| 1. |
- Gâteblé, Gildas, et al.
(författare)
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One endemic plant species on average per month in New Caledonia, including eight more new species from Île Art (Belep Islands), a major micro-hotspot in need of protection
- 2018
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Ingår i: Australian Systematic Botany. - 1030-1887 .- 1446-5701. ; 31, s. 448-480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The New Caledonian biodiversity hotspot contains many micro-hotspots that exhibit high plant micro- endemism, and that are facing different types and intensities of threats. The Belep archipelago, and especially Île Art, with 24 and 21 respective narrowly endemic species (1 Extinct, 21 Critically Endangered and 2 Endangered), should be considered as the most sensitive micro-hotspot of plant diversity in New Caledonia because of the high anthropogenic threat of fire. Nano-hotspots could also be defined for the low forest remnants of the southern and northern plateaus of Île Art. With an average rate of more than one new species described for New Caledonia each month since January 2000 and five new endemics for the Belep archipelago since 2009, the state of knowledge of the flora is steadily improving. The present account of eight new species from Île Art (Bocquillonia montrouzieri Gâteblé & McPherson, Cleidion artense Gâteblé & McPherson, Endiandra artensis Munzinger & McPherson, Eugenia belepiana J.W.Dawson ex N.Snow, Eugenia insulartensis J.W.Dawson ex N.Snow, Macaranga latebrosa Gâteblé & McPherson, Planchonella serpentinicola Swenson & Munzinger and Psychotria neodouarrei Barrabé & A.Martini) further demonstrates the need both to recognise the Belep Islands as a major New Caledonian micro-hotspot and to formulate concrete conservation programs for the archipelago.
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| 2. |
- Morrison, David A., et al.
(författare)
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Molecular homology and multiple-sequence alignment : an analysis of concepts and practice
- 2015
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Ingår i: Australian Systematic Botany. - 1030-1887 .- 1446-5701. ; 28:1, s. 46-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sequence alignment is just as much a part of phylogenetics as is tree building, although it is often viewed solely as a necessary tool to construct trees. However, alignment for the purpose of phylogenetic inference is primarily about homology, as it is the procedure that expresses homology relationships among the characters, rather than the historical relationships of the taxa. Molecular homology is rather vaguely defined and understood, despite its importance in the molecular age. Indeed, homology has rarely been evaluated with respect to nucleotide sequence alignments, in spite of the fact that nucleotides are the only data that directly represent genotype. All other molecular data represent phenotype, just as do morphology and anatomy. Thus, efforts to improve sequence alignment for phylogenetic purposes should involve a more refined use of the homology concept at a molecular level. To this end, we present examples of molecular-data levels at which homology might be considered, and arrange them in a hierarchy. The concept that we propose has many levels, which link directly to the developmental and morphological components of homology. Of note, there is no simple relationship between gene homology and nucleotide homology. We also propose terminology with which to better describe and discuss molecular homology at these levels. Our over-arching conceptual framework is then used to shed light on the multitude of automated procedures that have been created for multiple-sequence alignment. Sequence alignment needs to be based on aligning homologous nucleotides, without necessary reference to homology at any other level of the hierarchy. In particular, inference of nucleotide homology involves deriving a plausible scenario for molecular change among the set of sequences. Our clarifications should allow the development of a procedure that specifically addresses homology, which is required when performing alignment for phylogenetic purposes, but which does not yet exist.
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| 3. |
- Munzinger, Jérôme, et al.
