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1.	Josefsson, Peter, et al. (författare) Controlled seasoning of scots pine chips using an albino strain of ophiostoma 2006 Ingår i: Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1226-086X .- 1876-794X .- 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 45:7, s. 2374-2380 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Traditional seasoning of wood chips normally results in significant yield losses and brightness reduction due to the uncontrolled action of microorganisms. Techniques for reduction of the amount of wood extractives with minimal yield and brightness loss are therefore of interest for the pulp and paper industry. To study a biotechnological approach for reduction of wood extractives, wood chips from sapwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) were treated with a commercial albino strain of the sap stain fungus Ophiostoma piliferum. During 2 weeks of controlled seasoning, the content of wood extractives decreased by approximately 40% for Scots pine and 25% for Norway spruce, where the triglyceride contents were degraded to a greater degree. Thermomechanical pulps were produced from untreated and pretreated pine chips. The properties of these pulps and corresponding laboratory sheets were investigated. The pretreated pulps showed less shortened fibers, lower amounts of triglycerides, and enhanced strength properties. The mechanisms behind these effects are discussed. Furthermore, the ability of the albino Ophiostoma piliferum to displace mould growth from wood chips was investigated in a series of experiments. It was concluded that the fungus should preferably be inoculated on fresh chips in order to repress mould growth.
2.	Salminen, Eero, et al. (författare) Kinetics upon Isomerization of α,β-Pinene Oxides over Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts Containing Lewis Acids 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1226-086X .- 1876-794X .- 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 53:52, s. 20107-20115 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Wood extractives such as α-pinene oxide and β-pinene oxide are important renewable chemicals for the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and value-added intermediates. In this work, catalytic transformations of biomass derived extractives, isomerization of α,β-pinene oxides were studied over supported ionic liquid catalysts (SILCAs). SILCAs consist of catalytic species (e.g., metal nanoparticles or metal complexes) in a thin layer of ionic liquid which is immobilized on a solid support material (e.g., active carbon cloth). The reaction kinetics of the isomerization reactions over supported ionic liquid catalysts were studied and modeled. Mechanistic kinetic models describing the differences in selectivity and activity of the catalysts containing different ionic liquids were developed, and the models described the reaction rates and product distributions very well.
3.	Sjösten, Jerry, et al. (författare) Effect of Particle Coating on Fluidized Bed Heat Transfer 2004 Ingår i: Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1226-086X .- 1876-794X .- 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 43, s. 5763-5769 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Heat-transfer coefficients from a fluidized suspension to immersed stainless steel spheres and an aluminum cylinder were studied in a laboratory-scale bubbling fluidized bed using coated and uncoated silica sand particles from a 90-MWth circulating fluidized bed (CFB), as well as a 30-MWth bubbling fluidized bed (BFB). The experiments were carried out for gas-velocity-tominimum-fluidization-velocity ratios (u/umf) from 1 to 3.5 and mean particle diameters of 350and 635 ím. The heat-transfer coefficients for the coated particles were lower than those for the uncoated particles in all cases, with the difference between uncoated and coated sand particles being more significant for the CFB material than for the BFB sand.
4.	Mira, Isabel, et al. (författare) Emulsion Catastrophic Inversion from Abnormal to Normal Morphology. 2. Effect of the Stirring Intensity on the Dynamic Inversion Frontier 2003 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 42:1, s. 57-61 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The stirring intensity has a complex effect on the catastrophic inversion of emulsions in the direction of change from abnormal to normal morphol. At both low and high stirring energy, the inversion takes place early, after a low amt. of the internal phase is added and through the occurrence of a multiple emulsion. At some intermediate stirring energy, the inversion appears to be delayed and it takes place without the occurrence of multiple emulsions. [on SciFinder (R)]
5.	Salager, Jean-Louis, et al. (författare) Current Phenomenological Know-How and Modeling of Emulsion Inversion 2000 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 39:8, s. 2665-2676 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper encompasses classic trends as well as recent advances in the understanding of emulsion inversion phenomena. The generalized formulation issue is first discussed from hydrophilic-lipophilic balance to the most recent concepts. The so-called std. inversion line on the formulation-compn. map exhibits several branches, referred to as transitional and catastrophic inversions, that bound normal and abnormal emulsion regions. Dynamic inversion is also discussed with its hysteresis zones, where both types of emulsions may be attained, depending upon the system's previous history of the formulation-compn. map. Recent findings are reported concerning the effect of variables with practical relevance (i.e., stirring energy, viscosity of phases, surfactant concn., and partitioning) on the std. and dynamic inversion patterns. State-of-the-art emulsion inversion modeling is briefly discussed. [on SciFinder (R)]
6.	Zambrano, Noelia, et al. (författare) Emulsion Catastrophic Inversion from Abnormal to Normal Morphology. 1. Effect of the Water-to-Oil Ratio Rate of Change on the Dynamic Inversion Frontier 2003 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 42:1, s. 50-56 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The rate of addn. of the internal phase affects the catastrophic inversion of emulsions in the direction of change from abnormal to normal morphol. At a low addn. rate, the inversion takes place after a small amt. of the internal phase is added, and it happens through the occurrence of multiple emulsion morphol. At a high addn. rate, the inversion appears to be delayed, and it takes place without the occurrence of a multiple emulsion. [on SciFinder (R)]
7.	Salager, Serge E., et al. (författare) Influence of the Stirrer Initial Position on Emulsion Morphology. Making Use of the Local Water-to-Oil Ratio Concept for Formulation Engineering Purpose 2001 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 40:22, s. 4808-4814 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The initial location of the stirrer in the emulsification vessel can induce the resulting emulsion type. The interpretation in terms of mixing phenomena leads to the use of the local water-to-oil ratio (WOR) concept in the formulation-compn. map. The know-how assocd. with this phenomenol. allows us to interpret in a straightforward way the kind of complex procedures commonly employed in emulsion manufg., particularly those assocd. with inversion and multiple emulsion attainment. [on SciFinder (R)]
8.	Tyrode, Eric, et al. (författare) Emulsion Catastrophic Inversion from Abnormal to Normal Morphology. 4. Following the Emulsion Viscosity during Three Inversion Protocols and Extending the Critical Dispersed-Phase Concept 2005 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 44:1, s. 67-74 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Three protocols are tested to invert an abnormal emulsion into a normal one: a dynamic process with continuous addn. of an internal phase, continuous stirring of a given emulsion with no addn. of an internal phase, and the combination of the previous ones, i.e., a standstill dynamic process in which the addn. of an internal phase is interrupted at some time and then followed by continued stirring. In situ follow-up of both cond. and viscosity data in a rheomixer vessel provides complementary information to corroborate the crit. dispersed-phase concept as a condition for the inversion to take place in all cases. Some applications are discussed. [on SciFinder (R)]
9.	Abdala, Esraa, et al. (författare) Efficient Biodiesel Production from Algae Oil Using Ca-Doped ZnO Nanocatalyst 2020 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 59:43, s. 19235-19243 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Biodiesel is a sustainable alternative to petroleum diesel produced by transesterification of vegetable oils in the presence of a catalyst. The present study investigates heterogeneous transesterification of algal oil to biodiesel using novel calcium-doped zinc oxide nanocatalysts synthesized using a UV shaker. The developed catalyst was under different light sources, UV and non-UV; different calcium concentrations (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 M); and different calcination temperatures (600, 700, 800 degrees C). The catalyst has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The effects of the different parameters used in catalyst preparation were studied for transesterification of algal oil. The catalyst of 0.05 M calcium loading and 700 degrees C calcination temperature synthesized in UV light is considered as the most suitable nanocatalyst, which achieved 99.18% yield of biodiesel. The catalyst was used three times effectively with 76% yield. The chemical properties of biodiesel have been investigated using gas chromatography (GC).
