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1.	Archer, John, et al. (författare) Perpetrator programmes for partner violence : A rejoinder to Respect 2012 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 17:2, s. 225-232 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. To reply to the comments made by Debbonaire and Todd (2012) in relation to our critique of Respect's Position Statement. Method. We examined their reply in relation to our original article and to the wider research literature. Results. We show that Debbonaire and Todd's reply is largely a series of assertions, for which little or no supporting evidence is offered. Their argument is first that we are misplaced in criticizing their Position Statement, and second that the main points of the statement are defendable. We indicate why our criticisms of the statement still stand. Conclusions. We argue that Respect have not countered our overall criticism of their position that intimate partner violence (IPV) can only be addressed as a gendered issue, that is as a consequence of patriarchal values enacted at the individual level. Instead we advocate a gender-inclusive approach applying a knowledge base derived from robust empirical research on IPV and more widely from research on human aggression.
2.	Ask, Karl, 1978 (författare) Complainant emotional expressions and perceived credibility: Exploring the role of perceivers’ facial mimicry and empathy 2018 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259. ; 23:2, s. 252-264 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose This research investigated the roles of perceivers’ facial mimicry and empathy in the emotional victim effect (EVE) – the finding that complainants tend to appear more credible when exhibiting (vs. not exhibiting) negative emotional displays during their statements. Because facial mimicry plays a key role in empathic responding, it was hypothesized that inhibiting and facilitating perceivers’ mimicry would attenuate and amplify the EVE, respectively. Methods Participants (N = 362) in an experiment were instructed to mimic or not to mimic facial expressions (controls received no mimicry instructions) while watching a statement by an emotional or non‐emotional rape complainant. Participants rated the complainant's believability and the extent to which they experienced cognitive and affective empathy. Results The perceived believability of the complainant was not affected by complainant emotions, thus failing to replicate the EVE. However, the inhibition of mimicry unexpectedly reduced the perceived believability of the complainant, apparently by decreasing participants’ cognitive empathy. Conclusions The current findings suggest that mimicry inhibition may increase scepticism in the context of credibility assessment. This has important implications for decision‐making in legal settings and for research on the process of credibility attribution. Moreover, the failure to replicate the EVE adds to the cumulative evidence on the underlying effect size for the phenomenon.
3.	Belfrage, Henrik, et al. (författare) Management of violent behaviour in the correctional system using qualified risk assessments. 2004 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 9:1, s. 11-22 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. This study focused on whether institutional violence in a maximum-security correctional institution could be prevented using comprehensive risk assessments followed by adequate risk management. And, could this be shown by a decrease in risk factors for violence according to the HCR-20 Risk Assessment Scheme in the study group? Methods. Offenders with a history of violent criminality were subject to real-life assessments using the HCR-20 Risk Assessment Scheme. The assessments were followed by discussions with members of staff, in which risk management strategies were designed. Thus, the members of staff were fully aware of every inmate's personality characteristics (e.g. psychiatric diagnoses), what risk factors for violence they displayed, and how best to manage those risk factors. With the aim of evaluating the possible effects of our interventions, approximately one third of the study group was reassessed after a mean of 12 months. Results. The follow-up showed no significant decrease in important risk factors for violence in the study group. However, the number of violent incidents showed a remarkable decrease during the study period. Conclusions. Not being able to reduce important risk factors for violence does not necessarily mean that one cannot decrease the risk for, or the incidence of, violence. This study indicates that proper and adequate risk management, using the best protective factors available, can reduce violence even though important risk factors cannot be decreased. The study also supports the theoretical assumption that changes in risk factors are more possible in some populations (e.g. general psychiatric) than in others (e.g. correctional) depending on the nature of the study group and the risk factors that are at hand (e.g. dynamic vs. static). This seems to be important to bear in mind when performing evaluation research using risk assessment instruments.
