| 1. |
- Hesslow, Germund
(författare)
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Conscious thought as simulation of behaviour and perception.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Trends in Cognitive Sciences. - 1364-6613. ; 6:6, s. 242-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A 'simulation' theory of cognitive function can be based on three assumptions about brain function. First, behaviour can be simulated by activating motor structures, as during an overt action but suppressing its execution. Second, perception can be simulated by internal activation of sensory cortex, as during normal perception of external stimuli. Third, both overt and covert actions can elicit perceptual simulation of their normal consequences. A large body of evidence supports these assumptions. It is argued that the simulation approach can explain the relations between motor, sensory and cognitive functions and the appearance of an inner world.
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| 2. |
- Li, Shu Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Aging cognition : From neuromodulation to representation
- 2001
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Ingår i: Trends in Cognitive Sciences. - 1364-6613. ; 5:11, s. 479-486
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Basic cognitive functions, such as the abilities to activate, represent, maintain, focus and process information, decline with age. A paradigm shift towards cross-level conceptions is needed in order to obtain an integrative understanding of cognitive aging phenomena that cuts across neural, information-processing, and behavioral levels. We review empirical data at these different levels, and computational theories proposed to enable their integration. A theoretical link is highlighted, relating deficient neuromodulation with noisy information processing, which might result in less distinctive cortical representations. These less distinctive representations might be implicated in working memory and attentional functions that underlie the behavioral manifestations of cognitive aging deficits.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Campos-Mercade, Pol, et al.
(författare)
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Motivating vaccination with financial incentives
- 2023
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Ingår i: Trends in Cognitive Sciences. - 1364-6613. ; 27:12, s. 1099-1101
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Governments and organizations often offer cash payments for vaccination. How effective are such payments? A literature review shows that incentives usually increase vaccination, especially for nonhesitant populations and when using guaranteed payments. Concerns about negative unintended consequences are unsupported. We also discuss open questions and avenues for future research.
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| 5. |
- Dang, Junhua, et al.
(författare)
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Why Are Self-Report and Behavioral Measures Weakly Correlated?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 24:4, s. 267-269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accumulating evidence indicates weak correlations between self-report and behavioral measures of the same construct. We suggest that these weak correlations result from the poor reliability of many behavioral measures and the distinct response processes involved in the two measurement types. We also describe how researchers can benefit from appropriate use of these measures.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Guitart-Masip, Marc, et al.
(författare)
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Action versus valence in decision making
- 2014
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 18:4, s. 194-202
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The selection of actions, and the vigor with which they are executed, are influenced by the affective valence of predicted outcomes. This interaction between action and valence significantly influences appropriate and inappropriate choices and is implicated in the expression of psychiatric and neurological abnormalities, including impulsivity and addiction. We review a series of recent human behavioral, neuroimaging, and pharmacological studies whose key design feature is an orthogonal manipulation of action and valence. These studies find that the interaction between the two is subject to the critical influence of dopamine. They also challenge existing views that neural representations in the striatum focus on valence, showing instead a dominance of the anticipation of action.
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| 8. |
- Klingberg, T
(författare)
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Childhood cognitive development as a skill
- 2014
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-307X .- 1364-6613. ; 18:11, s. 573-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Klingberg, T
(författare)
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Training and plasticity of working memory
- 2010
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-307X .- 1364-6613. ; 14:7, s. 317-324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Lundqvist, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Beta : bursts of cognition
- 2024
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 28:7, s. 662-676
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Beta oscillations are linked to the control of goal-directed processing of sensory information and the timing of motor output. Recent evidence demonstrates they are not sustained but organized into intermittent high-power bursts mediating timely functional inhibition. This implies there is a considerable moment-tomoment variation in the neural dynamics supporting cognition. Beta bursts thus offer new opportunities for studying how sensory inputs are selectively processed, reshaped by inhibitory cognitive operations and ultimately result in motor actions. Recent method advances reveal diversity in beta bursts that provide deeper insights into their function and the underlying neural circuit activity motifs. We propose that brain-wide, spatiotemporal patterns of beta bursting reflect various cognitive operations and that their dynamics reveal nonlinear aspects of cortical processing.
