| 1. |
- Nystedt, Paul
(författare)
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Widowhood-related mortality in Scania, Sweden during the 19th century
- 2002
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 7:3, s. 451-478
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, mortality risks are empirically examined in connection with spousal bereavement in four parishes in Scania, southern Sweden, during the 19th century using duration analysis. The data are longitudinal and the inhabitants have been followed literally from the cradle to the grave. To simultaneously catch transitory (shock) and persistent (long-term) effects of widowhood on mortality of the surviving spouse, the Cox semiparametric proportional hazards model has been applied with time spent in widowhood as a time-dependent multiple factor. Widowers in general were found to face higher relative mortality risks than widows and the effect of bereavement decreased through time. The estimated relative risks for males were dependent on socioeconomic status and widowers classified as landless faced high relative risks. Quantitatively, the magnitude of our estimates was large in comparison with similar studies made on contemporary data. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
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Disability, partnership, and family across time and space
- 2020
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 25:2, s. 177-201
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Notions of family life and romantic partnership, like notions ofdisability, have been culturally constructed and socially produced over historical time, and our understandings of these notions are being continually challenged and re-negotiated across time and space. Policies, institutions, and cultural practices across the globe have brought about changes to the construction of the family and to the rights and inclusion of disabled people in private and public life. This special issue brings together a collection of studies from different countries and time periods to explore the interplay between disability, romantic partnerships, and family life across the individual lifetime and between generations. With this interdisciplinary collection, we seek to merge disability research and research on family and partnerships through a life course lens. This offers unique insights and opportunities to interconnect historical and cultural location and changing social institutions with individual and family experiences. This introduction presents the eight studies in the collection and discusses them within a life course frame that views disabled people’s roles as partners, spouses, and members of a family. In so doing, it engages in ananalysis of (dis)similarities concerning how family dynamics, romantic relationships, and disability have developed over time and in different spaces.
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| 3. |
- Axelsson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Sweden in 1930 and the 1930 census
- 2016
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - London : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 21:1, s. 61-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The primary goal of censuses has always been to collect reliable information on the state’s population and provide a basis for governmental decision-making. This study examines the categories used in the 1930 census and links them to the context in which they were generated. We treat the census as a tool of state power, which can be discerned from the definitions of its categories and the way in which statistics are collected and used. The guiding question of the study was “how does the 1930 census differ from previous censuses and how can these differences and changes be explained?” We find that as in earlier censuses, Statistics Sweden used extracts from the parish books on the individual level to collect information for the 1930 census, but also used diverse supplementary sources including tax registers, income tax returns and language surveys. Thus, unlike in most countries, Sweden did not send out census takers or questionnaires to the population. Many of the new or updated variables we see in the 1930 census such as income, wealth, and number of children born, can be related to the political and social debate concerning the poor working class and the establishment of the welfare state. The inclusion of categories such as ethnicity, religion, and foreign nationality can be seen as part of a normative approach wanting to control, monitor and correct deviant elements of the Swedish population. Sweden has several extraordinary longitudinal population databases built on the country’s excellent parish registers dating back to the 18th century. While the Swedish censuses have rarely been used as sources of data for historical analysis, this work demonstrates that the 1930 census has great potential to support new research.
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| 4. |
- Bergenheim, Sophy, et al.
(författare)
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Pursuing pronatalism : non-governmental organisations and population and family policy in Sweden and Finland, 1940s-1950s
- 2020
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 25:4, s. 671-703
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this article is to nuance notions of 'pronatalism' by applying it as an analytical concept for studying population and family policy Sweden and Finland in the 1940s and 1950s. This endeavour is pursued by analysing the ideologies and practices of three pronatalist non-governmental organisations from Sweden, Finland and Swedish Finland: the Swedish Population and Family Federation (Befolkningsforbundet Svenska Familjevarnet), the Finnish Population and Family Welfare League (Vaestoliitto) and the Swedish Population Federation in Finland (Svenska Befolkningsforbundet i Finland, SBF). All three organisations promoted family-friendly policies, emphasised the need for wide-spread population policy education or 'propaganda', and framed pronatalist population policy as a collective issue of the nation or 'people', yet with different motivations and framings. Vaestoliitto and SBF related the so-called population question to an external threat: the Soviet Union that threatened the geopolitical status of Finland, and the pressure of the Finnish-speaking majority, respectively. In addition, SBF saw that the Finland-Swedes were delusional about their demographic and cultural vulnerability and were hence causing their own demise. Familjevarnet, on the other hand, first and foremost connected family and population policy to the furthering of welfare, solidarity and democracy, primarily within Sweden but also transnationally. Respectively, the organisations also framed motherhood slightly differently. Vaestoliitto and SBF portrayed procreation as a civic duty and motherhood as the most important role of women. Familjevarnet also viewed motherhood as an important and natural role for women, yet not as an exclusive civic duty. Rather, it emphasised that all citizens had a duty to contribute to a positive demographic development and family-friendly society, either through procreation or by partaking in the cost of bringing up children.
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| 5. |
- Cheng, Yen-hsin Alice, et al.
(författare)
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An East-West dichotomy? Shifting marriage age patterns in Taiwan and Sweden over two centuries
- 2021
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 26:3, s. 434-465
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Age at marriage varies greatly over time and between places. This study examines changes in age differences between spouses, as well as age at marriage, over 200 years in Taiwan and Sweden. Changes across vastly different socioeconomic and demographic contexts are explored in these two different kinship and marriage systems. Five different data sources are used to create micro-level data on spousal age differences for Swedish marriages formed between 1830 and 2006 and for Taiwanese ones that occurred between 1870 and 2015. The findings reveal two clearly distinct marriage systems that converge in some ways over time but remain divergent in other aspects. Since the 19th century Sweden has had a population that marries much later in life, when compared to Taiwan, though the pace of marriage postponement in Taiwan has made the age profiles of contemporary married couples appear more similar to those of their Swedish counterparts. In addition, the distribution of ages at marriage has also become more dispersed in the contemporary than in the historical period for both countries. While age at marriage varied greatly over the two centuries, this study puts particular emphasis on how age at marriage for both men and women interacts with age differences between spouses. Findings revealed a gendered age preference in both Taiwan and Sweden, and how this has changed over time with rising female status and development. In contrast to shrinking age differences in Taiwan over one and a half centuries, average age differences in Sweden remained relatively constant, with the dispersion of age differences following a U-shaped pattern and reaching a minimum in around 1970.
