| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Jansson, David, 1967-
(författare)
-
Internal orientalism in America : W.J. Cash’s The Mind of the South and the spatial construction of American national identity
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 22:3, s. 293-316
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is an attempt to establish a framework for investigating the spatial constructionof national identity, using the case of the US. The concept of internal orientalism is used toanalyze representations of the South as an internal spatial “other” in the US and to suggest a link between these representations and the construction of a privileged national identity. While scholars have explored the role of internal othering in the production of national identities, these studies have either ignored space or treated it as a subordinate component. I argue forthe utility of considering the primacy of space (in the sense of the imagined space of a region within the state) in the construction of national identity. Through an analysis of the influentialbook The Mind of the South I attempt to discern the relationship between the identity of the South and that of America. Portrayals of the South such as Cash’s denote the South as the repository of a set of negative characteristics (such as poverty, racism, violence, and backwardness), and I argue that as a result, these undesirable traits are excised from the national identity. According to this argument, the geographic ideas “America” and “the South”are opposite poles of a binary, and the identity of one cannot be understood except as linkedto the identity of the other; therefore, representations of a degenerate South inform an exalted national identity.
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| 3. |
- Alkhalili, Noura, et al.
(författare)
-
The enduring coloniality of ecological modernization : Wind energy development in occupied Western Sahara and the occupied Syrian Golan Heights
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-5096 .- 0962-6298. ; 103
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dominant narratives on how to confront climate change are often presented as neutral proposals concerned with the well-being of the planet and its inhabitants. The main objective of this article is to exemplify how concepts like Ecological Modernization and Sustainable Development are used in the name of energy transitions to prolong illegal military occupations in two territories, namely occupied Western Sahara and the occupied Syrian Golan Heights. By combining first-hand and secondary data from our cases, we also expose the enduring coloniality of such concepts that have been critiqued not only for their lack of neutrality but also for their contribution to the denial of basic human rights such as self-determination, sovereignty, and the right to resourcehood. We argue that renewable energy projects, in the two settings studied, are a manifestation of an ecological modernization that ignores aspects of justice and self-determination. Although touted as a solution to mitigating climate change, wind energy development in these two cases violates international law and the principle of self-determination.
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| 4. |
- Allen, John, et al.
(författare)
-
Border topologies : The time-spaces of labour migrant regulation
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 72, s. 116-123
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Labour migrants seeking work and employment increasingly find themselves having to negotiate an ambiguous migrant status that leaves them neither fully included, nor fully excluded, from a political community. Of late, there has been a recognition that such ambiguity arises as much from temporal as spatial border management practices. Rather than consider time and temporality as integral to the distorted spatiality of contemporary political borders, however, the tendency has been to treat the former as a supplement to the latter. In this paper, we set out to show how time and space work through one another to place migrant workers partly on the ‘inside’, partly on the ‘outside’, by selectively combining their pre-and post-entry experiences. In order to make sense of this series of temporal and spatial entanglements, we advance a particular topological reading that aims to show how complex migrant positions are produced and maintained by bringing the times before and after the border into play as part of what enables governments to include and exclude labour migrants in a more differentiated manner. Such regulated time-spaces, of which we outline two, indefinite exclusion and suspended inclusion, in our view, offer a more accurate account of the ways in which migrant workers are simultaneously included and excluded.
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| 5. |
- Bachmann, Jan, 1978
(författare)
-
Whose hearts and minds? A gift perspective on the US military's aid projects in Eastern Africa
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 61, s. 11-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, the US military is frequently involved in the field of reconstruction and development. In Eastern Africa, personnel of the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa has carried out hundreds of small projects, ranging from veterinary support, medical clinics for local populations to the construction and repair of schools and health centres. Although these civil affairs operations constitute only a small part of the wider US military activity on the continent, they play a significant role in the US military's post-counterinsurgency emphasis on stability operations. However, critical scholarship has paid little attention to this type of military practice, let alone the dynamics of giving and taking for the targeted beneficiaries. This article draws conceptually on perspectives of the gift and empirically on visits to project sites in Uganda and Kenya that received assistance by US civil affairs teams in order to explore how recipients engage the gift-bearing donor. By understanding aid projects as social relations that are characterized by hierarchy and efforts of reciprocity, gift perspectives help us to make tensions and contradictions in these encounters visible. While the relationship is one of inequality, these interventions are mediated. Local brokers have a significant role in negotiating and translating priorities of the civil affairs teams on the one hand and the needs of local recipients on the other.
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| 6. |
- Danielsson, Anna, Dr, 1980-
(författare)
-
Producing the military urban(s) : Interoperability, space-making, and epistemic distinctions between military services in urban operations
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 97
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban wars represent one – perhaps the – phenomenon in which war and cities take particular form in and through each other. With the epistemics of this reciprocal relationship being less studied, this article brings together the discourses on urban war and military interoperability respectively. Both discourses emphasise the question of knowledge. A shared geographic knowledge held by the service branches involved in a joint operation is considered key for interoperability to arise. In the urban wars discourse, the need and difficulty of ‘knowing’ the urban are stressed. However, we know less about whether military services involved in a joint urban operation produce distinct geographic knowledges and, if so, with what effects. With inspiration from critical scholarship on military geographies and from works on the history and geography of knowledge, this article develops a conceptual framework to target the mutually constitutive relationship between military epistemics and urban space in urban war. In it, I make a twofold argument, illustrated with the help of empirical examples from two Israeli joint urban military operations. First, the type of geographic knowledge that military ground and air forces produce as they seek to ‘make known’ particular urban spaces differs due to the services' distinct situatedness and relative distance to the urban environment. The produced types of military geographic knowledge, moreover, do not imply different perspectives on the urban as a pre-existing entity as much as they bring – in distinct fashions – the urban into being.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Drozdzewski, Danielle, et al.