(författare)
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Revision of Pycnandra subgenus Leptostylis and description of subgenus Wagapensia (Sapotaceae), a genus endemic to New Caledonia
- 2015
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Ingår i: Australian Systematic Botany. - 1030-1887 .- 1446-5701. ; 28, s. 91-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genus Pycnandra Benth. (Sapotaceae, Chrysophylloideae) is endemic to New Caledonia with 66 known species and is subdivided in six subgenera. We have earlier revised four of these subgenera and here continue with P. subgenus Leptostylis and describe P. subgenus Wagapensia. Subgenus Leptostylis is distinguished mainly by its opposite leaves and four sepals, and includes eight species, of which two are described as new (P. amplexicaulis and P. sclerophylla). Two species, P. longiflora and P. micrantha, are assumed extinct because extensive fieldwork has not been able to relocate the plants. Variation in leaf morphology was observed in Leptostylis gatopensis, which is by consequence considered as synonym of Pycnandra filipes. Two additional taxa belong to this subgenus, but cannot presently be described because sufficient fertile material is unavailable. Subgenus Wagapensia is monotypic and readily distinguished on the basis of its subverticillate leaves and leafy shoots usually borne beneath apical clusters of leaves, a character common in Sapotaceae but unique in Pycnandra. The members of P. subgenus Leptostylis occur mainly in maquis vegetation or sclerophyllous forests on ultramafic soil, but three taxa are confined to calcareous areas. Mining activities in New Caledonian ultramafic areas are extensive and because some of these species are naturally rare, IUCN Red List assessments are provided to all species. Pycnandra grandifolia and P. wagapensis are assigned the IUCN status Vulnerable, P. amplexicaulis and P. sclerophylla are considered Endangered, P. filipes subspecies multiflora and P. goroensis are considered to be Critically Endangered, whereas P. micrantha and P. longiflora appear to be extinct.
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| 4. |
- Sheedy, Elizabeth M., et al.
(författare)
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Dating the emergence of truffle-like fungi in Australia, by using an augmented meta-analysis
- 2016
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Ingår i: Australian Systematic Botany. - 1030-1887 .- 1446-5701. ; 29:5, s. 284-302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Australia supports a high diversity of sequestrate (truffle-like) macrofungi. This has long been thought to be related to the predominantly or seasonally dry climate. The present study posits that if aridity were a key factor in the evolution of sequestrate fruit-bodies, most sequestrate species would have emerged in Australia only after it began to aridify, which occurred post-separation with Antarctica (c. 32 million years ago). Focusing on the high phylogenetic diversity of sequestrate taxa in the Agaricomycetes in Australia, dates of sequestrate nodes were compiled directly from published phylogenies (four lineages) or created using sequences available on GenBank that were processed in BEAST using a secondary calibration method (nine lineages). Although the morphologically diverse Hysterangiales was found to be the first group to become sequestrate, c. 83 million years ago, overall sequestration in Australia occurred more recently. Models were created and compared and support was found for an increased rate of sequestration in Australia at some point between 34 and 13 million years ago (during the Oligocene and Miocene). Although the rate of sequestration is shown to have increased in Australia after separation from Antarctica, the timing also overlaps with the radiation of potential mycorrhizal plant associates, and the emergence of specialised mycophagous marsupials. Although aridification is evidently not the sole driver of sequestration, it is still likely to have had a major influence on the diversity of sequestrate fungi in Australia. Comparisons with other regions of high sequestrate diversity will be informative.
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| 5. |
- Stride, Gail, et al.
(författare)
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Revisiting the biogeography of Sideroxylon (Sapotaceae) and an evaluation of the taxonomic status of Argania and Spiniluma
- 2014
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Ingår i: Australian Systematic Botany. - 1030-1887 .- 1446-5701. ; 27:2, s. 104-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biogeography of Sideroxylon (Sapotoideae) and whether the satellite genera Argania and Spiniluma merit recognition are revisited. The hypothesis of an African origin with a subsequent migration to Central America via Europe and the North Atlantic landbridge is challenged. We analysed 58 accessions of trnH-psbA and ITS sequences in a fossil- calibrated, relaxed lognormal clock model with BEAST for phylogenetic and biogeographic inference. Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels from Morocco must be united with Sideroxylon, whereas S. discolor Radcl.-Sm. and S. oxyacanthum Baill. belong to subfamily Chrysophylloideae and may be recognised as Spiniluma. The divergence time estimate suggests that Sideroxylon originated and first diversified in Central America 56.3–52.2 million years ago, contemporaneous with the landbridge, but an archipelago of islands and the Tethys Seaway halted eastward expansion to Africa until c. 20 million years ago, i.e. 25 million years after establishment in Africa. Range expansion of Sideroxylon was therefore not powered by the landbridge, and a long-distance dispersal from Central America to Africa is proposed. The establishment of the Gomphotherium landbridge between Africa and Eurasia at 19 million years ago provided a land-migration route to Europe and Asia, which is reconcilable with the extension of Xantolis into Asia. Sideroxylon has colonised Socotra by over-water dispersal in the Gulf of Aden, Macaronesia, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands.