10.	Adolfsson, Karin H., et al. (författare) Oxidized Carbonized Cellulose-Coated Filters for Environmental Contaminant Adsorption and Detection 2020 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 59:30, s. 13578-13587 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Cationized cellulose filters with coating of oxidized carbonized cellulose (OCC) were successfully fabricated. The OCC-coated filter was demonstrated as a combined surface for adsorption of environmental contaminants and their detection on the filter by surface-assisted desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS). The cellulose filters were cationized by utilizing 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHTAC) and sodium hydroxide. It was shown that the degree of substitution increased with the CHTAC feed. OCC, synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose with subsequent oxidation and dialysis, was attached onto the cationized filters by electrostatic interactions. The filters adsorbed the model contaminant methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution, and the MB could subsequently be detected on the filter surfaces by SALDI-MS as [M](+) adduct. The OCC coating further improved the relative peak intensity of [M](+) with little background interferences. This work indicates great potential for the OCC-coated filters as a combined surface for rapid monitoring of environmental contaminants.
11.	Agarwal, Parminder, et al. (författare) Synthesis and characterization of polymaleimide 2003 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 42:13, s. 2881-2884 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Simplified syntheses of polymaleimide employing anionic polymerization (from the melt and from solution) and metal compound-alcohol initiators such as PbO, SnO, tin bis(2-ethyl hexanoate) in the presence of tert-butyl benzyl alcohol are presented. The resulting polymers contain a combination of C-N- and C-C-connected monomers. Preliminary structures of the polymers were determined using NMR spectroscopy. The ratio of C-N- and C-C-connected monomers was determined, and the percentage of C-N-connected monomer units was found to vary from 40 to 80%, with the higher percentage resulting from anionic polymerization. The molecular weights of the polymers, as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with aqueous mobile phase and sodium polyacrylates standards, ranged between 1100 and 4200 for anionic polymerization and were about 11 500 for metal oxide-alcohol initiated polymerization. Solution-phase properties of the polymaleimides were evaluated by calcium chelation and precipitation inhibition studies. On the basis of the measured properties of these polymers, they are proposed as biodegradable, low-impact detergent additives to substitute currently used compounds.
12.	Aggarwal, Ruchi, et al. (författare) Cellulose Nanocrystals Derived from Microcrystalline Cellulose for Selective Removal of Janus Green Azo Dye 2023 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 62:1, s. 649-659 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a bio-based adsorbent material have been synthesized at mild temperature reaction conditions using acid hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by sulfuric acid. CNCs by a simple acid treatment become enriched with negatively charged surface functionalities and shows good adsorption capacity. The CNCs have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform Infrared, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis for their chemical composition, functionality, crystallinity, and stability, respectively. Sulfated CNCs have been used to selectively remove the toxic Janus Green (JG) dye tested out of many other dyes via adsorption and showed a Langmuir adsorption capacity of 77 mg g. -1 The effects of pH, temperature, concentration, and loading capacity have also been explored. The adsorption kinetics follows the pseudo-second-order pathway and thermodynamic analysis of the system indicates that the process is exothermic and spontaneous. Moreover, for the practical applicability of the proposed method, the adsorption of JG was also analyzed in four spiked industrial samples collected from nearby textile industries, where they removed more than 80% of the dye from the complex industrial water system.
13.	Aguilera, Adriana Freites, et al. (författare) Epoxidation of fatty acids and vegetable oils assisted by microwaves catalyzed by a cation exchange resin 2018 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - Washington : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 57:11, s. 3876-3886 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Epoxidation of oleic acid and cottonseed oil was conducted in a semibatch reactor with in-situ-formed percarboxylic acid (peracetic acid or perpropionic acid), using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent and carboxylic acid (acetic acid or propionic acid) as oxygen carriers. Amberlite IR-120 was implemented as the catalyst. The system was comprised of a loop reactor, where the mixture was pumped through a single-mode cavity in which microwave irradiation was introduced. A heat exchanger was integrated into the system to replace microwave heating, to compare the results obtained via microwave heating versus conventional heating. The catalyst loading effect was studied, as well as the influence of microwave irradiation and the implementation of the SpinChem rotating bed reactor (RBR), in hopes of decreasing the influence of the internal mass transfer. The application of microwave irradiation results in an improvement of the reaction yield in the absence of a catalyst.
14.	Ahmed, Tamer S., et al. (författare) Preparation of Al2O3/AlF3-Supported Ruthenium Catalysts for the Hydrogenolysis of Biodiesel-Derived Crude Glycerol 2016 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 55:19, s. 5536-5544 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Hydrogenolysis of biodiesel-derived glycerol to value-added chemicals has emerged as an innovative approach to biowaste valorization for a more sustainable society. In the present work, Ru catalysts on Al2O3/AlF3 supports with different AlF3 content were prepared by the aqueous incipient wetness method and tested in the reaction of glycerol hydrogenolysis for the first time. The prepared catalysts were characterized by neutron activation analysis, N2 physisorption, and H2 chemisorption techniques. The catalytic hydrogenation of crude glycerol was performed at a temperature of 473 K and a hydrogen pressure of 4.0 MPa, using a 5 wt % glycerol aqueous solution for 4 h with comprehensive characterization of liquid- and gas-phase products. Texture, structure, and activity of the prepared catalysts were significantly affected by the fluoridation. To understand the mechanism of possible reactions for glycerol hydrogenolysis better, the effects of pH and individual hydrogenolysis of most of the products of the glycerol reaction were investigated.
15.	Ajdari, Sima, 1985, et al. (författare) Modeling the Nitrogen and Sulfur Chemistry in Pressurized Flue Gas Systems 2015 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 54:4, s. 1216-1227 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A rate-based model is developed to elucidate the chemistry behind the simultaneous absorption of NOx and SOx under pressurized conditions (pressures up to 30 bar) that are applicable to the flue gases obtained from CO2 capture systems. The studied flue gas conditions are relevant to oxy-fuel and chemical-looping combustion systems. The kinetics of the reactions implemented in the model is based on a thorough review of the literature. The chemistry of nitrogen, sulfur, and N-S interactions are evaluated in detail, and the most important reaction pathways are discussed. The effects of pH, pressure, and flue-gas composition on the liquid-phase chemistry are also examined and discussed. Simulations that use existing kinetic data reveal that the pH level has a strong influence on the reaction pathway that is followed and the types of products that are formed in the liquid phase. In addition, the pressure level and the presence of NOx significantly affect the removal of SO2 from the flue gas.
