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1.	Arnfalk, Peter, et al. (författare) Service transformation - managing a shift from business travel to virtual meetings 2003 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 11:8, s. 859-872 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract It has been shown that the potential for environmental, and financial improvements through the increased substitution of inperson meetings by virtual communication is considerable. However, it has also been shown that this potential is not automatically realized by investing in the technology that can enable virtual meetings. This paper describes two case studies that explored the factors that influenced communication and meeting behavior. A number of drivers and barriers for virtual meetings are identified, and, in addition, measures are proposed to improve the utilization of virtual tools for business communication. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
2.	Fadeeva, Zinaida (författare) Development of the assessment framework for sustainability networking 2005 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 13:2, s. 191-205 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper is concerned with question of how to assess results of networking which is an important element in movement towards sustainable development. Although based upon a large body of research, including empirical studies, the question of assessment of the networking results remains un-addressed, to a large extent. Based on an in-depth analysis of two Swedish tourism networks for sustainability and a detailed literature review, this paper identifies appropriate categories for assessment of results of the functioning of networks for sustainable development. The contribution of this study is the development of a generic framework to guide the assessment of results for sustainability networking.
3.	Fadeeva, Zinaida (författare) Promise of sustainability collaboration - potential fulfilled? 2005 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 13:2, s. 165-174 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract One of the developments of today, especially in the area of environmental sustainability, is the call for multi-stakeholder, regional collaboration. Strong political and ideological support often implies that collaboration is the magic stick through which our complex problems or questions can be solved, even when and where expertise is not yet available. This paper explores the most frequent promises of collaboration. It reveals that results of collaboration frequently fall far short of expectations. The ability to deliver satisfactory results depends on multiple factors that are not frequently considered by collaborating partners. Finally, the paper questions the prominent principles of collaboration and shows the effects of these principles on collaborative undertakings.
4.	Fadeeva, Zinaida (författare) Translation of sustainability ideas in tourism networks: Some roles of cross-sectoral networks in change towards sustainable development 2005 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 13:2, s. 175-189 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The process of change has been considered within many areas of contemporary thinking. Consequently, many aspects of change have been explored through different theoretical angles. Using insights from 'translation' theory, this article considers critical factors that affect cross-sectoral networking process for SD-a popular form of collaboration. The empirical data for this study comes from the investigation of eight cross-sectoral networks from five European countries that worked to establish sustainable tourism networks. The analysis emphasised aspects that influence the selection and implementation of SD ideas by networks. This paper assesses the results and roles of the networking and how they helped to contribute to change for SD.
5.	Helby, Peter (författare) EKO-Energi - a public voluntary programme targeted at Swedish firms with ambitious environmental goals 2002 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 10:2, s. 143-151 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A total of 47 firms joined the Swedish EKO-Energi programme between 1994 and 1997. This was a public voluntary programme devoted to promoting the environmental vanguard, while disregarding the rearguard. The programme offered free energy audits and the promotion of a label, in return for implementation of energy management. Audits covered some 5% of industrial energy consumption. The most clearly observed results were the inclusion of energy efficiency in the environmental policy of participating firms, the dissemination of values and diffusion of pre-existing knowledge within firms, and some added impact of such values and knowledge on decisions. The effects of the EKO-Energi contracts could not be disentangled from the effects of simultaneous ISO 14001 or EMAS certification. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
6.	Helby, Peter (författare) Environmental agreements at European Community level - reflections based on member state experience 2002 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 10:2, s. 183-193 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The experience from five national environmental agreement schemes, all about energy efficiency in manufacturing industries, is discussed in relation to the potential for similar action at the European Community level. Agreements at the Community level could have significant advantages. But success at the national level depends on parameters that would be difficult to reproduce or substitute at the Community level, e.g. extensive administrative capacity, substantial political threats, large economic benefits, and/or the capacity to grant tax relief. To overcome such problems, and gain some of the advantages of Community action, one option would be to focus Community action on the best bets, namely a few energy-intensive industries with good capacity for collective action. Another option would be the combination of Community action with national action. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
7.	Mont, Oksana (författare) Clarifying the Concept of Product-Service System 2002 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 10:3, s. 237-245 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A new trend of product-service systems (PSS) that has the potential to minimise environmental impacts of both production and consumption is emerging. This article attempts to build a theoretical framework for PSS and serves as a background for identifying possible investment needs in studying them. There are three main uncertainties regarding the applicability and feasibility of PSS: the readiness of companies to adopt them, the readiness of consumers to accept them, and their environmental implications. The main finding is that successful PSSs will require different societal infrastructure, human structures and organisational layouts in order to function in a sustainable manner. Keywords: product-service systems, sustainability, functional economy
8.	Mont, Oksana (författare) Editorial for the special issue of the Journal of Cleaner Production on Product Service Systems 2003 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 11:8, s. 815-817 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
9.	Mont, Oksana, et al. (författare) The role of public policy in advancement of product service systems 2003 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 11:8, s. 905-914 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article discusses developments in the area of product service systems (PSS) and the need to facilitate the proliferation of the PSS approach through public policies. The article argues that policies that establish the framework conditions for environmental improvement are preferable to detailed legislation as they favour environmentally superior PSS. However, there is also a need for more specifically targeted policy measures that stimulate knowledge creation and dissemination in the PSS area. This article suggests that informative policy measures should be used by authorities and reviews the results from the functional programme of the Swedish EPA as an example of this type of policy. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
10.	Mont, Oksana, et al. (författare) Transferring cleaner production to Eastern Europe: experiences from Cleaner Production Training Programme in Roslavl, Russia, 1998 1999 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 7:4, s. 307-311 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Environmental issues still have low priority within industries and universities in countries from the former Soviet Union. There is a weak link between academic R&D and industrial application, which leads to innovative retardation and economic backwardness. A short course conducted by IIIEE in Russia introduced Cleaner Production (CP) to both audiences and helped to gain some valuable insight into these problems. CP is a discipline that should be introduced to all universities. It gives an opportunity to establish an industry-university link and has many attractive features for both academia and industry. CP, as a discipline, has little dependence on students' background, requires multidisciplinary group work, motivates personal responsibility, provides an ability to analyse problems and synthesise solutions and it is appreciated in all industrial sectors since it has substantial potential for economic benefits. This paper proposes an example of how CP can bring together academia and industry and lead to mutual benefits.
