| 1. |
- Alghadir, A. H., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of quadriceps and hamstrings muscle cooling on standing balance in healthy young men
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - JMNI. - : JMNI. - 1108-7161. ; 17:3, s. 176-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The present study compared the effect of quadriceps and hamstring muscle cooling on standing balance in healthy young men.Methods: Thirty healthy young men (18-30 years) participated in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups (n=10 each): quadriceps cooling (QC), hamstring cooling (HC), or control group (no cooling). Participants in the QC and HC groups received 20 minutes of cooling using a cold pack (gel pack), placed on the anterior thigh (from the apex of the patella to the mid-thigh) and the posterior thigh (from the base of the popliteal fossa to the mid-thigh), respectively. Balance score including unilateral stance was measured at baseline and immediately after the application of the cold pack.Results: No significant difference in the balance score was noted in any group after the application of the cold pack (p>0.05). Similarly, no significant differences in post-test balance score were noted among the three groups (p>0.05).Conclusions: Cooling of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles has no immediate effect on standing balance in healthy young men. However, longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate the long-term effects of cooling these muscles on standing balance.
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| 2. |
- Backman, Ludvig, et al.
(författare)
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Endogenous substance P production in the Achilles tendon increases with loading in an in vivo model of tendinopathy : peptidergic elevation preceding tendinosis-like tissue changes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - JMNI. - : International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. - 1108-7161. ; 11:2, s. 133-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To quantify the intratendinous levels of substance P (SP) at different stages of overload in an established modelfor Achilles tendinopathy (rabbit). Also, to study the distribution of the SP-receptor, the NK-1R, and the source of SP, in thetendon. Methods: Animals were subjected to the overuse protocol for 1, 3 or 6 weeks. One additional group served as unexercisedcontrols. Immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in situ hybridisation (ISH) were performed.Results: EIA revealedincreased SP-levels in the Achilles tendon of the exercised limb in all the experimental groups as compared to in thecontrols (statistically significant; p=0.01). A similar trend in the unexercised Achilles tendon was observed but was not statisticallysignificant (p=0.14). IHC and in ISH illustrated reactions of both SP and NK-1R mainly in blood vessel walls, but the receptorwas also found on tenocytes.Conclusions: Achilles tendon SP-levels are elevated already after 1 week of loading. This showsthat increased SP-production precedes tendinosis, as tendinosis-like changes occur only after a minimum of 3 weeks of exercise,as shown in a recent study using this model. We propose that central neuronal mechanism may be involved as similar trends wereobserved in the contralateral Achilles tendon.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Degens, H, et al.
(författare)
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Application of skinned singel muscle fibres to determine myofilament function in ageing and disease
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - JMNI. - 1108-7161. ; 7:1, s. 56-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chemically skinned fibre is a suitable preparation to determine whether alterations in myofilament function contributeto muscle dysfunction during ageing and disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this preparationthe sarcolemma is chemically permeabilized and the myofilament lattice kept intact, functioning under controlled near-phys-iological conditions. As force generating capacity is an important determinant of muscle function and is related to fibre cross-sectional area (FCSA), we compared several methods employed by researchers to determine FCSA. Specific tension, forcedivided by FCSA, has a co-efficient of variation of 27%, 37%, or 30% when the FCSA was measured from the width and depthassuming an elliptical circumference, the width assuming a circular circumference, and the width while the fibre was suspend-ed in the air, respectively. The last method showed the closest relation with the FCSA in histological sections. The velocity ofmaximal unloaded shortening (V0) varied with fibre type, with fibres expressing the ‚/slow (type I) myosin heavy chain(MyHC) isoform being the slowest and fibres expressing the IIb MyHC isoform the fastest. While muscle weakness experi-enced after surgery could not be explained by changes in specific tension or FCSA of individual fibres, the preparationrevealed significant changes in myofilament function during ageing and COPD.