4.	Deeb, Haneen, 1984, et al. (författare) The Devil’s Advocate approach: An interview technique for assessing consistency among deceptive and truth-telling pairs of suspects 2018 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259. ; 23:1, s. 37-52 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess statement consistency in pairs of deceptive and truth-telling suspects when the Devil's Advocate approach is implemented. This approach involves asking suspects an ‘opinion-eliciting’ question for arguments that support their opinions followed by a ‘devil's advocate’ question to elicit opposing arguments. On the basis of the confirmation bias and impression management literatures, we predicted that truth-telling pairs would provide more consistent arguments in response to the opinion-eliciting question than to the devil's advocate question. Deceptive pairs were expected to be equally consistent with each other in response to both questions. Method Forty-nine pairs of participants were matched, based on their strong opinions about a controversial topic, and were asked to either tell the truth or lie about their opinions to an interviewer. Pair members were permitted to prepare for the interview together. Each participant was interviewed individually with the devil's advocate approach. Results Prepared truth-telling pairs were more consistent with each other in response to the opinion-eliciting question than to the devil's advocate question. However, and as predicted, deceptive pairs were equally consistent with each other in response to both questions. Conclusions The Devil's Advocate approach seems to be a promising interview technique for assessing consistency among pairs who hold false opinions and pairs who hold true opinions. It also has implications for the consistency heuristic as consistency is not diagnostic of deception or honesty unless the interview technique is taken into consideration.
5.	Ernberg, Emelie, 1989, et al. (författare) Court evaluations of young children's testimony in child sexual abuse cases 2018 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259. ; 23:2, s. 176-191 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose Prosecutors working with child sexual abuse (CSA) cases involving young children have raised concerns that reliability criteria from the Supreme Court of Sweden are holding children's testimony to impossible standards (e.g., expecting the child's testimony to be long, rich in detail and spontaneous). This study aimed to address these concerns by investigating how District Courts and Courts of Appeal employ said criteria in their testimonial assessments of young child complainants. Methods Court documents from District Courts (n = 100) and Courts of Appeal (n = 45) in CSA cases involving 100 children age 7 years and under were analysed with respect to the courts’ testimonial assessments. Results Testimonial assessments were more frequently referenced in acquitting verdicts and in cases with evidence of low corroborative value. Richness in detail was the most frequently used reliability criterion, followed by spontaneity. Most criteria were used in favour of the children's testimony. However, the length criterion was typically used against the reliability of the children's testimony. Conclusions Our findings confirm prosecutors’ concerns that criteria from the Supreme Court are frequently used in evaluations of young children's testimony. This is troublesome, as some criteria do not correspond to current research on young children's witness abilities. For example, compared to testimony given by older children or adults, testimony provided by a young child is typically not long or rich in detail. We encourage prosecutors to extend their own knowledge on young children's capability as witnesses and present this to the court.
6.	Ernberg, Emelie, 1989, et al. (författare) Interviewing witnesses in a second language: A comparison of interpreter-assisted, unaided, and self-administered interviews 2023 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 28:1, s. 60-73 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose With increasing rates of migration worldwide, police are more likely than ever to interview witnesses who do not have the same first language as they do. We examined how to best approach this situation by comparing three different ways of conducting such interviews. Methods Native Arabic speakers (N = 128) living in Sweden witnessed a video of a mock crime and were allocated to one of three interview conditions: a face-to-face interview in Swedish (i.e. their second language), a face-to-face interview with an interpreter translating from Swedish to Arabic or an Arabic language Self-Administered Interview (c) (SAI). Results For total number of details reported, the no interpreter condition resulted in moderately fewer details being reported than the interpreter and SAI conditions. A similar trend was seen for correct details; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Participants in the SAI condition were somewhat less accurate in their reports compared with both the interpreter and no interpreter conditions. Conclusions If interviewing without an interpreter, there is minimal loss of reported detail when the witness speaks the interviewer's language at an intermediate level and the questions posed are few and simple. Moreover, provided that the witness has a sufficient level of literacy, administrating the SAI in the witness's native language can be an alternative for witnesses with no or limited verbal ability in the interviewer's language.