11.	Nilsson, Helen, et al. (författare) Special issue - Sustainable agriculture 2004 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 12:5, s. 457-460 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
12.	Nilsson, Helen, et al. (författare) The use of eco-labeling like initiatives on food products to promote quality assurance - is there enough credibility? 2004 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 12:5, s. 517-526 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The development of this paper was inspired by the increase in the number of different eco-label like quality assurance schemes established in the European Union in the past few years. These schemes are flooding the market and the researchers raise the question, is there enough credibility in these schemes? This piece of research is based on 58 eco-labeling like food schemes and dissects them into the building blocks of the different factors that makes a scheme credible and analyses the structure of these blocks as well as a literature survey on the perceptions of both the consumers and producers to these schemes. The sort of credibility structure that the building blocks of the schemes (ownership, stakeholder dialogue, traceability, transparency, etc.) have created was discussed and it was questioned if they meet the expectations of the consumers. The main findings of the research indicate that although small groups of consumers may be satisfied with a number of the different schemes, the majority of them fall short of providing a credible quality assurance scheme. Improvements were suggested such as involving a more diverse range of stakeholders and expanding the responsibility of processors and retailers. An alternative to the current form of labeling is also discussed.
13.	Nilsson, Helen (författare) What are the possible influences affecting the future environmental agricultural policy in the European Union? An investigation into the main factors 2004 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 12:5, s. 461-468 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper is built on a summary of the findings of a research report, entitled 'European Common Agricultural Policy: An analysis of the main factors affecting its future environmental policy', which aimed to identify and examine the main factors that could influence the development of the environmental policy of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the future. After the analysis of different factors that were recognised as being possible influences (e.g. GMOs, Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol etc.) three main factors were identified that could influence policy development; these were: the World Trade Organisation and the on-going negotiations concerning the Agreement on Agriculture, and the expansion/enlargement of the European Union, the greening of the agricultural agenda, including concepts such as rural development and the increasing interest in organic farming. The conclusion reached by the research was that the World Trade Organisation has the potential to cause the biggest influence on the future environmental policy of the CAP. The issue of the enlargement of the European Union was seen as the chance for development of the industry in both the current members and the candidate countries. It was also found that the greening debate will continue to develop and influence policy in the future in combination with the other factors.
14.	Andersson, Per, et al. (författare) Towards a framework for ecological stategic change in business networks 2002 Ingår i: Journal of cleaner production. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1879-1786 .- 0959-6526. ; 10:5, s. 465-478 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of the paper is to identify major strategic issues for a firm aiming for change towards ecologically sustainable activities in its network. One purpose is to develop and apply a theoretical approach that takes the strategic actions of the firm and its network context into consideration. Empirically, the aim is to identify, describe and categorize various strategic issues when an actor aims to introduce waste recycling activities in its network. The framework is applied to a case describing a food retail chain’s ecological re-positioning in a system for the recycling of waste. The paper identifies a set of strategic issues including managerial implications for a firm that takes on the role of change agent in its industrial network.
15.	Baas, Leo (författare) Cleaner production and industrial ecosystems, a Dutch experience 1998 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 6:3-4, s. 189-197 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article opens briefly with the recent discussions about the effectiveness of pollution prevention. As pollution prevention and cleaner production are important elements of industrial ecology, the different definitions and approaches of industrial ecology as a term also need clarity. The major part of this article reflects the first results of the cleaner production and industrial ecology concepts, applied in an industrial ecosystem project (INES) in the Rotterdam harbour area. In this industrial area with many refineries and (petro)chemical facilities, the possibilities for companies to reuse waste streams, by-products and energy from each other was researched. The project was initiated by an industrial association. Sixty-nine members of the industrial association joined the INES project and provided confidential information about their resources, products and waste streams to the research team. Based on this information, 15 projects were designed. The selected three projects for further feasibility studies showed the potency to reduce the use of energy, water and bio sludge significantly.
16.	Baas, Leo W. (författare) Cleaner Production: beyond projects 1995 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 3:1-2, s. 55-59 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Empirical research has revealed that, despite the positive results of many Cleaner Production case studies, in practice relatively little spontaneous spreading of the application of Cleaner Production approaches occurs. A new paradigm must replace the one used over the past 25 years of environmental protection activities, which focused upon carrying on the 'normal' ways of production and adding 'cleaning' technologies later, as needed. In many companies, this 'normal' practice still goes on today, while the new Cleaner Production awareness, which demands new practices and a new paradigm, has not been accepted by them or by most government officials. This paper reflects on the developments in Cleaner Production and Products research within the past few years.
17.	Baas, Leenard. W, et al. (författare) Four years of experience with Erasmus University's “International Off-Campus PhD programme on cleaner production, cleaner products, industrial ecology and sustainability” 2000 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 8:5, s. 425-431 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper describes the first four years' experiences with Erasmus University's “International Off-Campus PhD Programme on Cleaner Production, Cleaner Products, Industrial Ecology and Sustainability.” The proposal for this innovative, off-campus programme was made in 1992, in response to expanding needs for providing environmental professionals the opportunity to continue their employment and to simultaneously work toward fulfilling the requirements of a PhD. After receiving approval and initial financial support from the Board of Deans of Erasmus University, the first INTENSIVE (INTENSIVE is the term used to describe the annual, two-week long training programme within which the new PhD candidates, as well as those who have been in the programme for a year or more, meet to learn more about the rapidly evolving areas addressed by the programme and to report on progress made in each candidate's PhD thesis research. The Erasmus faculty and invited supportive co-advisors and other visiting scholars contribute to the scholarly input and candidate guidance.) of the new International PhD Programme was held in October 1995. Since then the programme has expanded and progressed. As of the academic year 1998/1999, twenty-one PhD candidates from eleven countries in five continents were actively pursuing their PhD research and thesis development within the Programme. Six new candidates were admitted during the November 1999 INTENSIVE.