(författare)
-
Operationalising memory and identity politics to influence public opinion of refugees : A snapshot from Poland
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 86
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a politics of identity and memory approach, herein, we explore how political discourse plays out in practice and ‘in place’ when Poles were compelled to consider the introduction of visibly different persons, with different cultural characteristics, to their society. In 2017, and at the height of the "migrant/refugee crisis", we conducted 200 short interviews in Wrocław, Poland, to gauge and interpolate attitudes and opinions to refugees, in a context where the refugees had been strategically Othered, and constructed as a threat to Polish society. Our discussion focuses on how the strategic use and dissemination of threat and fear, in public discourse, was operationalised to disrupt steadfast notions of belonging to the Polish nation. By exploring belonging to the nation through a politics of identity and memory framework, we can better understand and provide contextual nuance to the import of maintaining ‘a [Polish] cultural sense of belonging’ (Brockmeier, 2002, p. 18). While in a Polish context, place-based and culturally historical narratives of conflict, territorial incursion, and occupation have framed threats to belonging in the past, the contemporary political exploitation of threat and its (re)production in public discourse is not only strongly exclusionary, but also denies the opportunity for Poles to know diversity as a felt experience reinforcing ideas of a ‘closed’ Poland. The contribution of this paper, then, is to demonstrate both the effectiveness of control of public discourse in a specific place and time, but to also elucidate the less often heard Eastern European states responses to the refugee crises.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Döring, Stefan
(författare)
-
Come rain, or come wells : How access to groundwater affects communal violence
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 76
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article empirically analyzes the relationship between groundwater scarcity and incidences of communal violence. Case studies suggest that appropriating water is more likely when resource scarcities are not effectively mitigated and where property rights are disputed. Yet, covering water more broadly remains piecemeal in quantitative research on communal conflict. While water scarcity features in large-N literature on climate variability and nonstate conflicts, such studies rely heavily on rainfall data which covers only one aspect of the hydrological cycle. Employing precipitation data alone neglects the use of groundwater, an important factor for drought resilience and the source for 50% of global drinking water. While rainfall remains key for agriculture, pastoralists and smallscale farmers in particular rely on groundwater as a buffer during dry periods. Thus, analyses on water scarcity and conflict ought to combine measures for groundwater, surface water, and precipitation. While controlling for other sources of water, the lack of groundwater access is hypothesized to increase incidences of violent communal conflict. The effect of groundwater on communal violence is also argued to vary with the presence of drought, low rainfall, in densely populated areas, and with state presence. These propositions are tested through large-N analyses using previously not utilized data on water availability with incidence data on violent conflict for Africa and the Middle East (1990–2014). The results show that lacking access to groundwater is associated with a higher risk of communal violence. Further, the effect of groundwater access on communal violence is conditioned by precipitation levels as well as population density. The results also suggest that the effect of groundwater on violence is smaller in areas with higher state presence.
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| 11. |
- Eadson, Will, et al.
(författare)
-
Assemblage-democracy : Reconceptualising democracy through material resource governance
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 88
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article furthers political geographic thinking on democracy by generating and employing a conceptualisation of & lsquo;assemblage-democracy & rsquo;. Bringing an assemblage perspective to democratic thinking brings to the fore three key dimensions: the co-constitution of material and non-material connections; connectivity and associations, in particular engagement with multiple heterogeneous & lsquo;minoritarian & rsquo; publics; and the (re)construction of spatial configurations such as scale. We employ these three dimensions of materiality, publics, and scale, in combination with the concept of (de)territorialisation to produce a geographic conceptualisation of democracy as emergent, precarious, and plural. We operationalise and refine the concept of assemblage-democracy through an empirical analysis of democratic experiments with energy resources. Specifically, we analyse negotiations involved in emergent democratic energy experiments through in-depth qualitative empirical study of community-owned energy projects in the UK, asking what kind of democracy emerges with new technologies and how? In answering this question, we demonstrate the fragile, contingent, and contested nature of democratic practices and connections produced in the (re)enactment of energy infrastructures. In doing so, this article also shows how an assemblage lens can offer a renewed understanding of how democratic politics is configured through material resource governance.
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| 12. |
- Elfversson, Emma, Docent, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Contesting the growing city? : Forms of urban growth and consequences for communal violence
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 100
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How does rapid urban growth affect risks of communal violence in cities? In rapidly growing cities, poor planning and weak institutions combined with an unregulated influx of migrants can create a potent recipe for violent mobilization. In addition, politicized identity groups often compete for resources and interact in close proximity in urban areas. Despite a growing research agenda on the relationship between rapid urban growth and urban violent unrest, findings remain inconclusive. One explanation for the disparate conclusions is that the theoretical pathways connecting urban growth and unrest largely fail to consider both the violence-generating and violence-stemming effects of urban growth. With a focus on conflict-ridden societies, we theorize processes through which urban growth influences different aspects of group relations in the city, and thereby contribute to prevent, suppress or generate communal violence. To illustrate the framework, we draw on insights from Nairobi, Kampala and Addis Ababa. By paying attention to processes, we are able to identify a range of developments associated with city growth which in turn have different implications for communal violence.
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| 13. |
- Elfversson, Emma, Docent, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Postwar cities : Conceptualizing and mapping the research agenda
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 105
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Postwar cities are often dangerous, poorly functioning, and hurdles for peace. Current research on postwar cities, however, is largely based on a limited number of “paradigmatic” cases, without a shared understanding of the broader population of cases to which these belong. Important insights therefore remain uncontextualized vis-à-vis broader trends and have an unclear scope of generalizability. The purpose of this article is to promote a global comparativist research agenda that enables systematic research across a spectrum of research foci. First, we conceptualize the postwar city as a city which has experienced war, no longer does, but where fully consolidated peace is not yet present. Second, we operationalize and map postwar cities since 1989, identifying 273 such cities in 45 war-affected states. Third, we provided a typology of contestation in postwar cities. We end by highlighting how our approach advances the research agenda by enabling systematic study of postwar cities, capturing postwar cities more equally across the globe, bringing to the fore numerous understudied cases, and providing a stronger foundation for comparative analysis.
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| 14. |
- Erlingsson, Gissur Ó, 1974-
(författare)
-
The Spatial Diffusion of Party-entrepreneurs in Swedish Local Politics
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 27:8, s. 857-874
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theoretical expectations predict instances of party formation to be unusual. It is therefore puzzling that new ‘non-national’ parties became increasingly common in Swedish local councils between 1973 and 2002. This article sets out to answer why party formation became an increasingly popular strategy throughout these years. I show that previous research has not provided satisfactory answers, and argue that existing theories are of limited use explaining this development. It is suggested that a diffusion mechanism may explain why new parties became increasingly common in Swedish local councils. Theoretically, it is argued that an entrepreneur who creates a new party inspires potential entrepreneurs in neighboring municipalities to repeat this at later points in time. A geographical clustering of municipalities where these parties exist is therefore expected. Support is found for this assertion. The result is important since it outperforms the alternative ‘local contextual’, socioeconomic hypotheses previously tested in this empirical setting.
