional and organisational processes concerning the implementation of AI/ML methods and tools. Our study indicates that AI/ML implementation is in many ways at the very early stages of implementation in Swedish CHIs. The CHI professionals are affected in their AI/ML engagement by four key issues that emerged in the interviews: their institutional and professional knowledge regarding AI/ML; the specificities of their collections and associated digitization and digitalization issues; issues around personnel; and issues around AI/ML resources. The article suggests that a national CHI strategy for AI/ML might be helpful as would be knowledge-, expertise-, and potentially personnel- and resource-sharing to move beyond the constraints that the CHIs face in implementing AI/ML.
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| 37. |
- Gullström, Charlie
(författare)
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Design Frictions
- 2011
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - London : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 27:1, s. 91-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fusion of architecture and media technology, video-mediated spaces facilitate collaborative practices across spatial extensions. This paper contributes an architectural perspective on presence design, exploring its potential to create architectural extensions that facilitate knowledge-sharing and remote presence. With the example of a mediated therapist, taken from the author’s design-led research (Gullström 2010), the paper illustrates spatial design concepts (e.g. mediated gaze, spatial montage, shared mediated space), which, unaddressed, may be said to impose friction, and thus impact negatively on the experience of witnessed mediated presence (Nevejan 2007). Mediated presence cannot be ensured by design, however, by acknowledging that certain features are related to spatial design, a presence designer can monitor them and, in effect, seek to reduce the ‘design friction’ that otherwise may inhibit e.g. trust and knowledge-sharing. It concludes that a presence-in-person paradigm prevails in our society, founded on the expectations of trust and knowledge-sharing between individuals, and hereby addresses the contribution from presence design to architectural practice – as well as the reciprocal contribution from architecture to presence design – given that mediated spaces currently provide viable alternatives for meetings and interactions, hence with a fundamental impact on all human practices.
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| 38. |
- Göranzon, Bo
(författare)
-
Introduction to The Last Dream by Joseph Weizenbaum
- 2019
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Nature. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 34:2, s. 177-194
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What is ‘certainty’ in our everyday life and work? AI changing what it means to ‘be certain’. For example, when we engage with others and are doing our work, we make judgments in which we ‘trust our instinct’. Are we still able to do so if we engage with the ‘certainty’ of the machine? How is ‘being certain’ in ‘dialogue’ affected by our conceptions of what it means to be human in interaction with the ‘machine’, and consequent distinctions between body and mind? Descartes first likened the human body to a machine (albeit a machine created by God) and endowed reason as being a transcendent universal instrument. La Mettrie proposed that language and culture separates humans from ‘animals’. However, in Diderot’s writing, ‘knowledge’ is seen as embodied, coming from our senses and language, and where gesture and rhythm evolve in practice. For D’Alembert, human ‘instinct’ is a skill, a learnt practice, and Rousseau believes that human certainty is something that cannot be measured. These questionings of the dichotomies of body and mind and human and animal, that relate practice and knowledge, also question the place and meaning of ‘rules’ of engaged practice. For Wittgenstein, one learns to make judgments through personal experience, ‘rules in practice’, whereby language is necessarily culturally situated and embodied, and calculation and Judgement are part of each other.
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| 39. |
- Göranzon, Bo
(författare)
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On dialogue and certainty
- 2022
-
Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What is ‘certainty’ in our everyday life and work? AI changing what it means to ‘be certain’. For example, when we engage with others and are doing our work, we make judgments in which we ‘trust our instinct’. Are we still able to do so if we engage with the ‘certainty’ of the machine? How is ‘being certain’ in ‘dialogue’ affected by our conceptions of what it means to be human in interaction with the ‘machine’, and consequent distinctions between body and mind? Descartes first likened the human body to a machine (albeit a machine created by God) and endowed reason as being a transcendent universal instrument. La Mettrie proposed that language and culture separates humans from ‘animals’. However, in Diderot’s writing, ‘knowledge’ is seen as embodied, coming from our senses and language, and where gesture and rhythm evolve in practice. For D’Alembert, human ‘instinct’ is a skill, a learnt practice, and Rousseau believes that human certainty is something that cannot be measured. These questionings of the dichotomies of body and mind and human and animal, that relate practice and knowledge, also question the place and meaning of ‘rules’ of engaged practice. For Wittgenstein, one learns to make judgments through personal experience, ‘rules in practice’, whereby language is necessarily culturally situated and embodied, and calculation and Judgement are part of each other.
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| 40. |
- Göranzon, Bo
(författare)
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Tacit knowledge and risks
- 2007
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 21:4, s. 429-442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How are risks and disasters prevented in high-technology environments? This is a question that has many facets. In this essay I shall discuss the aspects related to the history of knowledge, and to tacit knowledge in particular.
