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| 2. |
- Latvala, Antti, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive ability and risk for substance misuse in men : genetic and environmental correlations in a longitudinal nation-wide family study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Addiction. - Stockholm : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 111:10, s. 1814-1822
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To investigate the association in males between cognitive ability in late adolescence and subsequent substance misuse-related events, and to study the underlying genetic and environmental correlations.Design: A population-based longitudinal study with three different family-based designs. Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to investigate the association at the individual level. Bivariate quantitative genetic modelling in (1) full brothers and maternal half-brothers, (2) full brothers reared together and apart and (3) monozygotic and dizygotic twin brothers was used to estimate genetic and environmental correlations.Setting: Register-based study in Sweden.Participants: The full sample included 1 402 333 Swedish men born 1958-91 and conscripted at mean age 18.2 [standard deviation (SD) = 0.5] years. A total of 1 361 066 men who had no substance misuse events before cognitive assessment at mandatory military conscription were included in the Cox regression models, with a follow-up time of up to 35.6 years.Measures Cognitive ability was assessed at conscription with the Swedish Enlistment Battery. Substance misuse events included alcohol- and drug-related court convictions, medical treatments and deaths, available from governmental registries.Findings: Lower cognitive ability in late adolescence predicted an increased risk for substance misuse events [hazard ratio (HR) for a 1-stanine unit decrease in cognitive ability: 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.29-1.30]. The association was somewhat attenuated within clusters of full brothers (HR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.20-1.23). Quantitative genetic analyses indicated that the association was due primarily to genetic influences; the genetic correlations ranged between -0.39 (95% CI = -0.45, -0.34) and -0.52 (95% CI -0.55, -0.48) in the three different designs.Conclusions: Shared genetic influences appear to underlie the association between low cognitive ability and subsequent risk for substance misuse events among Swedish men.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Ahacic, Kozma, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in sobriety in the Swedish population over three decades : age, period or cohort effects?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Addiction. - Abingdon : Carfax. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 107:4, s. 748-755
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims This study aimed to examine age, cohort and period trends in alcohol abstinence.Design Two surveys, the Level of Living Survey collected in 1968, 1974, 1981, 1990 and 2000, and the Swedish Panel Study of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD) collected in 1992 and 2002, were studied with graphical depictions of cross-sectional and longitudinal data presented over time and over age. Cross-sectional 10-year age group differences, time-lag differences between waves and within-cohort differences between waves for 10-year birth cohorts were examined. Logistic regression models were applied to confirm the observed patterns.Setting The samples were representative of the Swedish population.Participants Participants ranged in age from 18 to 75 (n = 5000 per wave), and 77+ at later waves (n = 500).Measurements Alcohol abstinence was determined by asking ‘Do you ever drink wine, beer, or spirits?’, where a ‘no’ response indicated abstinence.Findings Decreases in abstinence rates were observed from 1968 to 2000/02. While cross-sectional analysis indicated increased abstinence with advancing age, the longitudinal analysis suggested otherwise. Inspection of cohort differences revealed little change within cohorts and large differences between cohorts; abstinence rates declined in later-born cohorts up to the 1940s birth cohorts; stability was observed in cohorts born since the 1940s. Logistic regression models indicated that neither age nor period were significant (P > 0.05) predictors of abstinence when cohort (P < 0.001) was included.Conclusion Decreasing proportions of total alcohol abstainers in Sweden from 1968 to 2000 appear to be attributable primarily to decreases in successive cohorts rather than drinkers becoming abstainers.
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| 7. |
- Rehm, J., et al.
(författare)
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Addiction Research Centres and the Nurturing of Creativity. Substance abuse research in a modern health care centre : the case of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- 2011
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 106:4, s. 689-697
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health is one of the premier centres for research related to substance use and addiction. This research began more than 50 years ago with the Addiction Research Foundation (ARF), an organization that contributed significantly to knowledge about the aetiology, treatment and prevention of substance use, addiction and related harm. After the merger of the ARF with three other institutions in 1998, research on substance use continued, with an additional focus on comorbid substance use and other mental health disorders. In the present paper, we describe the structure of funding and organization and selected current foci of research. We argue for the continuation of this successful model of integrating basic, epidemiological, clinical, health service and prevention research under the roof of a health centre.