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| 15. |
- Fischer, Harry
(författare)
-
“Corona warriors”? Experiences of India's community health workers (ASHAs) in India's COVID-19 response
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 99
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- India's nearly 1-million strong band of quasi-volunteer accredited social health activists (ASHAs) have been key actors in government efforts to control COVID-19. Utilizing a nationalist rhetoric of war, ASHAs were swiftly mobilized by the government in March 2020 as ‘COVID warriors’ engaged in tracking illness, disseminating information, and caring for quarantined individuals. The speed at which ASHAs were mobilized into mentally and physically grueling labor was all the more stunning given these minimally paid community health workers have long been seen to have low morale given their precarious, informalized work arrangements. Building on work examining the spatialities of global health governance alongside literature on geographic contingency, this paper explores the ways that nationalist COVID-19 war rhetoric promulgated from Delhi worked as a technology of health governance to propel ASHAs into certain forms of action, yet also opened up spaces of potentiality for them to reimagine their relationship to both the state and the communities they serve. In particular, in our analysis of in-depth telephone interviews with ASHA workers in the state of Himachal Pradesh, we find that their hailing as COVID warriors inspired patriotic calls to duty and legitimized their (long over-looked) roles as critical governance actors, yet also was subject to resistance and reworking due to a combination of institutional histories, local politics, as well as happenstantial everyday encounters of ASHA work. The precarious employment of ASHAs – in terms of basic remuneration as well as the great on-the-job risks that they have faced – underscores both the fragile nature of India's health governance system as well as possible political movements for its renewal. We conclude by calling for geographers to give greater attention to community health care workers as a key window into understanding the uneven ways in which health systems are made manifest on the ground, and their ability to respond to citizens' healthcare needs – both in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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| 16. |
- Fjelde, Hanne, et al.
(författare)
-
Climate triggers : Rainfall anomalies, vulnerability and communal conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 31:7, s. 444-453
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mounting evidence for climate change has put the security implications of increased climate variability high on the agenda of policymakers. However, several years of research have produced no consensus regarding whether climate variability increases the risk of armed conflict. Many have suggested that instead of outright civil war, climate variability is likely to heighten the risk of communal conflict. In particular, erratic rainfall, which reduces the availability of water and arable land, could create incentives for violent attacks against other communities to secure access to scarce resources. Yet, whether groups resort to violence in the face of environmentally induced hardship is likely to depend on the availability of alternative coping mechanisms, for example through market transfers or state accommodation. This suggests that the effect of rainfall anomalies on communal conflict will be stronger in the presence of economic and political marginalization. We evaluate these arguments statistically, utilizing a disaggregated dataset combining rainfall data with geo-referenced events data on the occurrence of communal conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa between 1990 and 2008. Our results suggest that large negative deviations in rainfall from the historical norm are associated with a higher risk of communal conflict. There is some evidence that the effect of rainfall shortages on the risk of communal conflict is amplified in regions inhabited by politically excluded ethno-political groups.
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| 17. |
- Geelmuyden Rød, Espen, et al.
(författare)
-
From bad to worse? : How protest can foster armed conflict in autocracies
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 103
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many protest movements have brought down dictatorships and paved the way for democracy. However, protests can also foster large-scale violence at the level of civil war. How can we explain the development from protest to armed conflict? In this paper, we use geographically fine-grained data to examine how collective mobilization leads to civil war violence at the local level. We argue that two mechanisms can explain this. First, in a protest escalation dynamic, confrontations between protesters and state security forces increase the willingness of protesters to ramp up the use of force. Second, in a protest capture mechanism, protests attract attention and resources from the state, thereby providing other local non-state actors with the opportunity to use violence. We test our theoretical expectations in a spatial analysis of protests and armed conflict in autocracies from 2003 to 2014. Our results show that protests increase the risk of local armed conflict when violently repressed. Further analysis reveals that the second mechanism, protest capture, accounts for the majority of escalations to armed conflict we see in our data.
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| 18. |
- González Hidalgo, Marien
(författare)
-
Defining invasive alien species from the roots up: Lessons from the ‘De-eucalyptising Brigades’ in Galicia, Spain
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 99
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social and cultural perspectives are increasingly considered in the literature on invasive alien species (IAS), after decades of being underexplored. However, within this growing body of research, there is little investigation into the role and knowledge of everyday rural and environmentalist networks in defining and engaging with or against the expansion of IAS. This paper contributes to debates on the political and spatial implications of this concept, through a critical examination of the bottom-up initiative of the 'De-eucalyptising Brigades' (Galicia, Spain), which aims to remove eucalyptus trees from community-based property lands. A survey of participants of this movement paired with semi-structured interviews show the relevance of social-cultural dynamics in defining IAS. Our results also show how investigating activism against forestry involving a potential IAS sheds light on the everyday conflicts around who defines IAS and how they are defined.
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| 19. |
- Haikola, Simon, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Limits to climate action - Narratives of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 88
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been awarded a key role in climate mitigation scenarios explored by integrated assessment models and referenced in reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Because a majority of scenarios limiting global warming to 2 °C or 1,5 °C include vast deployment of BECCS, a critical discussion has emerged among experts about the moral implications of thus introducing an unproven technology into the policy realm.In this paper, we analyse this discussion as it has played out between 2013 and 2019, with a focus on how expert narratives are constructed in the mass media about the possibilities for decarbonisation within the current political-economic order. We find there are almost no narratives that support massive deployment of BECCS, and that all narratives presuppose limits to decarbonisation imposed by the current political-economic system. The perception of such limits lead some to argue, through deterministic and apolitical narratives, for the necessity of negative emissions technologies, while others argue instead that “degrowth” is the only solution. Thus, there is a distinct lack of positive narratives about how capitalism can bring about decarbonisation.
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| 20. |
- Haikola, Simon, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
State regulation of mining in a post-fordist economy : Local vulnerability in the shadow of hierarchy
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Pergamon Press. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 62, s. 68-78
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper investigates two Swedish cases of state regulation of profound infrastructural change in relation to mining above the polar circle. An analytical framework of neoliberal depoliticisation and state regulation is used to investigate the extent to which neoliberal logics, especially the logic of distancing, determine the state relation to peripheral communities dominated by extractive accumulation regimes. The paper finds that the neoliberal prerogatives of distancing and flexibility are dominating the state relation to peripheral communities, and that this relation is determined by different aspects of distance. The dominance of neoliberal prerogatives also leads to a questioning of the widely held notion that the Swedish state has adopted an industrial policy devoted to mining expansion since the release of the Mineral Strategy in 2013.
