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1.	Celutkiene, Jelena, et al. (författare) Role of cardiovascular imaging in cancer patients receiving cardiotoxic therapies : a position statement on behalf of the Heart Failure Association (HFA), the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the Cardio-Oncology Council of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2020 Ingår i: European Journal of Heart Failure. - : WILEY. - 1388-9842 .- 1879-0844. ; 22:9, s. 1504-1524 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Cardiovascular (CV) imaging is an important tool in baseline risk assessment and detection of CV disease in oncology patients receiving cardiotoxic cancer therapies. This position statement examines the role of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, nuclear cardiac imaging and computed tomography in the management of cancer patients. The Imaging and Cardio-Oncology Study Groups of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in collaboration with the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the Cardio-Oncology Council of the ESC have evaluated the current evidence for the value of modern CV imaging in the cardio-oncology field. The most relevant echocardiographic parameters, including global longitudinal strain and three-dimensional ejection fraction, are proposed. The protocol for baseline pre-treatment evaluation and specific surveillance algorithms or pathways for anthracycline chemotherapy, HER2-targeted therapies such as trastuzumab, vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, BCr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors are presented. The indications for CV imaging after completion of oncology treatment are considered. The typical consequences of radiation therapy and the possibility of their identification in the long term are also summarized. Special populations are discussed including female survivors planning pregnancy, patients with carcinoid disease, patients with cardiac tumours and patients with right heart failure. Future directions and ongoing CV imaging research in cardio-oncology are discussed.
2.	Čelutkienė, Jelena, et al. (författare) Innovative imaging methods in heart failure : a shifting paradigm in cardiac assessment. Position statement on behalf of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology 2018 Ingår i: European Journal of Heart Failure. - : Wiley. - 1388-9842 .- 1879-0844. ; 20:12, s. 1615-1633 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Myriad advances in all fields of cardiac imaging have stimulated and reflected new understanding of cardiac performance, myocardial damage and the mechanisms of heart failure. In this paper, the Heart Failure Association assesses the potential usefulness of innovative imaging modalities in enabling more precise diagnostic and prognostic evaluation, as well as in guiding treatment strategies. Many new methods have gradually penetrated clinical practice and are on their way to becoming a part of routine evaluation. This paper focuses on myocardial deformation and three- dimensional ultrasound imaging; stress tests for the evaluation of contractile and filling function; the progress of magnetic resonance techniques; molecular imaging and other sound innovations. The Heart Failure Association aims to highlight the ways in which paradigms have shifted in several areas of cardiac assessment. These include reassessing of the simplified concept of ejection fraction and implementation of the new parameters of cardiac performance applicable to all heart failure phenotypes; switching from two-dimensional to more accurate and reproducible three-dimensional ultrasound volumetric evaluation; greater tissue characterization via recently developed magnetic resonance modalities; moving from assessing cardiac function and congestion at rest to assessing it during stress; from invasive to novel non-invasive hybrid techniques depicting coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion; as well as from morphometry to the imaging of pathophysiologic processes such as inflammation and apoptosis. This position paper examines the specific benefits of imaging innovations for practitioners dealing with heart failure aetiology, risk stratification and monitoring, and, in addition, for scientists involved in the development of future research.
3.	Cider, Åsa, 1960, et al. (författare) Hydrotherapy--a new approach to improve function in the older patient with chronic heart failure 2003 Ingår i: Eur J Heart Fail. ; 5:4, s. 527-35 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract AIMS: Hydrotherapy, i.e. exercise in warm water, as a rehabilitation program has been considered potentially dangerous in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) due to the increased venous return caused by the hydrostatic pressure. However, hydrotherapy has advantages compared to conventional training. We studied the applicability of an exercise programme in a temperature-controlled swimming pool, with specific reference to exercise capacity, muscle function, quality of life and safety. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with CHF (NYHA II-III, age 72.1+/-6.1) were randomised into either 8 weeks of hydrotherapy (n=15), or into a control group (n=10). The training program was well tolerated with no adverse events. Patients in the hydrotherapy group improved their maximal exercise capacity (+6.5 vs.-5.9 W, P=0.001), isometric endurance in knee extension (+4 vs.-9 s, P=0.01) together with an improvement in the performance of heel-lift (+4 vs. -3 n.o., P=<0.01), shoulder abduction (+12 vs. -8 s, P=0.01) and shoulder flexion (+6 vs. +4, P=0.01) in comparison to patients in the control group. CONCLUSION: Physical training in warm water was well tolerated and seems to improve exercise capacity as well as muscle function in small muscle groups in patients with CHF. This new approach broadens the variety of training regimes for older patients with CHF.
4.	Nastasiienko, Nataliia, et al. (författare) Microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of ferulic acid, as a lignin model compound 2023 Ingår i: Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry (Print). - 1388-6150 .- 1588-2926. ; 148:12, s. 5485-5492 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Studies of the effect of microwave (MW) pretreatment on the pyrolysis of ferulic acid (FA), as a model compound of lignin, on the CeO2 surface are essential for understanding the prospects for the use of MW in catalytic pyrolytic technologies for the processing of lignocellulose. In this work, FT-IR spectroscopic studies of MW-pretreated samples of FA on the nanoceria surface were carried out. Their pyrolysis was studied by temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD MS). It was found that monodentate carboxylate complexes of FA are most susceptible to the influence of MW. MW-pretreatment for 300 s during pyrolysis of FA on the CeO2 surface leads to a decrease in the content of 4-vinylguaiacol in the final pyrolysis products. Phenolate complexes, as well as bidentate carboxylate complexes of FA on the CeO2 surface are less sensitive to MW. The use of MW-pretreatment promotes an insignificant decrease in the formation of polyaromatic compounds during the FA catalytic pyrolysis.