18.	Baumann, Henrikke, 1964, et al. (författare) Life cycle assessment: A comparison of three methods for impact analysis and evaluation 1994 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 2:1, s. 13-20 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract For the evaluation of data resulting from the inventory stage of a life cycle assessment, two sets of environmental indices based on Swedish data have been calculated according to the ‘ecological scarcity method’ and the ‘environmental theme method’. These are compared with indices from the method for ‘environmental priority strategies in product design’. The relative importance of CO2, SO2 and NOx in the three evaluation methods, expressed as index ratios CO2:SO2:NOx′ was calculated to be 1:200:250, 1:220:350 and 1:150:6100, respectively. Additional index comparisons are presented. Differences in the results from the three methods depend on effects considered, how the algorithms are constructed, and background data. The discussion focuses on similarities and differences in mathematical expressions and on the evaluation of certain substances.
19.	Björklund, Anna, et al. (författare) Evaluating a municipal waste management plan using ORWARE 1999 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 7:4, s. 271-280 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Environmental consequences of implementing Uppsala's waste management plan have been analysed using ORWARE, a computerized static substance flow model based on life cycle assessment methodology. Normalizing emissions from waste management to total emission loadings in the municipality was tested as a means to improve the evaluation. It was found that anaerobic digestion of biodegradable waste can reduce net environmental impact, while large-scale composting either increases environmental impact or gives less reduction than anaerobic digestion. In either case, metal contamination of digester sludge or compost may limit the feasibility of the systems. Increased materials recycling has the potential of reducing environmental impact, provided that processing of recycled materials causes equal or less environmental impact than extraction and processing of virgin raw materials. Normalization showed that all impact categories were of roughly equal importance. It was shown that easy accessible data published by a Swedish municipality were sufficient to do a relatively comprehensive normalization.
20.	Boons, F. A. A., et al. (författare) Types of industrial ecology: The problem of coordination 1997 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 5:1-2, s. 79-86 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Industrial ecology initiatives have in common the fact that they cross company boundaries, necessitating the coordination of the activities of several economic actors. This article focusses on this coordination problem. Based on organizational sociological concepts, four types ofindustrial ecology activities are distinguished. Each has its own characteristic coordination problem. From this typology, conclusions are drawn concerning the way in which industrial ecology initiatives can, and should, be stimulated.
21.	Cederberg, Christel, et al. (författare) Life cycle assessment of milk production : A comparison of conventional and organic farming 2000 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 8:1, s. 49-60 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An LCA was performed on organic and conventional milk production at the farm level in Sweden. In the study, special focus was aimed at substance flows in concentrate feed production and nutrient flows on the farms. The different feeding strategies in the two forms of production, influence several impact categories. The import of feed by conventional dairy farms often leads to a substantial input of phosphorus and nitrogen. Organic milk production is a way to reduce pesticide use and mineral surplus in agriculture but this production form also requires substantially more farmland than conventional production. For Swedish conditions, however, a large use of grassland for grazing ruminants is regarded positively since this type of arable land use promotes the domestic environmental goals of biodiversity and aesthetic values.
22.	Gäbel, Karin, 1969, et al. (författare) The design and building of a lifecycle-based process model for simulating environmental performance, product performance and cost in cement manufacturing 2004 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 12:1, s. 77-93 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract State of the art lifecycle inventory (LCI) models are typically used to relate resource use and emissions to manufacturing and use of a certain product. Corresponding software tools are generally specialised to perform normalisation of the flows to the functional unit. In some cases it is, however, desirable to make use of the LCI model for other types of environmental assessments. In this paper, an alternative modelling technique resulting in a more flexible model is investigated. We exemplify the above by designing and building a model of a cement plant. The commissioner's, in this case Cementa AB's, requirements on a flexible model that generates information on environmental performance, product performance and the economic cost were seen as important. The work reported here, thus, has two purposes: on the one hand, to explore the possibility of building more flexible LCI models, and on the other hand, to provide the commissioner with a model that fulfils their needs and requirements. Making use of a calculational a-causal and object-oriented modelling approach satisfied the commissioner's special requirements on flexibility in terms of modularity and the types of calculations it was possible to perform. In addition, this model supports non-linear and dynamic elements for future use. The result is a model that can be used for a number of purposes, such as assessment of cement quality and environmental performance of the process using alternative fuels. It is also shown that by using the above modelling approach, flexibility and modularity can be greatly enhanced. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
23.	Mattsson, Berit, et al. (författare) Agricultural land use in life cycle assessment (LCA) : Case studies of three vegetable oil crops 2000 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 8:4, s. 283-292 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A method for environmental assessment of agricultural land use is outlined. Environmental objectives and indicators of the land use quality are defined. The method is tested in case studies of cultivated vegetable oil crops: Swedish rape seed, Brazilian soybean and Malaysian oil palm. The results from this study lead us to bclieve that the indicators soil erosion, soil organic matter, soil structure, soil pH, phosphorus and potassium status of the soil, and the impact on biodiversity are a good choice of indicators. These indicators would give a good picture of long-term soil fertility and biodiversity. However, taking them together involves results that are a mix of quantitative and qualitative information, which makes it difficult to aggregate in an acceptable way. Therefore, land use assessment performed in this way includes not only quantitative results but also qualitative descriptions.A method is developed for addressing agricultural land use in life cycle assessment. Based on a set of environmental objectives, a series of quantifiable variables is selected as indicators of the sustainability of the production capacity of agricultural land. These include: soil erosion, hydrology, soil organic matter, soil structure, soil pH, heavy-metal accumulation, phosphorus and potassium contents, biodiversity, and landscape aesthetic value. As illustration, three case studies are presented, involving rape seed production in Sweden, soybean production in Brazil, and oil palm production in Malaysia.