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| 21. |
- Hearn, Jeff, 1947-
(författare)
-
The implications of information and communication technologies for sexualities and sexualised violences : Contradictions of sexual citizenships
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 25:8, s. 944-963
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A key aspect of globalisation, glocalisation and transnationalisation is the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Such technologies have major implications for sexualities and sexualised violences, and raise profound implications, contradictions and challenges for sexual citizenship. These implications include the affirmation of sexual citizenship, with the creation of new forms of sexual communities, and the denial of sexual citizenship, with the production of new opportunities for pornography, prostitution, sexual exploitation and sexual violences. The article goes on to focus particularly on the contradictory implications of ICTs for sexual citizenship. These include the simultaneous development of more democratic and diverse sexual communities, and sexual work and sexually violent work, movements beyond the exploiter/exploited dichotomy, complex relations of non-exploitative and sexual exploitation, commercialisation of sex, and enforcement of dominant sexual practices, blurring of the social, sexual-social, sexual and sexually violent, and of the sexually 'real' and sexually 'representational', closer association of sex with the 'visual' and the 'representational', increasing domination of the virtual as the mode(l) for non-virtual, proximate sociality, and possible impacts of the virtual on increased non-virtual, proximate sociality, even greater possibilities for 'pure relationships', shifts in sexual space and sexual place, development of new forms of transnational sexual citizenship, within shifting transpatriarchies. Contradictions between the scale of global material sex economies and the representation and reproduction of the sexual through ICTs appear to be increasing. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 22. |
- Jansson, David, 1967-
(författare)
-
Deadly exceptionalisms, or, would you rather be crushed by a moral superpower or a military superpower?
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 64, s. 83-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this essay, I consider the ways in which nationalism in both the U.S. and Sweden relies on notions of exceptionalism, and I discuss what this means materially for their own populations and for the world. The analysis consists of two lines of attack against both these assumptions of exceptionalism – one focusing on psychological processes and the other political economy processes. I examine the historical development of the ideas of U.S. and Swedish exceptionalism, and consider the roles of ignorance, denial, and projection in maintaining these problematic ideas. Through the use of a materialist definition of racism, I show how the nationalist ideology of exceptionalism in these two cases harms the well-being of their own citizens as well as citizens of other states. I argue that a combination of the psychological and political economy approaches are necessary if we are to both understand the power and impact of exceptionalism as a nationalist ideology and to be able to effectively work against their tendency to “crush” marginalized groups.
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| 23. |
- Jehlicka, Petr, et al.
(författare)
-
The importance of recognizing difference: Rethinking Central and East European environmentalism
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 87
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article adds to the literature interrogating existing hierarchies in global knowledge production by examining the dominant research on post-1989 Central and East European (CEE) environmentalism. Analyses of CEE environmentalism have predominantly relied on concepts and organizational models generated by research on environmental activism and politics conducted in Western contexts, resulting in negative assessments of CEE as lacking environmental engagement. This article proposes to re-think CEE environmentalism, arguing for a more positive perspective that takes into account the various traditional practices and informal outdoor and nature-based educational activities that have a long history in CEE. These originated to promote everyday pro-environmental behaviours that are motivated by a desire for authenticity, ethical living and personal integrity. While often overlooked by both Western and CEE observers alike, these forms of CEE environmentalism are strikingly compatible with the everyday material and ‘post-postmaterial’ environmentalism recently promoted by Western-based political theorists.
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| 24. |
- Jha, Rishi
(författare)
-
Necrosettlements: Life-threatening housing, necropolitics and the poor's deadly living in Mumbai
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-5096 .- 0962-6298. ; 100
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global megacities are rapidly transforming through slum redevelopment and alternative resettlements of evicted poor. Resettlement is broadly seen as enabling, a basis of improved housing and even a pathway towards urban citizenship. This article offers an alternative perspective on urban resettlement, whereby the urban poor are subjected to life-threatening housing interventions. It builds on Mbembe’s (2003) ‘necropolitics’ through an ethnographic study of Mumbai’s Mahul case to theorise state powers in unleashing life-threatening housing circumstances. In doing so, this article introduces the concept of necrosettlements to account for the particularity of necropolitical-economy, material reality, unfolding subjectivities, and political possibility of life-threatening settlements. First, it theorises a political economy that extracts economic surplus and creates urban growth from poor-exclusive housing in uninhabitable places and with a life-compromising built environment against general residential developments. Second, the material details of life-threatening housing comprises of place-based, local biosphere, township’s architecture, infrastructural and constrained dwelling, and their cumulative effects. Third, subjectivities of living included physiological suffering, compromised survival, socioeconomic and political vulnerability, comorbidity and death. Fourth, and finally, rather than representing absolute sovereign domination, however, these settlements also emerged as potential sites for residents to invoke their right to life, question extractive urbanism and demand settlement justice.
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| 25. |
- Krampe, Florian, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Security implications of climate development in conflict-affected states : Implications of local-level effects of rural hydropower development on farmers in Herat
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 90
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Development initiatives aimed at mitigating or adapting to climate change impacts may result in unanticipated effects especially in conflict-affected contexts. To improved understanding of the implications of future climate development projects in conflict-affected states, this article qualitatively examines the experiences of local communities in the Zinda Jan district, located downstream from the Salma Dam in Herat Province, Afghanistan. Conducted in 2018, the research questions what local-level side effects (LLSEs) were experienced by communities downstream of the Salma Dam after its 2016 inauguration, and how these LLSEs might affect the potential for sustainable peace. The article builds from 25 in-depth interviews with local stakeholders in the Zinda Jan district, and highlights how communities generally experienced increased water scarcity after the completion of the dam in 2016, due to poor water management and lack of necessary infrastructure related to the dam. This water scarcity was a factor in grievances related to water access among local communities, and increased the likelihood of related communal violence. However, local perspectives also indicate desire for joint management of water resources between the state and civilians, from the source to their farms. The article provides important insight for research and policy actors to better understand the implications of future climate development projects in conflict-affected states, and their inherent contribution and/or risk to broader peace processes.
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| 26. |
- Kuchler, Magdalena, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Speculating on shale : Resource-making and the 'politics of possibility' in Poland and the UK
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on the speculative character of knowledge and action in relation to subterranean resources, drawing on the curtailed histories of shale gas development in Poland and the UK. It adopts a political-economic orientation towards speculation rather than a narrowly financial one, seeking to understand the 'politics of possibility' associated with speculative resources. Specifically, we build on work in political geography to understand speculation as a form of productive 'resonance' replicating across epistemic, economic, and political domains. Thinking of speculation as resonance - as synchronous vibration across different areas of social life, stimulated by and intensifying uncertainty - offers a novel way of thinking about the possibilities of subterranean resources for forging political alignments. We show how speculation was integral to demonstrating the resource potential of shale in both Poland and the UK, and consider how this speculative character of shale subsequently infiltrated into economic and policy realms. Resonating across these domains, and amplifying epistemic uncertainties about shale, speculation produced a politics of possibility orientated towards 'gambling' on potential outcomes. By taking seriously the political possibilities of the uncertainties attached to subterranean resources, we extend the value of speculation as a concept for analysing the constitutive role of uncertainty in politicaleconomic governance.
