| 1. |
- Giraud, A, et al.
(författare)
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The rise and fall of mutator bacteria.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 4:5, s. 582-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacteria with elevated mutation rates are frequently found among natural isolates. This is probably because of their ability to generate genetic variability, the substrate for natural selection. However, such high mutation rates can lead to the loss of vital functions. The evolution of bacterial populations may happen through alternating periods of high and low mutation rates. The cost and benefits of high mutation rates in the course of bacterial adaptive evolution are reviewed.
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| 2. |
- Achcar, F., et al.
(författare)
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Trypanosoma brucei: meet the system
- 2014
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 20, s. 162-169
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- African trypanosomes cause devastating diseases in humans and domestic animals. The parasites evolved early in the eukaryotic lineage and have numerous biochemical peculiarities that distinguish them from other systems. These include unconventional mechanisms for expressing nuclear and mitochondrial genes as well as unusual subcellular localizations for a variety of enzymes. Systems biology has arisen partly to allow contextualization of the massive datasets that describe individual chemical parts of biological systems. Here we describe recent efforts to collect and analyse data pertaining to all aspects of the trypanosome's biochemical physiology that go some way to describing the parasite as an integrated system.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Anjum, Muna F, et al.
(författare)
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The potential of using E. coli as an indicator for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 64, s. 152-158
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- To understand the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in a One-Health perspective, surveillance play an important role. Monitoring systems already exist in the human health and livestock sectors, but there are no environmental monitoring programs. Therefore there is an urgent need to initiate environmental AMR monitoring programs nationally and globally, which will complement existing systems in different sectors. However, environmental programs should not only identify anthropogenic influences and levels of AMR, but they should also allow for identification of transmissions to and from human and animal populations. In the current review we therefore propose using antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli as indicators for monitoring occurrence and levels of AMR in the environment, including wildlife.
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| 5. |
- Bernander, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
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FtsZ-less cell division in archaea and bacteria
- 2010
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 13:6, s. 747-752
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A dedicated cell division machinery is needed for efficient proliferation of an organism. The eukaryotic actin-myosin based mechanism and the bacterial FtsZ-dependent machinery have both been characterized in detail, and a third division mechanism, the Cdv system, was recently discovered in archaea from the Crenarchaeota phylum. Despite these findings, division mechanisms remain to be identified in, for example, organisms belonging to the bacterial PVC superphylum, bacteria with extremely reduced genomes, wall-less archaea and bacteria, and in archaea that carry out the division process without cell constriction. Cytokinesis mechanisms in these clades and individual taxa are likely to include adaptation of host functions to division of bacterial symbionts, transfer of bacterial division genes into the host genome, vesicle formation without a dedicated constriction machinery, cross-wall formation without invagination, as well as entirely novel division mechanisms.
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| 6. |
- Cava, Felipe, et al.
(författare)
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Modes of cell wall growth differentiation in rod-shaped bacteria
- 2013
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 16:6, s. 731-737
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A bacterial cell takes on the challenge to preserve and reproduce its shape at every generation against a substantial internal pressure by surrounding itself with a mechanical support, a peptidoglycan cell wall. The enlargement of the cell wall via net incorporation of precursors into the pre-existing wall conditions bacterial growth and morphology. However, generation, reproduction and/or modification of a specific shape requires that the incorporation takes place at precise locations for a defined time period. Much has been learnt in the past few years about the biochemistry of the peptidoglycan synthesis process, but topological approaches to the understanding of shape generation have been hindered by a lack of appropriate techniques. Recent technological advances are paving the way for substantial progress in understanding the mechanisms of bacterial morphogenesis. Here we review the latest developments, focusing on the impact of new techniques on the precise mapping of cell wall growth sites.
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| 7. |
- Cava, Felipe, et al.