24.	Sonesson, Ulf, et al. (författare) Environmental impact of future milk supply chains in Sweden : A scenario study 2003 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 11:3, s. 253-266 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this study was to analyse the environmental impact of future supply chains for dairy products. A scenario technique was chosen because scenarios can yield information about the environmental consequences of certain lines of action or developments in a system. To quantify the effects of future systems, a mathematical model of the milk supply chain was constructed and used to simulate possible scenarios. The model was based mainly on life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The results show that any consideration of the environmental effects of the milk supply chain must consider the entire chain. The amount of packaging materials used is an important factor, as is the transportation of the dairy products to households. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
25.	Tillman, Anne-Marie, 1958, et al. (författare) Choice of system boundaries in life cycle assessment 1994 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 2:1, s. 21-29 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract System boundaries in life cycle assessments (LCA) must be specified in several dimensions: boundaries between the technological system and nature, delimitations of the geographical area and time horizon considered, boundaries between production and production of capital goods and boundaries between the life cycle of the product studied and related life cycles of other products. Principles for choice of system boundaries are discussed, especially concerning the last dimension. Three methods for defining the contents of the analysed system in this respect are described: process tree, technological whole system and socio-economic whole system. The methods are described in the application's multi-output processes and cascade recycling, and examples are discussed. It is concluded that system boundaries must be relevant in relation to the purpose of an LCA, that processes outside the process tree in many cases have more influence on the result than details within the process tree, and that the different methods need to be further compared in practice and evaluated with respect to both relevance, feasibility and uncertainty.
26.	Ziegler, Friederike, et al. (författare) Emissions from fuel combustion in Swedish cod fishery 2003 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 11:3, s. 303-314 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study presents emission data (CO2, NOx, CO, HC and SOx) for fishing vessels, calculated per kg of cod landed by Swedish fishermen. Three scenarios are included; one reflecting the fishery and fleet of 1999, one assuming modern engine technology and, finally, a future scenario assuming a slight increase in the use of passive gear (seines and long-lines) and pair trawls instead of single trawls, lower fishing effort and lower emission levels. The effects on the results of different allocation strategies for landed by-catches are evaluated. Data was gathered from official fishery statistics and engine emission data from one of the major manufacturers of marine diesels. Fuel consumption data for otter trawling and gillnet fishing was obtained by having fishermen fill out a questionnaire. The results include emission calculations for gillnet fishing and trawling, and indicate lower emissions per kg of cod caught for gillnet fishing, due to lower fuel consumption. Considerable options for decreasing fuel consumption and emissions produced in cod fisheries through changes in technology and fisheries policy were concluded from this work. Choosing allocation method was shown to be important for the final results, especially in mixed, high-value target fisheries. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
27.	Zobel, Thomas, et al. (författare) Factors of importance in identification and assessment of environmental aspects in an EMS context : experiences in Swedish organizations 2004 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 12:1, s. 13-27 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Research is lacking on the process of identification and assessment of environmental aspects in an environmental management system (EMS) context. The aim of this paper is to contribute knowledge by identifying factors of importance for the process that can be used as a basis when developing existing methods for identification and assessment of environmental aspects. The empirical base is quantitative and qualitative data from 46 ISO 14001-certified or EMAS-registered organizations from three counties in Sweden. Problem areas are also identified through a review of the concept literature in the EMS area. Six important areas where the identification and assessment process can be improved are identified: the definition of environmental aspects, the procedures for update of aspects, the aggregation of aspects, the exclusion of business considerations in the assessment, employee and stakeholder participation, and the competence levels of people involved in the process. Since the empirical data is taken from Swedish organizations, the results of this study are valid for Swedish conditions and may not be valid for other countries.
28.	Zobel, Thomas, et al. (författare) Identification and assessment of environmental aspects in an EMS context : an approach to a new reproducible method based on LCA methodology 2002 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 10:4, s. 381-396 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Identification and assessment of environmental aspects are crucial to an environmental management system, since significant aspects are decisive for other parts of the system. Stringency and transparency in identification and assessment are necessary if this process is to be reproducible. Reproducibility is in turn important for the credibility of the entire management system. A survey of the identification and assessment processes within the integrated forest product company Stora Enso has shown inadequacies regarding the reproducibility. Positive features and areas of improvement have been identified. The results of the survey are the basis for the development of a new, more reproducible method. This paper includes an approach for this new method that focuses on the identification process. The method is based on life cycle assessment methodology according to the international standards ISO 14040-42 and the documentation format in ISO 14048. The environmental aspects are aggregated in a classification and characterisation into impact categories. The categories are then used as operations environmental performance indicators
29.	Aagaard, Annabeth, et al. (författare) Mapping the types of business experimentation in creating sustainable value : A case study of cleantech start-ups 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 279 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this study, business experimentation for sustainable value creation is explored through seven cleantech start-ups by applying the systemic combining approach. The findings reveal novel descriptions of six different business experimentation types. The study also advances our theoretical understanding of how the specific roles of learning, signaling, and convincing dominate each of the experimentation types differently and how each type of business experimentation has a distinct purpose. Furthermore, our findings propose how business experimentation types can be applied as a continuum as part of the cleantech start-ups’ sustainable value creation process. Hence, our study contributes theoretically to our understanding of business experimentation for sustainable value creation and how the different types are applied in cleantech start-ups. We conclude our treatise with managerial implications and outline fruitful future research avenues.