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| 11. |
- Millroth, Philip, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitiva Speciebus : Towards a Linnaean Approach to Cognition
- 2021
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 25:3, s. 173-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research points to the limitations of approaches to decision-making, that rest on general ‘Newtonian principles’ derived from unitary a priori conceptions of rationality. To understand how the mind exploits environments, we instead propose a process of more open-ended discovery and systematization in the mold of Linnaeus’s famous taxonomy of plants.
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| 12. |
- Nyberg, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Memory aging and brain maintenance
- 2012
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 16:5, s. 292-305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Episodic memory and working memory decline with advancing age. Nevertheless, large-scale population-based studies document well-preserved memory functioning in some older individuals. The influential 'reserve' notion holds that individual differences in brain characteristics or in the manner people process tasks allow some individuals to cope better than others with brain pathology and hence show preserved memory performance. Here, we discuss a complementary concept, that of brain maintenance (or relative lack of brain pathology), and argue that it constitutes the primary determinant of successful memory aging. We discuss evidence for brain maintenance at different levels: cellular, neurochemical, gray- and white-matter integrity, and systems-level activation patterns. Various genetic and lifestyle factors support brain maintenance in aging and interventions may be designed to promote maintenance of brain structure and function in late life.
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| 13. |
- Olofsson, Jonas K., et al.
(författare)
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Olfactory Language : Context Is Everything
- 2021
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 25:6, s. 419-420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sense of smell, olfaction, is currently in the spotlight. Although often a neglected sense, smell loss and smell distortions due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increased public awareness of olfaction and its role in health, well-being, and nutrition. In this unusual context, Majid provides a timely, well written, and thought-provoking review of olfaction and its cognitive aspects. Majid focuses on how smells are expressed in languages around the world, yet the review covers a vast literature that includes also experimental, cognitive, and biological fields. The thrust of the argument is directed against a perceived dogma; that ‘there is no language of smell and humans are bad at naming odors’. Majid argues that this dogma is refuted by cross-cultural research and concludes that ‘rather than focusing on constrained experimental tasks’, olfactory language should be studied in terms of ‘how people across the globe use, manipulate and talk about odors in their day-to-day contexts’. Later, we show how empirical and theoretical considerations lead us to partly different conclusions. Empirically, we believe that odor naming remains poorer than naming in other senses and that careful laboratory experiments will remain critical for understanding olfactory-based language and cognition. Toward this goal, we emphasize the distinction between multisensory and unisensory olfaction, which is not highlighted in Majid's review but which we believe is of theoretical importance.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Olofsson, Jonas K., et al.
(författare)
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The muted sense : neurocognitive limitations of olfactory language
- 2015
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 19:6, s. 314-321
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most people find it profoundly difficult to name familiar smells. This difficulty persists even when perceptual odor processing and visual object naming are unimpaired, implying deficient sensory-specific interactions with the language system. Here we synthesize recent behavioral and neuroimaging data to develop a biologically informed framework for olfactory lexical processing in the human brain. Our central premise is that the difficulty in naming common objects through olfactory (compared with visual) stimulation is the end result of cumulative effects occurring at three successive stages of the olfactory language pathway: object perception, lexical semantic integration, and verbalization. Understanding the neurocognitive mechanisms by which the language network interacts with olfaction can yield unique insights into the elusive nature of olfactory naming.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Papenberg, Goran, et al.
(författare)
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Aging-related magnification of genetic effects on cognitive and brain integrity
- 2015
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 19:9, s. 506-514
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heritability studies document substantial genetic influences on cognitive performance and decline in old age. Increasing evidence shows that effects of genetic variations on cognition, brain structure, and brain function become stronger as people age. Disproportionate impairments are typically observed for older individuals carrying disadvantageous genotypes of different candidate genes. These data support the resource-modulation hypothesis, which states that genetic effects are magnified in persons with constrained neural resources, such as older adults.,However, given that findings are not unequivocal, we discuss the need to address several factors that may resolve inconsistencies in the extant literature (gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, study populations, gene-environment correlations, and epigenetic mechanisms).
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Pearson, Joel, et al.