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| 27. |
- Merabishvili, Gela, et al.
(författare)
-
Spiritual geopolitics of Georgia's territorial integrity
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-5096 .- 0962-6298. ; 87
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper represents a study of the geopolitical reasoning of the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) and its leader Patriarch Ilia II regarding the question of Georgia's territorial integrity. Does the GOC's territorial discourse complement or challenge Georgia's territorial nationalism? The empirical analysis of the geopolitical discourses of Patriarch Ilia II in the early 1990s and in the wake of the 2008 August (Russia-Georgia) War shows a complicated relationship between spiritual and secular geopolitical discourses on Georgia's territorial integrity. Ilia's spiritual geopolitics is neither dissident nor entirely complementary. The Patriarch's definition of Georgia's territorial integrity eschews the broadly accepted formulation of “Russian occupation” within Georgia and in its place, insufficient faith and religiosity within the Georgian society take a more prominent place in the explanation of the problem's origins. Ilia II defines the religion and the GOC as the unifying factor, spiritually, territorially, and politically, of the rival parties and alienated peoples and territories. The church's canonical territoriality, rather than the state's sovereign territoriality, plays the key object of concern in the Patriarch's geopolitical discourse. However, Ilia II frames this narrow institutional interest of the church as the basis for the nation's territorial unification. By advocating more narrowly for the GOC's canonical jurisdiction across the entire disputed territories, rather than actively embracing secular anti-Russian geopolitical narratives, the church simultaneously stands outside of the territorial conflict, taking a seemingly neutral position, and reinforces the territorial claim of the Georgian state. By distinguishing and problematizing the role of GOC's canonical territoriality in the question of Georgia's sovereign territoriality, the paper concludes that the GOC is a territorial power in its own right, not merely a spiritual wing of the state of Georgia.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Niskanen, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
A multi-level discourse analysis of Swedish wind power resistance, 2009-2022
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 108
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wind power production is expanding globally and with this comes social resistance. In this article, we study controversies concerning the expansion of wind power in Sweden between 2009 and 2022. To this end, we study national press coverage and local press coverage from Sweden's 290 municipalities. Despite previous studies showing that Swedish people are generally in favour of expanding wind power, our results show that this policy is controversial and often is met with significant local resistance. We identify a clash between two environmental concerns: developing national policies to mitigate the effects of climate change and local opinions calling for the preservation of natural landscapes, which are often coupled with concerns about whether expansion of wind power leads to positive climate effects. We analyse national and local discourses through a multi-level governance perspective, a view that argues Sweden's market-oriented and decentralized wind power planning regime feeds the controversy. In conclusion, the dispersal of power throughout the planning system facilitates scaling up of local resistance to an energy policy issue of national concern, creating significant uncertainty about the expansion of wind power in Sweden.
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| 30. |
- Pas, Annemiek, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
-
Land tenure transformation : The case of community conservancies in northern Kenya
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 106
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the last thirty years, community conservancies have become widespread in several African countries exemplifying new patterns of land and resource governance strategies. Since 1995, thirty-nine new community conservancies have been established in association with an NGO - the Northern Rangelands Trust in Kenya. Through community conservancies, or community-owned conservation initiatives organized around a demarcated area, the rights and responsibilities of resource governance are significantly reorganized. In this paper, we analyze the process of reorganizing the pastoralist commons in northern Kenya through community conservancies leading to land tenure transformation. Based on two case studies in northern Kenya, we show how land and natural resource governance interventions following a global policy blueprint through community conservancies results in real material and political consequences, and highlight the spatial implications as a result of this process. We argue that community conservancies significantly reorganize the governance of collectively used land and resources. This reorganization has serious implications for land tenure relations and has become the latest manifestation of the hardening of lines between communities in northern Kenya.
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| 31. |
- Petrova, Kristina
(författare)
-
Floods, communal conflict and the role of local state institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 92
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Does the occurrence of flood disaster increase the risk of communal conflict and if so, does trust in state political institutions mitigate the adverse effect? This study addresses these questions by studying the intervening effect of trust in local governmental institutions at a sub-national level. The effect of flood disasters on the risk of communal violence is expected to be contingent on peoples’ trust that local political structures are able to address potential disputes between groups. Violent conflicts, in that sense, are neither inevitable nor directly determined by the occurrence of disasters. They largely depend on the context of a given society and political response to these external shocks. To test this expectation, the study uses survey data on trust in local state institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa from the Afrobarometer (2005–2018), combined with geo-referenced communal conflict and flood data. In line with theoretical expectations, results suggest that flood disasters are associated with communal violence only for administrative districts that are governed by distrusted local state institutions. Conversely, flood disasters tend to be negatively associated with the risk of communal clashes in the presence of highly trusted local government councils and (especially) trusted judicial courts. Changing model specifications and estimation techniques produces similar results. An out-of-sample cross-validation also shows that accounting for political variables, in addition to flood disasters, improves the predictive performance of the model.
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| 32. |
- Pries, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Red outposts in a hostile landscape: People's houses, People's parks and the reconstruction of rural southern Sweden's political geography, 1889–1909
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-5096 .- 0962-6298. ; 99
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organizing rural workers has always proved to be a challenge for the labour movement. This was especially the case in Scandinavia where well into the industrial era, labour and property relations in the agricultural countryside remained essentially feudal in character. Nonetheless, and especially in the rich agricultural districts of the southernmost province of Skåne, the Swedish labour movement had succeeded spectacularly by the interwar years. Perhaps unintuitively, a key to its success was that it focused as much money and energy on constructing new spaces of culture and leisure – so-called People's Houses and People's Parks – as it did to direct workplace organizing. Drawing on Kevin Cox's concepts of “spaces of dependence” and “spaces of engagement,” this paper explains how and why Sweden's labour unions succeeded in remaking Skåne's political geography and transformed the region into one of the strongest social-democratic districts in early-twentieth century Sweden.
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| 33. |
- Przybylinski, Stephen
(författare)
-
Realizing citizenship in property : Houseless encampments and the limits of liberalism's promise
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper argues that geographers ought to pay closer attention to the role of property relations within political liberalism. Developing on the idea that propertied-citizenship excludes houseless or other property-insecure people from space, the paper argues that property-insecure people are instead incorporated within the relations of property. Examining how houseless people are incorporated within rather than outside of property, illustrates how key values of property long-held in liberalism are maintained and used to devalue a sense of social and political autonomy for the property-insecure. After tracing the dialectical relations of property with citizenship through the historical emergence of American liberalism, the paper examines how the values connecting property with citizenship continue to diminish the livelihoods of houseless people. Based on ethnographic research with self-governed houseless encampments in Portland, Oregon, I analyze how opposition to these unique types of houseless shelter affect encampment residents. What we are able to see from Portland's encampments, I argue, are the broader limitations of citizenship within liberalism which continue to be demarcated through a proper social order defined by property.