30.	Abbasi, Mahmoud (författare) Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanocomposite of chitosan/SiO2/carbon nanotubes and its application for dyes removal 2017 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 145, s. 105-113 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The adsorption characteristics of Direct Blue 71 (DB71) and Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) from aqueous solution onto novel magnetic nanocomposite of Chitosan/SiO2/CNTs (MNCSC) have been investigated. The morphology of MNCSC was characterized by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial pH as experimental parameters on the removal of dyes were investigated. The adsorption experiments indicated the maximum adsorption capacity occurred at pH 6.8 for DB71 and pH 2.0 for RB19. The experimental data were analyzed by isotherm models and equilibrium results were fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity of the MNCSM was determined to be 61.35 mg/g for DB71 (R-2 = 0.996) and 97.08 mg/g for RB19 (R-2 = 0.998). Adsorption data were analyzed with three kinetics models and pseudo second-order equation could best describe for adsorption of dyes. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters were determined. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
31.	Abdullah Asif, Farazee Mohammad, et al. (författare) Multi-method simulation based tool to evaluate economic and environmental performance of circular product systems 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 139, s. 1261-1281 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose: The transition from linear to circular product systems is a big step for any organization. This may require an organization to change the way it does business, designs product and manages supply chain. As these three areas are interdependent, bringing change in one area will influence the others, for instance, changing the business model from conventional sales to leasing will demand changes in both product design and the supply chain. At the same time, it is essential for an organization to anticipate the economic and environmental impact of all changes before it may decide to implement the circular product systems. However, there is no tool available today that can assess economic and environmental performance of circular product systems. The purpose of this research is to develop a multi-method simulation based tool that can help to evaluate economic and environmental performance of circular product systems. Method: The conceptual models that are used to develop the tool have been formulated based on review of the state-of-the-art research. System Dynamics (SD) and Agent Based (AB) principles have been used to create the simulation model which has been implemented in Anylogic software platform. Originality: This research presents the first multi-method simulation based tool that can evaluate economic and environmental performance of circular product systems. Findings: Multi-method simulation technique is useful in designing dynamic simulation model that takes into consideration mutual interactions among critical factors of business model, product design and supply chain. It also allows predicting system's behaviour and its influence on the economic and environmental performance of circular product systems.
32.	Abrahamsson Lindeblad, Peter, et al. (författare) Organisational effects of virtual meetings 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; , s. 1-11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Virtual meetings (VMs), i.e. audio-, video- and web-conferencing, could be used to decrease the environmental impact of business activities, reduce travel costs, increase business mobility and collaboration, and improve flexibility and productivity of the employees. Swedish national policy supports the implementation of VMs as one of the solutions towards low carbon infrastructure and sustainable transportation. There are, however, uncertainties and disagreements about the organisational effects of the increased VM use. This article explores the potential effects that VMs may have on an organisation. It does so by examining the presence and strength of these effects in a number of public and private organisations in Sweden. Data has been collected through a literature review and 23 in-depth interviews complemented by a survey in three organisations. The results are analysed with a special focus on seeking explanations for diverging opinions among the respondents and in the literature. The findings indicate that organisational effects of VMs depend on the following factors: organisational perception of the virtual toolbox, behaviour and rebound effects, and the organisation's virtual maturity. The later refers to the penetration and diversity of the collaborative tools used in the organisation and is divided into three stages: substitution, diffusion and integration. As the use of VMs grows in the organisation, different effects will emerge and eventually subside.
33.	Abu-Ghunmi, Diana, et al. (författare) Circular economy and the opportunity cost of not 'closing the loop' of water industry : the case of Jordan 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 131, s. 228-236 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The water industry is moving from an end-of-pipe approach consistent with the linear economic model to a circular approach consistent with the circular economy model. The economic dimension of wastewater circularity has not received the attention that other dimensions have; this study attempts to fill this research gap by studying the economic dimension, in order to estimate the net opportunity cost of a non-circular water industry The financial and environmental benefits of treating wastewater, along with the associated operating and capital costs, are calculated to arrive at the opportunity cost and the 'closing the loop charge'. The analytical results reveal an estimated net opportunity cost of 643 million Jordanian dinar (JOD) (907 million US$) if the option not to go circular is chosen, with JOD 212 million (US$ 299 million) of this amount currently squandered. Furthermore, this indicates an average 'closing the loop charge' of JOD0.70/m(3) ($1.0/m(3)), which represents the average shadow price of the associated environmental externalities. Having thus shown a strong economic case for the circular model in the water industry, movements in all economic sectors to adhere to this model appear to be highly desirable.
34.	Adu, Cynthia, et al. (författare) Properties of cellulose nanofibre networks prepared from never-dried and dried paper mill sludge 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 197:1, s. 765-771 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Paper mills yield large volumes of sludge materials which pose an environmental and economic challenge for disposal, despite the fact that they could be a valuable source for cellulose nanofibres (CNF) production. The aim of the study was to evaluate the production process and properties of CNF prepared by mechanical fibrillation of never-dried and dried paper mill sludge (PMS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that average diameters for both never-dried and dried paper sludge nanofibres (PSNF) were less than 50 nm. The never-dried and dried sludge nanofibres showed no statistical significant difference (p > 0.05) in strength 92 MPa, and 85 MPa and modulus 11 GPa and 10 GPa. The study concludes that paper mill sludge can be used in a dried state for CNF production to reduce transportation and storage challenges posed on industrial scale.