16.	Ajdari, Sima, 1985, et al. (författare) Reduced Mechanism for Nitrogen and Sulfur Chemistry in Pressurized Flue Gas Systems 2016 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 55:19, s. 5514-5525 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The gas- and liquid-phase chemistry of nitrogen and sulfur species under pressurized conditions is of high importance to the design and performance of the pressurized flue gas systems in carbon capture and storage (CCS) schemes. Yet, the available description of this chemistry is complex and difficult to apply in design studies for removal of NOx and SOx during the compression. This work proposes a reduced mechanism for engineering calculations of pressurized flue gas systems, a mechanism that is able to describe the relevant gas and liquid-phase chemistry as well as the S/N-product distribution. The reduced mechanism is derived by identifying the rate-limiting reactions using sensitivity analysis. The performance of the mechanism subsets are compared with results of a detailed mechanism. The identified rate-limiting reactions for the formation of key products form the basis for two different types of reduced mechanisms. The sets include one general reduced mechanism (valid for all pH conditions) and sets of pH-specific mechanisms. The general reduced mechanism and the pH-specific mechanisms perform satisfactorily compared to the detailed mechanism under different pH conditions. The results show that depending on the purpose of the modeling, whether it is to predict the pollutant removal (where sulfurous acid and nitrogen acids are mainly important) or capture the liquid composition, for which the N-S chemistry products are also important, different levels of simplification can be made. The number of reactions is reduced from 34 reactions (39 species) in the detailed mechanism to 12 reactions (20 species) in the general reduced mechanism and 7-8 (14-17 species) in the pH-specific mechanisms.
17.	Aktij, Sadegh Aghapour, et al. (författare) Feasibility of membrane processes for the recovery and purification of bio-based volatile fatty acids : A comprehensive review 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1226-086X .- 1876-794X. ; 81, s. 24-40 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) can be produced from fermentation/anaerobic digestion of wastes and are a valuable substrate for numerous applications, such as those related to the food, tanning, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and chemicals industry. They are also inexpensive raw materials for developing alternative sources of energy. However, the separation and purification of VFAs produced from fermented wastewaters are not straightforward goals, due to the low concentration of these compounds in the fermentation broths and owing to the complexity of these mixtures. Cost-effective and sustainable technologies must be developed to recover VFAs efficiently and allow their beneficial use. In this paper, a comprehensive review of VFAs recovery/purification methods is provided, with focus on membrane-based processes. First, the VFAs production methods, application, and conventional processes (distillation, precipitation, adsorption, and extraction) for their recovery are briefly reviewed. Then, the ability of various membrane-based techniques to separate and purify VFAs are evaluated and discussed in detail. This discussion includes the processes of microfiltration/ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, membrane distillation, electrodialysis, membrane contractor, and pervaporation. Extensive background and examples of applications are also provided to show the effectiveness of membrane processes. Finally, challenges and future research directions are highlighted.
18.	Alander, E. M., et al. (författare) Mechanisms of crystal agglomeration of paracetamol in acetone-water mixtures 2005 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 44:15, s. 5788-5794 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The mechanisms governing the influence of the solvent composition on the agglomeration in a crystallization process have been investigated. Narrowly sieved paracetamol crystals were suspended in supersaturated acetone-water solutions, and were allowed to grow at isothermal conditions, after which the agglomeration was recorded. In all experiments the same sieve size fraction was used as well as the same magma density. In each experiment the supersaturation was kept constant. Experiments were performed in different solvent compositions at different supersaturation, crystal growth rate, solution viscosity, and agitation rate. For a statistically sufficient number of particles from each experiment, the number of crystals in each product particle was determined by image analysis and multivariate data evaluation. From the resulting number distributions of crystals per product particle, parameters defining the degree of agglomeration were extracted. The experimental results clearly establish that there is an influence of the solvent composition on the degree of agglomeration, which cannot be explained by differences in crystal growth rate, or differences in solution viscosity. The degree of agglomeration is found to decrease with increasing solvent polarity. It is, suggested that the mechanism by which the solvent influence relates to the crystal-solvent interaction and the physicochemical. adhesion forces between crystals in the solution.
19.	Alemrajabi, Mahmood, 1989-, et al. (författare) Separation of Rare-Earth Elements Using Supported Liquid Membrane Extraction in Pilot Scale 2022 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The use of supported liquid membrane extraction for recovery and separation of rare-earth elements (REEs) has been investigated. Experiments have been carried out using the different configurations: (1) standard hollow fiber supported liquid membrane operation (HFSLM), (2) renewal liquid membrane operation (HFRLM), and (3) emulsion pertraction technology (EPT). The experiments were performed in pilot scale using a hollow fiber module with a mass transfer surface area of 8 m2. Synthetic feed solution was used with compositions based on a process for recovery of REE from an apatite concentrate. The total concentration of REE in the feed was varied from 1 to 22 mM REE and the pH was varied in the range 1.5–3.2. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2HEPA) diluted in kerosene, 10% (v/v), was used as the organic membrane solution, and 3 M HCl was used as stripping solution. In supported liquid membrane extraction, the extraction performance is governed by both the kinetics of REE transport through the membrane and by thermodynamics. The effect of feed composition on the selectivity and transport of REE through the liquid membrane have been investigated. The results show that the liquid membrane is more selective toward the heavy REE at lower pH values and higher REE concentration. HFRLM shows a higher transport rate than HFSLM, while the HFSLM configuration gives a higher selectivity toward individual REE. The membrane performance in HFSLM configuration rapidly decays with time, while in the HFRLM and EPT configurations, the performance is much more stable. Possible mechanisms for decaying membrane performance are discussed, and gel formation is identified as being of significant importance. Gel formation is observed at an organic loading above ∼46% for Nd, 38% for Y, 46% for Dy, and 65% for Er. The work performed in this study serves as an initial step to demonstrate that HFRLM and EPT can provide stable operation and be feasible options for processing of REE liquors. A process flow diagram for the recovery of the REE, present in the apatite concentrate, in three fractions is proposed based on the results from this study.