7.	Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al. (författare) Deception detection based on repeated interrogations 2001 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - 1355-3259. ; 6, s. 85-101 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
8.	Granhag, Pär Anders, et al. (författare) Eliciting cues to deception by tactical disclosure of evidence : The first test of the Evidence Framing Matrix 2012 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 18:2, s. 341-355 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. Research on real-life suspect interviews shows that disclosure of evidenceis a very common tactic and that it occurs in all phases of the interview. It istherefore remarkable that there is hardly any research on the effectiveness of differentdisclosure tactics. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of three differentdisclosure tactics: presenting the evidence early and two versions of the Strategic Useof Evidence (SUE) technique.Methods. For the SUE-Basic technique (SUE-B), the evidence was disclosed late inthe interview. For the SUE-Incremental technique (SUE-I), we used a stepwise disclosuretactic derived from the so-called Evidence Framing Matrix. The tactic consists of revealingevidence of increasing strength and precision. A mock-theft scenario was employedwith 195 participants who were randomly allocated to one of six conditions: guilty orinnocent suspects were interviewed with one of the three techniques. Two measures ofinconsistency were used as dependent variables: statement-evidence inconsistency andthe newly developed within-statement inconsistency.Results. By interviewing with SUE-I, strong cues to deception were elicited, especiallyfor the statement-evidence inconsistency variable. For the SUE-B, significant but smallerdifferences between guilty and innocent suspects were obtained.Conclusions. We found that both when and how the evidence was disclosedmoderated the effectiveness of disclosure. With respect to when, it was more effectiveto disclose the evidence late (vs. early), and with respect to how, it was more effective todisclose the evidence in a stepwise (vs. direct) manner. The tactical aspects of evidencedisclosure are discussed.
9.	Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al. (författare) Eliciting cues to deception by tactical disclosure of evidence: The first test of the Evidence Framing Matrix. 2013 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - 1355-3259. ; 18:2, s. 341-355 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. Research on real-life suspect interviews shows that disclosure of evidence is a very common tactic and that it occurs in all phases of the interview. It is therefore remarkable that there is hardly any research on the effectiveness of different disclosure tactics. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of three different disclosure tactics: presenting the evidence early and two versions of the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) technique. Methods. For the SUE-Basic technique (SUE-B), the evidence was disclosed late in the interview. For the SUE-Incremental technique (SUE-I), we used a stepwise disclosure tactic derived from the so-called Evidence Framing Matrix. The tactic consists of revealing evidence of increasing strength and precision. A mock-theft scenario was employed with 195 participants who were randomly allocated to one of six conditions: guilty or innocent suspects were interviewed with one of the three techniques. Two measures of inconsistency were used as dependent variables: statement-evidence inconsistency and the newly developed within-statement inconsistency. Results. By interviewing with SUE-I, strong cues to deception were elicited, especially for the statement-evidence inconsistency variable. For the SUE-B, significant but smaller differences between guilty and innocent suspects were obtained. Conclusions. We found that both when and how the evidence was disclosed moderated the effectiveness of disclosure. With respect to when, it was more effective to disclose the evidence late (vs. early), and with respect to how, it was more effective to disclose the evidence in a stepwise (vs. direct) manner. The tactical aspects of evidence disclosure are discussed.
10.	Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al. (författare) Eliciting intelligence from human sources: The first scientific test of the Scharff-technique 2015 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259. ; 20:1, s. 96-113 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose The gathering of human intelligence (HUMINT) is of utmost importance, yet the scientific literature is silent with respect to the effectiveness of different information elicitation techniques. Our aim was to remedy this by conducting the first scientific test of the so-called Scharff technique (named after the successful German WWII interrogator). Method We developed a new experimental paradigm, mirroring some main features of a typical HUMINT situation. The participants (N = 93) were given information on a planned terrorist attack, and were instructed to strike a balance between not revealing too much or too little information in an upcoming interview. One third was interviewed with the Scharff technique (conceptualized to include four different tactics), one-third was asked open questions only, and the final third was asked specific questions only. The effectiveness of the three techniques was assessed by a novel set of objective and subjective measures. Results Our main findings show that (1) the three techniques did not differ with respect to the objective amount of new information gathered; (2) the participants in the Scharff condition perceived (as predicted) that it was more difficult to read the interviewer's information objectives; and (3) the participants in the Scharff- and the Open-question condition (incorrectly) perceived to have revealed significantly less information than the participants in the Specific question condition. Conclusions We presented a new experimental paradigm, and new dependent measures, for studying the effectiveness of different information elicitation techniques. We consider the outcome for the Scharff technique as rather promising, but future refinements are needed.
11.	Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al. (författare) What works in Investigative Psychology? 2010 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - 1355-3259. ; 15:1, s. 1-3 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract In this special issue the focus is on eight research themes within investigative psychology; most of which have occupied researchers for a long time (e.g. investigative interviewing), but a few of the themes have not until recently caught the attention of psycho-legal researchers (e.g. offender profiling and malingering). The overarching aim is to discuss how psychological research can help solve concrete problems that occur in investigative contexts.