35.	Agar, David, et al. (författare) Surplus forest biomass - The cost of utilisation through optimised logistics and fuel upgrading in northern Sweden 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 275 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In order to achieve a net zero emission economy by 2045, Sweden’s inland biomass resources are under examination. Large amounts of forest biomass in the north of the country are not utilised. In this study, resource mapping of surplus forest biomass, (logging residues, tree stumps and mill by-products) is carried out according to ecological harvesting restrictions to determine the annual potential of this resource. Using a network of terminals, optimised supply chains are used to determine the cost of feedstock supply and upgrading of biomass to value-added torrefied pellets. The results indicate that the total biomass surplus is 5.75 Mt (dry mass), representing a forested procurement area half the size of Sweden (224 500 km2). The surplus represents two per cent of Sweden’s annual energy consumption and 60 % of its coal and coke use. Aggregation of the existing terminal network results in 274 to 1611 kt of biomass (dry mass) supplied to ten terminals. Supply and upgrading costs at the terminals reflect a trade-off between the size of procurement area and the scale of upgrading; a large plant capacity corresponds to a low upgrading cost but a large supply cost and vice versa. The lowest supply cost is 79 € t−1 (dry mass) of feedstock and the upgrading capacity ranges from 86 to 1310 kt (dry mass). Utilisation of the surplus would require an effective energy cost range of 27–37 € MWh−1 exclusive of delivery cost to the end user and operational profits – corresponding to a minimum torrefied pellet price of 131 € t−1. Though much higher than other solid fuels, the energy price is comparable to that of natural gas. The results of this study have importance for legislation supporting EU and Swedish energy policy objectives.
36.	Ahl, Amanda, et al. (författare) Balancing formal and informal success factors perceived by supply chain stakeholders : A study of woody biomass energy systems in Japan 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 175, s. 50-59 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Small-scale woody biomass energy systems have an inherent ability to aid in emissions reduction while stimulating local economies and, as collective energy systems, are strongly connected to supply chain design based on local conditions and stakeholder integration. Despite an abundance of forest area alongside the promotion of biomass in energy policies, however, woody biomass utilization still remains low in Japan. The woody biomass supply chain, considered as a socio-technical system, involves a complex, cross-sectoral stakeholder network in which inter-organizational dynamics necessitates well-organized management based on an understanding of formal factors such as technology, as well as informal factors such as social relations and culture. In this paper, success factor perceptions from across the woody biomass supply chain are investigated based on semi-structured interviews with four stakeholders in the Kyushu region of Japan. Identified success factors here are: 1) respect of values & traditions, 2) transportation infrastructure, 3) business model integration, 4) relationship & trust, 5) local vitalization and 6) biomass quality control. A convergence as well as divergence of perceptions are observed, involving both formal and informal dimensions. Aiming to balance perceptions and to enable long-term success of woody biomass in Japan, a series of policy implications are drawn, including cross-ministerial integration, knowledge building on wood logistics, forest certification, local coordinators, biomass quality control standards and a feed-in-tariff for heat. This paper suggests a new arena of policy-making based on the importance of considering both informal and formal dimensions in energy policy.
37.	Ahlroth, Sofia, et al. (författare) Ecovalue08-A new valuation set for environmental systems analysis tools 2011 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 19:17-18, s. 1994-2003 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In environmental systems analysis tools such as cost-benefit analysis (CBA), life-cycle assessment (LCA) and Environmental Management Systems (EMS), weighting is often used to aggregate results and compare different alternatives. There are several weighting sets available, but so far there is no set that consistently use monetary values based on actual or hypothetical market valuation of environmental degradation and depletion. In this paper, we develop a weighting set where the values are based on willingness-to-pay estimates for environmental quality, and market values for resource depletion. The weighting set is applied to three case studies and the outcome is compared with the outcomes from three other weighting sets. Ecotax02, Ecoindicator99 and EPS2000. We find that the different sets give different results in many cases. The reason for this is partly that they are based on different values and thus should give different results. However, the differences can also be explained by data gaps and different methodological choices. If weighting sets are used, it is also important to use several to reduce the risk of overlooking important impacts due to data gaps. It is also interesting to note that though Ecovalue08 and Ecotax02 give different absolute values, the results are very similar in relative terms. Thus the political and the individual willingness-to-pay estimates yield a similar ranking of the impacts.
38.	Ahlroth, Sofia, et al. (författare) Weighting and valuation in selected environmental systems analysis tools - suggestions for further developments 2011 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 19:2-3, s. 145-156 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In environmental systems analysis tools like Life Cycle Assessment, strategic environmental assessment, cost benefit analysis and environmental management systems, results need to be presented in a comprehensible way to make alternatives easily comparable. One way of doing this is to aggregate results to a manageable set by using weighting methods.. In this paper, we explore how weighting methods are used in some selected Environmental Systems Analysis Tools (ESATs), and suggest possible developments of their use. We examine the differences in current use patterns, discuss the reasons for and implications of such differences, and investigate whether observed differences in use are necessary. The result of our survey shows that weighting and valuation is broadly used in the examined ESATs. The use of weighting/valuation methods is different in different tools, but these differences are not always related to the application; rather, they are related to traditions and views on valuation and weighting. Also, although the requirements on the weights/values may differ between tools, there are intersections where they coincide. Monetary weights, using either endpoint or midpoint methods, are found to be useful in all the selected tools. Furthermore, the inventory shows that that there is a common need for generic sets of weights. There is a need for further research focusing on the development of consistent value sets derived with a wide range of methods. In parallel to the development of weighting methods it is important with critical evaluations of the weighting sets with regard to scientific quality, consistency and data gaps.
39.	Aid, Graham, et al. (författare) Looplocal - a heuristic visualization tool to support the strategic facilitation of industrial symbiosis 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 98, s. 328-335 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Industrial symbiosis (IS) developments have been differentiated as self-organized, facilitated, and planned. This article introduces a tool, Looplocal, which has been built with objectives to support the strategic facilitation of IS. Looplocal is a visualization tool built to assist in 1) Simplifying the identification of regions susceptible to new industrial symbiosis facilitation activities 2) Enabling proactive and targeted marketing of potential exchanges to key actors in specific regions and 3) Assisting facilitators to assess the various strategies and consequential engagement and analysis methodologies suitable for additional IS development in specific regions. The tool compares industrial symbiosis data and estimated regional material and energy flows (on a facility level) to identify potential IS transfer information along with key stakeholder and network data. The authors have performed a proof of concept run of this tool on Sweden. In its early stages of application the method has given results seen as useful for identifying regions susceptible to the investment of symbiosis facilitators' time and resources. The material focus and customization possibilities for the tool show potential for a spectrum of potential facilitators: from waste management companies to national or regional authorities. In conjunction with long term business models, such a tool might be utilized throughout an adaptive chain of facilitation activities and aims.