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| 6. |
- Debiasi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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The long-term consequences of parental death in childhood on mortality and the role of socioeconomic status : evidence from Sweden at the turn of the 20th century
- 2021
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 26:4, s. 657-681
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The death of a parent during childhood is a major traumatic event. While there is a good understanding of the early-life effects of parental loss, the evidence regarding its impact on adult mortality is still scarce. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to study the long-term consequences of parental loss on mortality with a particular focus on differences by socioeconomic status (SES) of the family. We use data from 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1910 Swedish censuses that have been linked to the Swedish Death Index, which contain records for the deaths occurred in Sweden between 1860 and 2016. We run a series of OLS regressions to estimate the mean age at death of orphans adjusting for a set of parental and household characteristics. In addition, we account for children's own socioeconomic position and marital status in adulthood. The findings suggest that parental death in childhood has long-lasting detrimental consequences later in life even though it decreases substantially as individuals get older. We explain the decreasing magnitude of the association with age as likely to be due to an increased selection with the more resilient individuals surviving to older ages. The presence of stepparents is associated with a survival advantage, but we do not find support for an interaction effect between parental death and family SES. Accordingly, the detrimental consequences of parental death are equally observed among all social classes. Including adulthood characteristics slightly attenuates the relationship between parental death in childhood and adulthood mortality, but the results remain significant.
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| 7. |
- Drugge, Ulf
(författare)
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Public affairs, privacy, and family stress : a case study in rural northern Sweden in the mid-nineteenth century
- 2013
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 18:1, s. 68-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is a case study based on court records. What seems initially to be a petty theft gives rise to remarkable events. Affairs that are initially private later become public. Various events in and around the court throw light upon the way court and community respond to family stress in a mid-nineteenth century rural northern Swedish community. Testimonies by a large number of witnesses in court reveal a society in transition with elements of a money market, which means here a huge amount of ready money in circulation and arenas ready to shelter private transactions.
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| 8. |
- Edvinsson, Sören, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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The practice of birth control and historical fertility change : Introduction
- 2010
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Elsevier. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 15:2, s. 117-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This introduction discusses the contributions in the special issue. The articles present results concerning the practice of birth control, mainly at the family level. They represent different analytical approaches where both interviews, letters, surveys and micro-level data have been used. The European fertility decline has made a fundamental change to the societies in the 20th and 21st centuries. Birth control spreads rapidly. Research in this field requires both qualitative and quantitative studies, where both approaches contribute to different perspectives on the transition. The articles in the issue discuss several themes in relation to birth control, of which three are developed in the introduction. These are gender and fertility, gender and health and finally how to control fertility. The presented results demonstrate the importance of including gender in the analyses of the fertility decline. A gender perspective makes it natural to consider historical persons as agents. It is also necessary to acknowledge that we should not treat the married couple as a single unit. They may have conflicting interests, something that several of the articles illustrate. One aspect we would like to emphasize is how health problems can influence the will to have more children and this affects birth control. This is a theme that in different forms is taken up by several of the authors. Finally, families practiced birth control with several different methods that also changed throughout the married years, thus demonstrating a flexibility that is often overlooked in conventional methods for the analysis of fertility.
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| 9. |
- Grubbström, Ann, 1967-
(författare)
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Gender contracts in Estonian coastal farming families, 1870-1939
- 2012
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 17:4, s. 434-451
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with families that lived on the North West coast of Estonia from 1870 to 1939. This period involved a successive transition to a monetary economy for the family farmer and an increasing need for cash to be able to pay rents and debts arising from land purchases. A farm perspective is used to show the complexity of effects of societal changes on the gender division of labour. The study highlights how practices evolve within a specific spatial context in terms of adjustment of gender contracts. It is demonstrated that husbands and wives on farms involved in fishing and seafaring negotiated flexible gender contracts, in which women were flexible and took over men’s work. Such contracts evolved when the men were absent from the farm due to fishing and seafaring duties. Flexible gender contracts developed if other solutions, such as hiring farmhands, were impossible to arrange. Small farms could develop a gender contract for collaboration at sea in which women accompanied their husbands on fishing trips. The results, which are based on interviews and archive sources, indicate that the smaller the family farm, the more inclined women were to take over traditional men’s work. It is argued that different gender contracts are parallel phenomena and that they often seem to be temporary, since they are evaluated in relation to the standard gender contract that acts as a norm in society.
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| 10. |
- Jansson, Birgitta, 1959
(författare)
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Intergenerational income mobility in Gothenburg, Sweden, 1925-1958, before the rise of the welfare state
- 2015
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Ingår i: The History of the family. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 20:3, s. 469-488
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract This paper investigates intergenerational mobility at the household level by using tax data for the city of Gothenburg, Sweden for two periods, 1925–1947 and 1936–1958, before the rise of the welfare state. Young households (selected person under 18) are followed and income mobility (defined as changes in household disposable equivalent income) is followed across generations. In addition, socioeconomic mobility (defined as changes in the socioeconomic status of household head) is followed across generations. These two approaches of measuring mobility will tell us to what extent sons and daughters follow in their fathers’ footsteps before the rise of the welfare state in Sweden. The results indicate significant intergenerational income mobility for both periods, while the period from 1925–1947 seems to be more mobile. In addition, socioeconomic mobility increased during the last period, 1936–1958. Hence, even before the rise of the welfare state, Sweden had high intergenerational income mobility.
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| 11. |
- Junkka, Johan, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender and fertility within the free churches in the Sundsvall region, Sweden, 1860–1921
- 2016
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 21:2, s. 243-266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of secularization in the European fertility decline has been of interest to demographers, who often explore the relationship on a macro-level or by identifying religious affiliation by proxy. However, the relationship has not been thoroughly studied on an individual level utilizing indicators of personal religious conviction and affiliation. The aim of the present article is to examine reproductive practices by religious affiliation in order to understand the impact of secularization on fertility decline. This is accomplished using event history analysis of longitudinal parish register data from Sundsvall (1860–1921) where religious affiliation is identified on a family level. Reproductive practices are analysed using cohort TFR, descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazard regressions. Free-church affiliates had, overall, a higher probability of having another child than did affiliates to the state church. However, these differences decreased over time, and as fertility dropped throughout society free-church affiliates showed the strongest significant reduction in probability of another birth. This indicates that over time, within the free churches, ideas about respectability and restraint came to mean that birth control, in the form of abstinence within marriage, became an important practice in the formation of gendered religious identities - leading to a relatively early decrease in fertility.