20.	Allouche, Joachim, et al. (författare) Single- and Two-Step Emulsification To Prepare a Persistent Multiple Emulsion with a Surfactant-Polymer Mixture 2003 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 42:17, s. 3982-3988 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The regions corresponding to different emulsion morphol. occurrences have been clearly identified on a bidimensional formulation-compn. map. Multiple emulsions spontaneously form when there is a conflict between the formulation and compn. effects. In such systems the most external emulsion is found to be unstable when the formulation effect is produced by a single surfactant. The use of a proper surfactant-polymer mixt. allows one to strongly inhibit the mass transfer and to considerably lengthen the equilibration between interfaces. As a consequence, the multiple emulsion can be stable enough to be used in encapsulation and controlled-release applications. The area where multiple emulsions occur and their characteristics (cond. and amt. of encapsulated external phase) are reported for a system contg. a sorbitan ester lipophilic surfactant and a diblock poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) hydrophilic polymer, as a function of the formulation and compn., for a single-step process in which a specific amt. of mech. energy (stirring) is supplied. An increase in the oil viscosity is found to alter the map and to modify the multiple emulsion characteristics. The application of the results to emulsion-making technol. is discussed.
21.	Almendros-Ibáñez, J. A., et al. (författare) Novel approach to characterize fluidized bed dynamics combining particle image velocimetry and finite element method 2009 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 48:10, s. 5010-5023 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
22.	Alzahrani, Faris, et al. (författare) Gas Flow Visualization in Low Aspect Ratio Packed Beds by Three-Dimensional Modeling and Near-Infrared Tomography 2015 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 54:51, s. 12714-12729 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Nonuniform local flow inside randomly porous media of gas solid packed beds of low aspect ratios ranging from 1.5 to 5 was investigated by three-dimensional modeling and near-infrared tomography. These beds are known to demonstrate heterogeneous mixing and uneven distributions of mass and heat. The effects of the confining wall on flow dynamics were found nonlinear, particularly for aspect ratios lower than 3. High velocities were mainly observed in regions near the wall of aspect ratio value of 1.5 and those of values higher than 3, owing to high local porosities in these zones. Mass dispersion characterized both by experimental near-infrared imaging and by particle tracking showed discrepancies with literature models, particularly for aspect ratios lower than 3. Uncertainties were more significant with the radial dispersion due to bed size limits. Beyond this value, the wall affected more the axial dispersion, confirming the nonlinear impact of the wall on global hydrodynamics.
23.	Andersson, Kerstin I., et al. (författare) Removal of Lignin from Wastewater Generated by Mechanical Pulping Using Activated Charcoal and Fly Ash : Adsorption Kinetics 2011 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 50:13, s. 7733-7739 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The possible application of adsorption for the removal of lignin-related material found in wastewater generated by mechanical pulping was investigated. Activated charcoal and fly ash were used as adsorbents in batch experiments. The lignin-related material exhibited properties well-suited for adsorption onto both adsorbents, although the sorption capacity of activated charcoal exceeds that of fly ash. The experimental data were fitted to pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order rate kinetic expressions, and an attempt was made to find the rate-limiting step involved in the adsorption processes. The results showed that lignin adsorption onto both activated charcoal and fly ash follows pseudo-second-order rate kinetics and that both boundary-layer diffusion and intraparticle diffusion are likely involved in the rate-limiting mechanisms. Adsorption is an interesting option in advanced wastewater treatment, and fly ash appears to be a suitable low-cost adsorbent for recalcitrant organic pollutants.
24.	Andersson, Kerstin I, et al. (författare) Removal of Lignin from Wastewater Generated by Mechanical Pulping Using Activated Charcoal and Fly Ash: Adsorption Isotherms and Thermodynamics 2011 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 50:13, s. 7722-7732 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Lignin-related material found in wastewater from thermomechanical pulping resists conventional biological treatment, entailing the use of advanced removal methods. In this work, the use of adsorption for removing lignin-related material was investigated. Activated charcoal and fly ash were used to study the adsorption behavior of lignin and to determine the adsorption capacities of these two adsorbents. Experimental data were fitted to various isotherm equations to find the best description of the sorption systems, and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters were calculated. Fly ash exhibited good sorption properties, although its sorption capacity was inferior to that of activated charcoal. Both the Freundlich and Langmuir equations provided reasonable models of the sorption processes, and the thermodynamic parameters indicated that sorption onto activated charcoal is endothermic, whereas sorption onto fly ash appears to be exothermic. Fly ash is a low-cost material that is often available on-site and offers an interesting alternative to high-cost advanced wastewater treatment systems for removing recalcitrant organic materials.
25.	Andersson, Niklas, et al. (författare) Model-Based Comparison of Batch and Continuous Preparative Chromatography in the Separation of Rare Earth Elements 2014 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 53:42, s. 16485-16493 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The demand for rare earth elements (REEs) is growing, while the future supply is uncertain. Their unique electronic characteristics make them irreplaceable, and the commercial value of pure fractions is high. A model-based simulation study is presented that compares batch chromatography with the twin-column MCSGP (multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification) process for ion-exchange chromatography of the four-component system neodymium, samarium, europium, and gadolinium. The last three components are considered products with individual purity requirements of 99%. The twin-column process has been shown to be a good alternative to the batch process regarding modifier consumption and productivity since it enables internal recycling to achieve high purities. A new cut strategy for MCSGP is applied where subfractions are taken from each outlet. Two multiobjective optimizations with yield, solvent productivity, and productivity objectives show that the MCSGP process is a better alternative than batch chromatography.
26.	Arjmand, Mehdi, 1986, et al. (författare) Evaluation of CuAl2O4 as an Oxygen Carrier in Chemical-Looping Combustion 2012 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 51:43, s. 13924-13934 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The chemical-looping combustion (CLC) process is a novel solution for efficient combustion with intrinsic separation of carbon dioxide. The process uses a metal oxide as an oxygen carrier to transfer oxygen from an air to a fuel reactor where the fuel, or gasification products of the fuel, reacts with the solid oxygen carrier. In this work, copper(II) aluminate (CuAl2O4) was assessed as a potential oxygen carrier using methane as fuel. The carrier particles were produced by freeze–granulation and calcined at 1050 °C for a duration of 6 h. The chemical-looping characteristics were evaluated in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor in the temperature range of 900–950 °C during 45 alternating redox cycles. The oxygen carrier exhibited reproducible and stable reactivity behavior in this temperature range. Neither agglomeration nor defluidization was noticed in any of the cycles carried out at 900–925 °C. However, after reactivity tests at 950 °C, soft agglomeration and particle fragmentation were observed. Systematic phase analysis of the Cu–Al–O system during the redox cycle was carried out as a function of duration of reduction and oxygen concentration during the oxidation period. It was found that the CuAl2O4 is reduced to copper(I) aluminate (CuAlO2; delafossite), Cu2O, and elemental Cu. The CuAlO2 phase is characterized by slow kinetics for oxidation into CuO and CuAl2O4. Despite this kinetic limitation, complete conversion of methane with reproducible reactivity of the oxygen carrier is achieved. Thus, CuAl2O4 could be a potential oxygen carrier for chemical-looping combustion.