12.	Landström, Sara, 1980, et al. (författare) Children’s testimony and the emotional victim effect 2015 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 20:2, s. 365-383 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of (1) child victims’ emotional expression during testimony and (2) the camera perspective used to record the testimony, on judgements of credibility. Methods. Law students (N = 155 in Experiment 1; N = 86 in Experiment 2) watched a child harassment complainant provide a statement in an emotional or neutral manner, presented using different camera perspectives: balanced focus (i.e., a shot portraying an equal focus on the child complainant and the interviewer) versus picture-in-picture (PiP; i.e., a shot portraying only the child with an inset window depicting both the child and the interviewer in the corner of the screen) in Experiment 1 and PiP versus child focus (i.e., a shot depicting only the child) in Experiment 2. Results. Although no effect was found for camera perspective, the results provide support for an emotional victim effect (EVE); the child was perceived as more credible and truthful when communicating the statement in an emotional (vs. neutral) manner. Moreover, the results provide corroborating evidence for the assumption that the EVE rests on both cognitive (expectancy confirmation) and affective (compassion) mechanisms. Conclusions. These findings extend previous research by showing that the EVE and its underlying mechanisms apply to judgements of child complainants in the context of non sexual crimes and appear to be robust against variations of camera perspectives. Legal implications are discussed.
13.	Lindholm, Torun (författare) Validity in judgments of high- and low-accurate witnesses of own and other ethnic groups 2008 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 13:1, s. 107-121 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. Research has shown that people often have difficulties estimating eyewitness accuracy correctly. In most previous studies examining validity in credibility judgments, participants have assessed the accuracy of witnesses who have been homogeneous in their memory performance. This study investigated validity in judgments of witnesses who varied widely in memory. A further purpose was to examine whether judgmental validity was moderated by the witnesses' ethnic in-group/ out-group status. Methods. Participants (N = 120) rated the reliability of videotaped testimonies of high- and low-accurate in-group (Swedish, N = 4) and out-group (immigrants, N = 4) witnesses who were genuinely trying to recall a criminal event. Results. Participants assigned more reliability to high- than to low-accurate in-group witnesses, while out-group witnesses received low reliability ratings regardless of their actual memory performance. Path analyses demonstrated that the subjective confidence of in-group, but not of out-group, witnesses predicted participants' accuracy judgments. Conclusions. The results indicate that the validity in judgments of in-group witnesses can be better than has previously been implied. Investigators may have difficulty distinguishing high- and low-accurate witnesses from other ethnic groups, and they may also systematically underestimate the reliability of ethnic out-group witnesses. Implications for legal practices are discussed.
14.	Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al. (författare) What to do with all these Bayes factors: How to make Bayesian reports in deception research more informative 2020 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; :2, s. 65-71 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Bayes factors quantify the evidence in support of the null (absence of an effect) or the alternative hypothesis (presence of an effect). Based on commonly used cut‐offs, Bayes factors between 1/3 and 3 are interpreted as evidentially weak, and one typically concludes there is an absence of evidence. In this commentary on Warmelink, Subramanian, Tkacheva, and McLatchie (Legal Criminol Psychol 24, 2019, 258), we discuss how a Bayesian report can be made more informative. Firstly, this implies a departure from the labels provided by commonly used cut‐offs when reporting Bayes factors. Instead, we encourage researchers to report the value of the Bayes factors, or to convert these values into nominal support for the hypotheses. Secondly, researchers can provide recommendations to design follow‐up studies by examining the posterior distribution of the magnitude of the effect size. Lastly, we show how individual Bayes factors can be evaluated in the context of large‐scale meta‐analyses.
15.	Magnusson, Mikaela, 1992, et al. (författare) Preschoolers' true and false reports: Comparing effects of the Sequential Interview and NICHD protocol 2021 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 26:1, s. 83-102 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. The current study aimed to examine a Norwegian technique for conducting investigative interviews with preschoolers: the Sequential Interview (SI). The SI advocates for increased initial rapport building and includes a predetermined break before the substantive phase. To explore the potential benefits and risks of the SI, the technique was compared with an adapted version of the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) protocol. Methods. A total of 129 preschoolers (3-6 years) were interviewed with either the SI or NICHD protocol about a self-experienced (Exp. I) or non-experienced (Exp. II) event. Result. For Exp. I, no significant difference was observed across interview conditions in the number of reported details about a self-experienced event. Children interviewed with the SI exhibited a slightly lower accuracy rate compared to those interviewed with the NICHD protocol. For Exp. II, a total of 31.1% of the preschoolers initially assented to remembering a fictive (false) experience and 15.6% gave an account (>40 details) of the non-experienced event. We found no difference between interviewing conditions in assent rates or number of false accounts. Conclusions. The study provides valuable insights into the difficulties involved when interviewing young children. The results showed few differences between the novel SI model and the well-established NICHD protocol. While many preschoolers could provide accurate testimony, some embedded worrisome false details in their narratives. Furthermore, a minority of children gave false reports about non-experienced events when interviewed with the two techniques. Methodological limitations and suggestions for future research will be discussed.