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| 7. |
- Elam, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of age on muscle power, postural control and functional capacity after short-term immobilization and retraining.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions. - 1108-7161. ; 22:4, s. 486-497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the effect of lower limb immobilization and retraining on postural control and muscle power in healthy old and young men.Twenty men, nine old (OM:67.3±4.4 years) and eleven young (YM:24.4±1.6 years) underwent 2 weeks of unilateral whole-leg casting, followed by 4 weeks of retraining. Measures included center of pressure (CoP) sway length and area during single- and double-leg stance, maximal leg extensor muscle power, habitual and maximal 10-m gait speed, sit-to-stand performance, and 2-min step test.After immobilization, leg extension muscle power decreased by 15% in OM (from 2.68±0.60 to 2.29±0.63 W/kg, p<0.05) and 17% in YM (4.37±0.76 to 3.63±0.69 W/kg, p<0.05). Double-leg CoP sway area increased by 45% in OM (218±82 to 317±145 mm2; p<0.05), with no change in YM (p=0.43). Physical function did not change after immobilization but sit-to-stand performance (+20%, p<0.05) and 2-min step test (+28%, p<0.05) increased in OM following retraining. In both groups, all parameters returned to baseline levels after retraining.Two weeks of lower limb immobilization led to decreases in maximal muscle power in both young and old, whereas postural control was impaired selectively in old men. All parameters were restored in both groups after 4 weeks of resistance-based retraining.
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| 8. |
- Karlsson, Magnus K
(författare)
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Physical activity, skeletal health and fractures in a long term perspective.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - Jmni. - 1108-7161. ; 4:1, s. 12-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exercise during adolescence, especially during the pre-pubertal years, builds a skeleton with a high bone mineral density (BMD) and possibly a larger skeleton with a different skeletal architecture. This would lead to a stronger skeleton more resistant to trauma. These changes could be of biological significance for fracture reduction, if they were maintained into old age where fragility fractures exponentially rise. The Achilles heel of exercise is its cessation. Most BMD benefits achieved by exercise appear to be eroded with cessation of exercise. Reduced exercise intensity after a period of high activity, may maintain some residual BMD benefits into old age. A decreased fracture rate in the population could perhaps be achieved by promoting a physically active life style with lifelong high activity. But what happens if the activity in former athletes is reduced to the same level as in individuals who never exercised? The null hypothesis that exercise has no effect on fracture rates in old age cannot be rejected on the basis of any published, randomised, prospective data. Instead we have to rely on retrospective observational and case control studies, all hypothesis-generating, not hypothesis-testing. Existing data suggest that there could be a reduced fracture risk in former athletes. This notion may be correct, but consistently replicated sampling bias may produce the same observation and any biological explanation for this fracture reduction is unclear. Residual structural skeletal benefits, improved muscle strength, coordination and balance are all traits possibly maintained in former athletes after their active career. These traits may possibly reduce the number of fractures in later life.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lerner, Ulf H
(författare)
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Deletions of genes encoding calcitonin/alpha-CGRP, amylin and calcitonin receptor have given new and unexpected insights into the function of calcitonin receptors and calcitonin receptor-like receptors in bone.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions. - 1108-7161. ; 6:1, s. 87-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that skeletal nerves fibers may play important roles in neuro-osteogenic interactions. This view is partly based upon information obtained from immunohistochemical studies, chemical and surgical denervation experiments and clinical observations in patients with stroke and spinal cord injury, indicating the presence of a network of nerve fibers in the skeleton and that defective signalling in skeletal nerve fibers affects remodelling of bone. This view is also supported by data showing that functional receptors for signalling molecules in skeletal nerve fibers are expressed in bone cells and that activation of these receptors leads to profound effects on bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts. Convincing evidence for a role of neuronal signalling in bone metabolism has been provided by gene deletion approaches in which it has been shown that leptin-sensitive and neuropeptide Y-sensitive receptors in hypothalamus are important for bone remodelling in mice. Recently, gene deletion experiments have shown that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), one of the neuropeptides present in skeletal nerve fibers, is an important physiological regulator of bone formation at the level of osteoblast activity. CGRP belongs to the calcitonin (CT) family of peptides also including CT, amylin and adrenomedullin, as well as the recently described intermedin and calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide. These peptides utilize two seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors - the calcitonin receptor (CTR) and the calcitonin receptor- like receptor (CRLR) - which can dimerize with three different single transmembrane proteins, making up the RAMP family. Associations between RAMPs and either CTR or CRLR give rise to seven distinct, molecularly characterized, receptors for CT, CGRP, amylin and adrenomedullin. Deletions of the genes for ligands in the CT family of peptides and for one of the receptors have revealed unexpected findings that have changed our view on the role of these peptides in bone remodelling. It was anticipated that deletions of the CT/alpha-CGRP and CTR genes would lead to bone loss, since CT has been shown to inhibit bone resorption in vitro and in vivo and has been used to treat patients with excessive bone resorption. Surprisingly, it was found that CT/alpha-CGRP-/- and CTR+/- mice have increased bone mass due to increased bone formation. Mice with deletion of the amylin gene, however, exhibited bone loss due to enhanced bone resorption. Selective deletion of the alpha-CGRP gene also leads to bone loss, but due to decreased bone formation. Thus, our understanding of the role of the CT family of peptides has been changed dramatically and much more data have to be gained before we fully understand the roles these peptides have in bone biology.
