| 1. |
- Akpalu, W., et al.
(författare)
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Bioeconomic model of spatial fishery management in developing countries
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 17, s. 145-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fishers in developing countries do not have the resources to acquire advanced technologies to exploit offshore fish stocks. As a result, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea requires countries to sign partnership agreements with distant water fishing nations to exploit offshore stocks. However, for migratory stocks, the offshore may serve as a natural marine reserve (i.e., a source) to the inshore (i.e., sink); hence these partnership agreements generate a spatial externality. In this paper, we present a bioeconomic model in which a social planner uses a landing tax (ad valorem tax) to internalize this spatial externality. We found that the tax must reflect the biological connectivity between the two patches, intrinsic growth rate, the price of fish and cost per unit effort. The results are empirically illustrated using data on Ghana.
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| 2. |
- Akpalu, Wisdom, et al.
(författare)
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Can the restrictive harvest period policy conserve mopane worms in southern Africa? : A bioeconomic modelling approach
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 14:5, s. 587-600
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mopane worm, which is the caterpillar form of the Saturnid moth Imbrasia belina Westwood, is like other edible insects and caterpillars a vital source of protein in southern African countries. The worms live and graze on mopane trees, which have alternative uses. With increasing commercialization of the worm, its management, which was hitherto organized as a common property resource, has been degraded to almost open access. This paper uses a bioeconomic modelling approach to show that for some optimal allocation of the mopane forest stock, the restrictive harvest period policy advocated by community leaders may not lead to sustainable harvesting of the worm
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| 3. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Do entrance fees crowd out donations for public goods? Evidence from a protected area in Costa Rica
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 20:3, s. 311-326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we investigate how different levels of entrance fees affect donations for a public good, a natural park. To explore this issue, we conducted a stated preference study focusing on visitors' preferences for donating money to raise funds for a protected area in Costa Rica given different entrance fee levels. The results reveal that there is incomplete crowding out of donations when establishing an entrance fee.
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| 4. |
- Bezabih, M., et al.
(författare)
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Land rights and the economic impacts of climatic anomalies on agriculture: evidence from Ethiopia
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 26:5-6, s. 632-656
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper shows that strengthening land rights via a land certification program may reduce the negative economic impact of climatic anomalies in the highlands of Ethiopia. The results support the hypothesis that certification enhances the likelihood of adapting some of the land-related investments, thus supporting adaptation enhancing mechanisms and the resilience of the farming sector. Institutional factors may play a key role in supporting farmers' adaptive capacity to climatic challenges.
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| 5. |
- Bostedt, Göran, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Unravelling the pastoralist paradox - preferences for land tenure security and flexibility in Kenya
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 28:3, s. 242-264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we use a discrete choice experiment conducted among pastoralists in four different semi-arid counties in Kenya characterized by different land tenure regimes to analyze how pastoralists make tradeoffs between tenure security and grazing flexibility - the so-called pastoralist paradox. Results show that there is one group of respondents who are desperate for change and seem to prefer either group or private title deeds to their current situation. A second, smaller group has strong preferences for the status quo, which could be driven by their relatively short migration distances. Concerning index-based livestock insurance, the basis risk suffered by insured pastoralists due to underprediction is high, but willingness to pay (WTP) for livestock insurance should still be high enough to ensure maximum uptake, leaving current low uptakes hard to explain. The worry about climate change is high but does not translate into increased WTP for more secure tenure or formal livestock insurance.
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| 6. |
- Crépin, Anne-Sophie, et al.
(författare)
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Social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems : modeling and policy implications
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 18:2, s. 111-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Systems linking people and nature, known as social-ecological systems, are increasingly understood as complex adaptive systems. Essential features of these complex adaptive systems – such as nonlinear feedbacks, strategic interactions, individual and spatial heterogeneity, and varying time scales – pose substantial challenges for modeling. However, ignoring these characteristics can distort our picture of how these systems work, causing policies to be less effective or even counterproductive. In this paper we present recent developments in modeling social-ecological systems, illustrate some of these challenges with examples related to coral reefs and grasslands, and identify the implications for economic and policy analysis.
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| 7. |
- Ehmke, Mariah D, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental methods for environment and development economics
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - New York : Cambridge University Press. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 14:4, s. 419-456
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many poor countries remain trapped in a cycle of poverty and environmental degradation. Understanding how people react to existing and proposed solutions most likely can be improved using the methods of experimental economics. Experiments provide researchers a method to test theory, look for patterns of behavior, testbed economic institutions and incentives, and to educate people. Herein we explore how experimental economics has been used and could be used to help guide decision making to increase prosperity without overexploiting the resource base and environmental assets needed for basic survival.