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| 12. |
- Kenttä, Tony, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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The necessity of small loans : the borrowing and lending among low-income earners in early 20th century Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 27:2, s. 268-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is difficult for households to match a low and fluctuating income with their expenditures. One short-term strategy for managing cash-flow problems is to turn to one’s social networks for support. This article describes and analyses the borrowing and lending of small loans (corresponding to one-two days of pay) among low-income earners and the role these loans had in the household economy. By analysing the detailed weekly reports in the Swedish cost of living survey 1913/14, it is possible to explain when and why households borrowed and lent. This was after a period of rising real wages in Sweden, yet surpluses were still small and a public safety net had only begun developing. More than half of the studied 118 workers and 105 lower officials, respectively, borrowed small sums. However, most just borrowed once or a few times over the year. To give a loan was less common than borrowing. Some lenders likely felt obliged to give loans to less well-off borrowers. Other households engaged in reciprocal borrowing and lending of small loans. Small loans were mostly used to handle income shortfalls and not expenditures shocks. Consequently, larger income fluctuations led to more borrowing among workers, unlike the level of household income. Being in a vulnerable position in the life-cycle with young children also increased the risk of borrowing among both workers and lower officials. However, income from adolescents did not seem to have mitigated cash-flow problems as older children increased household borrowing too. Lending declined after the start of WWI. This means that the source underestimates annual lending during peacetime conditions. However, the demand for loans remained largely constant, forcing workers in need to seek out other sources of credit. Still, households’ social networks played an important part in an incessant struggle to make ends meet.
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| 13. |
- Kling, Sofia
(författare)
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Reproductive health, birth control, and fertility change in Sweden, circa 1900-1940
- 2010
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 15:2, s. 161-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article deals with two aspects of reproductive health during the latter part of the Swedish fertility decline: failing health as a motive for birth control, and failing health as a possible consequence of illegal abortions. The main argument is that reproductive health was an important factor in most reproductive decisions during this period, a circumstance largely ignored by researchers of the fertility decline. Questions that are addressed include: How can aspects of reproductive health be viewed as explanatory factors of the fertility decline? How did men react to women's need to stop bearing children for health reasons? Flow did couples seeking abortion, sometimes for health reasons, perceive the risks associated with abortion? A source material mainly consisting of letters, written in the 1930s and sent to the Swedish Association for Sexuality Education, has been used to discern how aspects of health, contraception and abortion were experienced by ordinary men and women. The analysis shows that reproductive health became a motive for birth control, at this point in history, for at least two reasons. Firstly, the experience of childbirth had changed through institutionalization and secularization and, secondly, respectable masculinity was increasingly constructed to include sexual respect towards women. Still, when couples decided to abort, aspects of health were largely ignored. Often abortion was sought because the health risks associated with childbirth were perceived as larger than those associated with abortion. The connection between reproductive health and birth control was, therefore, of a rather complex kind.
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| 14. |
- Li, Chun-Hao, et al.
(författare)
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Uxorilocal marriage as a strategy for heirship in a patrilineal society : evidence from household registers in early 20th-century Taiwan
- 2020
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 25:1, s. 22-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In pre-industrial Taiwan, an uxorilocal marriage, in which a man moved in with his bride's family, was a familial strategy used to continue family lineage and to enhance family farm labor. We examine the prevalence and circumstances in which a family would call in a man for one of their unmarried daughters. Using data from the Taiwan Historical Household Registers Database (THHRD) from 1906-1945, we identify the individual-level factors (including parental status, sibling status, household heads' occupations, and the capacity of the family labor force) and a community-level factor - the prevalence of uxorilocal marriages by region, which are predictive of uxorilocal marriages. Our analyses first show that women without siblings and women with only female siblings were more likely to adopt the uxorilocal form of marriage. In addition, the effects of siblings' status were moderated by the presence or absence of parents. For women without any male siblings with at least one parent, especially a father, residing in the household, the likelihood of having an uxorilocal marriage was higher than for those without any parents. Second, an uxorilocal marriage was less common in families with more young family members in the labor force to fulfill the manpower needed for farming. Third, uxorilocal marriage was more likely to occur in families living in the poorest socioeconomic conditions, especially those families in which household heads did not own land and had to sell their labor for agricultural production. Our findings imply that the adoption of uxorilocal marriage varied not only from place to place but also from time to time; it was conditioned by the modes and the means of labor production.
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| 15. |
- Lilja, Kristina, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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To depend on one's children or to depend on oneself : Savings for old-ageand children's impact on wealth
- 2013
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - London. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 18:4, s. 510-532
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How did workers make provisions for old age before the introduction of old agepensions? What was the relative importance of dependence on children and saving forold age respectively? This article concerns the transition from a traditional familybasedsystem for economic support in old age to a more modern system. Regarding thenineteenth century, studies have shown that (a) savings generally were insufficient forfull retirement, and that (b) families were dependent on children’s incomes when thebreadwinner became older. Little attention has been paid to the question of how therelative importance of these two alternatives changed during the century. This questionis addressed here in a cross-sectional study of net wealth based on probate inventoriesfor three Swedish towns in the 1820s and the 1900s.The results show that in general the economic importance of children was largeramong the lower socio-economic strata. They also reveal that net costs for havingchildren increased between the investigated periods. This means that dependence onchildren became more expensive. Consequently, the economic importance of thisalternative decreased. This may have been a strong motive for the fertility transition.On the other hand, net wealth for workers increased at the end of the nineteenthcentury. Financial assets constituted a great part of the increase. Workers with childrenhad less financial savings than those without children, showing that there was a conflictbetween the traditional and the modern systems for support in old age. However, still atthe turn of the twentieth century funds were generally too small to allow an old workerto retire. These results indicate that neither the old, nor the modern systems, fullysatisfied the need for support in old age. This may explain why several WesternEuropean countries introduced old age pensions at the beginning of the twentiethcentury.