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| 9. |
- Berglund, Mats
(författare)
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A better widget? Three lessons for improving addiction treatment from a meta-analytical study
- 2005
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 1360-0443 .- 0965-2140. ; 100:6, s. 742-750
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To discuss how to develop more effective treatment programmes than those currently available for addictive disorders. Data sources The Swedish SBU report, published in English in 2003. was used as a database. It includes 641 randomized controlled trials and seven longitudinal prospective studies. Methods Meta-analytical calculations were performed in several areas using standardized mean differences (d) effect-size estimate and homogeneity testing. Three critical issues have been the focus of the present analysis: the early intervention phase. treatment procedures and their additive properties and the transitional period between early and late effects of treatment. Results The main findings while integrating the results in a new way were that intervention studies with one single session showed a small but robust homogeneous effect size. whereas studies of interventions with several sessions were heterogeneous with large and small effect sizes among the included studies. Similar effect sizes were found in alcohol, opioid and cocaine treatment studies. Agonist treatment yielded the highest effect sizes. Some evidence was found for a possible additive effect for cognitive behaviour therapy and naltrexone as well as for aversive treatment (disulfiram) and psychosocial treatment in alcohol dependence. So far studies on the transition period between short- and long-term outcome are few and inconclusive. Conclusions There is a prospect of improving addiction treatment, and the following areas are suggested by meta-analysis for future research: (a) to examine in more detail the process between the first and second session of intervention; (b) to randomize simultaneously for independent categories of psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatment: and (c) to intensify studies on the transitional period between short- and long-term outcome.
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| 12. |
- Jarl, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Time pattern of reduction in risk of oesophageal cancer following alcohol cessation - A meta-analysis.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 1360-0443 .- 0965-2140. ; 107:7, s. 1234-1243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To establish the current level of knowledge of the effect of drinking cessation on the risk of developing oesophageal cancer. Method: A meta-analysis was conducted based on relevant studies identified through a systematic literature review. A Generalised Least Squares model for trend estimation of summarised dose-response data were utilised in order to estimate the effect of years since drinking cessation on risk of oesophageal cancer. Result: 17 studies that estimate the risk reduction after quantified drinking cessation were identified in the systematic literature review. Nine of these were appropriate for inclusion in the meta-analysis. A large degree of heterogeneity existed between the studies but this was explainable and the increased risk of oesophageal cancer caused by alcohol consumption was found to be reversible with a common trend between studies. A required time period of 16.5 years (95% CI 12.7-23.7) was estimated until no risk from former drinking remained, although this might have been an overestimation due to sample characteristics. The dose-response relationship was found to have an exponential decay. This means about half of the reduction in alcohol-related risk occurred after just a third of the time period required to eliminate the additional risk. Conclusion: The alcohol-related increased risk of oesophageal cancer is reversible following drinking cessation. It is most likely that about 16 years are required until all elevated risk has disappeared. Due to lack of research and data, more research is urgently required to increase the robustness of the estimates and to approach study limitations.
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| 15. |
- Lindström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Smoking cessation among daily smokers, aged 45-69 years: a longitudinal study in Malmö, Sweden.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 1360-0443 .- 0965-2140. ; 97:2, s. 205-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in snuff consumption, socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics between baseline daily smokers who had remained daily smokers, become intermittent smokers or stopped smoking at the 1-year follow-up. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: A population of 12 507 individuals aged 45-69 years, interviewed at baseline in 1992-94 and at a 1-year follow-up, was investigated in this longitudinal study. The three groups of baseline daily smokers were compared to the total population according to socio-demographic, psychosocial and snuff consumption characteristics. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess differences in psychosocial conditions, adjusting for age, sex, country of origin, marital status, education and snuff consumption. FINDINGS: Eighty-six per cent of all baseline daily smokers remained daily smokers, 6.5% had become intermittent smokers and 7.3% had stopped smoking at the 1-year follow-up. The daily smokers who remained daily smokers were more likely to be born in other countries than Sweden, not married, have a lower educational level and poorer psychosocial conditions than the total population, while the socio-demographic characteristics and psychosocial resources of those daily smokers who had become intermittent smokers or had stopped smoking were much more similar to the general population, with the exception of a higher snuff consumption, especially for intermittent smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Daily smokers who remained daily smokers at the 1-year follow-up had poorer psychosocial assets, especially social participation, than baseline daily smokers who had become intermittent smokers or had stopped smoking, and the general population. The results suggest that low levels of social participation are a potent barrier against smoking cessation. Snuff consumption may explain a part of the increase in smoking cessation among men as opposed to women in Sweden.