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| 8. |
- Ekbom, Anders, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating soil science into agricultural production frontiers
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 18, s. 291-308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper integrates soil science variables into an economic analysis of agricultural output among small-scale farmers in Kenya's highlands. The integration is valuable because farmers' choice of inputs depends on both the status of the soil and socioeconomic conditions. The study uses a stochastic production frontier in which the individual farm's distance to the frontier depends systematically on individual factors. We show the importance of including key soil properties and find that phosphorus has a negative output elasticity, suggesting that farms may be using the wrong fertilizer mix. Hence, the central policy implication is that while fertilizers are generally beneficial, their application needs to be based on better soil information. This highlights the importance of strengthening agricultural extension, increased access to markets and more diversified supply of production inputs.
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| 9. |
- Gebreegziabher, Zenebe, et al.
(författare)
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Climate change and the Ethiopian economy : A CGE analysis
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 21:2, s. 205-225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper analyzes the economic impacts of climate change-induced fluctuations on the performance of Ethiopia’s agriculture, using a countrywide computable general equilibrium (CGE) model.We model the impacts on agriculture using a Ricardian model, where current agricultural production is modelled as a function of temperature and precipitation, among other things, and where future agriculture is assumed to follow the same climate function. The effect of overall climate change is projected to be relatively benign until approximately 2030, but will become considerably worse thereafter. Our simulation results indicate that, over a 50-year period, the projected reduction in agricultural productivity may lead to reductions in average income of some 20 per cent compared with the outcome that would have prevailed in the absence of climate change. This indicates that adaptation policies – both government planned and those that ease autonomous adaptation by farmers – will be crucial for Ethiopia’s future development.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- He, Haoran, 1981
(författare)
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Effects of environmental policy on consumption: lessons from the Chinese plastic bag regulation
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 17, s. 407-431
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To reduce plastic bag litter, China introduced a nationwide regulation requiring all retailers to charge for plastic shopping bags on 1 June 2008. By using the policy implementation as a natural experiment and collecting individual-level data before and after the implementation, we investigate the impacts of the regulation on consumers' bag use. We find that the regulation implementation caused a 49 per cent reduction in the use of new bags. Besides regulation enforcement, consumers' attitude toward the regulation and some consumers' socioeconomic characteristics also affected bag consumption. However, the regulation effects differ largely among consumer groups and among regions and shopping occasions.
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| 12. |
- Humavindu, Michael N., et al.
(författare)
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Hedonic pricing in Windhoek townships
- 2003
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 8:2, s. 391-404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study applies the hedonic pricing model to property sales in the township areas in Windhoek, the capital city of Namibia, where municipal authorities have pursued a programme of selling plots of land to settlers in order to encourage them into a formalized economic situation. We find that, apart from house quality, access to the central business district, access to marketplaces and access to transportation, environmental quality also has a large impact on property prices. Properties located close to a garbage dump sell at considerable discounts, while properties located close to a combined conservation and recreation area sell at premium prices. The results thus suggest that the hedonic pricing method can be useful for studying townships in developing countries, and that this can help to clarify the importance of environmental factors which are otherwise frequently neglected in town planning for township settlements.
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| 13. |
- Jiang, Xuemei, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of Policy Measures on the Development of State Owned Forests in Northeast China : Theoretical Results and Empirical Evidence
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 19, s. 74-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- State-owned forest enterprises (SOFEs) in northeast China play important roles both in timber production and in the maintenance of ecological security. This paper examines the effects of a number of policy measures on the behavioral choices of the SOFEs. The results show that the extent to which SOFE supervising authorities emphasized the improvement of forest resources in their annual evaluation of the SOFEs had significant impacts on the harvest and investment decisions and the development of forest resources. Promotion of the management and utilization of non-timber resources, as well as reforms aiming to increase the efficiency of forest protection and management, reduced timber harvests and increased investment, which in turn led to improvements of forest resources, although the effects were small. In contrast, reforms aimed at timber harvest and afforestation activities actually contributed to increasing timber harvest, which affected the development of the forest resources negatively.
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| 14. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, et al.