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| 16. |
- Lindström, Jonas, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Interdependent living : Labouring families and the Swedish mining industry in the late seventeenth century
- 2017
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 22:1, s. 136-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The history of the labouring family has gained increasing attention among European scholars in the last decades, but in Sweden, it remains an under-researched topic. Still, in the early modern period, labourers and their families made vital contributions to the country’s important mining industry. This paper examines the household economy of labouring families related to the mining industry in two Swedish areas in the late seventeenth century. On the basis on account books and court records, combined with demographic data, we explore the diversity of livelihoods and the complex web of interdependencies that made this economy feasible. We show that, while monetary remuneration was limited, wage labour in mines and metalwork gave the labouring family access to resources in the form of land, labour and credit beyond its own assets. Within the household, the man generally worked for wages, while his wife made use of the use-rights that came with his employment. The mining industry, and thereby also Swedish state finances, depended on this diverse family economy. In conclusion, interdependence, rather than the independent economic position described by classical models of early modern households, characterized the household economy of the labouring family.
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| 17. |
- Macassa, Gloria, et al.
(författare)
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Differentials in overall and cause-specific mortality among infants born in and out of wedlock, Stockholm 1878-1925
- 2006
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 11:1, s. 19-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates differentials in the decline of cause-specific infant mortality by marital status of the mother in Stockholm (1878-1925) and factors contributing to the explanation of these differentials using computerized records of individual entries from the Roteman Archives. Included in the analysis were 120,094 children less than 1 year of age who lived in Södermalm during this period. Cause-specific mortality rates were calculated for three time periods. Cox's regression analysis was used to study the relationship between overall and cause-specific risk of infant death and of being born in and out of wedlock in relation to a set of variables. Infant mortality rates and mortality risks were higher among children born out of rather than in wedlock. The most pronounced differentials in cause-specific mortality rates between these groups of children were seen in cases of diarrhea. The socioeconomic status of the household head and number of children in the household were statistically significant with infant mortality, but explain only part of the excess mortality risk of children born out of wedlock. In Stockholm at the turn of the 19th century being born out of wedlock was strongly associated with poor health outcomes, particularly in diarrheal diseases, pneumonia/ bronchitis, and immaturity/congenital causes.
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| 18. |
- Macassa, Gloria, et al.
(författare)
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Differentials in overall and cause-specific mortality between infants born in and out of wedlock, Stockholm 1878-1925
- 2006
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 11:1, s. 19-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates differentials in the decline of cause-specific infant mortality by marital status of the mother in Stockholm (1878–1925) and factors contributing to the explanation of these differentials using computerized records of individual entries from the Roteman Archives. Included in the analysis were 120,094 children less than 1 year of age who lived in Södermalm during this period. Cause-specific mortality rates were calculated for three time periods. Cox's regression analysis was used to study the relationship between overall and cause-specific risk of infant death and of being born in and out of wedlock in relation to a set of variables. Infant mortality rates and mortality risks were higher among children born out of rather than in wedlock. The most pronounced differentials in cause-specific mortality rates between these groups of children were seen in cases of diarrhea. The socioeconomic status of the household head and number of children in the household were statistically significant with infant mortality, but explain only part of the excess mortality risk of children born out of wedlock. In Stockholm at the turn of the 19th century being born out of wedlock was strongly associated with poor health outcomes, particularly in diarrheal diseases, pneumonia/bronchitis, and immaturity/congenital causes.
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| 19. |
- Namatovu, Fredinah, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of disability on partnership formation in Sweden during 1990-2009
- 2020
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 25:2, s. 230-245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence suggests that disability negatively affects people’s propensity to find a partner. Persons with disabilities that eventually find a partner do so later in life compared to the average population. There is a lack of studies on the differences in partnership opportunities for persons with disabilities compared to those without disabilities in Sweden. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of disability on partnership formation and to assess whether partnership formation varies as a function of individual demographic and socio-economic factors. We use nationwide data available in the Swedish Initiative for Research on Microdata in Social and Medical Sciences (Umeå SIMSAM Lab). We follow persons born from 1973 to 1977 when they were from 16 to 37 years of age and analyze their data using logistic regression. Our findings indicate that regardless of whether a person started to receive a disability pension at an early age or later, it was associated with lower odds for partnership formation. For persons who started receiving disability pension from 16 to 20 years of age, chances for partnership formation reduced with increase in age of partnership. Individuals that started to receive disability pension later were more likely to form partnership prior to receiving disability pension. Partnership formation was less likely among persons born outside Sweden, in persons with mothers born outside Sweden, in individuals born by unmarried mothers and in persons, whose mothers had a high level of education. Partnership was high among women and among persons who had many maternal siblings. In conclusion, receiving disability pension was associated with reduced chances for partnership formation. Receiving disability pension might imply financial constraints that negatively influence partnership formation supporting Oppenheimer’s theory on the economic cost of marriage and the uncertainty hypothesis.
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| 20. |
- Nilsson, Karina, 1969-
(författare)
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Parenthood and welfare outcomes in late-twentieth-century Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Elsevier. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 15:2, s. 206-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the impact of family formation and in particular the impact of parenthood on Swedish men's and women's welfare outcomes during the last decades of the twentieth century. A description of changes to family forms since the 1970s, with an emphasis on marriages, divorces, and childbirth is followed by a description of Swedish family policy and labour market settings. After this, the article focuses on the effects of parenthood on welfare outcomes, namely income and well-being. Negative effects of parenthood, specifically lowered income and self-reported feelings of tiredness are more frequently observed in mothers, something which is argued to influence future childbirth patterns. Furthermore, the article points to the need to examine the potential influence that fathers' changing roles within families will have on future family formation and fertility patterns.
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| 21. |
- Nordin, Gabriella, et al.
(författare)
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True or false? : Nineteenth-century Sápmi fertility in qualitative vs. demographic sources
- 2012
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 17:2, s. 157-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is limited knowledge about childbirth and childcare among Arctic indigenous peoples in historical times, and the Swedish Sami are no exception. The main aim of the present study is to investigate whether the Sami experienced fertility trends parallel to those of the rest of the population in the area and in Sweden as a whole. Digitized parish records offer a unique possibility to include comparisons from ethnic, cultural, geographical and long-term perspectives. The present study compares the statements about fertility and childcare provided by qualitative sources with data from quantitative demographic investigations. This comparison reveals a contrasting picture, from which it is evident that contemporary observers' impressions of the Sami and their childbirths were somewhat inaccurate. Opposite to what the qualitative sources claimed Sami fertility was higher than the national average rates. Moreover, crude birth rates were high and the average number of children in families exceeded what was generally claimed. We can conclude that the statements made by clergy, physicians and travelers concerning childbirth among the Sami did not correspond particularly well with the demographic reality.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Puschmann, Paul, et al.