(författare)
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Peptidoglycan plasticity in bacteria : emerging variability of the murein sacculus and their associated biological functions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 18, s. 46-53
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus once thought to be just a reinforcing, static and uniform structure, is fast becoming recognized as a dynamic cell constituent involved in every aspect of bacterial physiology. Recent advances showed that in addition to 'classical' tasks - as an essential element to define bacterial shape, size, division and resistance to osmotic stress the sacculus plays very important roles in many other fields. The very few chemical and structural changes that were once considered as bizarre, or maybe exotic exceptions, are now universally accepted as fundamental pieces in bacterial cell wall adaptation to different kinds of environmental stresses; immune response; intra-specific and inter-specific signalling and antibiotics, just to mention a few. Most, if not all, of these implications are a consequence of the enormous adaptability of PG metabolism to cope with changing conditions, a characteristic for which the term plasticity is proposed. Here we overview and comment on a number of recent contributions on the cell wall adaptive responses to environmental challenges that has greatly impacted the already high complexity of the PG biology field. These new evidences have revived the interest in PG plasticity as an exciting and trendy topic in current microbiology which considers this variability as the trustworthy picture of bacterial PG in nature.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Charpentier, Emmanuelle, et al.
(författare)
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Harnessing CRISPR-Cas9 immunity for genetic engineering
- 2014
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 19, s. 114-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CRISPR-Cas encodes an adaptive immune system that defends prokaryotes against infectious viruses and plasmids. Immunity is mediated by Cas nucleases, which use small RNA guides (the crRNAs) to specify a cleavage site within the genome of invading nucleic acids. In type II CRISPR-Cas systems, the DNA-cleaving activity is performed by a single enzyme Cas9 guided by an RNA duplex. Using synthetic single RNA guides, Cas9 can be reprogrammed to create specific double-stranded DNA breaks in the genomes of a variety of organisms, ranging from human cells to bacteria, and thus constitutes a powerful tool for genetic engineering. Here we describe recent advancements in our understanding of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity and how these studies led to revolutionary genome editing applications.
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| 10. |
- Charpentier, Emmanuelle, et al.
(författare)
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RNA techniques for bacteria
- 2007
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 10:3, s. 254-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 11. |
- Chiappino-Pepe, Anush, et al.
(författare)
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Genome reconstructions of metabolism of Plasmodium RBC and liver stages
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 63, s. 259-266
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome scale metabolic models (GEMs) offer a powerful means of integrating genome and biochemical information on an organism to make testable predictions of metabolic functions at different conditions and to systematically predict essential genes that may be targeted by drugs. This review describes how Plasmodium GEMs have become increasingly more accurate through the integration of omics and experimental genetic data. We also discuss how GEMs contribute to our increasing understanding of how Plasmodium metabolism is reprogrammed between life cycle stages.
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| 12. |
- Einarsson, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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An up-date on Giardia and giardiasis
- 2016
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 34, s. 47-52
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Giardia intestinalis is a non-invasive protozoan parasite infecting the upper small intestine causing acute, watery diarrhea or giardiasis in 280 million people annually. Asymptomatic infections are equally common and recent data have suggested that infections even can be protective against other diarrhea! diseases. Most symptomatic infections resolve spontaneously but infections can lead to chronic disease and treatment failures are becoming more common world-wide. Giardia infections can also result in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and food allergies after resolution. Until recently not much was known about the mechanism of giardiasis or the cause of post-giardiasis syndromes and treatment failures, but here we will describe the recent progress in these areas.
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| 13. |
- Fattinger, Stefan A., et al.
(författare)
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Epithelial inflammasomes in the defense against Salmonella gut infection
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 59, s. 86-94
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gut epithelium prevents bacterial access to the host's tissues and coordinates a number of mucosal defenses. Here, we review the function of epithelial inflammasomes in the infected host and focus on their role in defense against Salmonella Typhimurium. This pathogen employs flagella to swim towards the epithelium and a type III secretion system (TTSS) to dock and invade intestinal epithelial cells. Flagella and TTSS components are recognized by the canonical NAIP/ NLRC4 inflammasome, while LPS activates the non-canonical Caspase-4/11 inflammasome. The relative contributions of these inflammasomes, the activated cell death pathways and the elicited mucosal defenses are subject to environmental control and appear to change along the infection trajectory. It will be an important future task to explain how this may enable defense against the challenges imposed by diverse bacterial enteropathogens.