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| 6. |
- Swenson, Ulf, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Five new species and a systematic synopsis of Pycnandra (Sapotaceae), the largest endemic genus in New Caledonia
- 2016
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Ingår i: Australian Systematic Botany. - 1030-1887 .- 1446-5701. ; 29, s. 1-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pycnandra Benth. (Sapotaceae) is the largest endemic genus in New Caledonia and is subdivided into six subgenera. An addition of five species are here described in four subgenera, viz. P. comptonioides Swenson & Munzinger, P. kouakouensis Swenson & Munzinger, P. montana Swenson & Munzinger, P. poindimiensis Swenson & Munzinger and P. versicolor Swenson & Munzinger. Another seven to nine taxa are discussed but remain undescribed owing to the lack of adequate collections (and may remain undescribed pending the interpretation of the Nagoya Protocol). Pycnandra is characterised by a non-areolate higher leaf venation, sepals glabrous on the inner surface, no staminodes, and a single-seeded fruit. The members occur in a wide range of habitats and most species have very specific substrate requirements, growing on ultramafic, non-ultramafic or calcareous substrates. Almost 40 species are restricted to ultramafic substrates and many are now at risk of extinction because of deforestation, deliberately set fires and mining. We provide a systematic synopsis with keys to subgenera and species, phenology, substrate preferences, altitudinal ranges and preliminary IUCN Red List assessments for all described taxa. Four of the five new species are assessed as Critically Endangered. Pycnandra versicolor is in urgent need of conservation management beacuse its entire distribution is inside an active mine on the Koniambo massif.
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| 7. |
- Swenson, Ulf, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeny, species delimitation and revision of Pleioluma (Sapotaceae) in New Caledonia, a frequently gynodioecious genus
- 2018
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Ingår i: Australian Systematic Botany. - 1030-1887 .- 1446-5701. ; 31, s. 120-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pleioluma (Baill.) Baehni (Sapotaceae) circumscribes some 40 medium-sized trees and shrubs, many gynodioecious, in Australia, Malesia and New Caledonia. Systematics of the group is unclear and delimitations of species are notoriously difficult. We explore species boundaries in New Caledonia by multiple accessions of ‘species’, molecules and morphology in a Bayesian framework. The molecular phylogenetic signal is weak, but morphology provides enough information to support groups, species and recognition of one cryptic species. Pleioluma is then revised for New Caledonia, a genus distinguished by areolate higher leaf venation, sepals being pubescent on both surfaces, stamens inserted in or below the middle of the corolla tube, presence of staminodes, foliaceous cotyledons and endosperm. Seventeen endemic species are recognised with descriptions, recognition notes, distributions, etymologies and conservation assessments. Six species are described as new, of which four are assigned IUCN preliminary status as Critically Endangered and in urgent need of protection (Pleioluma acutifolia Swenson & Munzinger, P. belepensis Swenson & Munzinger, P. butinii Swenson & Munzinger and P. tchingouensis Swenson & Munzinger). The new species, P. dioica Swenson & Munzinger and P. tenuipedicellata Swenson & Munzinger are respectively assessed as Data Deficient and Vulnerable. The micro-endemic species P. vieillardii (Baill.) Swenson & Munzinger, confined to the Koniambo massif, is also critically endangered and needs urgent conservation management.
