| 1. |
- Arnberg, Niklas
(författare)
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Adenovirus receptors : implications for tropism, treatment and targeting
- 2009
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Ingår i: Reviews in Medical Virology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1052-9276 .- 1099-1654. ; 19:3, s. 165-178
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adenoviruses (Ads) are the most frequently used viral vectors in gene therapy and cancer therapy. Obstacles to successful clinical application include accumulation of vector and transduction in liver cells, coupled with poor transduction of target cells and tissues such as tumours. Many host molecules, including coagulation factor X, have been identified and suggested to serve as mediators of Ad liver tropism. This review summarises current knowledge concerning these molecules and the mechanisms used by Ads to bind to target cells, and considers the prospects of designing vectors that have been detargeted from the liver and retargeted to cells and tissues of interest in the context of gene therapy and cancer therapy.
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| 2. |
- Jartti, T, et al.
(författare)
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Human bocavirus-the first 5 years
- 2012
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Ingår i: Reviews in medical virology. - : Wiley. - 1099-1654 .- 1052-9276. ; 22:1, s. 46-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Kim, Min Seo, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative effectiveness of N95, surgical or medical, and non-medical facemasks in protection against respiratory virus infection: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reviews in Medical Virology. - : WILEY. - 1052-9276 .- 1099-1654. ; 32:5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this systematic review and network meta-analysis is to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of N95, surgical/medical and non-medical facemasks as personal protective equipment against respiratory virus infection. The study incorporated 35 published and unpublished randomized controlled trials and observational studies investigating specific mask effectiveness against influenza virus, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar and medRxiv databases for studies published up to 5 February 2021 (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020214729). The primary outcome of interest was the rate of respiratory viral infection. The quality of evidence was estimated using the GRADE approach. High compliance to mask-wearing conferred a significantly better protection (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23-0.82) than low compliance. N95 or equivalent masks were the most effective in providing protection against coronavirus infections (OR, 0.30; CI, 0.20-0.44) consistently across subgroup analyses of causative viruses and clinical settings. Evidence supporting the use of medical or surgical masks against influenza or coronavirus infections (SARS, MERS and COVID-19) was weak. Our study confirmed that the use of facemasks provides protection against respiratory viral infections in general; however, the effectiveness may vary according to the type of facemask used. Our findings encourage the use of N95 respirators or their equivalents (e.g., P2) for best personal protection in healthcare settings until more evidence on surgical and medical masks is accrued. This study highlights a substantial lack of evidence on the comparative effectiveness of mask types in community settings.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Malik, Yashpal Singh, et al.
(författare)
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Pitfalls and lessons for the future : Pitfalls and lessons for the future
- 2021
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Ingår i: Reviews in Medical Virology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1052-9276 .- 1099-1654. ; 31:5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The clinical severity, rapid transmission and human losses due to coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have led the World Health Organization to declare it a pandemic. Traditional epidemiological tools are being significantly complemented by recent innovations especially using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. AI-based model systems could improve pattern recognition of disease spread in populations and predictions of outbreaks in different geographical locations. A variable and a minimal amount of data are available for the signs and symptoms of Covid-19, allowing a composite of maximum likelihood algorithms to be employed to enhance the accuracy of disease diagnosis and to identify potential drugs. AI-based forecasting and predictions are expected to complement traditional approaches by helping public health officials to select better responses against Covid-19 cases. AI-based approaches have helped address the key issues but a significant impact on the global healthcare industry is yet to be achieved. The capability of AI to address the challenges may make it a key player in the operation of healthcare systems in future. Here, we present an overview of the prospective applications of the AI model systems in healthcare settings during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic.