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| 14. |
- Fattinger, Stefan A., et al.
(författare)
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Salmonella effector driven invasion of the gut epithelium : breaking in and setting the house on fire
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 64, s. 9-18
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) is a major cause of diarrheal disease. The invasion into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is a central step in the infection cycle. It is associated with gut inflammation and thought to benefit S.Tm proliferation also in the intestinal lumen. Importantly, it is still not entirely clear how inflammation is elicited and to which extent it links to IEC invasion efficiency in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent findings explaining IEC invasion by type-three-secretion system-1 (TTSS-1) effector proteins and discuss their effects on invasion and gut inflammation. In non-polarized tissue culture cells, the TTSS-1 effectors (mainly SopB/E/E2) elicit large membrane ruffles fueling cooperative invasion, and can directly trigger pro-inflammatory signaling. By contrast, in the murine gut, we observe discreet-invasion (mainly via the TTSS1 effector SipA) and a prominent pro-inflammatory role of the host?"s epithelial inflammasome(s), which sense pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We discuss why it has remained a major challenge to tease apart direct and indirect inflammatory effects of TTSS-1 effectors and explain why further research will be needed to fully determine their inflammation-modulating role(s).
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Flärdh, Klas
(författare)
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Cell polarity and the control of apical growth in Streptomyces.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0364 .- 1369-5274. ; 13:6, s. 758-765
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Streptomyces cells grow by building cell wall at one pole-the hyphal tip. Although analogous to hyphal growth in fungi, this is achieved in a prokaryote, without any of the well-known eukaryotic cell polarity proteins, and it is also unique among bacterial cases of cell polarity. Further, polar growth of Streptomyces and the related mycobacteria and corynebacteria is independent of the MreB cytoskeleton and involves a number of coiled-coil proteins, including the polarity determinant DivIVA. Recent progress sheds light on targeting of DivIVA to hyphal tips and highlight protein phosphorylation in the regulation of actinobacterial growth. Furthermore, cell polarity affects not only cell envelope biogenesis in Streptomyces, but apparently also assembly of fimbriae, conjugation and migration of nucleoids.
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| 17. |
- Flärdh, Klas, et al.
(författare)
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Regulation of apical growth and hyphal branching in Streptomyces
- 2012
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0364 .- 1369-5274. ; 15:6, s. 737-743
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The filamentous bacteria Streptomyces grow by tip extension and through the initiation of new branches, and this apical growth is directed by a polarisome-like complex involving the essential polarity protein DivIVA. New branch sites must be marked de novo and, until recently, there was no understanding of how these new sites are selected. Equally, hyphal branching patterns are affected by environmental conditions, but there was no insight into how polar growth and hyphal branching might be regulated in response to external or internal cues. This review focuses on recent discoveries that reveal the principal mechanism of branch site selection in Streptomyces, and the first mechanism to be identified that regulates polarisome behaviour to modulate polar growth and hyphal branching.
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| 18. |
- Francis, Matthew S, et al.
(författare)
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Regulation of type III secretion systems
- 2002
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 5:2, s. 166-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Type III secretion systems are utilised by numerous Gram-negative bacteria to efficiently interact with a host. Appropriate expression of type III genes is achieved through the integration of several regulatory pathways that ultimately co-ordinate the activity of a central transcriptional activator usually belonging to the AraC family. The complex regulatory cascades allow this virulence strategy to be utilised by different bacteria even if they occupy diverse niches that define a unique set of environmental cues. Simulating the appropriate combination of signals in vitro to allow a meaningful interpretation of the type III assembly and secretion regulatory cascade remains a common goal for researchers. Pieces of the puzzle slowly emerge to provide insightful views into the complex regulatory networks that allow bacteria to assemble and utilise type III secretion to efficiently colonise a host.
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| 19. |
- Gerdes, Kenn, et al.
