| 1. |
- Deisenroth, David C., et al.
(författare)
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Measurement Uncertainty of Surface Temperature Distributions for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. - : NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY-NIST. - 1044-677X .- 2165-7254. ; 126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes advances in measuring the characteristic spatial distribution of surface temperature and emissivity during laser -metal interaction under conditions relevant for laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing processes. Detailed descriptions of the measurement process, results, and approaches to determining uncertainties are provided. Measurement uncertainties have complex dependencies on multiple process parameters, so the methodology is demonstrated on one set of process parameters and one material. Well-established literature values for high-purity nickel solidification temperature and emissivity at the solidification temperature were used to evaluate the predicted uncertainty of the measurements. The standard temperature measurement uncertainty is found to be approximately 0.9 % of the absolute temperature (16 degrees C), and the standard relative emissivity measurement uncertainty is found to be approximately 8 % at the solidification point of high-purity nickel, both of which are satisfactory. This paper also outlines several potential sources of test uncertainties, which may require additional experimental evaluation. The largest of these are the metal vapor and ejecta that are produced as process by-products, which can potentially affect the imaging quality, reflectometry results, and thermal signature of the process, while also affecting the process of laser power delivery. Furthermore, the current paper focuses strictly on the uncertainties of the emissivity and temperature measurement approach and therefore does not detail a variety of uncertainties associated with experimental controls that must be evaluated for future generation of reference data.
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| 2. |
- Dupin, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
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Implementation of an Effective Bond Energy Formalism in the Multicomponent Calphad Approach
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. - : NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY-NIST. - 1044-677X .- 2165-7254. ; 123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most models currently used for complex phases in the calculation of phase diagrams (Calphad) method are based on the compound energy formalism. The way this formalism is presently used, however, is prone to poor extrapolation behavior in higher-order systems, especially when treating phases with complex crystal structures. In this paper, a partition of the Gibbs energy into effective bond energies, without changing its configurational entropy expression, is proposed, thereby remarkably improving the extrapolation behavior. The proposed model allows the use of as many sublattices as there are occupied Wyckoff sites and has great potential for reducing the number of necessary parameters, thus allowing shorter computational time. Examples for face centered cubic (fcc) ordering and the sigma phase are given.
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