27.	Arjmand, Mehdi, 1986, et al. (författare) Sulfur Tolerance and Rate of Oxygen Release of Combined Mn-Si Oxygen Carriers in Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) 2014 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 53:50, s. 19488-19497 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sulfur tolerance and rate of oxygen release of combined Mn-Si oxygen carriers for chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is investigated. The oxygen carriers were produced by spray-drying and calcined at 1150 degrees C. The resistance toward sulfur and the rates of oxygen release were evaluated in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor. It was found that the combined Mn-Si oxygen carrier is tolerant to SO2, at least up to a partial pressure of 5000 vppm. The rates of oxygen release were determined in the temperature range of 975 to 1100 degrees C using devolatilized wood char as fuel while fluidizing with N-2, to maintain a low oxygen partial pressure surrounding the particles. The Arrhenius parameters k(o) and E-app for the release of oxygen were estimated for the investigated materials assuming a zero-order reaction with respect to oxygen. The rates of oxygen release were relatively high, particularly at above 1050 degrees C. From the obtained reaction rates, the solids inventory required for combustion of coal was determined to be as low as 40 kg/MWth in the fuel reactor at 1100 degrees C. The results indicated that combined Mn-Si oxygen carriers could be interesting materials for the CLOU process by virtue of their resistance to sulfur deactivation and high rate of oxygen release.
28.	Aronsson, Jesper, 1985, et al. (författare) Effects of the Choice of Gas on the Hydrodynamics of Fluidized Beds 2019 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 58:20, s. 8847-8855 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Using a cold-flow model, this work examines how the hydrodynamics in the dense region of a fluidized bed are affected when the gas acting as the fluidizing agent is changed. While the focus here is on the use of a gas other than that suggested by scaling laws in cold-flow models, the study also has relevance for fluidized bed processes in which different fluidization agents can be used, such as drying or coating. For cold-flow models, the scaling criteria for the hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed prescribe certain properties of the gas to be used as the fluidizing agent. In certain scenarios, air does not match the suggested properties, and other gases must be used, which increases the complexity and cost. In the worst-case scenario, no gas will fulfill the prescribed properties, and experimentation under strictly scaled conditions will be impossible. Assessing the impact of not using the correct gas allows researchers to evaluate the reliability of their findings when there is no compliance with the scaling laws. In this work, experiments were carried out in a hydrodynamically down-scaled model of a 100 kW chemical looping combustion (CLC) unit, which under hot conditions contains metal oxide particles fluidized with steam. If the hydrodynamic properties are to be resembled at ambient temperature with the same solids, a gas lighter than air, e.g., helium, must be used according to the scaling laws. This entails an experimental setup with gas recycling, adding cost and complexity to the system in comparison to using air. This work investigates how fluidization with air, instead of helium, affects the hydrodynamics of the cold-flow model based on two different approaches: (i) maintained superficial gas velocity and (ii) maintained decay constant in the splash zone. The results show that air does not adequately substitute for helium in a bubbling bed with respect to the following key hydrodynamic properties: pressure fluctuations were 30% lower; the bubble fraction was up to 36% smaller; bubble frequency was up to 17% lower; and the solids concentration was up to 10% higher. It was also found that the use of air yields a poorer horizontal distribution of the gas injected from the reactor side-walls, which affected the cross-sectional distributions of the solids concentration, bubble fraction, and bubble frequency.
29.	Aulin, Christian, et al. (författare) Multilayered Alkyd Resin/Nanocellulose Coatings for Use in Renewable Packaging Solutions with a High Level of Moisture Resistance 2013 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 52:7, s. 2582-2589 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A surprisingly simple and rapid methodology for large-area, lightweight, and thin laminate coatings with remarkable moisture barrier properties is introduced. Commercially available paperboards are coated with thin layers of nanocellulose. The nanocellulose coating induces a surface smoothening effect on the coated sheets as characterized by environmental scanning electron microscopy and white light interferometry. A moisture-protective layer of renewable alkyd resins is deposited on the nanocellulose precoated sheets using a water-borne dispersion coating process or lithographic printing. Through an auto-oxidation process, the applied alkyd resins are transformed into moisture sealant layers. The moisture barrier properties are characterized in detail by water vapor permeability measurements at different levels of relative humidity. The water vapor barrier properties of the nanocellulose precoated substrates were significantly improved by thin layers of renewable alkyd resins. The effect of the alkyd resin properties, coating technologies, and base paper substrates on the final barrier performance of the sheets were studied. It was found that the nanocellulose coating had a notable effect on the homogeneity and barrier performance of the alkyd resin layers and in particular those alkyd resin layers that were applied by printing. The concept is environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and economic and is ready for scaling-up via continuous roll-to-roll processes. Large-scale renewable coatings applicable for sustainable packaging solutions are foreseen.
30.	Auvray, Xavier, 1986, et al. (författare) Sulfur Dioxide Exposure: A Way To Improve the Oxidation Catalyst Performance 2013 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 52:41, s. 14556-14566 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The oxidation of nitric oxide and propylene was studied over a model alumina-supported platinum catalyst. Two treatments (22 h at 250 degrees C and 2 h at 800 degrees C) involving sulfur dioxide were performed in order to understand the effect of SO2 aging. The role and stability of sulfur species stored during aging were investigated by the reduction of sulfated samples at 500 degrees C and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) up to 800 degrees C. The low activity obtained after aging without reduction revealed the poisoning effect of surface sulfur species. The reduction at 500 degrees C released half of the surface species, which increased the catalytic activity for both NO and C3H6 oxidation. The TPR removed the most stable sulfur species and improved the activity during cooling. The catalyst aged in SO2 at high temperature showed the greatest activity for both reactions because of SO2 exposure and low sulfur storage.
31.	Azimi, Golnar, 1985, et al. (författare) Mn–Fe Oxides with Support of MgAl2O4, CeO2, ZrO2 and Y2O3–ZrO2 for Chemical-Looping Combustion and Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling 2014 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 53:25, s. 10358-10365 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The feasibility of utilizing a combined oxide (Mn0.75Fe0.25)(2)O-3 as an oxygen carrier for chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) has been investigated. To increase the strength and attrition resistance of such particles, the oxygen carrier was prepared together with MgAl2O4, CeO2, ZrO2 and Y2O3-ZrO2 as supports. The oxygen-carrier particles were prepared using spray-drying. Each material was calcined for 4 h at 950, 1100 or 1200 degrees C. The materials were studied in a batch fluidized bed reactor to investigate their oxygen release and uptake potential and also their reactivity with CH4 and syngas. To gauge the mechanical stability of the different materials, the attrition resistance was measured in a jet-cup apparatus. With the exception of the material with MgAl2O4, the oxygen uncoupling property of the active combined oxides was largely kept intact using the added support materials. On the basis of the results from the reactivity tests and the measured attrition rates for all the particles, the material utilizing ZrO2 support seems to be the most promising candidate as an oxygen carrier for gaseous and solid fuels. However, due to phase transformations of the ZrO2 at higher temperatures, the calcination and operational temperature should likely not exceed 950 degrees C.