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| 34. |
- Teodorescu, Dominic
(författare)
-
Caravan politics in the depoliticised city : Applying and opposing exceptional measures for Dutch Traveller, Sinti, and Roma caravan sites
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 106
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyses the depoliticisation of Dutch caravan politics, which has resulted in massive pitch shortages threatening the existence of the specific caravan housing culture of Dutch Travellers, Sinti and Roma groups. The rationality underlying the repressive governance of caravans is understood as a depoliticised affirmation of technocratic solutions to an unwanted and racialised housing culture. However, as in many other European countries, Dutch authorities have been summoned to work on Roma and Traveller inclusion programmes and address pitch shortages. The increased pressure on the Dutch government culminated in 2018 when it adopted a new framework that prohibits any further measures to repress caravan culture. In what follows, a situated account of depoliticised caravan politics – and resistance to it (i.e. re-politicisation efforts) – is presented by examining the case of Teersdijk, a large campsite in the city of Nijmegen.
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| 35. |
- van Veelen, Bregje, et al.
(författare)
-
Interventions on Democratizing Infrastructure
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 87
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This intervention seeks to revivify democratic thinking in political geography, through foregrounding and pluralising its material and temporal dimensions. At the same time, it speaks to a renewed centrality and relevance of infrastructure and infrastructural projects in political discourse. The contributions included here demonstrate how an infrastructural lens can offer new insights into democratic spaces, practices, and temporalities, offering more expansive versions of what it means to act politically. Specifically, these contributions intervene in existing geographical debates by bringing to the fore four underexplored dimensions of democratic governance: (im)materiality, connectivity, performativity, and temporality. In doing so, it develops a research agenda that broadens and regenerates thinking at the intersection of socio-spatial theory and democratic action and governance.
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| 36. |
- von Uexküll, Nina
(författare)
-
Sustained drought, vulnerability and civil conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 43:SI, s. 16-26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With climate change projections indicating a likely future increase in extreme weather phenomena, it is an urgent matter to assess the effect of drought on civil conflict. However, studies of this relationship so far provide inconclusive findings. One reason for this inconsistency is that existing research has not sufficiently taken into account the local vulnerability and coping capacity that condition the effect of drought. In particular, the exposure to sustained droughts undermines alternative coping mechanisms of individuals. Moreover, reliance on rainfed agriculture for income and food provision renders individuals particularly vulnerable to droughts. Based on these observations, I suggest that areas experiencing sustained droughts or depending on rainfed agriculture are more likely to see civil conflict following drought as individuals in these regions are more likely to partake in rebellion in order to redress economic grievances or to obtain food and income. Using novel high-resolution data on civil conflict events in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1989 to 2008, this paper evaluates the relationship between sustained drought, rainfed agriculture and civil conflict violence at the subnational level. In line with the argument, areas with rainfed croplands see an increased risk of civil conflict violence following drought. There is also some support for the proposition that areas experiencing sustained droughts have a higher risk of conflict. The results are robust to a wide range of model specifications.
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| 37. |
- Walch, Colin
(författare)
-
Collaboration or obstruction? : Rebel group behavior during natural disaster relief in the Philippines
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 43:SI, s. 40-50
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Under what conditions do rebel groups collaborate with the government in disaster relief operations? Despite the fact that many natural disasters occur in armed conflict contexts, little is known about the impact of conflict actors on natural disaster relief efforts. Affected by the same typhoon, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the New People's Army (NPA) behaved differently in the aftermath of the natural disaster. While the MILF collaborated with the government in relief efforts, the NPA did not. This article explains this variation by arguing that the level of hostility between the rebel group and the state in the pre-disaster period as well as the type of social contract that exists between the rebels and the local population shape collaboration during natural disaster relief efforts. The theoretical argument is explored through a comparative case study between these two rebel groups in the aftermath of a devastating typhoon in the Philippines in 2012.
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| 38. |
- Wallman Lundåsen, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceived fairness of intra-municipal cohesion politics: Does place of residence affect party preferences?
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines whether beliefs that local decision-makers are perceived to favour certain groups or districts over others, are linked to anti-establishment party preferences, and whether living in an urban or rural area affects this relationship. By taking stock of an original survey of Swedish respondents stratified into densely (urban) and sparsely (rural) populated districts, our results reveal geographical polarisation even within municipalities based on perceptions of how resources are distributed, as well as perceptions of opportunities to influence policy. Individuals who live in densely populated rural areas and believe that groups have unequal influence within the municipality depending on their geographical location tend to be far left. Individuals who have similar grievances about bias in decision-making but live in rural areas tend to be far right. Furthermore, Left Party supporters living in densely populated areas are more likely to perceive bias against poor districts, while rural Sweden Democrat supporters are more likely to believe that urban residents disregard rural concerns. We conclude that local decision-makers are perceived to favour certain groups or districts over others, are linked to an increased likelihood to prefer anti-establishment parties.
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| 39. |
- Zachrisson, Anna, Docent, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Extractive governance and mining conflicts: Challenging scalar hierarchies through ‘opening up’ to local sustainability pathways
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 105
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of new mines forefronts the contested nature of sustainable development. Various competing pathways of sustainability underlie mining-related conflicts, often reaching beyond the local scale of contested locations. While powerful actors tend to ‘close down’ around particular pathways, ‘opening-up’ through the consideration of multiple pathways might be necessary for addressing complex situations and conflicts. Whether closing-down or opening-up occurs depends on governance structures and actors' interventions, but little is known of the dynamics involved. This paper develops understudied spatial dimensions of protest by clarifying how political opportunity structures may play out differently at different scales and in consequence impact scalar strategies of both social movements and state actors. The study comparatively analyses three mine development processes in Arctic, peripheral Sweden facing socioeconomic challenges and where mining threatens indigenous reindeer husbandry. Formal interactions are mapped by data from administrative records, while informal strategies and underlying frames are assessed through interviews and focus groups. The study shows that when there is a multiplicity of government authorities and influential mining-sceptical allies at different scales, some subnational units ‘open-up’ in response to mining-sceptical actions. Such ‘opening-up’ may influence policy decisions at higher scales, even the international. Local participation therefore constitutes a way to challenge the scalar hierarchy of the state and promote a broader and more nuanced range of pathways to sustainability. As ‘opening-up’ is not legally required, the results between the different cases differed, and where the opportunity structures were ‘closed’ mining-sceptics turned to confrontation and litigation.