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| 41. |
- Han, Shengnan, et al.
(författare)
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Aligning artificial intelligence with human values : reflections from a phenomenological perspective
- 2022
-
Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 37:4, s. 1383-1395
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) must be directed at humane ends. The development of AI has produced great uncertainties of ensuring AI alignment with human values (AI value alignment) through AI operations from design to use. For the purposes of addressing this problem, we adopt the phenomenological theories of material values and technological mediation to be that beginning step. In this paper, we first discuss the AI value alignment from the relevant AI studies. Second, we briefly present what are material values and technological mediation and reflect on the AI value alignment through the lenses of these theories. We conclude that a set of finite human values can be defined and adapted to the stable life tasks that AI systems will be called upon to accomplish. The AI value alignment can also be fostered between designers and users through technological mediation. Upon that foundation, we propose a set of common principles to understand the AI value alignment through phenomenological theories. This paper contributes the unique knowledge of phenomenological theories to the discourse on AI alignment with human values.
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| 42. |
- Hauser, Sabrina, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
The widening rift between aesthetics and ethics in the design of computational things
- 2023
-
Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer-Verlag New York. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 38, s. 227-243
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the face of massively increased technological complexity, it is striking that so many of today’s computational and net- worked things follow design ideals honed decades ago in a much different context. These strong ideals prescribe a presenta- tion of things as useful tools through design and a withdrawal of aspects of their functionality and complexity. Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, we trace this ‘withdrawal program’ as it has persisted in the face of increasing computational complexity. Currently, design is in a dilemma where computational products can be seen as brilliantly designed and engag- ing to use yet can also be considered very problematic in how they support hidden agendas and often seem less than trust- worthy. In this article, we analyse factors shaping this emergent ethical dilemma and reveal the concept of a widening rift between what computational things actually are and do and the ways in which they are presented as things for use. Against this backdrop, we argue that there is a need for a new orientation in design programs to adequately address this deepening rupture between the aesthetics and ethics in the design of computational things.
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| 43. |
- Hedlund, Maria, et al.
(författare)
-
Expert responsibility in AI development
- 2024
-
Ingår i: AI & Society: Knowledge, Culture and Communication. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5655.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to discuss the responsibility of AI experts for guiding the development of AI in a desirable direction. More specifically, the aim is to answer the following research question: To what extent are AI experts responsible in a forward-looking way for effects of AI technology that go beyond the immediate concerns of the programmer or designer? AI experts, in this paper conceptualised as experts regarding the technological aspects of AI, have knowledge and control of AI technology that non-experts do not have. Drawing on responsibility theory, theories of the policy process, and critical algorithm studies, we discuss to what extent this capacity, and the positions that these experts have to influence the AI development, make AI experts responsible in a forward-looking sense for consequences of the use of AI technology. We conclude that, as a professional collective, AI experts, to some extent, are responsible in a forward-looking sense for consequences of use of AI technology that they could foresee, but with the risk of increased influence of AI experts at the expense of other actors. It is crucial that a diversity of actors is included in democratic processes on the future development of AI, but for this to be meaningful, AI experts need to take responsibility for how the AI technology they develop affects public deliberation.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Holmström, Jonny, et al.
(författare)
-
AI management beyond the hype : exploring the co-constitution of AI and organizational context
- 2022
-
Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 37, s. 1575-1585
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AI technologies hold great promise for addressing existing problems in organizational contexts, but the potential benefits must not obscure the potential perils associated with AI. In this article, we conceptually explore these promises and perils by examining AI use in organizational contexts. The exploration complements and extends extant literature on AI management by providing a typology describing four types of AI use, based on the idea of co-constitution of AI technologies and organizational context. Building on this typology, we propose three recommendations for informed use of AI in contemporary organizations. First, explicitly define the purpose of organizational AI use. Second, define the appropriate level of transparency and algorithmic management for organizational AI use. Third, be aware of AI's context-dependent nature.
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| 46. |
- Illankoon, Prasanna, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Collaborating AI and human experts in the maintenance domain
- 2021
-
Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 36:3, s. 817-828
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maintenance decision errors can result in very costly problems. The 4th industrial revolution has given new opportunities for the development of and use of intelligent decision support systems. With these technological advancements, key concerns focus on gaining a better understanding of the linkage between the technicians’ knowledge and the intelligent decision support systems. The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. (1) To propose a theoretical model that links technicians’ knowledge and intelligent decision support systems, and (2) to present a use case how to apply the theoretical model. The foundation of the new model builds upon two main streams of study in the decision support literature: “distribution” of knowledge among different agents, and “collaboration” of knowledge for reaching a shared goal. This study resulted in the identification of two main gaps: firstly, there must be a greater focus upon the technicians’ knowledge; secondly, technicians need assistance to maintain their focus on the big picture. We used the cognitive fit theory, and the theory of distributed situation awareness to propose the new theoretical model called “distributed collaborative awareness model.” The model considers both explicit and implicit knowledge and accommodates the dynamic challenges involved in operational level maintenance. As an application of this model, we identify and recommend some technological developments required in augmented reality based maintenance decision support.