40.	Airike, Peppi-Emilia, et al. (författare) Corporate motives for multi-stakeholder collaboration- corporate social responsibility in the electronics supply chains 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 131, s. 639-648 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The issue of "conflict minerals" has received global attention and various attempts have been made to resolve this issue. This qualitative study explored the multi-stakeholder collaboration approach for addressing complex corporate social responsibility issues in global supply chains, using the case of the electronics industry. Perceived corporate motives and challenges to engaging in multi-stakeholder collaboration and dialogue were explored based on empirical data obtained through in-depth, semi structured interviews with management representatives for three case companies. The main motives expressed for participating in multi-stakeholder collaboration by representatives of the case companies were primarily linked to the complex nature of the conflict minerals problem and the fact that a diverse set of stakeholders is needed to achieve solutions. However, this diversity of stakeholders and perspectives also poses challenges for the case companies. Overall, the findings emphasise the importance of a collective approach when addressing complex social responsibility issues that reach beyond traditional company boundaries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
41.	Alayón, Claudia, et al. (författare) Conceptual sustainable production principles in practice : Do they reflect what companies do? 2017 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 141, s. 693-701 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A common understanding of sustainable production principles and the identification of sustainable manufacturing practices among practitioners are key starting points in studying how manufacturers are making their operations more sustainable. However, there is a lack of insight in the literature connecting conceptual sustainable production principles, and the practices reflecting these principles. Using semi-structured interviews founded on the sustainable production principles posed by the Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, this paper presents an outlook of how companies in different industries carry out manufacturing practices related to the sustainability production principles. Results showed that the majority of sustainable manufacturing practices remain strongly centered on the environmental dimension of sustainability, with the greatest number of practices emanating from principles concerning energy and material conservation, and waste management. Similarly, reactive sustainable manufacturing practices prevailed over proactive sustainable manufacturing practices, as most of the practices aimed to comply with regulatory and market pressures. Quality and environmental management systems were acknowledged as important tools for putting sustainable production principles into practice; while Swedish environmental and social regulations were found to drive sustainable manufacturing practices. This study connects sustainable production principles with sustainable manufacturing practices and opens the way for further studies on a global or sector-specific scale.
42.	Albler, F. J., et al. (författare) A comparison of two methods of recovering cobalt from a deep eutectic solvent: Implications for battery recycling 2017 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 167, s. 806-814 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Progress towards a sustainable industrial process for the recycling of unwanted batteries using a deep eutectic solvent is presented. The effect of lactate anions on the recovery of metals from chloride media by extraction by a lipophilic chloride ionic liquid has been investigated with using solvent extraction experiments with a special emphasis on the behaviour of cobalt and nickel. A new solvent extraction system for the recovery of both cobalt and nickel from acidic (lactic acid) media is presented. The relative impacts of the new extraction system and an aliquat system on both workplace air and the wider environment are compared. The new system was found to pose a smallet threat to both workers and the environment.
43.	Aldenius, Malin, et al. (författare) Strategic use of green public procurement in the bus sector: Challenges and opportunities 2017 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 164, s. 250-257 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
44.	Alemrajabi, Mahmood, et al. (författare) Upgrading of a rare earth phosphate concentrate within the nitrophosphate process 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 198, s. 551-563 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In the nitrophosphate process of fertilizer production, rare earth elements (REE) can be recovered as a REE phosphate concentrate. In this process, after digestion of apatite in concentrated nitric acid, Ca(NO3)2.4H2O is first separated by cooling crystallization and then the REE are precipitated in phosphate form by a partial neutralization step using ammonia. The obtained REE phosphate concentrate is contaminated by mainly calcium and iron, and the main solid phases are CaHPO4.2H2O, FePO4.2H2O and REEPO4.nH2O.In this study, a process to obtain a concentrate more enriched with REE with low concentration of calcium and iron and free of phosphorous is developed. In the developed process, enrichment and dephosphorization of the rare earth phosphate concentrate has been achieved by selective dissolution and re-precipitation of the REE as a sodium REE double sulfate salt. It is shown that by selective dissolution of the REE concentrate in nitric acid at a pH of 2.4, most of the calcium and phosphorus are dissolved, and a solid phase more enriched in REE is obtained. Thereafter, the REE phosphate concentrate is first dissolved in a mixture of sulfuric-phosphoric acid and then the REE are reprecipitated as NaREE(SO4)2.H2O by addition of a sodium salt. More than 95% of the Ca, Fe and P are removed and a REE concentrate containing almost 30 mass% total REE is obtained.
45.	Aliahmad, Abdulhamid, et al. (författare) Knowledge evolution within human urine recycling technological innovation system (TIS): Focus on technologies for recovering plant-essential nutrients 2022 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 379 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Adopting urine-recycling technologies can support a transition to circular nutrient management systems. Although these technologies have been developed since the 1990s, their large-scale implementation remains limited. From a technological innovation system (TIS) perspective, "knowledge development and diffusion" is a critical function in the development phase. Yet, available methods in the literature to evaluate this function are not standardized. Hence, this study aims to fill this literature gap by developing a novel multi-criteria framework for evaluating knowledge functions. Several characteristics of emerging technologies are reflected in the criteria, including the rate of growth, novelty, diffusion, and relationship to incumbent systems. The knowledge base was measured by bibliometric analysis of publications obtained from comprehensive mapping. Results showed that the rate of publications and knowledge diffusion increased sharply in 2011-2021 compared to 1990-2010. However, the function still has insufficiency in some criteria. The lack of innovation in scientific research and the diversification of technologies were found to be impediments. The analysis also identified the lock-in of con-ventional technologies and centralized infrastructures in terms of publication dominance as another impediment. For the TIS to be legitimate and to grow, more pilot-scale implementations at a higher level are recommended to demonstrate that the technology works in practice.