(författare)
-
Access to marriage and reproduction among migrants in Antwerp and Stockholm. A longitudinal approach to processes of social inclusion and exclusion, 1846–1926
- 2014
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - London : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 19:1, s. 29-52
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A longitudinal approach is used to describe and explain processes of social inclusion and exclusion among different groups of migrants in Antwerp and Stockholm (1846–1926), in terms of access to marriage and reproduction. In this way we want to get a better idea about the factors which facilitated or hampered the social inclusion of migrants upon arrival in two different Western European port cities. The results of the discrete time event history analyses show that social inclusion of migrants was easier in Antwerp and became easier over time, while in Stockholm it was more difficult and became even more complicated over time. This finding might be interpreted as the result of greater societal openness in Antwerp, as the Belgian port-city's economic success depended largely upon foreigners and international trade. Higher odds for social inclusion in Antwerp might also have been related to differences in the chances of finding an urban niche, which in turn might have been a result of disparities in economic and demographic growth. Most likely it was a combination of differences in the local opportunity structure and the level of societal openness. Furthermore, it was found that region and place of birth, age at arrival, historical time period, and, in the case of Stockholm, gender and social class had an important impact on the chances of successful inclusion.
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| 24. |
- Reher, David, et al.
(författare)
-
How level is the Playing Field? Divided Families Among Latin American Immigrants in Spain
- 2013
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 18:1, s. 26-43
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International migratory movements tend to produce the reality of divided families that are located in at least two different places. The literature on divided or transnational families and family reunification movements has shown how the socio-demographic determinants in origin and the socio-economic and institutional factors in destination drive these processes. Assuming that migratory movements are the result to a large extent of specifically familial dynamics and strategies, in this paper we are interested in exploring whether other elements associated to the country of origin and to the relationship between country of origin and country of destination have a discernible influence on the family results of migration and, specifically, on the separation and subsequent reunification of the immigrant families. This complex set of elements builds on the playing field where migratory decisions are taken. The Spanish case, characterized by a sudden explosion of international immigration between 2000 and 2007 and significant numbers of Latin American migrants arriving during these years, is a particularly suitable scenario to investigate this phenomenon. The empirical analysis will be mainly based on the National Immigrant Survey of Spain (2007).
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| 25. |
- Sánchez-Domínguez, María, et al.
(författare)
-
The marriage boom : Spanish and Swedish women making sense of marriage during the marriage boom
- 2015
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 20:1, s. 69-85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyzes the marriage boom that took place during the middle decades of the twentieth century. The increase in nuptiality is analyzed in Spain and Sweden from a qualitative perspective, and the authors describe how cultural, social, economic and institutional transformations were understood by women who were in their reproductive period during the marriage boom. In-depth interviews were conducted in both places with 51 women born between 1919 and 1951. The authors argue that it is important that the ways in which the factors previously identified as decisive of the marriage boom are studied for their motivating power, and the way they were or were not made important in people's understandings of their marital practices. The results show that despite the differences between the national contexts of Spain and Sweden, three interrelated themes recurred when the interviewed women framed their marital choices: (1) the normalization of marriage as a life event; (2) religion; (3) and education and work life. The results also suggest that the women highlighted norm systems within which their choices and decisions were made, rather than describing individual choices and decisions as stemming from individual preferences and wishes.
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| 26. |
- Sandstrom, Glenn
(författare)
-
The mid-twentieth century baby boom in Sweden : changes in the educational gradient of fertility for women born 1915-1950
- 2014
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 19:1, s. 120-140
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes changes in the educational gradient of fertility among Swedish women who participated in the mid twentieth-century baby boom. Using individual-level data covering the entire Swedish population drawn from the Population and Housing Census of 1960, and the Multi-generation Register, the study determines fertility outcomes during the baby boom across educational strata. The results indicate important differences between the first wave of the baby boom during the 1940s and the second peak in the 1960s. This is the case with regard to both education and age-specific fertility patterns. The results show that a pertinent feature of the first wave was a recovery among older women who had postponed births during the 1930s, and that the educational gradient was still strongly negative at this time. On the other hand, the second wave during the 1960s was primarily created by increased fertility among younger women below 30 years of age. For these women born in the 1930s and 1940s, who increased their educational levels compared to earlier generations, fertility differentials across educational strata were almost eliminated. This convergence of childbearing behavior between high and low educated women was an important prerequisite for the second peak of the Swedish baby boom in the 1960s, as the proportion of secondary and post-secondary educated women had increased substantially in the cohorts born since the mid 1930s.
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| 27. |
- Sandström, Glenn, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
A prelude to the dual provider family : the changing role of female labor force participation and occupational field on fertility outcomes during the baby boom in Sweden 1900–60
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 24:1, s. 149-173
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By investigating changes in the association between women’s socioeconomic status, labor market activity and fertility outcomes during the Swedish baby boom 1900–60 this study reaches three main conclusions. First, the results show that a convergence of fertility behavior occurred across female socioeconomic strata during the peak baby boom period in the 1940s and 1950s in terms of a strong two child norm. Second, the negative socio-economic gradient of fertility found in Sweden before the baby boom declined sharply among women who came of age during the 1940s and 1950s, as white-collar women increased their fertility more than all the other strata. Third, this was especially the case for women engaged in the so called ‘caring professions’ that exhibit the largest changes in behavior. The pattern found in contemporary Western contexts where women in healthcare and education have a substantially higher fertility was thus formed in Sweden already during the 1940s and 1950s. The empirical finding fit with the interpretation that middle-class women employed in the public sector experienced stronger reductions in constraints to family formation compared to women employed in the private sector. We propose that the pronatalist polices implemented in the 1930s and 1940s, especially the extensive improvements in employment protection implemented for women who got married or became pregnant in the late 1930s in Sweden, is one important factor to consider when we try to understand why especially women employed in the public sector in education and healthcare increased their fertility more than other groups.
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| 28. |
- Sandström, Glenn
(författare)
-
Socio-economic determinants of divorce in early twentieth-century Sweden
- 2011
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - Greenwich, Conn. : JAI Press. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 16:3, s. 292-307
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a combination of census data and aggregated divorce statistics, this study investigates how socio-economic conditionsinfluenced the risk of divorce among men in different occupations during the 1920s and 1930s in Sweden. The results support thetheoretical presupposition that the stability of marriage was associated with the degree of economic interdependence betweenspouses. Rural, low-income, single-provider households with many children exhibit a significantly lower probability of divorcethan urban, dual-provider, high-income households with few children. This lends support to a socio-economic growth hypothesisstating that lower levels of marriage stability first developed in the more affluent strata of society living in urban settings. Thetendency of decreasing marriage stability then successively spread to the middle and lower classes as the divorce rate continued toincrease during the course of the twentieth century.