16.	Magnusson, Mikaela, et al. (författare) Swedish police officers strategies when interviewing suspects who decline to answer questions 2023 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 28:1, s. 45-59 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose Research-based interviewing techniques typically rely upon suspects being, at least partially, responsive and engaged in the conversation. To date, the scientific literature is more limited regarding situations where suspects exercise their legal right to silence. The present study aimed to examine Swedish police officers self-reported strategies when interviewing suspects who decline to answer questions. Methods A total of 289 police officers responded to a national survey that included questions about handling silence. The participants worked with a wide range of criminal cases, including financial crimes, fraud, violent offences, domestic abuse, volume crime and traffic violations. We used content analysis to examine their written responses to the open-ended question: What, if any, strategies do you use when interviewing suspects who speak very little or not at all? Results Four main categories were identified relating to (1) question strategies (e.g. asking the questions anyway, using silence), (2) information strategies (e.g. emphasizing the benefits of cooperating and informing about their legal right to silence), (3) supportive strategies (e.g. being friendly and asking about reasons for silence) and (4) procedural strategies (e.g. changing interviewers and conducting multiple interviews). Practitioners working with violent crimes reported meeting silent suspects more frequently compared with practitioners working with other criminal offences. Conclusions The results provide an initial exploration into the various strategies used by police interviewers when questioning suspects who decline to answer questions. Further research is necessary for understanding and evaluating the ethics and effectiveness of such strategies.
17.	Mann, S, et al. (författare) Two heads are better than one? How to effectively use two interviewers to elicit cues to deception 2013 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - 1355-3259. ; 18:2, s. 324-340 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background. We examined the effect of a second interviewer’s demeanour on cues to deception. We predicted that a supportive demeanour would be the most beneficial for eliciting verbal cues to deceit, as it would encourage truth tellers, but not liars, to say more. In addition, we examined the extent to which interviewees deliberately made eye contact with the interviewers. Liars take their credibility less for granted than truth tellers, and therefore have a greater drive to be convincing. Liars are thus more likely to monitor the interviewer to determine if the interviewer appears to believe them. Method. Participants appeared before two interviewers: the first asked all the questions and the second remained silent. The second interviewer exhibited either a supportive, neutral, or a suspicious demeanour. Results. Truth tellers provided significantly more detail than liars, but only in the supportive second interviewer condition. The effect of a second interviewer’s demeanour on detail was perhaps remarkable given that the interviewees hardly looked at the second interviewer (less than 10% of the time). Liars displayed more deliberate eye contact (with the first interviewer) than truth tellers did. Conclusions. A supportive second interviewer has a positive effect on interviewing. We discuss this finding in the wider contexts of investigative interviewing and interviewing to detect deception.
18.	Nahari, G., et al. (författare) 'Language of lies': Urgent issues and prospects in verbal lie detection research 2019 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 24:1, s. 1-23 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Since its introduction into the field of deception detection, the verbal channel has become a rapidly growing area of research. The basic assumption is that liars differ from truth tellers in their verbal behaviour, making it possible to classify them by inspecting their verbal accounts. However, as noted in conferences and in private communication between researchers, the field of verbal lie detection faces several challenges that merit focused attention. The first author therefore proposed a workshop with the mission of promoting solutions for urgent issues in the field. Nine researchers and three practitioners with experience in credibility assessments gathered for 3 days of discussion at Bar-Ilan University (Israel) in the first international verbal lie detection workshop. The primary session of the workshop took place the morning of the first day. In this session, each of the participants had up to 10 min to deliver a brief message, using just one slide. Researchers were asked to answer the question: 'In your view, what is the most urgent, unsolved question/issue in verbal lie detection?' Similarly, practitioners were asked: 'As a practitioner, what question/issue do you wish verbal lie detection research would address?' The issues raised served as the basis for the discussions that were held throughout the workshop. The current paper first presents the urgent, unsolved issues raised by the workshop group members in the main session, followed by a message to researchers in the field, designed to deliver the insights, decisions, and conclusions resulting from the discussions.