32.	Backström, Eva, et al. (författare) Trash to Treasure : Microwave-Assisted Conversion of Polyethylene to Functional Chemicals 2017 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 56:50, s. 14814-14821 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An effective microwave-assisted process for recycling low-density polyethylene (LDPE) waste into value-added chemicals was developed. To achieve fast and effective oxidative degradation aimed at production of dicarboxylic acids, nitric acid was utilized as an oxidizing agent. Different conditions were evaluated, where recycling time and concentration of oxidizing agent were varied and the end products were characterized by FTIR, NMR, and HPLC. After just 1 h of microwave irradiation at 180 degrees C in relatively dilute nitric acid solution (0.1 g/mL), LDPE powder was totally degraded. This transformation led to few well-defined water-soluble products, mainly succinic, glutaric, and adipic acids, as well as smaller amounts of longer dicarboxylic acids, acetic acid, and propionic acid. The length of the obtained dicarboxylic acids could to some extent be tuned by adjusting the reaction time, temperature, and amount of oxidizing agent. Finally, the developed process was verified by recycling LDPE freezer bags as model LDPE waste. The freezer bags were converted mainly into dicarboxylic acids with a yield of 71%, and the carbon efficiency of the process was 37%. The developed method can, thus, contribute to a circular economy and offers new possibilities to increase the value of plastic waste.
33.	Bakhtiary-Davijany, Hamidreza, et al. (författare) Analysis of External and Internal Mass Transfer at Low Reynolds Numbers in a Multiple-Slit Packed Bed Microstructured Reactor for Synthesis of Methanol from Syngas 2012 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 51:42, s. 13574-13579 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The possibility of mass transfer limitations in an integrated micro packed bed reactor-heat exchanger (IMPBRHE) for methanol synthesis was experimentally investigated. Experiments were performed with three different particle size distributions (50-200 mu m) of a Cu-based catalyst at 80 bar and 215-270 degrees C. Negligible effects of pore diffusion limitations on the performance of the reactor under methanol synthesis conditions for catalyst particle diameters up to 125 mu m were found. Due to a very low Reynolds numbers (similar to 1) and dominance of molecular diffusion, variation of the total pressure was applied as a suitable technique to alter the diffusivities of reactants in the gas mixture by dilution, while keeping the reactant flow and partial pressure constant. No significant change in the CO conversion was observed in the temperature range 235-255 degrees C, pressure range 50-90 bar, and for reactant contact times of 105-308 ms.g/mL. The same procedure was applied to a laboratory. fixed bed reactor with similar results. Possible heat transfer effects associated with the dilution were shown to be negligible. We therefore conclude that both reactor systems operate in the absence of external mass transfer limitations.
34.	Beiron, Johanna, 1992, et al. (författare) Enhancement of CO2 Absorption in Water through pH Control and Carbonic Anhydrase - A Technical Assessment 2019 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 58:31, s. 14275-14283 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper provides an industrial-scale technical assessment of absorption of CO2 in water to react into bicarbonate (HCO3−), with the goal of storing HCO3− in the oceans as a carbon sequestration technology. A potential advantage of the process is that it will not require a CO2 transport and storage infrastructure that will be expensive for small-scale and remote emission sources. Process simulations are utilized to estimate absorber column length and for mass flow estimations of water and base required for a target capture rate of 90%. The results indicate that the process is technically feasible under specific conditions, with pH regulation being highly important, although the demand for base represents a limiting factor. Yet, a potential niche for the process is CO2 capture at smaller plants emitting small amounts of CO2.
35.	Bengtsson, Mattias, 1994, et al. (författare) Decontamination of Mercury-Containing Aqueous Streams by Electrochemical Alloy Formation on Copper 2019 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 58:21, s. 9166-9172 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Mercury in aqueous streams poses severe health and environmental concerns and requires improved techniques for decontamination. One such technique is electrochemical alloy formation on platinum, which can effectively decontaminate mercury-containing aqueous streams at concentrations relevant for both industrial and natural waters. This study examines the viability of copper as an alternative to platinum. Mercury removal is faster on copper and works both with and without an applied cathodic potential. Without it, however, copper dissolution becomes a problem. Copper dissolution is preventable in neutral pH and in sulfuric acid solutions under potential control, and dissolved copper ions can be plated back onto the electrode. In the presence of nitrate or chloride anions, copper electrodes degrade rapidly even under potential control. Thus, there are practical restrictions for mercury decontamination via electrochemical alloy formation on copper, but it can be applied to solutions where copper is stable under potential control.
36.	Beretta, A., et al. (författare) Experimental and modeling analysis of methane partial oxidation : transient and steady-state behavior of rh-coated honeycomb monoliths 2009 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 48:8, s. 3825-3836 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The present study consists of an experimental and theoretical study of the performance of Rh-coated honeycomb monoliths for methane partial oxidation. The thermal behavior of Rh-coated honeycomb monoliths was studied under representative operating conditions, at steady state and during light-off. Model analysis (based on a dynamic heterogeneous reactor model that incorporates a kinetic scheme of the process independently developed, and well-assessed correlations for heat and mass transfer) provided a key for interpreting the observed effects. The comprehension of how transport phenomena and surface kinetics affect the reactor behavior leads to the conclusion that the feasibility of small-scale production of syngas via CH(4) catalytic partial oxidation relies on thermal management of the short contact time reactor and not the obtainment of high syngas yields (which is not a challenging task). Severe operating conditions (and high surface temperatures) can deplete the catalyst activity and cause unstable reactor operation. Guidelines for optimal reactor design are proposed.
37.	Berguerand, Nicolas, 1978, et al. (författare) Use of Nickel Oxide as a Catalyst for Tar Elimination in a Chemical-Looping Reforming Reactor Operated with Biomass Producer Gas 2012 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 51:51, s. 16610-16616 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A secondary tar-cleaning process based on Chemical-Looping Reforming (CLR) was investigated for upgrading biomass producer gas, derived from the Chalmers University of Technology 2-4 MW indirect gasifier. The experiments were conducted in a bench-scale CLR reactor using a manufactured nickel oxide (NiO) catalyst. Although Ni is a well-documented and efficient steam-reforming catalyst, it is susceptible to rapid deactivation under tar-rich conditions. The aim of this study was to explore the advantages of CLR as a gas-cleaning application, a process which offers continuous regeneration of the carbon deposits on catalysts. The tar-reforming performance of this Ni material and its influence on the gas composition and in particular its potential to increase the H2/CO ratio, were studied. The system was tested at reforming temperatures that ranged from 700°C to 880°C and at oxygen concentrations of 1.0% and 2.2% in the inlet feed to regenerator section. The results confirm the strong ability of the catalyst to reform tars. Higher process temperatures clearly promoted tar conversion, with 96% overall conversion at 880°C (99% if benzene is excluded), as compared with 45% conversion at 700°C. The hydrogen production was favored when temperature was raised. Though, a maximum ratio H2/CO of 2.2 was observed at 750°C. Finally, no time-on-stream deactivation of the catalyst in the CLR was observed during the test, which lasted almost 7 hours.