(författare)
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RNA antitoxins
- 2007
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 10:2, s. 117-124
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent genomic analyses revealed a surprisingly large number of toxin–antitoxin loci in free-living prokaryotes. The antitoxins are proteins or antisense RNAs that counteract the toxins. Two antisense RNA-regulated toxin–antitoxin gene families, hok/sok and ldr, are unrelated sequence-wise but have strikingly similar properties at the level of gene and RNA organization. Recently, two SOS-induced toxins were found to be regulated by RNA antitoxins. One such toxin, SymE, exhibits similarity with MazE antitoxin and, surprisingly, inhibits translation. Thus, it is possible that an ancestral antitoxin gene evolved into the present toxin gene (symE) whose translation is repressed by an RNA antitoxin (SymR).
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| 20. |
- Hagström, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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The challenges of integrating two genomes in one cell
- 2018
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 41, s. 89-94
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mutualistic bacteria and mitochondria have small genomes that harbor host-essential genes. A major question is why a distinct bacterial or mitochondrial genome is needed to encode these functions. The dual location of genes demand two sets of information processing systems, coordination of gene expression and elaborate transport systems. A simpler solution would be to harbor all genes in a single genome. Functional gene transfers to the host nuclear genome is uncommon in mutualistic bacteria and lost gene functions are rather rescued by co-symbiotic bacteria. Recent findings suggest that the mitochondria! genome is retained to avoid conflicting signals between protein targeting pathways in the cell. However, if the selective pressure for oxygenic respiration is lost, the mitochondrial genome will start to deteriorate and soon be lost.
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| 21. |
- Hallgren, Joel, 1996-, et al.
(författare)
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Nutritional control of bacterial DNA replication
- 2024
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 77
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- All cells must ensure precise regulation of DNA replication initiation in coordination with growth rate and in response to nutrient availability. According to a long-standing model, DNA replication initiation is tightly coupled to cell mass increase in bacteria. Despite controversies regarding this model, recent studies have provided additional support of this idea. The exact molecular mechanisms linking cell growth with DNA replication under different nutrient conditions remain elusive. However, recent studies in Caulobacter crescentus and Escherichia coli have provided insights into the regulation of DNA replication initiation in response to starvation. These mechanisms include the starvation-dependent regulation of DnaA abundance as well as mechanisms involving the small signaling molecule (p)ppGpp. In this review, we discuss these mechanisms in the context of previous findings. We highlight species-dependent similarities and differences and consider the precise growth conditions, in which the different mechanisms are active.
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| 22. |
- Hansson, Gunnar C., 1951
(författare)
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Role of mucus layers in gut infection and inflammation.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Current opinion in microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0364 .- 1369-5274. ; 15:1, s. 57-62
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The intestinal mucus is an efficient system for protecting the epithelium from bacteria by promoting their clearance and separating them from the epithelial cells, thereby inhibiting inflammation and infection. The function of the colon inner mucus layer is especially important as this explains how we can harbor the large number of bacteria in our gut. The major component of this mucus system is the MUC2 mucin which organizes the mucus by its enormously large net-like polymers. Pathogenic microorganisms, in turn, have developed mechanisms for circumventing this well-organized mucus protective system.
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| 23. |
- Hernandez, Sara B., et al.
(författare)
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New approaches and techniques for bacterial cell wall analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 60, s. 88-95
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peptidoglycan (PG) has remained for decades in the spotlight of the never-ending battle against pathogenic bacteria as this essential bacterial structure is one of the most successful targets for antibiotics. Most of our current understanding about the composition, architecture, and dynamics of the PG relies on techniques which have experienced great technological and methodological improvements in the past years. Here we summarize recent advances in these methods with the intention to furnish a valuable resource for both PG experts and newcomers.
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| 24. |
- Hirt, Robert P., et al.
(författare)
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Lateral gene transfers and the origins of the eukaryote proteome : a view from microbial parasites
- 2015
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 23, s. 155-162
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our knowledge of the extent and functional impact of lateral gene transfer (LGT) from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, outside of endosymbiosis, is still rather limited. Here we review the recent literature, focusing mainly on microbial parasites, indicating that LGT from diverse prokaryotes has played a significant role in the evolution of a number of lineages, and by extension throughout eukaryotic evolution. As might be expected, taxonomic biases for donor prokaryotes indicate that shared habitat is a major factor driving transfers. The LGTs identified predominantly affect enzymes from metabolic pathways, but over a third of LGT are genes for putative proteins of unknown function. Finally, we discuss the difficulties in analysing LOT among eukaryotes and suggest that high-throughput methodologies integrating different approaches are needed to achieve a more global understanding of the importance of LGT in eukaryotic evolution.