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| 47. |
- Kiselev, Andrey, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Toward incorporating emotions with rationality into a communicative virtual agent
- 2011
-
Ingår i: AI & Society. - London, United Kingdom : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 26:3, s. 275-289
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the problem of human–computer interactions when the computer can interpret and express a kind of human-like behavior, offering natural communication. A conceptual framework for incorporating emotions with rationality is proposed. A model of affective social interactions is described. The model utilizes the SAIBA framework, which distinguishes among several stages of processing of information. The SAIBA framework is extended, and a model is realized in human behavior detection, human behavior interpretation, intention planning, attention tracking behavior planning, and behavior realization components. Two models of incorporating emotions with rationality into a virtual artifact are presented. The first one uses an implicit implementation of emotions. The second one has an explicit realization of a three-layered model of emotions, which is highly interconnected with other components of the system. Details of the model with implicit implementation of emotional behavior are shown as well as evaluation methodology and results. Discussions about the extended model of an agent are given in the final part of the paper.
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| 48. |
- Lagerkvist, Amanda, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Body stakes : an existential ethics of care in living with biometrics and AI
- 2022
-
Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Nature. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article discusses the key existential stakes of implementing biometrics in human lifeworlds. In this pursuit, we offer a problematization and reinvention of central values often taken for granted within the “ethical turn” of AI development and discourse, such as autonomy, agency, privacy and integrity, as we revisit basic questions about what it means to be human and embodied. Within a framework of existential media studies, we introduce an existential ethics of care—through a conversation between existentialism, virtue ethics, a feminist ethics of care and post-humanist ethics—aiming to deepen and nuance our understanding of the human behind “human-centered” AI directives. The key argument is that biometrics implicates humans through unprecedented forms of objectification, through which the existential body—the relational, intimate and frail human being—is at risk. We interrogate these risks as they become visible at three sites where embodied humans are challenged by biometrics, and thus where the existential body is challenged by the biometric body. This occurs through reductionism (biometric passports nailing bodies to identities, removing human judgment and compromising agency at the AI border), enforced transparency (smart home assistants surveying human intimacies and invading intimate spaces in the bedroom) and the breaching of bodily integrity (chipping bodies to capture sensory data, challenging the very concept of bodily integrity through self-invasive biohacking). Our existential ethics of care is importantly not a solutionist list of principles or suggestions, but a manifesto for a way of thinking about the ethical challenges of living with biometrics in today’s world, by raising the right questions. We argue that a revitalized discussion of the basic existential stakes within human lived experience is needed and should serve as the foundation on which comprehensive frameworks can be built to address the complexities and prospects for ethical machines, responsible biometrics and AI.
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| 49. |
- Larsson, Simon, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing the contingency of the world: magic, oracles, and machine-learning technology
- 2024
-
Ingår i: AI and Society. - London : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 39, s. 183-193
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of magic is frequently used to discuss technology, a practice considered useful by some with others arguing that viewing technology as magic precludes a proper understanding of technology. The concept of magic is especially prominent in discussions of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Based on an anthropological perspective, this paper juxtaposes ML technology with magic, using descriptions drawn from a project on an ML-powered system for propulsion control of cargo ships. The paper concludes that prior scholarly work on technology has failed to both define magic adequately and use research into magic. It also argues that although the distinction between ML technology and magic is important, recognition of the similarities is useful for understanding ML technology. © 2022, The Author(s).
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| 50. |
- Lundgren, Björn, 1984-
(författare)
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A new standard for accident simulations for self-driving vehicles : Can we use Waymo's results from accident simulations?
- 2024
-
Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 39:2, s. 669-673
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent simulations by Scanlon et al. showed seemingly spectacular results for the Waymo self-driving vehicle in simulations of real accident situations. In this paper, it is argued that the selection criteria for accident situations must be modified in accordance with the relevant policy alternatives. While Scanlon et al. compare Waymo with old human-driven vehicles, it is argued here that the relevant policy question is whether we ought to use self-driven vehicles or human-driven vehicles in the future, which means that we need to consider whether other technological solutions, which are available but not broadly used in human-driven vehicles, could result in human-driven vehicles managing to avoid the same accidents. In this article, a proposal for a new standard of selection criteria is made.
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