38.	Bhattar, Srikar, et al. (författare) 110th Anniversary : Dry Reforming of Methane over Ni- and Sr-Substituted Lanthanum Zirconate Pyrochlore Catalysts: Effect of Ni Loading 2019 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 58:42, s. 19386-19396 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Pyrochlores are thermally stable materials that can be doped with a metal to produce active catalyst for dry reforming of methane (DRM). La1.95Sr0.05Zr1.904Ni0.096O7-d (LSNZ1) and La1.95Sr0.05Zr1.44Ni0.56O7-d (LSNZ6), with 1 and 6 wt % Ni loading at Zr site, respectively, were investigated for DRM. XRD of fresh catalysts confirmed the formation of pyrochlore structure. Also, the presence of the La2NiZrO6 perovskite phase and NiO phase indicated low substitution of Ni in the pyrochlore structure. TPSR and DRM long runs carried out at 900 degrees C and 45 h time on stream confirmed that LSNZ6 was more active than LSNZ1, which is attributed to higher Ni content and dispersion of Ni in LSNZ6. In both the catalysts, the pyrochlore structure was stable during the reaction, but the perovskite phase was reduced to respective metal oxides. No carbon deposition was observed on both the catalysts during 900 degrees C DRM runs for 45 h. Also, no sintering of catalyst was observed from XRD and TPR.
39.	Bialik, Marta Anna, 1978, et al. (författare) Boiling Point Rise Calculations in Sodium Salt Solutions 2008 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 47:4, s. 1283-1287 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The boiling point rise (elevation) of aqueous industrial solutions is often regarded as an important propertywith respect to chemical process design. This work shows an application of the Pitzer method for calculatingthe activity coefficients to the estimation of the boiling point rise of single-component and multicomponentelectrolyte solutions. Good agreement between experimental and predicted values of the boiling point elevationsof solutions of several salts (NaOH, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl, Na2S2O3, Na2S, mixed NaOH-Na2CO3, andmixed Na2CO3-Na2SO4) was obtained. A method for using the boiling point rise data to obtain ionic interactionparameters for the Pitzer method is also shown.
40.	Bialik, Marta Anna, 1978, et al. (författare) Solubility and Solid-Phase Composition in Na2CO3-Na2SO4 Solutions at Boiling Temperature: A Modeling Approach 2008 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 47:9, s. 3233-3238 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Scaling caused by Na2CO3-Na2SO4 double salts constitutes a severe problem in black liquor evaporators.The ability to predict the solubility and solid-phase composition of these species would be conclusive inminimizing the adverse effects of scaling. Experimental solubility data for (sodium sulfate) dicarbonate, acarbonate-rich double salt identified in Na2CO3-Na2SO4 precipitates, were generated and used for fitting anempirical solubility model. A thermodynamically based approach for predicting the solubility and solidphasecomposition, previously used for burkeite precipitates, was applied to solid solutions of dicarbonate.
41.	Biermann, Max, 1989, et al. (författare) Capture of CO2 from Steam Reformer Flue Gases Using Monoethanolamine: Pilot Plant Validation and Process Design for Partial Capture 2022 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from a slipstream of steam reformer flue gas (18–20 vol %wet CO2) using 30 wt % aqueous monoethanolamine was performed for ∼500 h in a mobile test unit (∼120 kg CO2/h). Specific reboiler duties (SRDs) of 3.6–3.8 MJ/kg CO2 were achieved at 90% capture. The pilot data validate the modeling of off-design partial capture, that is, operation at lower CO2 capture rates (at constant gas flow) than the absorption column was designed to achieve. This paper demonstrates that off-design partial capture enables significant energy savings (SRD, cooling) relative to on-design capture. The accrued savings depend on the column design (packing height, flooding approach) and the feed CO2 concentration. Finally, a concept for stepwise deployment of carbon capture and storage in industries with high-CO2 concentration sources (e.g., steel and cement manufacturing and refining) is introduced. Thanks to its inherent full-capture-ready design, the initial energy-efficient, off-design partial capture operation can be extended to full capture over time.
42.	Biermann, Max, 1989, et al. (författare) Partial Carbon Capture by Absorption Cycle for Reduced Specific Capture Cost 2018 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 57:45, s. 15411-15422 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract For a sustainable-energy system, the industrial carbon emission should be zero or close to it. The partial capture of CO2, i.e., capturing only a share of the CO2, is discussed as an option for initiating the transition toward the decarbonization of industry by reducing the CO2 mitigation cost at industrial sites. This work models two approaches to achieving partial capture based on amine absorption: (1) capturing 90% CO2 from a split stream of the flue gas or (2) capturing less CO2 (≪90%) from the total flue-gas flow. A techno-economic analysis is carried out that considers scale, CO2 concentration, and process configurations (absorber intercooling and rich solvent splitting) when comparing the cost of partial capture to full capture, i.e., capturing close to all CO2 from the entire gas. Besides lowering absolute costs, the study shows that partial capture from CO2-rich gases may also lower specific cost (€ per tonne of CO2 captured) compared to full capture, despite the economy of scale, during certain market conditions. Operating expenditures, especially the cost of steam, are found to be dominating cost factors for partial capture, even for capture down to 200 000 tonnes per year.
43.	Björk, Emma, et al. (författare) A shelf-life study of silica- and carbon-based mesoporous materials 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. - : Elsevier Science INC. - 1226-086X .- 1876-794X. ; 101, s. 205-213 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Mesoporous silica- and carbon-based materials, including bioactive glasses, have proven potential as components of medical devices and as drug carriers. From an application perspective, knowledge about the shelf-life stability of these materials under various conditions is vital. Here, mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) synthesized by aerosol-assisted spray-drying and by a batch sol-gel method, mesoporous silicas of SBA-15 type, and mesoporous carbons CMK-1 and CMK-3 have been stored under varying conditions, e.g. at different temperature and relative humidity (RH), and in different storage vessels. The results show that the silica-based materials stored in Eppendorfs are sensitive to humidity. Spray dried MBGs decompose within 1 month at a RH >5%, whilst sol-gel MBGs are more stable up to a RH >60%. Changing the storage vessel to sealed glass flasks increases the MBGs lifetime significantly, with no degradation during 2 months of storage at a RH = 75%. SBA-15 stored in Eppendorfs are more stable compared to MBGs, and addition of F- ions added during the synthesis affects the material degradation rate. Mesoporous carbons are stable under all conditions for all time points. This systematic study clearly demonstrates the importance of storage conditions for mesoporous materials which is crucial knowledge for commercialization of these materials. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.