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| 29. |
- Stanfors, Maria, et al.
(författare)
-
Intergenerational transmission of young motherhood. Evidence from Sweden, 1986-2009
- 2013
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1873-5398 .- 1081-602X. ; 18:2, s. 187-208
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the intergenerational transmission of fertility patterns from mothers who had their first birth at young ages to their daughters using nationally representative longitudinal data from from population registers in Sweden, 1986-2009. It tests several mechanisms, including education, labor market attachment, socio-economic background, and family characteristics, that may intervene with the intergenerational transmission of reproductive behavior, to help explain to what extent and how early motherhood is reproduced across generations. We find that maternal age at first birth is a very strong determinant of daughters' entry into motherhood. Even after controlling for individual, background, and family factors, daughters of mothers who were relatively young when they started childbearing, are significantly more likely to have their first birth at young ages.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Sundvall, Samuel, et al.
(författare)
-
Models of leaving home: patterns and trends in Sweden, 1830-1959
- 2023
-
Ingår i: History of the Family. - : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 28:3, s. 601-629
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we examine the development of age at leaving the parental household in Sweden between the years 1830-1959. We utilize individual-level longitudinal data from two geographically and socioeconomically different regions: the county of Scania in the very south of Sweden, and Vasterbotten to the north. We use descriptive and multivariate analyses to investigate how determinants, such as age at marriage and socioeconomic status, affected the age at leaving the parental household over time and between different subgroups, such as sex and rural-urban setting. We show that the age at leaving the parental household was initially low but increased strongly during industrialization but fell again during the interwar period and onwards. Regional and subgroup differences in age at leaving the parental household were small throughout the investigated period, indicating that the development was general in nature. Therefore, we argue that our results indicate that different models governed the structures and norms of home leaving during our investigated period. More specifically, a pre-industrial model gradually shifted into an industrial model, with the latter one becoming dominant in the 1920s. In the pre-industrial model, leaving home was shaped by the life-cycle service system. In the industrial model, age at marriage instead became a main determinant of home leaving.
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| 32. |
- Vikström, Lotta, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Marriages among people with disabilities in 19th-century Sweden : marital age and spouse's characteristics
- 2020
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 25:2, s. 322-344
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While marrying was an expected event in 19th-century Western society and has been subject to much historical research, there are few studies on how disabilities influenced people’s marriage patterns and spouse selection. The aim of this analysis is to contribute clarification on this issue by examining with whom disabled men and women married and the marital age and socio-demographic characteristics of them and their spouses. In total, 188 disabled individuals born in the first half of the 19th century and who married in the Sundsvall region, Sweden, are studied. The results reveal that disabled men and women did not marry each other, and they entered into marriage at a slightly higher age than the average, although there was usually no marked age gap between them and their spouse. Endogamous patterns were primarily found regarding the socio-spatial background of the two spouses. This analysis is one of the few studies identifying the marriages among a comparatively large number of disabled people using demographic data. Their participation in the partner pool highlight their agency historically and emphasize that disability did not lead to distance from social life in past society.
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| 33. |
- Vikström, Lotta, 1971-
(författare)
-
Vulnerability among paupers : determinants of individuals receiving poor relief in nineteenth-century northern Sweden
- 2006
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 11:4, s. 223-239
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study combines computerized parish registers with parish meeting records that account for individuals who received poor relief in the nineteenth-century Sundsvall region, Sweden. The combination of sources especially helps to explore the recipients who are overlooked in the literature or difficult to trace in historical data. Their demographic characteristics in relation to relief allocation and experiences prior to it are analyzed and show that they did not only share the occurrence of entitlement. Vast but insufficient family networks failed to give the recipients support to manage their distressed situation. Deaths and births of relatives jeopardized their capability to guarantee subsistence for them or their family, and so did also their gender and phase in the lifecycle. The multi-dimensional concept of vulnerability is employed to comprehend the dynamic determinants of poverty represented by individuals granted poor relief. It is argued that this concept has to be further developed but nevertheless helps to identify and stratify some of the vulnerabilities that characterized paupers in the past.
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| 34. |
- Clementsson, Bonnie
(författare)
-
Changing patterns of hierarchy within Swedish stepfamilies in the late 1700s
- 2022
-
Ingår i: History of the Family. - 1081-602X. ; 27:3, s. 546-574
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Like many other West European countries during the early modern period, Swedish society was structured by a variety of hierarchies and, in this context, the principle of filial deference, or the obedience and recognition children–young or adult–were expected to show their parents, was more or less absolute. These ideas of family hierarchy also influenced marriage laws and the formal rules of who was allowed to marry whom. During the 1700s the number of applications to the Swedish Crown seeking permission to marry from couples who were related to each other in some way increased significantly. Often these requests concerned second marriages and possible constructions of stepfamilies. Through analyses of more than 1000 marriage applications to authorities in Sweden from the early 1700s to the early 1900s, this article will show how notions of the power relations within the families changed towards the end of the 1700s, affecting how different forbidden relationships were perceived and assessed by the authorities. Parental respect was challenged and the unconditional respect for the older generation started to diminish. This cultural shift also affected the possible constellations and structures of stepfamilies even though there had been no change of the formal laws.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Elwert, Annika, et al.
(författare)
-
The social care-taking of the city-kids. Determinants for day-care attendance in early twentieth-century southern Sweden
- 2023
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1873-5398. ; 28:3, s. 508-529
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The introduction of a child day-care system is one of the early welfare interventions targeted towards mothers and young children that over time gained great prominence in the Swedish welfare state. Because quantitative research on day-cares in historical settings is generally scarce, in this study, we focus on the determinants of day-care enrolment in southern Sweden during the early twentieth century. We use unique individual-level records of day-care attendance for children born between 1900 and 1935 which have been linked to longitudinal micro-level data for the city of Landskrona obtained from the Scanian Economic Demographic Database. Event-history techniques are employed to analyse the importance of factors such as household composition, parental socio-economic background, marital status of the mother, and mother’s occupation. Of the studied children, 8% were ever enrolled in day-cares, most of them around the ages 3 to 6. The results show that the mother’s marital status, household SES, number of siblings, the presence of other adult females in the household and mother’s occupation are all significant determinants of day-care attendance for children. In this study, we show that in the early twentieth century in southern Sweden, day-care attendance followed a negative SES gradient and was most common among children of single mothers.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Fourie, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Building the Cape of Good Hope Panel
- 2018
-
Ingår i: History of the Family. - 1081-602X. ; 23:3, s. 493-502
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study the intergenerational dynamics of productivity, social mobility and demographic change of any contemporary society is a challenge. To do this for a pre-industrial society at the southern tip of Africa seems almost impossible. Yet this is the purpose of the Cape of Good Hope Panel, an annual panel data set–still under construction–of Cape Colony settler tax records over almost two centuries. The transcription of this ambitious project is now in its fourth year. Here we describe the history of the project, the transcription process, and present some preliminary results.