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| 17. |
- Marques, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating driver risk using alcohol biomarkers, interlock blood alcohol concentration tests and psychometric assessments: initial descriptives
- 2010
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 1360-0443 .- 0965-2140. ; 105:2, s. 226-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim To identify alcohol biomarker and psychometric measures that relate to drivers' blood alcohol concentration (BAC) patterns from ignition interlock devices (IIDs). Design, setting, participants, measurements In Alberta, Canada, 534 drivers, convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), installed IIDs and agreed to participate in a research study. IID BAC tests are an established proxy for predicting future DUI convictions. Three risk groups were defined by rates of failed BAC tests. Program entry and follow-up blood samples (n = 302, 171) were used to measure phosphatidyl ethanol (PETH), carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and other biomarkers. Program entry urine (n = 130) was analyzed for ethyl glucuronide (ETG) and ethyl sulphate (ETS). Entry hair samples were tested for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) (n = 92) and ETG (n = 146). Psychometric measures included the DSM-4 Diagnostic Interview Schedule Alcohol Module, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the time-line follow-back (TLFB), the Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DRINC) and the Temptation and Restraint Inventory (TRI). Findings Except for FAEE, all alcohol biomarkers were related significantly to the interlock BAC test profiles; higher marker levels predicted higher rates of interlock BAC test failures. PETH, the strongest with an overall analysis of variance F ratio of 35.5, had significant correlations with all nine of the other alcohol biomarkers and with 16 of 19 psychometric variables. Urine ETG and ETS were correlated strongly with the IID BAC tests. Conclusions The findings suggest that several alcohol biomarkers and assessments could play an important role in the prediction and control of driver alcohol risk when re-licensing.
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| 22. |
- Babor, T., et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol : No Ordinary Commodity – a summary of the second edition
- 2010
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 105:5, s. 769-779
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article summarizes the contents of Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity (2nd edn). The first part of the book describes why alcohol is not an ordinary commodity, and reviews epidemiological data that establish alcohol as a major contributor to the global burden of disease, disability and death in high-, middle- and low-income countries. This section also documents how international beer and spirits production has been consolidated recently by a small number of global corporations that are expanding their operations in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the second part of the book, the scientific evidence for strategies and interventions that can prevent or minimize alcohol-related harm is reviewed critically in seven key areas: pricing and taxation, regulating the physical availability of alcohol, modifying the drinking context, drink-driving countermeasures, restrictions on marketing, education and persuasion strategies, and treatment and early intervention services. Finally, the book addresses the policy-making process at the local, national and international levels and provides ratings of the effectiveness of strategies and interventions from a public health perspective. Overall, the strongest, most cost-effective strategies include taxation that increases prices, restrictions on the physical availability of alcohol, drink-driving countermeasures, brief interventions with at risk drinkers and treatment of drinkers with alcohol dependence.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Bergmark, Anders
(författare)
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Topiramate and the question of dosage
- 2009
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 104:10, s. 1767-1768
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Laslett, A.-M., et al.
(författare)
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Surveying the range and magnitude of alcohol's harm to others in Australia
- 2011
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 106:9, s. 1603-1611
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims This study aims to document the adverse effects of drinkers in Australia on people other than the drinker. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting In a national survey of Australia, respondents described the harmful effects they experienced from drinkers in their households, family and friendship networks, as well as work-place and community settings. Participants A randomly selected sample of 2649 adult Australians. Measurements Problems experienced because of others' drinking were ascertained via computer-assisted telephone interviews. Respondent and drinker socio-demographic and drinking pattern data were recorded. Findings A total of 70% of respondents were affected by strangers' drinking and experienced nuisance, fear or abuse, and 30% reported that the drinking of someone close to them had negative effects, although only 11% were affected by such a person ‘a lot’. Women were more affected by someone they knew in the household or family, while men were more affected by strangers, friends and co-workers. Young adults were consistently the most negatively affected across the majority of types of harm. Conclusions Substantial proportions of Australians are affected by other people's drinking, including that of their families, friends, co-workers and strangers. These harms range in magnitude from noise and fear to physical abuse, sexual coercion and social isolation.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Nilsen, Per
(författare)
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Brief alcohol intervention-where to from here? Challenges remain for research and practice
- 2010
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Ingår i: ADDICTION. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 105:6, s. 954-959
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brief intervention (BI) is intended as an early intervention for non-treatment-seeking, non-alcohol-dependent, hazardous and harmful drinkers. This text provides a brief summary of key BI research findings from the last three decades and discusses a number of knowledge gaps that need to be addressed. Five areas are described: patient intervention efficacy and effectiveness; barriers to BI implementation by health professionals; individual-level factors that impact on BI implementation; organization-level factors that impact on BI implementation; and society-level factors that impact on BI implementation. BI research has focused largely upon the individual patient and health professional levels, with the main focus upon primary health care research, and studies are lacking in other settings. However, research must, to a larger degree, take into account the organizational and wider context in which BI occurs, as well as interaction between factors at different levels, in order to advance the understanding of how wider implementation of BI can be achieved in various settings and how different population groups can be reached. It is also important to expand BI research beyond its current parameters to investigate more ambitious long-term educational programmes and new organizational models. More widespread implementation of BI will require many different interventions (efforts, actions, initiatives, etc.) at different interlinked levels, from implementation interventions targeting individual health professionals knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours concerning alcohol issues, BI and behaviour change counselling to efforts at the organizational and societal levels that influence the conditions for delivering BI as part of routine health care.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Rehm, J., et al.