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| 11. |
- Lerner, Ulf H, et al.
(författare)
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Osteotropic effects by the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions. - 1108-7161. ; 8:2, s. 154-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immunohistochemical phenotypic characterization of skeletal nerve fibers has demonstrated the expression of a restricted number of neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). According to the neuro-osteological hypothesis, such neuropeptides can be released and exert paracrine biological effects on bone cells present close to the nerve endings expressing these signaling molecules. The existence of such interplay is most convincingly shown by the hypothalamic control of bone formation, in the case of leptin stimulation of hypothalamic nuclei mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and inhibitory beta-adrenergic receptors on osteoblasts. In addition to these receptors, osteoblasts and osteoclasts express functional receptors for CGRP, SP and VIP, which can regulate both bone formation and bone resorption. The evidence for these observations is summarized in the present paper.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Scott, A, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanical force modulates scleraxis expression in bioartificial tendons
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - JMNI. - : International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. - 1108-7161. ; 11:2, s. 124-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following tendon injury, cartilage, bone and fat metaplasia are often observed, making the optimization of tenocyte differentiation an important clinical goal. In this study we examined the effect of static and cyclic mechanical loading on the expression of genes which play a role in tenocyte differentiation and function, namely scleraxis (Scx) and Type I collagen (Col1a1), and determined the effect of varying mechanical parameters including (1) static vs dynamic load, (2) increasing strain magnitude, (3) inclusion of 10 s rest periods, and (4) increasing cycle number. Cyclic loading resulted in a greater increase of tenocyte gene expression than static loading over 3 weeks in culture. Increasing strain levels potentiated the induction of tenocyte genes. The insertion of a 10 s rest periods further enhanced tenocyte gene expression, as did increasing repetition numbers. These results suggest that mechanical signaling exerts an important influence on the expression of genes which play a role in determining the tendon phenotype. Further work is required to confirm and extend these findings in primary cells such as resident tendon progenitor/stem cells, in order to provide an improved understanding of biology from which optimized rehabilitation programs can be developed.
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| 15. |
- Spang, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Marked expression of TNF receptors in human peritendinous tissues including in nerve fascicles with axonal damage : Studies on tendinopathy and tennis elbow
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - JMNI. - : JMNI. - 1108-7161. ; 17:3, s. 226-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The peritendinous connective tissues can have importance in chronic tendon pain. Recently cytokine TNF-alpha has been suggested to be involved in tendinopathic processes. It is not known how TNF-alpha and its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 are expressed in peritendinous tissues.Methods: The objective for this study was to immunohistochemically evaluate the expression patterns of these in the peritendinous tissue located between the plantaris and Achilles tendons and the one located superficially to the extensor origin at the elbow region for patients with tendinopathy/tennis elbow.Results: The nerve fascicles were of two types, one type being homogenously stained for the nerve markers beta III-tubulin and neurofilament and the other showing deficits for these suggesting features of axonal damage. Much more distinct TNFR1/TNFR2 immunoreactions were seen for the latter nerve fascicles. TNFR1 was seen in axons, TNFR2 mainly in Schwann cells. TNFR1 and particularly TNFR2 were seen in walls of parts of blood vessels. The dispersed cells showed frequently TNFR1 and TNFR2 immunoreactivity.Discussion: These findings suggest that TNF-alpha can be related to degenerative events but also attempts for healing concerning the nerve structures. The marked expression of the TNF-alpha system in the peritendinous tissue suggests an impact of TNF-alpha in tendinopathy/tennis elbow.