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| 25. |
- Hughes, Diarmaid, et al.
(författare)
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Selection of resistance at lethal and non-lethal antibiotic concentrations
- 2012
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 15:5, s. 555-560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much of what we currently know about the genetics and evolution of antibiotic-resistance is based on selections with lethal drug concentrations that allow the detection of rare mutants with strong phenotypes. These data may be misleading with regard to the evolution of antibiotic resistance in natural environments, because bacteria are frequently exposed to concentration gradients of antibiotics. A significant part of antibiotic-resistance evolution may occur when bacteria are exposed to non-lethal concentrations of drug. High-resolution competition assays show that resistance mutations are rapidly enriched, and selected de novo, at very low antibiotic concentrations. Genomic analysis is providing a better understanding of how frequent and small-effect mutations selected at very low antibiotic concentrations contribute to the step-wise development of antibiotic resistance.
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| 26. |
- Johansson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Rate and accuracy of bacterial protein synthesis revisited
- 2008
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 11:2, s. 141-147
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our understanding of the accuracy of tRNA selection on the messenger RNA programmed ribosome has recently increased dramatically because of high-resolution crystal structures of the ribosome, cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of its functional complexes, and fast kinetics experiments. Application of single-molecule spectroscopy with fluorescence resonance energy transfer to studies of tRNA selection by the ribosome has also provided new, albeit controversial, insights. Interestingly, when the fundamental trade-off between rate and accuracy in substrate-selective biosynthetic reactions is taken into account, some aspects of the current models of ribosome function appear strikingly suboptimal in the context of growing bacterial cells.
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| 27. |
- Jones, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Bursting onto the scene? : Exploring stochastic mRNA production in bacteria
- 2018
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 45, s. 124-130
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent large-scale measurements of gene expression variability (or noise) in E. coli have led to the unexpected conclusion that the variability is in large part dictated by and increasing with the mean level of expression. Here we review the evidence for this apparent universal trend in variability, as well as for the related idea that transcription is fundamentally bursty. We examine recently proposed mechanisms for burstiness and universality and argue that they do not explain important features of observed data. Finally, we discuss potential limitations and pitfalls in the interpretation of experimental measurements of cell-to-cell variability.
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| 28. |
- Kerkhoven, Eduard, 1985
(författare)
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Advances in constraint-based models: methods for improved predictive power based on resource allocation constraints
- 2022
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 68
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of metabolic models with resource allocation constraints has been around for over a decade and has clear advantages even when implementation is relatively rudimentary. Nonetheless, the number of organisms for which such a model is reconstructed is low. Various approaches exist, from coarse-grained consideration of enzyme usage to finegrained description of protein translation. These approaches are reviewed here, with a particular focus on user-friendly solutions that can introduce resource allocation constraints to metabolic models of any organism. The availability of kcat data is a major hurdle, where recent advances might help to fill in the numerous gaps that exist for this data, especially for nonmodel organisms.
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| 29. |
- La Rosa, Sabina Leanti, et al.
(författare)
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Glycan processing in gut microbiomes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 67
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbiomes and their enzymes process many of the nutrients accessible in the gastrointestinal tract of bilaterians and play an essential role in host health and nutrition. In this review, we describe recent insights into nutrient processing in microbiomes across three exemplary yet contrasting gastrointestinal ecosystems (humans, ruminants and insects), with focus on bacterial mechanisms for the utilization of common and atypical dietary glycans as well as host-derived mucus glycans. In parallel, we discuss findings from multi-omic studies that have provided new perspectives on understanding glycan-dependent interactions and the complex food-webs of microbial populations in their natural habitat. Using key examples, we emphasize how increasing understanding of glycan processing by gut microbiomes can provide critical insights to assist ‘microbiome reprogramming’, a growing field that seeks to leverage diet to improve animal growth and host health.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Liu, Zihe, et al.