(författare)
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The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease - an overview
- 2010
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 105:5, s. 817-843
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: As part of a larger study to estimate the global burden of disease and injury attributable to alcohol: to evaluate the evidence for a causal impact of average volume of alcohol consumption and pattern of drinking on diseases and injuries; to quantify relationships identified as causal based on published meta-analyses; to separate the impact on mortality versus morbidity where possible; and to assess the impact of the quality of alcohol on burden of disease. METHODS: Systematic literature reviews were used to identify alcohol-related diseases, birth complications and injuries using standard epidemiological criteria to determine causality. The extent of the risk relations was taken from meta-analyses. RESULTS: Evidence of a causal impact of average volume of alcohol consumption was found for the following major diseases: tuberculosis, mouth, nasopharynx, other pharynx and oropharynx cancer, oesophageal cancer, colon and rectum cancer, liver cancer, female breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, alcohol use disorders, unipolar depressive disorders, epilepsy, hypertensive heart disease, ischaemic heart disease (IHD), ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, conduction disorders and other dysrhythmias, lower respiratory infections (pneumonia), cirrhosis of the liver, preterm birth complications and fetal alcohol syndrome. Dose-response relationships could be quantified for all disease categories except for depressive disorders, with the relative risk increasing with increased level of alcohol consumption for most diseases. Both average volume and drinking pattern were linked causally to IHD, fetal alcohol syndrome and unintentional and intentional injuries. For IHD, ischaemic stroke and diabetes mellitus beneficial effects were observed for patterns of light to moderate drinking without heavy drinking occasions (as defined by 60+ g pure alcohol per day). For several disease and injury categories, the effects were stronger on mortality compared to morbidity. There was insufficient evidence to establish whether quality of alcohol had a major impact on disease burden. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings indicate that alcohol impacts many disease outcomes causally, both chronic and acute, and injuries. In addition, a pattern of heavy episodic drinking increases risk for some disease and all injury outcomes. Future studies need to address a number of methodological issues, especially the differential role of average volume versus drinking pattern, in order to obtain more accurate risk estimates and to understand more clearly the nature of alcohol-disease relationships.
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| 36. |
- Room, Robin
(författare)
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Drinking patterns as an ideology
- 2005
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 100:12, s. 1803-1804
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 37. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Room, Robin
(författare)
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The dangerousness of drugs
- 2006
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 101:2, s. 166-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Rossow, Ingeborg, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of small changes in bar closing hours on violence. The Norwegian experience from 18 cities
- 2012
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 107, s. 530-537
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims To estimate the effect on violence of small changes in closing hours for on-premise alcohol sales, and to assess whether a possible effect is symmetrical. Design, setting, and participants A quasi-experimental design drawing on data from 18 Norwegian cities that have changed (extended or restricted) the closing hours for on-premise alcohol sales. All changes were <= 2 hours. Measurements Closing hourswere measured in terms of the latest permitted hour of on-premise trading, ranging from 1 a. m. to 3 a. m. The outcome measure comprised police-reported assaults that occurred in the city centre between 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. at weekends. Assaults outside the city centre during the same time window should not be affected by changes in closing hours but function as a proxy for potential confounders, and was thus included as a control variable. The data spanned the period Q1 2000-Q3 2010, yielding 774 observations. Findings Outcomes from main analyses suggested that each 1-hour extension of closing hours was associated with a statistically significant increase of 4.8 assaults (95% CI 2.60, 6.99) per 100 000 inhabitants per quarter (i.e. an increase of about 16%). Findings indicate that the effect is symmetrical. These findings were consistent across three different modelling techniques. Conclusion In Norway, each additional 1-hour extension to the opening times of premises selling alcohol is associated with a 16% increase in violent crime.
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| 48. |
- Stenius, Kerstin
(författare)
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The joker : [Commentary]
- 2004
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 99:4, s. 412-413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 49. |
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