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| 16. |
- Spang, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Marked innervation but also signs of nerve degeneration in between the Achilles and plantaris tendons and presence of innervation within the plantaris tendon in midportion Achilles tendinopathy
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - JMNI. - 1108-7161. ; 15:2, s. 197-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The plantaris tendon is increasingly recognised as an important factor in midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Its innervation pattern is completely unknown. Methods: Plantaris tendons (n=56) and associated peritendinous tissue from 46 patients with midportion Achilles tendinopathy and where the plantaris tendon was closely related to the Achilles tendon were evaluated. Morphological evaluations and stainings for nerve markers [general (PGP9.5), sensory (CGRP), sympathetic (TH)], glutamate NMDA receptor and Schwann cells (S-100β) were made. Results: A marked innervation, as evidenced by evaluation for PGP9.5 reactions, occurred in the peritendinous tissue located between the plantaris and Achilles tendons. It contained sensory and to some extent sympathetic and NMDAR1-positive axons. There was also an innervation in the zones of connective tissue within the plantaris tendons. Interestingly, some of the nerve fascicles showed a partial lack of axonal reactions. Conclusion: New information on the innervation patterns for the plantaris tendon in situations with midportion Achilles tendinopathy has here been obtained. The peritendinous tissue was found to be markedly innervated and there was also innervation within the plantaris tendon. Furthermore, axonal degeneration is likely to occur. Both features should be further taken into account when considering the relationship between the nervous system and tendinopathy
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| 17. |
- Spang, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Richly innervated soft tissues covering the superficial aspect of the extensor origin in patients with chronic painful tennis elbow - Implication for treatment?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - JMNI. - 1108-7161. ; 17:2, s. 97-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Tennis elbow is difficult to treat. The results of surgical treatments are not convincing. Treatment studies on Achilles and patellar tendinopathy targeting the richly innervated and vascularized soft tissues outside the tendon have shown promising outcomes. The innervation patterns in the fibrous/fatty tissues superficially to the elbow extensor origin have not been clarified.Methods: Nine tissue specimens from the fibrous/fatty tissue covering the extensor origin was taken from seven patients (mean age: 45 years) undergoing surgical treatment for chronic painful tennis elbow. The specimens were stained for morphology (haematoxylin & eosin, H&E) and immunohistochemically for general nerve marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and markers for sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) and sensory nerve fibres (calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP).Results: All specimens contained multiple blood vessels and nerve structures indicated by morphology and immunoreactions. There was a frequent occurrence of TH reactions, especially peri-vascularly, but also in nerve fascicles. Immunoreactions for CGRP were seen in nerve fascicles and isolated nerve fibres.Conclusion: The results provide new information on the innervation patterns of the superficial tissues of the extensor origin and their potential as source of tennis elbow pain. Level of Evidence: IV.
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| 18. |
- Svejme, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in forearm bone mass and bone size after menopause - A mean 24-year prospective study.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - Jmni. - 1108-7161. ; 12:4, s. 192-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Bone loss and periosteal expansion is found after menopause. The accelerated early postmenopausal bone loss is not permanent but if the same accounts for the periosteal expansion is unknown. Methods: Bone mineral density (BMD) and skeletal structure of the distal forearm were followed from menopause and on average 24 years (range 18-28) by single-photon absorptiometry at 12 occasions in a population-based sample of 81 Caucasian women with no medication or disease affecting bone metabolism. A Strength Index based on areal BMD and bone structure was calculated. Postmenopausal serum-estradiol levels and incident distal radius fractures were registered. Data are presented as means with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: The annual BMD loss in three periods, 0-8, 8-16 and 16-28 years after menopause, was 2.0% (1.6, 2.4), 1.0% (0.6, 1.4) and 1.0% (0.7, 1.3), respectively. The annual periosteal expansion was 1.0% (0.8, 1.3), 0.0% (-0.3, 0.3) and 0.0% (-0.2, 0.2), respectively. Mean post-menopausal oestrogen levels correlated moderately with annual loss in aBMD (r=0.51, p<0.001) but less with the annual changes in bone width (r= -0.22, p=0.06). Conclusion: Postmenopausal periosteal expansion in the distal forearm seems to occur only in the first postmenopausal decade.