(författare)
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A dynamic model of biodiversity preservation
- 1998
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 3:2, s. 157-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Lindahl, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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Avoiding catastrophic collapse in small-scale fisheries through inefficient cooperation : evidence from a framed field experiment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 28:2, s. 111-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-scale fisheries (SSFs) are significant for poverty alleviation, but are threatened by over-exploitation and climate change effects such as drastic drops in regrowth rates. How will fishers adapt? To shed light on this, we ran a common-pool resource experiment with SSF fishers in Thailand. Our results show that groups confronted with a potential abrupt drop in the regrowth rate are more likely to form cooperative agreements compared to groups not confronted with such a drop, which theory cannot predict. However, groups that form cooperative agreements do not necessarily manage the resource efficiently; many groups under-exploit. Over-exploitation is driven by individual characteristics, e.g., if individuals can diversify income, and if they are born outside the village. We conclude that more systematic exploration of the role of socio-economic factors, and how these factors interact with ecological conditions facing fishers, are needed. Our work can be seen as one step in this direction.
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| 17. |
- Mäler, Karl-Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring sustainability under regime shift uncertainty : a resilience pricing approach
- 2010
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 15:Part 6 Sp. Iss. SI, s. 707-719
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is concerned with the theory of resilience pricing and sustainability measurement in the presence of risk for regime shift in a dynamic economy-environment system. Following Holling (1973), we consider resilience as the maximal perturbation that the system can absorb without flipping into a qualitatively different state. Using a multisector growth model under uncertainty, we derive the shadow price of resilience that affects the probabilities of the system to flip in the future. We also analyze the role of resilience on sustainability with both ex-ante and ex-post welfare measures.
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| 18. |
- Robalino, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Protected areas and economic welfare: An impact evaluation of national parks on local workers' wages in Costa Rica
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 20:3, s. 283-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number of protected areas around the world has significantly increased. However, the effects of this policy on the wellbeing of local households are still under debate. Using pre-treatment characteristics and household surveys with highly disaggregated geographic reference, we explore how national parks affect the wages of local workers in Costa Rica. We use matching techniques to control for the endogenous location of parks. We find that parks' effects on wages are, on average, positive and significant, but the magnitudes vary. Wages close to parks are higher for local workers living near tourist entrances. However, there is no robust evidence of positive effects for those close to parks but far away from tourist entrances. With our individual-level data, we also show that the positive effects on local households might not be as large as suggested by previous studies that use aggregated level data containing both local and immigrant households.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Sterner, Thomas, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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The Environment for Development Initiative: lessons learned in research, academic capacity building and policy intervention to manage resources for sustainable growth
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 19:3, s. 367-391
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reviews the history of the Environment for Development (EfD) initiative, its activities in capacity building and policy-oriented research, and case studies at its centres in Chile, China, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania. EfD promotes research-based policies to manage natural resources as engines of development. Since 1991, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) has provided funding for students from developing countries to earn a PhD at the Environmental Economics Unit (EEU) of the University of Gothenburg. Returning home, these economists face institutional and academic gaps that limit the adoption of research-based policies. In response, the first EfD centre was founded in 2004, and six more followed. Research focuses on agriculture, climate, fisheries, parks, wildlife, forestry, energy and policy design. This has yielded 200 peer-reviewed articles. Successful policy outcomes depend on relationships with policy makers, community involvement in livelihood strategies, strengthened institutional support, interdisciplinary approaches, and dissemination of research results.
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| 21. |
- Teklewold, Hailemariam, 1967
(författare)
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The impact of shadow prices and farmers' impatience on the allocation of a multipurpose renewable resource in Ethiopia
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 17, s. 479-505
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a mixed farming system in which farmyard manure (FYM) is considered an important multipurpose renewable resource that can be used to enhance soil organic matter, provide additional income and supply household energy, soil fertility depletion could take place within the perspective of the household allocation pattern of FYM. This paper estimates a system of FYM allocation regressions to examine the role of returns to FYM and farmers' impatience on the propensity to allocate FYM to different uses. We parameterize the model using data from a sample of 493 households in Ethiopia. Results indicate a heightened incentive for diverting FYM from farming to marketing for burning outside the household when returns to selling FYM and the farmer's discount rate are high. These reveal the need for policies that will help to reduce farmers' impatience and encourage the substitution of alternative energy sources to increase the use of FYM as a sustainable land management practice.
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| 22. |
- Uwera, Claudine, et al.