19.	Neequaye, David Amon, 1988, et al. (författare) Examining illicit networks in laboratory experiments with a preliminary focus on communication 2022 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 28:1, s. 150-164 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This research introduces a web application, the bot orchestrator, to assist researchers in developing paradigms to examine illicit networks in experiments. We implemented the application and a new paradigm to create mock networks using strangers. The proof-of-concept experiment examined communication when networks plan illicit activities. Method Participants assumed the role of an illicit network member—either a manager, a coordinator or an executor. They held some information the group needed to accomplish either a material or ideological goal: communication between the roles was imperative for success. We also manipulated the level of risk associated with communicating about the planning activities. For half of the participants, there was a moderate risk of communicating about the plans. For the other half, the risk of such communication was high. The procedure allowed us to examine who a network member was willing to communicate with, given the goal under pursuit and the associated risk level. Results Although goal-type, risk level, and the Goal-type × Risk Interaction did not significantly predict communication decisions, a content analysis suggested that participants were attempting to navigate the risks while pursuing their goals. Participants employed diverse communication strategies: individual differences explained the most variance regarding how network members communicate. Conclusions We hope the web application and paradigm this research introduces will facilitate further experiments examining illicit networks.
20.	Neequaye, David Amon, 1988, et al. (författare) Using shared experiences to recruit committed human intelligence sources: Exploring the shared attention mechanism and the role of social connection 2024 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 29:1, s. 48-64 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Objectives: This work will examine the possibility of using shared experiences to recruit human intelligence (HUMINT) sources. We based the research on two competing hypotheses. (a) Shared experiences amplify interpersonal affiliation, which increases the extent to which sources value an intelligence arrangement (the shared-attention hypothesis; viz., Shteynberg, 2015). (b) The social connection opportunity shared experiences afford, rather increases such valuation (the social-connection hypothesis; viz., Jolly, Tamir, Burum, & Mitchell, 2019). Methods: Participants will assume the role of a potential source. Next, we will manipulate shared experience via a meeting’s setting. Half of the participants will undergo a shared experience that facilitates interpersonal affiliation with a handler, and the other half will not. During the meeting, the handler will use one of two approaches to propose an arrangement whereby the source might supply intelligence. The approaches differ in terms of the level of social connection. One condition affords a social connection opportunity (i.e., emphasized social-connection). The other constrains the possibility of a social connection in the arrangement (i.e., deemphasized social-connection). Hypotheses: The shared-attention hypothesis generated the following prediction. Sources in the shared experience (vs. no sharing) condition will value the intelligence arrangement higher, irrespective of the handler’s approach. Conversely, the social-connection hypothesis predicts the following result. The effect of the shared experience combined with an emphasized social connection will be stronger than the effect of the no sharing condition combined with deemphasizing a social connection.
21.	Oleszkiewicz, Simon, 1982, et al. (författare) Eliciting information from human sources: Training handlers in the Scharff technique 2017 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 22:2, s. 400-419 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose: In previous laboratory-based work, the Scharff technique has proved successful for gathering intelligence from human sources. However, little is known about whether the technique can be taught to practitioners, and whether Scharff-trained practitioners will interview more effectively than colleagues using their conventional approaches and tactics. Method: We examined professional handlers from the Norwegian Police (n = 64), all experienced in interacting with informants. Half received training in the Scharff technique, and their performance was compared against handlers receiving no Scharff training and free to use the approaches they saw fit. All handlers received the same case file describing a source holding information about a future terrorist attack and were given the same interview objectives. Police trainees (n = 64) took on the role of semicooperative sources and were given incomplete information about the attack. Results: The trained handlers adhered to the Scharff training as they (1) aimed to establish the illusion of 'knowing-it-all', (2) posed claims to collect information, and (3) asked few (if any) explicit questions. In contrast, the untrained handlers tried to evoke the sources' motivation to reveal information and asked a high number of explicit questions. Scharff-trained handlers were perceived as less eager to gather information, but collected comparatively more new information. Conclusions: The Scharff-trained interviewers utilized more specific elicitation tactics (e.g., posing claims) and fewer general interview strategies (e.g., evoking motivation), and they collected comparatively more new information. This captures the essence of the Scharff technique: It is subtle, yet effective.