(författare)
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Yeast synthetic biology advances biofuel production
- 2022
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 65, s. 33-39
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing concerns of environmental impacts and global warming calls for urgent need to switch from use of fossil fuels to renewable technologies. Biofuels represent attractive alternatives of fossil fuels and have gained continuous attentions. Through the use of synthetic biology it has become possible to engineer microbial cell factories for efficient biofuel production in a more precise and efficient manner. Here, we review advances on yeast-based biofuel production. Following an overview of synthetic biology impacts on biofuel production, we review recent advancements on the design, build, test, learn steps of yeast-based biofuel production, and end with discussion of challenges associated with use of synthetic biology for developing novel processes for biofuel production.
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| 33. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Archaeal cell cycle progress
- 2005
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 8:6, s. 662-668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The discovery of multiple chromosome replication origins in Sulfolobus species has added yet another eukaryotic trait to the archaea, and brought new levels of complexity to the cell cycle in terms of initiation of chromosome replication, replication termination and chromosome decatenation. Conserved repeated DNA elements — origin recognition boxes — have been identified in the origins of replication, and shown to bind the Orc1/Cdc6 proteins involved in cell cycle control. The origin recognition boxes aid in the identification and characterization of new origins, and their conservation suggests that most archaea have a similar replication initiation mechanism. Cell-cycle-dependent variation in Orc1/Cdc6 levels has been demonstrated, reminiscent of variations in cyclin levels during the eukaryotic cell cycle. Information about archaeal chromosome segregation is also accumulating, including the identification of a protein that binds to short regularly spaced repeats that might constitute centromer-like elements. In addition, studies of cell-cycle-specific gene expression have potential to reveal, in the near future, missing components in crenarchaeal chromosome replication, genome segregation and cell division. Together with an increased number of physiological and cytological investigations of the overall organization of the cell cycle, rapid progress of the archaeal cell cycle field is evident, and archaea, in particular Sulfolobus species, are emerging as simple and powerful models for the eukaryotic cell cycle.
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| 34. |
- Mattar, Caline, et al.
(författare)
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An overview of the global antimicrobial resistance research and development hub and the current landscape
- 2020
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 57, s. 56-61
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent public health threat, and continues to be on the rise. Basic microbiological research is the foundation for addressing knowledge gaps both for the development of new antibiotics, diagnostics and preventives but also to inform strategies to mitigate the transmission of resistance and drug resistant microorganisms. Translating this research into new products to reinvigorate dwindling pipelines, especially for new antibiotics, is one of the main challenges faced in addressing AMR. The scientific complexity is compounded by the market uncertainty of any new products leading to a large proportion of pharmaceutical companies exiting the market. Consequently, a number of initiatives were developed to reinvigorate the AMR research and development (R&D) landscape. Despite all these efforts, the antibiotic pipeline remains inadequate to keep up with the increasing rates of resistance globally. Given the number of individual and multilateral actions, there is an urgent need for a common platform and coordination to ensure that resources are adequately used to address the critical challenges posed by AMR globally hence the founding of the Global AMR R&D Hub to take on this role.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Mira, Alex, et al.
(författare)
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Microbial genome evolution : sources of variability.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 5:5, s. 506-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comparative genome analyses of close relatives have yielded exciting insight into the sources of microbial genome variability with respect to gene content, gene order and evolution of genes with unknown functions. The genomes of free-living bacteria often carry phages and repetitive sequences that mediate genomic rearrangements in contrast to the small genomes of obligate host-associated bacteria. This suggests that genomic stability correlates with the genomic content of repeated sequences and movable genetic elements, and thereby with bacterial lifestyle. Genes with unknown functions present in a single species tend to be shorter than conserved, functional genes, indicating that the fraction of unique genes in microbial genomes has been overestimated.
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| 37. |
- Nielsen, Jens B, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Systems biology of microorganisms
- 2010
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 13:3, s. 335-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 38. |
- Richte-Dahlfors, A, et al.