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| 8. |
- Swenson, Ulf, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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The largest endemic genus in New Caledonia grows: Three new species of Pycnandra (Sapotaceae) restricted to ultramafic substrate with updated subgeneric keys
- 2021
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Ingår i: Australian Systematic Botany. - 1030-1887 .- 1446-5701. ; 34, s. 510-525
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pycnandra Benth., a member of subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae), is the largest endemic genus in New Caledonia and is subdivided into six subgenera. It circumscribes 59 species, plus an additional three described here, and nine additional species that remain undescribed for various reasons. We here use nrDNA data of ETS, ITS, and RPB2, analyse it within a Bayesian framework using BEAST, and place the new species in their respective subgenera. Pycnandra perplexaSwenson & Gâteblé is placed in subgenus Achradotypus and given a preliminary IUCN Red List assessment of Near Threatened (NT). It is confined to the ultramafic massif of southern Grande Terre and separated from the similar species P. griseosepala Vink, which is confined to non-ultramafic mountains north of the large southern ultramafic plateau. Pycnandra kopetoensis Munzinger & Swenson and P. margueriteae Munzinger & Swenson are two new micro-endemic species known only from their type localities, where habitats have been destroyed by deforestation, deliberate fires and mining activities. Pycnandra kopetoensis is named after Mount Kopéto, placed in subgenus Leptostylis, and given a preliminary assessment as Critically Endangered (CR). Pycnandra margueriteae is from a small remnant forest near Bourail and categorised as Critically Endangered (CR). Revised identification keys for subgenus Achradotypus, Leptostylis and Pycnandra are provided.
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| 9. |
- Swenson, U., et al.
(författare)
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The largest endemic genus in New Caledonia grows: three new species of Pycnandra (Sapotaceae) restricted to ultramafic substrate with updated subgeneric keys
- 2021
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Ingår i: Australian Systematic Botany. - : CSIRO Publishing. - 1030-1887 .- 1446-5701. ; 34:5, s. 510-525
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pycnandra Benth., a member of subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae), is the largest endemic genus in New Caledonia and is subdivided into six subgenera. It circumscribes 59 species, plus an additional three described here, and nine additional species that remain undescribed for various reasons. We here use nrDNA data of ETS, ITS, and RPB2, analyse it within a Bayesian framework using BEAST, and place the new species in their respective subgenera. Pycnandra perplexa Swenson & Gateble is placed in subgenus Achradotypus and given a preliminary IUCN Red List assessment of Near Threatened (NT). It is confined to the ultramafic massif of southern Grande Terre and separated from the similar species P. griseosepala Vink, which is confined to non-ultramafic mountains north of the large southern ultramafic plateau. Pycnandra kopetoensis Munzinger & Swenson and P. margueriteae Munzinger & Swenson are two new micro-endemic species known only from their type localities, where habitats have been destroyed by deforestation, deliberate fires and mining activities. Pycnandra kopetoensis is named after Mount Kopeto, placed in subgenus Leptostylis, and given a preliminary assessment as Critically Endangered (CR). Pycnandra margueriteae is from a small remnant forest near Bourail and categorised as Critically Endangered (CR). Revised identification keys for subgenus Achradotypus, Leptostylis and Pycnandra are provided.
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| 10. |
- Gustafsson, MHG, et al.
(författare)
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The circumscription and systematic position of Carpodetaceae
- 1997
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Ingår i: AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. - : C S I R O PUBLICATIONS. - 1030-1887. ; 10:6, s. 855-862
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The genus Carpodetus from New Zealand, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands, traditionally has been included in the extremely heterogeneous Saxifragaceae sensu lato,but on account of morphological peculiarities it has sometimes been classified in its own f
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