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| 19. |
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| 21. |
- Söderpalm, Ann-Charlott, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Whole body vibration therapy in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy - A prospective observational study
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - JMNI. - : International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. - 1108-7161. ; 13:1, s. 13-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES:To study the tolerability of whole body vibration (WBV) exercise in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and its effects on muscle and bone.METHODS:WBV was performed two to three times a week for three months. Motor function, muscle strength, bone mass and biochemical markers of bone and mineral metabolism were analyzed before and after the WBV period at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months.RESULTS:Six ambulatory patients with DMD aged 5.7-12.5 years completed the study. No changes in creatine kinase activity were found, indicating that the WBV exercise did not further damage the skeletal muscle. No significant changes in bone mass, muscle strength or bone markers were found. However, there was a non-significant trend for the bone formation marker, bone-specific alkaline phosphate, to increase from a mean of 59 U/L to 73 U/L after three months of WBV. The bone formation marker levels returned to baseline three months after discontinuing WBV and were still at that level after nine months.CONCLUSIONS:WBV therapy appears to be safe and well tolerated among ambulatory DMD patients. The potential benefits of WBV on bone and muscle in DMD remain to be elucidated.
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| 22. |
- Williams, Jonathan A., et al.
(författare)
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Time course changes to structural, mechanical and material properties of bone in rats after complete spinal cord injury
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interactions. - 1108-7161. ; 22:2, s. 212-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Characterise the spatiotemporal trabecular and cortical bone responses to complete spinal cord injury (SCI) in young rats. Methods: 8-week-old male Wistar rats received T9-transection SCI and were euthanised 2-, 6-, 10-or 16-weeks post-surgery. Outcome measures were assessed using micro-computed tomography, mechanical testing, serum markers and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: The trabecular and cortical bone responses to SCI are site-specific. Metaphyseal trabecular BV/TV was 59% lower, characterised by fewer and thinner trabeculae at 2-weeks post-SCI, while epiphyseal BV/TV was 23% lower with maintained connectivity. At later-time points, metaphyseal BV/TV remained unchanged, while epiphyseal BV/TV increased. The total area of metaphyseal and mid-diaphyseal cortical bone were lower from 2-weeks and between 6-and 10-weeks post-SCI, respectively. This suggested that SCI-induced bone changes observed in the rat model were not solely attributable to bone loss, but also to suppressed bone growth. No tissue mineral density differences were observed at any time-point, suggesting that decreased whole-bone mechanical properties were primarily the result of changes to the spatial distribution of bone. Conclusion: Young SCI rat trabecular bone changes resemble those observed clinically in adult and paediatric SCI, while cortical bone changes resemble paediatric SCI only.
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| 23. |
- Zafar, Hamayun, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of different head-neck-jaw postures on cervicocephalic kinesthetic sense
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions - JMNI. - 1108-7161. ; 17:4, s. 341-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate the effect of different induced head-neck-jaw postures on head-neck relocation error among healthy subjects.Methods: 30 healthy adult male subjects participated in this study. Cervicocephalic kinesthetic sense was measured while standing, habitual sitting, habitual sitting with clenched jaw and habitual sitting with forward head posture during right rotation, left rotation, flexion and extension using kinesthetic sensibility test.Results: Head-neck relocation error was least while standing, followed by habitual sitting, habitual sitting with forward head posture and habitual sitting with jaw clenched. However, there was no significant difference in error between different tested postures during all the movements.Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to see the effect of different induced head-neck-jaw postures on head-neck position sense among healthy subjects. Assuming a posture for a short duration of time doesn’t affect head-neck relocation error in normal healthy subjects.
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