(författare)
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Tissue microbiology emerging
- 2012
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Ingår i: Current opinion in microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0364 .- 1369-5274. ; 15:1, s. 1-2
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Sällström, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Genome reduction in the alpha-Proteobacteria
- 2005
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 8:5, s. 579-585
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- More than 20 α-proteobacterial genomes are currently available. These range in size from 1–9 Mb and represent excellent model systems for evolutionary studies of the organizational features of bacterial genomes. Computational inferences have shown that genome reductions have occurred independently in lineages such as Rickettsia and Bartonella that are associated with intracellular lifestyles. Analyses of these reduced genomes have provided insights into the evolution of vector-borne transmission pathways. Further research into the population biology of bacteria, arthropods and vertebrate hosts will help to refine the biology of host–pathogen interactions and will facilitate the design of vaccines and vector-control programs.
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| 42. |
- Tyo, Keith, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Toward Design-based Engineering of Industrial Microbes
- 2010
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 13:3, s. 255-262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Engineering industrial microbes has been hampered by incomplete knowledge of cell biology. Thus an iterative engineering cycle of modeling, implementation, and analysis has been used to increase knowledge of the underlying biology while achieving engineering goals. Recent advances in Systems Biology technologies have drastically improved the amount of information that can be collected in each iteration. As well, Synthetic Biology tools are melding modeling and molecular implementation. These advances promise to move microbial engineering from the iterative approach to a design-oriented paradigm, similar to electrical circuits and architectural design. Genome-scale metabolic models, new tools for controlling expression, and integrated -omics analysis are described as key contributors in moving the field toward Design-based Engineering. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 43. |
- Urban, Constantin F., 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Eradicating, retaining, balancing, swarming, shuttling and dumping : a myriad of tasks for neutrophils during fungal infection
- 2020
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 58, s. 106-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Opportunistic, invasive mycoses in immunocompromised patients remain challenging for health care with unacceptably high levels of morbidity and mortality. Neutrophils are essential in host protection against invasive mycoses. Upon development of acute infection, neutrophils are recruited from circulation to the infected tissue, where they exert a considerable variety of effector functions with the ultimate task to eradicate invading microbes. Effector functions include recognition, phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microorganisms via oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms, excretion of antimicrobial factors from intracellular storages (degranulation), release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and of extracellular vesicles (EVs), as well as generation of cytokines and chemokines to modulate immune responses. Herein, we describe recent findings which further our understanding of the roles of neutrophils during opportunistic fungal infections which could serve as starting point for the development of immune-targeted interventions to improve clinical management of affected individuals.
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| 44. |
- Vogel, Jörg, et al.
(författare)
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Target identification of small noncoding RNAs in bacteria
- 2007
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 10:3, s. 262-270
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small noncoding RNAs have been discovered at a staggering rate in Escherichia coli and many other bacteria. Most of the sRNAs of known function regulate gene expression by binding to specific mRNAs or proteins. Given the scores of sRNAs of unknown function, the identification of their cellular targets has become urgent. Here, we review the diverse strategies that have been used to identify and validate bacterial sRNA targets. These include the pulse-expression of sRNAs followed by global transcriptome analysis (microarrays), new biocomputational prediction algorithms, and novel gfp reporter gene fusions to validate candidate target gene regulation.
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| 45. |
- Zhang, Jie, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Systems biology of energy homeostasis in yeast
- 2010
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-5274 .- 1879-0364. ; 13:3, s. 382-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae attains energy homeostasis through complex regulatory events that are predominantly controlled by the Snf1 kinase. This master regulator senses the stress and energy starvation and activates the metabolic processes to produce ATP and inhibits biosynthesis. In doing so, Snf1 controls the switch between catabolism and anabolism accordingly, and regulates the cellular growth and development in coordination with other signaling pathways. Since its mammalian ortholog AMPK, a drug target for obesity and type II diabetes, also exerts analogous control of metabolism, there has been extensive interest recently to understand the chemical and biological aspects of Snf1 activation and regulation in yeast to expedite human disease studies as well as fundamental understanding of yeast. This review will focus on how Snf1 regulates lipid metabolism based on the cellular energy status in yeast and drawing parallels with the mammalian system.
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| 46. |
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