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| 40. |
- Zhou, Jiayi
(författare)
-
Naturalizing the state and symbolizing power in Russian agricultural land use
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0962-6298 .- 1873-5096. ; 93
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Land is intertwined with politics: both as a sine qua non for the territorial state, as well as a spatially limited natural resource through which geopolitical power and advantage are articulated and enacted. This remains the case, notwithstanding the emergence of global and planetary frameworks for land management towards collective environmental and developmental goals. Indeed, such frameworks contend with narratives and practices that not only treat land as a strategic national resource, but entangle it with the very ontology of statehood itself. This study examines such state-natures through the case of Russian agricultural land use. Analyzing governmental discourse from 2000 to 2020, it examines how in the extensive cultivation of agricultural land has come to be a hallmark of twenty-first century vertical and horizontal symbolic state-making: both as an instrumental means of enhancing the states geopolitical power, as well as a means by which state is reified as environmentally sovereign and self-subsistent. So doing, the study complements a growing body of work in critical environmental geopolitics that has tended to eschew state-based analysis, or else leave the state underproblematized. As I argue, considering how the state is made natural, in turn helps to understand how nature is politically if not ontologically entangled in geopolitical thought and practice-in ways that attempts to act upon and indeed bring about wider-scale environmental subjects must contend.
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| 41. |
- Eriksson, Kjell
(författare)
-
A domain independent integral expression for the crack extension force of a curved crack in three dimensions
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids. - 0022-5096 .- 1873-4782. ; 50:2, s. 381-403
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An integral expression that is domain independent in curvilinear coordinates and compatible with zero divergence of Eshelby's (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) 244 (1951) 87.) energy momentum tensor was obtained from the principle of virtual work. By applying Eshelby's definition of the force on a material defect a general expression of the crack extension force for a curved crack in three dimensions, here called the F-integral, was derived from the domain independent integral expression. The F-integral is given explicitly for a number of curved cracks and found to be in agreement with previously known solutions, when available. The influence of crack surface and crack front curvature upon the various forms of the F-integral is discussed. The F-integral presented in this work is a generalisation of the J-integral (Rice, J. Appl. Mech. 35 (1968) 379.) to curved cracks in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates.
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| 42. |
- Gudmundson, Peter
(författare)
-
Acoustic emission and dynamic energy release rate for steady growth of a tunneling crack in a plate in tension
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids. - 0022-5096 .- 1873-4782. ; 47:10, s. 2057-2074
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynamic steady state growth of tunneling cracks in membrane loaded isotropic Kirchhoff plates is considered. Explicit solutions for the asymptotic displacement and velocity fields are presented. It is shown that the asymptotic fields are inversely proportional to the square root of distance from the crack tip, and that a wake may or may not develop behind the crack tip depending on the static membrane state. If the crack tip velocity is smaller than a certain critical velocity, the asymptotic solution will completely vanish. An explicit solution for the dynamic energy release rate is also presented. Due to elastic waves radiated from the crack tip, the dynamic energy release rate will generally be smaller than the corresponding static energy release rate.
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| 43. |
- Gudmundson, Peter
(författare)
-
Anisotropic microcrack nucleation in brittle materials
- 1990
-
Ingår i: Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids. - 0022-5096 .- 1873-4782. ; 38:4, s. 531-551
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A constitutive model for anisotropic microcracking in brittle materials is developed. The model is based on a stress controlled microcrack nucleation criterion, which can vary in a random way between different microcracks. The effects of microcrack closure and a random distribution of residual stresses are included in the analysis. The resultant inelastic strains are determined using a standard homogenization technique Numerical results are presented for three simple loading cases : pure tension, biaxial tension and triaxial tension. Crack tip shielding resulting from microcrack nucleation is also analysed, and numerical results of are presented for two different microcrack nucleation criteria.
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| 44. |
- Gudmundson, Peter
(författare)
-
Eigenfrequency changes of structures due to cracks, notches or other geometrical changes
- 1982
-
Ingår i: Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-5096 .- 1873-4782. ; 30:5, s. 339-353
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A first order perturbation method is presented which predicts the changes in resonance frequencies of a structure resulting from cracks, notches or other geometrical changes. The eigenfrequency changes due to a crack are shown to be dependent on the strain energy of a static solution which is easily obtainable for small cracks and other small cut-outs. The method has been tested for three different cases, and the predicted results correlate very closely to experimental and numerical results.
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| 45. |
- Gudmundson, Peter
(författare)
-
The dynamic behaviour of slender structures with cross-sectional cracks
- 1983
-
Ingår i: Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-5096 .- 1873-4782. ; 31:4, s. 329-345
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A dynamic model for beams with cross-sectional cracks is discussed. It is shown that a crack can be represented by a consistent, static flexibility matrix. Two different methods for the determination of the flexibility matrix are discussed. If the static stress intensity factors are known, the flexibility matrix can be determined from an integration of these stress intensity factors. Alternatively, static finite element calculations can be used for the determination of the flexibility matrix. Both methods are demonstrated in the present paper. The mathematical model was applied to an edge-cracked cantilevered beam and the eigenfrequencies were determined for different crack lengths and crack positions. These results were compared to experimentally obtained eigenfrequencies. In the experiments, the cracks were modelled by sawing cuts. The theoretical results were, for all crack lengths, in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The dynamic stress intensity factor for a longitudinally vibrating, centrally cracked bar was determined as well. The results compared very well with dynamic finite element calculations. The crack closure effect was experimentally investigated for an edge-cracked beam with a fatigue crack. It was found that the eigenfrequencies decreased, as functions of crack length, at a much slower rate than in the case of an open crack.
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| 46. |
- Storåkers, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
-
On Brinell and Boussinesq indentation of creeping solids
- 1994
-
Ingår i: Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-5096 .- 1873-4782. ; 42:2, s. 307-332
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As an alternative to traditional tensile testing of materials subjected to creep, indentation testing is examined. Axisymmetric punches of shapes defined by smooth homogeneous functions are analysed in general at power law behaviour both from a theoretical and a computational point of view. It is first shown that by correspondence to nonlinear elasticity and self-similarity the problem to determine time-dependent properties admits reduction to a stationary one. Specifically it is proved that the creep rate problem posed depends only on the resulting contact area but not on specific punch profiles. As a consequence the relation between indentation depth and contact area is history independent. So interpreted, the solution for a flat circular cylinder (Boussinesq) is not only of intrinsic interest but serves as a reference solution to generate results for various punch profiles. This is conveniently carried out by cumulative superposition and in particular ball indentation (Brinell) is analysed in depth. A carefully designed finite element procedure based on a mixed variational principle is used to provide a variety of explicit results of high accuracy pertaining to stress and deformation fields. Universal relations for hardness at creep are proposed for Boussinesq and Brinell indentation in analogy with the celebrated formula by Tabor for indentation of strain-hardening plastic materials. Quantitative comparison is made with a diversity of experimental data attained by earlier writers and the relative merits of indentation strategies are discussed.