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| 40. |
- Galli, Stefania, 1989
(författare)
-
Marriage patterns in a black Utopia: Evidence from early nineteenth-century colonial Sierra Leone
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X. ; 24:4, s. 744-768
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The colony of Sierra Leone was characterized by an unusually heterogeneous population made up of immigrants. The diverse population and the dynamics that led to its creation constitute a valuable case study for mating theories. This article examines the determinants of marriage patterns in early nineteenth-century urban Sierra Leone relying on census data. The degree to which marriage-market constraints and preferences influenced marriage patterns is studied. The results of this study suggest that marriage-market constraints contributed to explaining marriage patterns. However, even in a newly founded and multicultural context as that of urban Sierra Leone, social homogamy based on ascribed characteristics was the most prevalent marriage arrangement, in spite of the disruption of kin relations caused by slavery and migration.
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| 41. |
- Harris, Bernard, et al.
(författare)
-
Urban sanitation and the decline of mortality
- 2019
-
Ingår i: History of the Family. - 1081-602X. ; 24:2, s. 207-226
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper introduces a special issue of The History of the Family on sanitation and urban mortality. The special issue contains papers which focus on the impact of sanitary reforms on mortality change in Australia, Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, and England and Wales. The current paper outlines the main features of the debate over the causes of mortality change and the role played by sanitary reforms in this. It then highlights some of the methodological and other challenges posed by the definition of ‘urban’ areas, the identification of relevant sanitary reforms, and the choice of dependent variables. The paper then proceeds to summarise the main features of the individual papers before drawing some conclusions for future research.
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| 42. |
- Helgertz, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Public water and sewerage investments and the urban mortality decline in Sweden 1875–1930
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X. ; 24:2, s. 307-338
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mortality decline that started in the eighteenth century led toan unprecedented rise in life expectancy in Europe and other partsof the world. The Swedish mortality decline, starting in the earlynineteenth century, had a distinct delay in urban areas andoccurred simultaneously as a sharp increase in the share ofurban population. Despite the importance of the mortality declinefor modern economic growth, research on its determinants is stillrelatively inconclusive. Using a newly digitized city-level datasource, this article quantifies the contribution of public investments in water and sewerage to the Swedish urban mortalitydecline between 1875 and 1930. A control strategy with a fixedeffects maximum likelihood model is used to isolate the treatmentvariable, which is represented with high accuracy in the data. Ourresults show a 9 percent reduction in waterborne disease mortalityassociated with the implementation of water and/or a seweragesystem in Swedish cities, for the whole study period. This result isalso present for infant mortality (6 percent) and all-cause mortality(5 percent). The implementations of these systems, however, donot affect airborne disease mortality, which strengthens the reliability of the results on waterborne disease mortality. A sub-analysisof water processing shows that both simple and advanced processing are associated with reductions in water-borne disease mortality. A specific analysis of the cities that had a slow incrementalimplementation of first a sewerage system, then both water andsewerage systems, suggests that there are complementary gainsfrom having both systems implemented. The magnitude of themain results is smaller compared to previous research on largercities, which is in line with expectations both according to theoryand previous research on the Swedish urban mortality decline.
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| 43. |
- Larsson, Jesper
(författare)
-
Labor division in an upland economy: workforce in a seventeenth-century transhumance system
- 2014
-
Ingår i: History of the Family. - 1081-602X. ; 19, s. 393-410
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this article is to analyze strategies families used to maintain a transhumance system in early modern Europe. The study examines an animal husbandry system in upland Sweden where women worked as herders and took care of the animals during the summer. By examining a late-seventeenth-century herder register of 1340 herders and combining it with demographic data from a defined area, it is possible to reveal the strategic choices that households had to make to create a workforce able to harness the vast forests with a transhumance system (summer farms). The work at the summer farms was performed as a collective action, and this study demonstrates that a prerequisite for this agricultural system to function properly was a labor market for herders. Most herders were household members or relatives, but maids represented 27% of the workforce and worked together with household members. Maids were usually young or older widows and unmarried women, many from poor households. These maids came to play an important role in knowledge transfer to new adolescent herders and were necessary to maintain the agricultural system. Compared with daughters and wives, the maids worked with other households' assets. The results indicate that specialization and labor division were strategies for subsistence peasants to expand animal husbandry.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Lundh, Christer, 1952, et al.
(författare)
-
Routes and determinants of leaving home: the city of Gothenburg, 1915–1943
- 2018
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X. ; 23:2, s. 260-289
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with the home-leaving of young adults in Gothenburg, Sweden, in the period 1915–1943. We used individual-level panel data from population registers and poll-tax records, taking a competing risk design for the analysis of the determinants of leaving home to marry, or for non-familial living. We found a transitional, marriage-driven pattern of leaving home that neither fits the old context of life cycle service, nor the alternative modern routes out of the parental home into unmarried householdship. Young adults typically stayed at home until they married, although some moved out to temporary non-familial living first. Non-familial living consisted mainly of lodging in another household, but working outside it, which in a way was a forerunner of the modern pattern, in sharp contrast with the remnant of preindustrial times: the flow from rural areas into Gothenburg of teenage women immigrants to become residential domestic servants. Interestingly, we found that the main determinants of home-leaving in studies of modern-day populations were equally important in the population of Gothenburg in 1915–1943. For both young men and young women, having their own resources (employment, earnings) was positively associated with the likelihood of leaving the parental home. We also found clear gender differences. A higher level of human capital of the father was associated with later home-leaving to marry for sons, and earlier leaving for non-familial living for daughters. Lower levels of household income, or the presence of minor siblings or a widowed parent were push factors for non-familial living for daughters. We found no similar push factors for sons.
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| 46. |
- Lundh Nilsson, Fay, et al.