22.	Oleszkiewicz, S., et al. (författare) The adaptable law enforcement officer: Exploring adaptability in a covert police context 2022 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 27:2, s. 265-282 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Adaptability refers to cognitive, behavioural and emotional adjustments that assist in effectively responding to novel and uncertain situations. It is acknowledged as a key attribute of the successful management of dynamic interpersonal interactions. Yet, adaptability remains largely unstudied in the field of psychology and law. Here, we take the first steps to fill this research gap. In Study 1, university students (n = 30) acted as 'agents' that had to complete three 'undercover missions' that required an adaptive response. Adaptability was measured through a self-report scale. In Study 2, practitioners (n = 22), experienced with covert policing, watched recordings of the undercover missions from Experiment 1. The practitioners rated the adaptive responses of the agents, as well as their ability to attain the mission objectives. The findings showed that our experimental set-up successfully elicited adaptive behaviour. Practitioners' ratings of adaptability were strongly related to their ratings of trustworthiness, rapport and belief in whether the agent would accomplish their missions, but not with actual mission success. The results highlight the potential importance of adaptability for law enforcement contexts.
23.	Roos Af Hjelmsäter, Emma, 1976, et al. (författare) ‘Mapping’ deception in adolescents : Eliciting cues to deceit through an unanticipated spatial drawing task 2014 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 19:1, s. 179-188 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. In this experiment we examined whether an unanticipated spatial task couldincrease the differences between lying and truth telling groups of adolescents. In addition,we explored whether there are some elements of such a spatial task that elicit morediagnostic cues to deception than others.Methods. In groups of three, adolescents (N = 150, aged 13–14) either experienced(‘truth tellers’) or imagined (‘liars’) an event. In subsequent individual interviews, theadolescents were asked to provide both a general verbal description of the event (theanticipated task), and a spatial description by making marks on a sketch (the unanticipatedtask). Next, adults (N = 200) rated the degree of consistency between either the generaldescriptions or the spatial descriptions from the adolescents in each triad.Results. The differences between liars and truth tellers were larger for the spatialmarkings (the unanticipated task) than for the general verbal descriptions (the anticipatedtask). Importantly, as predicted, the difference between lying and truth-telling triads wasmost manifest for markings of salient (vs. non-salient) aspects of the event.Conclusions. The results suggests that (a) using spatial tasks may be a useful tool fordetecting deception in adolescents, but that (b) the assessment of credibility should onlydraw on the salient aspects of the unanticipated spatial task.
24.	Sooniste, Tuule, 1985, et al. (författare) Discriminating between true and false intent among small cells of suspects 2016 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259. ; 21:2, s. 344-357 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose Despite high potential value for real-life situations, detecting true and false intentions by groups of suspects have not been previously investigated. Method The experimental study had a set-up in which participants (N = 232), half in dyads and half in quartets, planned for either a mock crime or a non-criminal event. In structured individual interviews, all participants were asked one set of questions targeting their intentions (anticipated questions) and one set of questions targeting the planning phase of the intentions (unanticipated questions). We scored the level of detail and consistency in participants' interview responses. Results As predicted, questions on the planning phase were perceived as unanticipated and difficult to answer by both liars and truth tellers. Truth tellers' answers to the question on intent were perceived as more detailed compared to the liars. Cells of truth tellers and liars achieved an equally high within-group consistency for their answers to the questions on the stated intentions, whereas cells of truth tellers achieved a higher within-group consistency for the answers to the questions on the planning phase. Finally, truth tellers' descriptions of their intentions contained more information related to how to attain the stated goal, whereas liars gave more information related to why it was necessary to attain the stated goal. Conclusions Asking anticipated and unanticipated questions can be a successful way of eliciting cues to true and false intentions among small cells of suspects.