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| 47. |
- Varias, A G, et al.
(författare)
-
Hydride-induced embrittlement and fracture in metals - effects of stress and temperature distribution
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids. - : Elsevier Science Ltd.. - 0022-5096 .- 1873-4782. ; 50:7, s. 1469-1510
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A mathematical model for the hydrogen embrittlement of hydride forming metals has been developed. The model takes into account the coupling of the operating physical processes, namely: (i) hydrogen diffusion, (ii) hydride precipitation, (iii) non-mechanical energy flow and (iv) hydride/solid-solution deformation. Material damage and crack growth are also simulated by using de-cohesion model, which takes into account the time variation of energy of de-cohesion, due to the time-dependent process of hydride precipitation. The bulk of the material, outside the de-cohesion layer, is assumed to behave elastically. The hydrogen embrittlement model has been implemented numerically into a finite element framework and tested successfully against experimental data and analytical solutions on hydrogen thermal transport (in: Wunderlich, W. (Ed.), Proceedings of the European Conference on Computational Mechanics, Munich, Germany, 1999, J. Nucl. Mater. (2000a) 279 (2–3) 273). The model has been used for the simulation of Zircaloy-2 hydrogen embrittlement and delayed hydride cracking initiation in (i) a boundary layer problem of a semi-infinite crack, under mode I loading and constant temperature, and (ii) a cracked plate, under tensile stress and temperature gradient. The initial and boundary conditions in case (ii) are those encountered in the fuel cladding of light water reactors, during operation. The effects of near-tip stress intensification as well as of temperature gradient on hydride precipitation and material damage have been studied. The numerical simulation predicts hydride precipitation at a small distance from the crack-tip. When the remote loading is sufficient, the near-tip hydrides fracture. Thus a microcrack is generated, which is separated from the main crack by a ductile ligament, in agreement with experimental observations
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| 48. |
- Wikström, Adam, et al.
(författare)
-
Thermoelastic analysis of periodic thin lines deposited on a substrate
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids. - 0022-5096 .- 1873-4782. ; 47:5, s. 1113-1130
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermoelastic stresses and curvatures arising from patterned thin lines on initially flat isotropic substrates are analyzed. A connection is made between substrates with patterned lines and laminated anisotropic composites containing transverse matrix cracks. Using this analogy along with anisotropic plate theories, approximate analytical expressions are derived for volume-averaged stresses as well as curvatures along and normal to the lines, for any thickness, width and spacing of the lines. The predictions of the analysis are shown to compare favorably with finite element simulations of stresses and curvatures for Si substrates with Al, Cu or SiO2 lines. The predictions also match prior experimental measurements of curvatures along and normal to patterned SiO2 lines on Si wafers, and further capture the general experimental trends reported previously for curvature evolutions in Si wafers with Al lines. The model presented here thus provides a very convenient and simple analytical tool for extracting stresses in thin lines on substrates from a knowledge of experimentally determined film stress, thereby circumventing the need for detailed computations for a wide range of unpassivated line geo metries of interest in microelectronic applications.
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| 49. |
- Acosta García, Nicolas, 1986
(författare)
-
Can direct democracy deliver an alternative to extractivism? An essay on popular consultations
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Political Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0962-6298. ; 98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Between 2013 and 2018, ten different municipalities in Colombia held popular consultations in which people were asked to decide whether they wanted or not extractive industries in their territory. Promoted and articulated by environmental movements for the defence of water resources and local livelihoods, popular consultations led to surprising alliances of traditionally opposed actors, that found their interests temporarily aligned in opposition to resource extraction. In all of the ten popular consultations people voted massively against allowing the industry to enter. Through the defunding of the popular consultations and through a series of legal challenges, the government rushed to stop an additional 54 votes from happening that threatened to derail its finances and model of development. In this essay, I identify three main boundaries in the literature concerning popular consultations: between what counts as legal and legitimate, between the centre and the periphery as loci of political power, and between people and nature as bearers of rights. By providing an analysis of the absent elements of the political and academic discourse, I argue that popular consultations as spaces of experimental autonomous activity have the potential to engender alternatives to extractivist development. Hence, building on the notion of 'resource sovereignty' and contemporary discussions on autonomy as a prefigurative force, I reconfigure the three boundaries into a theoretical framework to guide research and political action for alternative post-extractivist futures.
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- Alastrue, V, et al.
(författare)
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Anisotropic micro-sphere-based finite elasticity applied to blood vessel modelling
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4782 .- 0022-5096. ; 57:1, s. 178-203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fully three-dimensional anisotropic elastic model for vascular tissue modelling is here presented. The underlying strain energy density function is assumed to additively decouple into volumetric and deviatoric contributions. A straightforward isotropic neo-Hooke-type law is used to model the deviatoric response of the ground substance, whereas a micro-structurally or rather micro-sphere-based approach will be employed to model the contribution and distribution of fibres within the biological tissue of interest. Anisotropy was introduced by means of the use of von Mises orientation distribution functions. Two different micro-mechanical approaches -- a, say phenomenological, exponential ansatz and a worm-like-chain-based formulation -- are applied to the micro-fibres and illustratively compared. The passage from micro-structural contributions to the macroscopic response is obtained by a computational homogenisation scheme, namely numerical integration over the surface of the individual micro-spheres. The algorithmic treatment of this integration is discussed in detail for the anisotropic problem at hand, so that several cubatures of the micro-sphere are tested in order to optimise the accuracy at reasonable computational cost. Moreover, the introduced material parameters are identified from simple tension tests on human coronary arterial tissue for the two micro-mechanical models investigated. Both approaches are able to recapture the experimental data. Based on the identified sets of parameters, we first discuss a homogeneous deformation in simple shear to evaluate the models' response at the micro-structural level. Later on, an artery-like two-layered tube subjected to internal pressure is simulated by making use of a non-linear finite element setting. This enables to obtain the micro- and macroscopic responses in an inhomogeneous deformation problem, namely a blood-vessel-representative boundary value problem. The effect of residual stresses is additionally included in the model by means of a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient tensor which turns out to crucially affect the simulation results.
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