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| 6. |
- Olofsson, Sigvard, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Viral O-GalNAc peptide epitopes: a novel potential target in viral envelope glycoproteins.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Reviews in medical virology. - : Wiley. - 1099-1654 .- 1052-9276. ; 26:1, s. 34-48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Viral envelope glycoproteins are major targets for antibodies that bind to and inactivate viral particles. The capacity of a viral vaccine to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies is often used as a marker for vaccine efficacy. Yet the number of known neutralization target epitopes is restricted owing to various viral escape mechanisms. We expand the range of possible viral glycoprotein targets, by presenting a previously unknown type of viral glycoprotein epitope based on a short peptide stretch modified with small O-linked glycans. Besides being immunologically active, these epitopes have a high potential for antigenic variation. Thus, sera from patients infected with EBV develop individual IgG responses addressing the different possible glycopeptide glycoforms of one short peptide backbone that reflect individual variations in the course of virus infection. In contrast, in HSV type 2 meningitis patients, CSF antibodies are focussed to only one single glycoform peptide of a major viral glycoprotein. Thus, dependent on the viral disease, the serological response may be variable or constant with respect to the number of targeted peptide glycoforms. Mapping of these epitopes relies on a novel three-step procedure that identifies any reactive viral O-glycosyl peptide epitope with respect to (i) relevant peptide sequence, (ii) the reactive glycoform out of several possible glycopeptide isomers of that peptide sequence, and (iii) possibly tolerated carbohydrate or peptide structural variations at glycosylation sites. In conclusion, the viral O-glycosyl peptide epitopes may be of relevance for development of subunit vaccines and for improved serodiagnosis of viral diseases.
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| 7. |
- Pawelec, Graham, et al.
(författare)
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Cytomegalovirus and human immunosenescence
- 2009
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Ingår i: Reviews in Medical Virology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1052-9276 .- 1099-1654. ; 19:1, s. 47-56
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- 'Immunosenescence' is all imprecise term used to describe deleterious age-associated changes to immune parameters observed in all mammals studied so far. Primarily anecdotal evidence implies that failing immunity is responsible for the increased incidence and severity of infectious disease in old people. However, there is a serious dearth of accurate hard data concerning the actual cause of death in the elderly and the contribution thereto of the multitude of age-associated alterations measured in the immune system. Cross-sectional studies comparing those currently young With those currently old reveal a large number of differences in the distribution of immune cell types in the blood, and to some extent the functional integrity of those cells. Many of these parameters differ markedly between individuals infected with CMV and uninfected people, regardless of infection with other persistent herpesviruses. The adaptive arm of immunity appears to be more seriously affected than the innate arm, particularly the T lymphocytes. However, cross-sectional studies suffer the disadvantage that like is not being compared with like, because the conditions applied during the entire life course of the currently elderly were different from those applied now to the young. These differences in environment, nutrition, pathology and possibly genetics, rather than merely age, may be expected to influence the parameters studied. Moreover, pathogen exposure of the currently elderly was also different from contemporary exposure, probably including CMV. Some of the problems associated with cross-sectional studies can be overcome by performing longitudinal studies, as pointed out in an earlier analysis of the Baltimore Longitudinal Ageing study looking at lymphocyte numbers. However, longitudinal studies are challenging in humans. L Nonetheless, the pioneering Swedish OCTO/NONA studies of the very elderly which for the first time included a range of immune parameters, have identified a set of immune parameters predicting mortality at 2, 4 and 6 year follow-up; CMV infection makes a material contribution to this so-called immune risk profile (IRP)'. Whether the IRP is informative in younger individuals and the mechanism of the CMV effect is discussed in this review.
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| 8. |
- Rydell, Gustaf E, et al.
(författare)
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Susceptibility to winter vomiting disease: a sweet matter.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Reviews in medical virology. - : Wiley. - 1099-1654 .- 1052-9276. ; 21:6, s. 370-82
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Norovirus, the cause of winter vomiting disease, has emerged in recent years to be a major cause of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. The virus has been estimated to cause >200,000 deaths each year in developing countries. Although the virus is highly contagious, volunteer and field studies have shown that a subset of individuals appears resistant to infections. A single nucleotide mutation (G428A) in the fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2) on chromosome 19 provides strong protection from infection in 20% of the white population. Histo-blood group ABO(H) antigens with terminal fucose are believed to function as receptors for human norovirus in the gastrointestinal tract, but also negatively charged potential receptors have been identified. Norovirus infection is a unique example where a single nucleotide mutation in a fucosyltransferase gene plays a crucial role in susceptibility to one of the most common viral diseases. This review discusses the role of host genetics and carbohydrate structures in susceptibility to winter vomiting disease.
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