(författare)
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Individual status quo modelling for a rural water service in Rwanda : Application of a choice experiment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 21:4, s. 490-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Rwanda, rural water supply is not uniformly distributed. Rural areas arecharacterized by differences in the distance to the nearestwater point and in water quality for domestic water, by watering frequency and water availability for irrigationwater, and by the price for both. A household’s perception of further improvements in water supply will, therefore, depend heavily on the situation it currently faces. The authors used a choice experiment to model how the individual status quo (SQ) affects preferences. Accounting for individual SQ information improves model significance relative to simply using the generic SQ parameter in the model, and the willingness to pay increases. Not using this information leads to a downward bias – and, in some cases, statistical insignificance – in estimates of households’ valuation of health improvements linked to improved domestic water availability, as well as of increased watering frequency linked to the improved availability of irrigation water.
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| 23. |
- Uwera, Claudine, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Individual status quo modelling for a rural water service in Rwanda: application of a choice experiment
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 21:4, s. 490-511
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Rwanda, rural water supply is not uniformly distributed. Rural areas are characterized by differences in the distance to the nearest water point and in water quality for domestic water, by watering frequency and water availability for irrigation water, and by the price for both. A household's perception of further improvements in water supply will, therefore, depend heavily on the situation it currently faces. The authors used a choice experiment to model how the individual status quo (SQ) affects preferences. Accounting for individual SQ information improves model significance relative to simply using the generic SQ parameter in the model, and the willingness to pay increases. Not using this information leads to a downward bias - and, in some cases, statistical insignificance - in estimates of households' valuation of health improvements linked to improved domestic water availability, as well as of increased watering frequency linked to the improved availability of irrigation water.
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| 24. |
- Yang, Xiaojun, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Program sustainability and the determinants of farmers' self-predicted post-program land use decisions: evidence from the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) in China
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 19:1, s. 30-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we evaluate the long-run sustainability of China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) by investigating the determinants of farmers' self-predicted post-program land use decisions. We use data from a household survey conducted in 2005, with a particular focus on a dependent variable that reflects farmers' ordinal responses to a question about their probability of converting the enrolled lands back to cultivation after the program ends. First, we find that targeting the program on steeper sloped and lower quality plots can significantly decrease the probability of reconversion. Second, there is a significant and robust household income structure effect on the reconversion probability. Third, participating households with the right to decide what to plant on enrolled land have a higher probability of maintaining the reforested land after the program ends. Finally, subsidy shortfall has a positive influence on the probability of reconversion.
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| 25. |
- Yi, Yuanyuan, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Property rights, tenure security and forest investment incentives: evidence from China's Collective Forest Tenure Reform
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 19:1 Special issue, s. 48-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper assesses how tenure reform in China’s collective forest sector affects Chinese farmer households’ perception of tenure security and propensity to invest in their forestland. A large database consisting of information from 3,180 households in eight provinces from south to north is used to explore factors correlated with stronger perceived tenure security and determinants of forest related investment. The study adds to the limited research testing whether there is endogenous causality between investment and tenure security in forestland and finds that investment was not undertaken to enhance tenure security. In addition, the data allows for differentiation between perceived tenure security and contracted use and transferability rights. Overall, stronger contracted rights were found to affect investment. China’s forest tenure reform – where individual households can manage forestland, empowered by legal certification and stronger contract rights – has thus enhanced tenure security and encouraged forest investment.
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| 26. |
- Zhang, X. B., et al.
(författare)
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The benefits of international cooperation under climate uncertainty: a dynamic game analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 23:4, s. 452-477
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the benefits of international cooperation under uncertainty about global warming through a stochastic dynamic game. We analyze the benefits of cooperation both for the case of symmetric and asymmetric players. It is shown that the players' combined expected payoffs decrease as climate uncertainty becomes larger, whether or not they cooperate. However, the benefits from cooperation increase with climate uncertainty. In other words, it is more important to cooperate when facing higher uncertainty. At the same time, more transfers will be needed to ensure stable cooperation among asymmetric players.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Robinson, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Efficiency, enforcement and revenue tradeoffs in participatory forest management: An example from Tanzania
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - 1355-770X .- 1469-7998. ; 17, s. 1-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Where joint forest management has been introduced into Tanzania, 'volunteer' patrollers take responsibility for enforcing restrictions over the harvesting of forest resources, often receiving as an incentive a share of the collected fine revenue. Using an optimal enforcement model, we explore how that share, and whether villagers have alternative sources of forest products, determines the effort patrollers put into enforcement and whether they choose to take a bribe rather than honestly reporting the illegal collection of forest resources. Without funds for paying and monitoring patrollers, policy makers face tradeoffs over illegal extraction, forest protection and revenue generation through fine collection. © 2011 Cambridge University Press.
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