(författare)
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Mental Imagery : Functional Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
- 2015
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 19:10, s. 590-602
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mental imagery research has weathered both disbelief of the phenomenon and inherent methodological limitations. Here we review recent behavioral, brain imaging, and clinical research that has reshaped our understanding of mental imagery. Research supports the claim that visual mental imagery is a depictive internal representation that functions like a weak form of perception. Brain imaging work has demonstrated that neural representations of mental and perceptual images resemble one another as early as the primary visual cortex (Vi). Activity patterns in VI encode mental images and perceptual images via a common set of low-level depictive visual features. Recent translational and clinical research reveals the pivotal role that imagery plays in many mental disorders and suggests how clinicians can utilize imagery in treatment.
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| 24. |
- Sala, Arianna, et al.
(författare)
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Brain connectomics : time for a molecular imaging perspective?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Trends in Cognitive Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 27:4, s. 353-366
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past two decades brain connectomics has evolved into a major concept in neuroscience. However, the current perspective on brain connectivity and how it underpins brain function relies mainly on the hemodynamic signal of functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Molecular imaging provides unique information inaccessible to MRI-based and electrophysiological techniques. Thus, positron emission tomography (PET) has been successfully applied to measure neural activity, neurotransmission, and proteinopathies in normal and pathological cognition. Here, we position molecular imaging within the brain connectivity framework from the perspective of timeliness, validity, reproducibility, and resolution. We encourage the neuroscientific community to take an integrative approach whereby MRI-based, electrophysiological techniques, and molecular imaging contribute to our understanding of the brain connectome.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- von Hofsten, Claes
(författare)
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An action perspective on motor development
- 2004
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 8:6, s. 266-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motor development has all too often been considered as a set of milestones with little significance for the psychology of the child. Nothing could be more wrong. From an action perspective, motor development is at the heart of development and reflects all its different aspects, including perception, planning and motivation. Recent converging evidence demonstrates that, from birth onwards, children are agents who act on the world. Even in the newborn child, their movements are never just reflexes. On the contrary, they are purposeful goal-directed actions that foresee events in the world. Thus, motor development is not just a question of gaining control over muscles; equally important are questions such as why a particular movement is made, how the movements are planned, and how they anticipate what is going to happen next.
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| 27. |
- Walhovd, Kristine B., et al.
(författare)
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Timing of lifespan influences on brain and cognition
- 2023
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Ingår i: Trends in Cognitive Sciences. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 27:10, s. 901-915
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modifiable risk and protective factors for boosting brain and cognitive development and preventing neurodegeneration and cognitive decline are embraced in neuroimaging studies. We call for sobriety regarding the timing and quantity of such influences on brain and cognition. Individual differences in the level of brain and cognition, many of which present already at birth and early in development, appear stable, larger, and more pervasive than differences in change across the lifespan. Incorporating early-life factors, including genetics, and investigating both level and change will reduce the risk of ascribing undue importance and causality to proximate factors in adulthood and older age. This has implications for both mechanistic understanding and prevention.
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| 28. |
- Wenger, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Expansion and Renormalization of Human Brain Structure During Skill Acquisition
- 2017
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 21:12, s. 930-939
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on human brain changes during skill acquisition has revealed brain volume expansion in task-relevant areas. However, the large number of skills that humans acquire during ontogeny militates against plasticity as a perpetual process of volume growth. Building on animal models and available theories, we promote the expansion-renormalization model for plastic changes in humans. The model predicts an initial increase of gray matter structure, potentially reflecting growth of neural resources like neurons, synapses, and glial cells, which is followed by a selection process operating on this new tissue leading to a complete or partial return to baseline of the overall volume after selection has ended. The model sheds new light on available evidence and current debates and fosters the search for mechanistic explanations.
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| 29. |
- Wåhlin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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At the Heart of Cognitive Functioning in Aging
- 2019
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Ingår i: Trends in cognitive sciences. - : Elsevier. - 1364-6613 .- 1879-307X. ; 23:9, s. 717-720
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several neural and non-neural factors contribute to individual differences in cognitive performance. Here we outline a sequence of vascular events where excessive transfer of arterial-pressure pulsatility damages hippocampal capillaries. We argue that the vascular alterations decrease the ability to sustain neural activity and thereby contribute to episodic-memory impairment in aging.
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