25.	Strand, Susanne, et al. (författare) Clinical and risk management facotrs in risk prediction of mentally disordered offenders - More important than historical data? : A retrospective study of 40 mentally disordered offenders assessed with the HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme 1999 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 4:1, s. 67-76 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. The predictive validity of the risk prediction instrument HCR-20 was studied. Methods. Two matched groups of discharged forensic psychiatric patients, one who had recidivated into violent criminality and the other not, were assessed with the HCR-20. This was done retrospective and blind to the outcome. Results. The results show an overall high predictive validity (AUC = .80). However, historical data had none, or a low, validity while clinical and risk management data had a very high validity. Conclusions. One of the most interesting findings in this study is that clinical and risk management factors came out as more predictive of future violence than historical factors, which is very much contrary to findings in past research. We think that one has to bear in mind that both clinical and risk management factors are heavily influenced by historical information. Thus, historical data are probably as important as is generally shown in follow-up studies of violence in various offender groups. However, using the HCR-20, which allows systematic and reliable coding of clinical and risk management factors, seems to make it possible to use these factors more successfully than has been hitherto possible.
26.	Strömwall, Leif, 1967, et al. (författare) Blame attributions and rape: Effects of belief in a just world and relationship level 2013 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - 1355-3259. ; 18:2, s. 254-261 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. The blaming of rape victims can cause secondary victimization. It is of importance to investigate factor that might lead to victim blaming. This study investigated the effect of belief in a just world (BJW), gender of participant, and level of relationship closeness between victim and perpetrator on attributions of both victim and perpetrator blame. Methods. In a between-subjects experiment, a community sample (N = 166) answered questions of victim blame and perpetrator blame after reading one of four scenarios, each depicting a different level of relationship between the victim and the perpetrator (strangers, acquaintances, dating, or married). Results. Overall, high levels of perpetrator blame and low levels of victim blame were found. Contrary to previous research, the victim of a stranger rape was blamed more than when the perpetrator was known to the victim. Furthermore, participants high on BJW attributed higher levels of victim blame and lower levels of perpetrator blame. Specifically, female participants high on BJW attributed most blame to a victim of stranger rape. Conclusions. In conclusion, BJW was a significant predictor of blame attributions, and relationship type is a variable that merits further research.
27.	Vilar, A. D., et al. (författare) Effects of cooperation on information disclosure in mock-witness interviews 2020 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 25:2, s. 133-149 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose Forensic interviewers often face witnesses who are unwilling to cooperate with the investigation. In this experimental study, we examined the extent to which cooperativeness instructions affect information disclosure in a witness investigative interview. Methods One hundred and thirty-six participants watched a recorded mock-crime and were interviewed twice as mock-witnesses. They were randomly assigned to one of four conditions instructing different levels of cooperativeness: Control (no instructions), Cooperation, No Cooperation, and No Cooperation plus Cooperation. The cooperativeness instructions aimed to influence how participants' perceived the costs and benefits of cooperation. We predicted that Cooperation and No Cooperation instructions would increase and decrease information disclosure and accuracy, respectively. Results We found decreased information disclosure and, to a lesser extent, accuracy in the No Cooperation and No Cooperation plus Cooperation conditions. In a second interview, the shift of instructions from No Cooperation to Cooperation led to a limited increase of information disclosure at no cost of accuracy. Cooperativeness instructions partially influenced the communication strategies participants used to disclose or withhold information. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the detrimental effects of uncooperativeness on information disclosure and, to a lesser extent, the accuracy of witness statements. We discuss the implications of a lack of witness cooperation and the importance of gaining witness cooperation to facilitate information disclosure in investigative interviews.
28.	Willén, Rebecca M., 1980, et al. (författare) Offenders' uncoerced false confessions: A new application of statement analysis? 2012 Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 17:2, s. 346-359 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose. Deception detection research has mainly studied denials and distortions given by students. This study examined true and false confessions as told by offenders. It was hypothesized that the statement analytic techniques Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) and Reality Monitoring (RM) would discriminate truths and lies. Methods. Truthful and deceptive confessions to crime were given by 30 offenders (both women and men) in a within-subject design. The participants were in prison at the time of data collection, and told the truth about a crime they had committed and been sentenced for. In addition, they made up a lie about a different crime after a few minutes of preparation. The transcribed statements were scored for CBCA and RM criteria. Results. Results showed that neither total CBCA nor total RM scores differentiated between lies and truths. Some individual CBCA criteria, however, showed differences: more self-deprecations and doubts about own testimony in the told lies, and more unexpected complications in the truths. Conclusions. The results are discussed in relation to statement analysis of offenders’ accounts, individual CBCA criteria, as well as the development of criminal experience and familiarity with the event and setting. Implications for triers of fact and suggestions for future research are considered.

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