(författare)
-
Female farming. Persistence and economic performance of Swedish widows from 1730-1860
- 2012
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1873-5398. ; 17:2, s. 125-141
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the economic consequences of widowhood and the possibility of maintaining female-managed farms in a predominantly male world. A unique dataset is exploited to investigate the productivity of female-headed households in preindustrial Sweden. The main source material is tithe payment rolls maintained by parish priests, which reflect fluctuations and long-term trends in the annual economic output of more than 2,000 individual farms. No evidence was found that farm management conducted by widows was dissolved by male relatives or neighbours. Farm management by widows was in many cases a temporary arrangement, especially on manorial land, where landlords did not accept female farmers. But among freeholders and crown tenants, widows often refrained from remarriage and continued as farm heads. As for production, farms managed by widows performed slightly better than farms managed by men during the first few years after a takeover. This result levelled out over time and farms managed by long-term widows show production results almost equal to farms run by men.
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| 47. |
- Perner, Mads L., et al.
(författare)
-
Gendered mortality of children and adolescents in nineteenth-century Denmark : Exploring patterns of sex ratios and mortality rates
- 2022
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1873-5398. ; 27:4, s. 679-701
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship between gender and mortality in nineteenth-century Europe has been highly debated. In particular, historians disagree about the manner and degree to which gender discrimination affected the mortality risk of the female population. This article contributes by examining the evidence of gendered mortality differences among children and adolescents in nineteenth-century Denmark. It makes use of both child sex ratios and mortality rates to explore the prevalence of excess female mortality. We show that the female mortality rate in Denmark was higher than that of males starting from around age four and lasting until adulthood, for the majority of the nineteenth century. This mortality gap, while initially narrow, was systematic and most pronounced in rural areas and during late adolescence. The gap was produced by a faster mortality decline among males. This pattern is clear both in time, as the gap widened during the nineteenth century, and during the life course, as the male mortality rate declined faster and reached lower levels during late childhood and early adolescence. While it is possible that various forms of gender discrimination slowed the mortality decline of females, the aggregated nature of the data limits our interpretation. However, by comparing the two mortality measures employed, we argue that in a low child-mortality setting such as Denmark, sex ratios are not always sensitive enough to measure excess female mortality in childhood. Further, since sex ratios primarily excel at measuring ‘hidden’ or unregistered mortality, they may be a suboptimal measure of mortality differences in the presence of a thorough and reliable vital registration system.
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| 48. |
- Revuelta Eugercios, Bárbara
(författare)
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Abandoned and illegitimate, a double mortality penalty? Mortality of illegitimate infants in the foundling hospital of Madrid, La Inclusa (1890-1935)
- 2013
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1873-5398. ; 18:1, s. 44-67
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the existence of a mortality penalty for illegitimate abandoned infants in the Foundling Hospital of Madrid, La Inclusa, during the period 1890-1935, in the context of the mortality experience of the city. A rich dataset on the life histories of all infants abandoned in the city of Madrid (almost 60,000 children), nominally linked to births, has allowed the study of the determinants of mortality of foundlings, newborns in the city, and the study of the determinants of abandonment. Contrary to previous findings, our results for La Inclusa show no evidence of an illegitimacy penalty among foundlings and, in some cases, show even better prospects for them. However, this situation did not reflect the circumstances of the city, as illegitimate infants were both more likely to suffer a neonatal death and to be abandoned. The explanation proposed in this paper is that the health of infants born of wedded couples that ended up resorting to abandonment was possibly poorer than that of those born of single or migrant mothers, as the situation triggering abandonment meant that infants were under very hard conditions, possibly worse than those single women faced in the event of a pregnancy.
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| 49. |
- Roberts, Evan, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood Growth and Socioeconomic Outcomes in Early Adulthood: Evidence from the Inter-War United States
- 2023
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X. ; 28:2, s. 229-255
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Childhood malnutrition and its later life effects were important concerns in European and North American social policy in the early twentieth century. However, there have been few studies of the long-term socioeconomic consequences of malnutrition in childhood. We use a unique longitudinal dataset to provide credible causal estimates of the effects of childhood nutrition on early-adult educational and employment outcomes. Our dataset includes 2,499 children in Saint Paul, Minnesota who were weighed and measured in a national children’s health survey in 1918/1919 at 0–6 years of age. We observe those same people in the 1920, 1930 and 1940 U.S. censuses allowing us to measure childhood socioeconomic status, adolescent school attendance (1930) and early-adult wages, and employment and educational attainment (1940). Examining variation between biological siblings, we are able to obtain credibly causal estimates of the relationship between childhood stature and weight and later life outcomes, largely canceling out the bias otherwise resulting from their joint correlation with genes and socioeconomic background. Because the initial survey located children within households, we identify the effect of differences in early childhood nutrition from differences between male siblings. Consistent with contemporary evidence from developing countries, we find that being taller and heavier in early childhood is associated with better educational and labor market outcomes. Identifying all effects within families to control for socioeconomic background and family structure, we find a standard deviation increase in BMI in early childhood was associated with a 3% increase in weekly earnings and that boys who were heavier for their age at the initial survey were 10% less likely to be unemployed in 1940. Taken together, these results confirm the importance of investments in early-life health for later-life outcomes.
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| 50. |
- Sjöberg, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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Women in campaigns 1550-1850 household and homosociality in the Swedish army
- 2011
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - 1081-602X. ; 16:3, s. 204-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article presents the main results from my study of social conditions in the Swedish Army between 1550 and 1850. The focus is on women's involvement and importance in the military. The most strikingly result is that women for a long time played a more crucial role in the Army than many people are unaware of. As a consequence, the unisexual, masculine, compulsory, military service which existed during most of the 20th century can be treated as an historical parenthesis. Nowadays women are permitted to serve in the military as soldiers, in older times women fulfilled their military duties as soldiers' wives. In a long-time perspective, the military role of women has shifted from wife to professional: the article explores this process. Soldiers on campaigns in the 17th century built households and had families, regardless of wartime or peacetime, and their households were also a natural part of the military, simultaneous with a strong male bonding principle, homosociality. Although conflicts existed between the two principles of organization, household and homosociality, they operated together at any rate until the beginning of the 19th century. The article illustrates how this cooperation worked, but also how the rise and fall of the household system in the military may be explained. Military thought, growth of state authority, a professionalization process and changed cultural norms were crucial. However, I want to emphasize the social practice of gender relations as a promoter of change: how norms and measures connected with marriage affected the military.
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