46.	Aliahmad, Abdulhamid, et al. (författare) Urine recycling - Diffusion barriers and upscaling potential; case studies from Sweden and Switzerland 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 414 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this study, we explored why urine recycling systems have failed to gain wide-scale expansion despite their high potential for food and fertilizer security. Additionally, we examined the future perception of urine recycling in Sweden and Switzerland, as these two countries are at the forefront of technological advancement. Along with identifying barriers, we also proposed pathways for overcoming those barriers and achieving the upscale. The analysis was conducted using the technological innovation (TIS) approach, which is technology-focused, i.e., revolves around emerging technologies. Additionally, the study provides a methodological contribution to the innovation systems research by employing the Delphi method in conjunction with urine recycling experts to enforce transparency and prevent bias in the analysis. For urine recycling to overcome its current challenges, actors must work collectively. There needs to be a combination of top-down and bottom-up efforts to achieve the upscaling pathways. Lobbying and knowledge provision are necessary to adjust the current regulatory framework in a manner that provides public and private incentives. For urine recycling to diffuse and break into the mainstream market, we must move beyond enthusiasts, innovators, and niche markets into the mass market (ordinary people); dedicated service providers can facilitate this process. Pilot projects have been found integral to urine recycling upscaling. Future work could conduct life cycle assessments on existing pilot projects to understand the environmental and economic performance of urine recycling systems when scaled up.
47.	Alipour, Nazanin, et al. (författare) Release of micro- and nanoparticles from a polypropylene/clay nanocomposite, a methodology for controlled degradation and evaluation 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 319 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A methodology was developed for qualitative assessment and characterisation of particle losses from nanocomposites during service life. The methodology can be generalised to other systems where the material fragments during ageing and can be extended to quantitative analysis. A chamber was constructed for ageing of selected materials, which enabled effective collection and subsequent analysis of released particles. A combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was found to be suitable for characterising particles in terms of size, shape and content. The methodology was tested on a common nanoclay composite with polypropylene as the matrix. There was no need for physical/mechanical wear to generate particles, slow flow of air and elevated temperature led to cracking and fragmentation of the material, and subsequent release of nanocomposite particles containing embedded or protruding clay. The release of pure clay particles and polypropylene particles was also detected. Using the methodology, it was observed that even in ‘mild’ degradation conditions (pure thermo-oxidation with no wear), fillers and nanocomposite particles can be released to the environment, which is an environmental and health concern. © 2021 The Authors
48.	Allwood, J. M., et al. (författare) An approach to scenario analysis of the sustainability of an industrial sector applied to clothing and textiles in the UK 2008 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 16:12, s. 1234-1246 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Companies aiming to be 'sustainability leaders' in their sector and governments wanting to support their ambitions need a means to assess the changes required to make a significant difference in the impact of their whole sector. Previous work on scenario analysis/scenario planning demonstrates extensive developments and applications, but as yet few attempts to integrate the 'triple bottom line' concerns of sustainability into scenario planning exercises. This paper, therefore, presents a methodology for scenario analysis of large change to an entire sector. The approach includes calculation of a 'triple bottom line graphic equaliser' to allow exploration and evaluation of the trade-offs between economic, environmental and social impacts. The methodology is applied to the UK's clothing and textiles sector, and results from the study of the sector are summarised. In reflecting on the specific study, some suggestions are made about future application of a similar methodology, including a template of candidate solutions that may lead to significant reduction in impacts.
49.	Almaqtari, Faozi A., et al. (författare) The impact of board characteristics on environmentally friendly production: A cross country study in Asia and Europe 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - USA : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 392 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The present study investigates the impact of board characteristics on environmentally friendly production. The current research uses secondary data extracted from the Refinitiv Eikon database. The data is extracted from the database for a sample of 8094 corporates from 2 continents, Asia and Europe, from 2016 to 2021. Panel data analysis with fixed effect models is used to estimate the results. The findings reveal that board size, independence, and industry expertise significantly impact environmentally friendly production. The results also indicate that board diversity correlates positively with environmentally friendly production in European corporates but negatively in Asian corporates. Findings show that the moderating role of environmental teams has a greater interaction effect with board characteristics in Europe than in Asia. Finally, the results also show that higher environmental performance and environmental, social, and governance scores lead to higher levels of environmentally friendly production. The study has valuable insights and implications for board members, practitioners, academicians, and policymakers. Further, the study contributes to the strand literature by investigating the role of environmental teams on the relationship between board characteristics and environmentally friendly production. The findings are supported by agency, legitimacy, and stakeholder theories, which contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between board characteristics and environmentally friendly production. The evidence about this issue is still unknown and critical, particularly in the context of developing countries where there is a lack of regulatory enforcement related to environmental, social, and governance disclosures.
50.	Alonso Pastor, Luis E., et al. (författare) Life cycle assessment applied to a self-healing elastomer filled with ground tire rubber 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 419 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this study, we present the first life cycle assessment (LCA) of a self-healing styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) used in the production of marine fenders. Results show that a rubber with healing capabilities is not environmentally attractive if it cannot last for the same lifetime as a conventional product due to its lower mechanical performance and higher energy consumption. To overcome these constraints, we added a sustainable filler, ground tire rubber, which improved the mechanical properties of the self-healing SBR (x6 increase in tensile strength). Although this addition involved additional sub-processes, the additional environmental impacts were outweighed by the benefits achieved through improved material performance (28% decrease in global warming potential - GWP and 26% in primary energy demand - PED). This study used primary data on experimental healing efficiencies and healing cycles rather than conservative assumptions, which provides a more representative and trustworthy LCA of self-healing rubbers. Our findings have significant implications for the rubber industry, as self-healing rubbers offer a promising avenue for reducing the environmental impact of synthetic materials.

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