44.	Bonvin, D., et al. (författare) Linking Models and Experiments 2016 Ingår i: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 55:25, s. 6891-6903 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
45.	Brogren, C, et al. (författare) A model for prediction of limestone dissolution in wet flue gas desulfurization applications 1997 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 36:9, s. 3889-3897 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A model has been developed to predict the dissolution rate of a limestone slurry as a function of particle size distribution and limestone conversion. The model is based on basic mass-transfer theory and includes a factor allowing the flux of calcium ions from the limestone surface to vary with the fraction dissolved. Changes in the flux with the fraction dissolved have been reported to be caused by the presence of sulfite but can also be caused by accumulation of inerts at the liquid-solid interface and/or by changes in the effective mass-transfer area. Calculations show that the decrease in flux reported for sulfites can have a significant impact on the slurry conditions within the reaction tank, i.e., impact on the limestone conversion and the relationship between liquid and solid alkalinity. In the absence of sulfites, the flux from limestone particles has been assumed to be constant with respect to the degree of dissolution. The modeling results have been found to be in good agreement with the measured values of a continuous stirred tank reactor. The model was able to accurately predict the impact of both the particle size distribution and reaction tank residence time on limestone conversion and dissolution rate.
46.	Bäbler, Matthäus U., et al. (författare) Isolation of Pharmaceutical Intermediates through Solid Supported Evaporation. Semicontinuous Operation Mode 2012 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 51:45, s. 14814-14823 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Solid supported evaporation (SSE) is a simple, nonselective method for isolating nonvolatile compounds from a solution. The solution is put in contact with porous polymer beads onto which the compound deposits upon evaporation of the solvent. This brings some advantages over direct evaporation to dryness in terms of safety, thermal decomposition, and solid handling, as the loaded beads form a free flowing granular material that is easily recovered. In this paper, SSE in a semicontinuous operating mode is investigated where the solution is continuously fed to (respectively sprayed over) an agitated bed of dry beads put under vacuum. It is found that under conditions where the solvent evaporation fate is high with respect to the feed rate, high bead loadings can be achieved before extensive sticking of beads and compound to the vessel walls occurs. The type of compound and solvent had little influence on the process performance, and, in cases where this was explored, the bead loading was found to be homogeneous. Based on a balance equation for the solvent fed to the system, a model is developed that results in a simple scale up criterion. The latter was successfully applied for transferring SSE from lab to the kilo lab scale.
47.	Carabante, Ivan, et al. (författare) Reutilization of porous sintered hematite bodies as effective adsorbents for arsenic(V) removal from water 2014 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 53:32, s. 12689-12696 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A method was developed to enhance the arsenic adsorption capacity of porous bodies of sintered hematite. The method comprised the formation of a coating of 1 wt % iron oxide nanoparticles on the raw material. The nanoparticles showed two distinct habits: spherical habit, likely ferrihydrite, and acicular habit, likely goethite and/or akaganéite. The specific surface area of the hematite raw material increased from 0.5 to 3.75 m2/g, and the adsorption capacity increased from negligible to 0.65 mg of [As]/g as calculated from equilibrium and breakthrough adsorption data. Equilibrium adsorption data of arsenate on the adsorbent from a solution at pH 5 followed the Langmuir model, while breakthrough adsorption data for a 500 μg/L arsenate solution at pH 5 followed the Thomas model. The adsorbed arsenic could be desorbed using distilled water at pH 12. These results show the potential for the reutilization of waste products comprising coarse hematite bodies as adsorbents.
48.	Chang, Jian, et al. (författare) Smart Sand by Surface Engineering : Toward Controllable Oil/Water Separation 2021 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 60:26, s. 9475-9481 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sand, an abundant resource from the nature, is a promising candidate for oil/water separation. Herein, raw sand was designed with switchable surface wettability to enable recyclability and versatility in practical oil/water separation. The smart sand was fabricated by grafting pH-responsive poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) and oleophilic/hydrophobic octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTS) onto its surface. The decorated sand can be used as the oil sorbent for controllable oil sorption and desorption in response to different pHs, as well as a filter to selectively separate either oil or water on demand. This novel design offers an intelligent, low-cost, large-scale, and highly efficient route to potentially settle the issues of industrial oily wastewater and oil spill.
49.	Chew, Jia Wei, 1981, et al. (författare) Fluidized Bed Scale-Up for Sustainability Challenges. 2. New Pathway 2024 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 63:18, s. 8025-8043 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Despite more than 100 years of commercialization of wide-ranging fluidized bed reactors, scale-up tools and methods have remained quite similar. To exploit the benefits of fluidized beds for the time-critical sustainability challenges, scale-up has to be implemented quicker and better. Correspondingly, a companion Part 1 ( Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2024, 63, 2519−2533 ) reviewed the evolution of the tools used in scaling up fluidized beds. Leveraging that, the current Part 2 aims to first overview the traditional pathway for scale-up and then propose a new pathway. Notably, instead of the traditional way of focusing on a linear sequence of progressively larger units, the emphasis is on the Phases of Discovery, Research, and Development, which apply the new tools consistently, as well as address risk mitigation and economics throughout. Based on an acrylonitrile case study, a Monte Carlo analysis indicates the new proposed pathway offers more promising economic feasibility, with net present value over 20 years (NPV20) of $310MM higher, along with 35% and 42% reductions in start-up and break-even times, respectively. The increase in costs for incorporating modeling efforts is insignificant compared to the overall benefits with respect to time and economics.
50.	Cho, Paul In-Young, 1970, et al. (författare) Carbon Formation on Nickel and Iron Oxide-Containing Oxygen Carriers for Chemical-Looping Combustion 2005 Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 44:4, s. 668-676 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract For combustion with CO2 capture, chemical-looping combustion with inherent separation of CO2 is a promising technology. Two interconnected fluidized beds are used as reactors. In the fuel reactor, a gaseous fuel is oxidized by an oxygen carrier, e.g., metal oxide particles, producing carbon dioxide and water. The reduced oxygen carrier is then transported to the air reactor, where it is oxidized with air back to its original form before it is returned to the fuel reactor. Carbon deposition on oxygen-carrier particles was investigated to assess whether it could have adverse effects on the process. The oxygen-carrier particles used were based on oxides of nickel and iron and produced by freeze granulation. They were sintered at 1300 degreesC for 4 h and sieved to a size range of 125-180 mum. The study of carbon deposition was performed in a laboratory fluidized-bed reactor, simulating a chemical-looping combustion system by exposing the sample to alternating reducing and oxidizing conditions. The particles with nickel oxide were tested at 750, 850, and 950 degreesC, and the particles with iron oxide at 950 degreesC. On the oxygen carrier with nickel oxide, only minor amounts of carbon formed during most of the reduction. However, when more than 80% of the oxygen available was consumed, significant carbon formation started. The formation of carbon was also clearly correlated to low conversion of the fuel. No carbon was formed on the oxygen carrier based on iron oxide. The interpretation for the actual application of this process is that carbon formation should not be a problem, because the process should be run under conditions of high conversions of the fuel.

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