5.	Orekhova, Elena V, 1967, et al. (författare) The right hemisphere fails to respond to temporal novelty in autism: evidence from an ERP study. 2009 Ingår i: Clinical Neurophysiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1388-2457. ; 120:3, s. 520-529 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate electrophysiological correlates of initial attention orienting to temporally novel sound in children with autism (CWA). METHODS: Twenty-one CWA (4-8 years) and 21 age-matched typically developing children (TDC) were presented with pairs of clicks separated by a 0.5s intra-pair interval, with longer (7-9s) intervals between pairs. Children watched a silent movie during click presentation. We assessed EEG perturbations and event-related potentials (ERP) in response to sounds of different temporal novelty - first (S1) and second (S2) clicks in the pair. RESULTS: In TDC, the early attention-modulated midtemporal N1c wave evoked by S1 and corresponding EEG phase locking and power increase were right-lateralized and were bilaterally higher than those evoked by S2. CWA demonstrated abnormal S1 responses, characterized by reduced N1c amplitude and EEG phase locking in the right midtemporal region, reversed leftward lateralization of the phase locking, and diminished later frontal N2 wave. Their brain responses to S2 were essentially normal. CONCLUSIONS: The impaired right hemispheric processing of temporary and contextually novel information and suboptimal lateralization of normally right-lateralized attention networks may be important features of autistic disorder. SIGNIFICANCE: Results of this study contribute to the understanding of autism neurobiology.
6.	Stroganova, Tatiana A, et al. (författare) Abnormal EEG lateralization in boys with autism. 2007 Ingår i: Clinical Neurophysiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1388-2457. ; 118:8, s. 1842-1854 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract OBJECTIVE: Functional brain abnormalities associated with autism in 3-8-year-old boys were studied with EEG recorded under controlled experimental condition of sustained visual attention and behavioral stillness. METHODS: EEG was recorded in two independent samples of boys with autism (BWA) from Moscow (N=21) and Gothenburg (N=23) and a corresponding number of age-matched typically developing boys (TDB). EEG spectral power (SP) and SP interhemispheric asymmetry within delta, theta and alpha bands were analyzed. RESULTS: BWA comprised a non-homogeneous group in relation to theta and alpha SP. When four outliers were excluded the only between-group difference in absolute SP was a higher amount of prefrontal delta in BWA. BWA of both samples demonstrated atypical leftward broadband EEG asymmetry with a maximum effect over the mid-temporal regions. Concurrently, the normal leftward asymmetry of mu rhythm was absent in BWA. CONCLUSIONS: The abnormal broadband EEG asymmetry in autism may point to a diminished capacity of right temporal cortex to generate EEG rhythms. The concurrent lack of normal leftward asymmetry of mu rhythm suggests that abnormalities in EEG lateralization in autism may be regionally/functionally specific. SIGNIFICANCE: The data provide evidence for abnormal functional brain lateralization in autism.
7.	Wang, Shuping, 1987, et al. (författare) Temperature evolution during the compaction of calcium silicate hydrate powders using a compression calorimeter 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-6150 .- 1588-2926. ; 139:2, s. 863-875 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Amorphous calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) undergoes contact-hardening property, i.e. the powder can be hardened by compression. A compression calorimeter was designed to determine the temperature evolution during the compaction of the powder. A platinum sensor (Pt100) was used as the temperature sensor and was positioned in the powder as well as in the compression die. A resolution of 0.01 °C with a sampling time of every second was used to monitor the temperature. Both theoretical calculation and simulations by COMSOL multiphysics showed that the device reliably evaluated the temperature during the compaction of CSH powders. The measurement was taken under semi-adiabatic conditions. The temperature profiles obtained from the measurement revealed the compression process and bonding development during the compaction of the powders. Finally, a linear relationship was observed between the compressive strength and the maximum temperature increase. This provides insight into the contact-hardening mechanism during the compaction of CSH powders.
8.	Westin, Karin, et al. (författare) Detection of interictal epileptiform discharges: A comparison of on-scalp MEG and conventional MEG measurements 2020 Ingår i: Clinical Neurophysiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-8952 .- 1388-2457. ; 131:8, s. 1711-1720 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Objective: Conventional MEG provides an unsurpassed ability to, non-invasively, detect epileptic activity. However, highly resolved information on small neuronal populations required in epilepsy diagnostics is lost and can be detected only intracranially. Next-generation on-scalp magnetencephalography (MEG) sensors aim to retrieve information unavailable to conventional non-invasive brain imaging techniques. To evaluate the benefits of on-scalp MEG in epilepsy, we performed the first-ever such measurement on an epilepsy patient. Methods: Conducted as a benchmarking study focusing on interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) detectability, an on-scalp high-temperature superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer (high-Tc SQUID) system was compared to a conventional, low-temperature SQUID system. Coregistration of electroencephalopraphy (EEG) was performed. A novel machine learning-based IED-detection algorithm was developed to aid identification of on-scalp MEG unique IEDs. Results: Conventional MEG contained 24 IEDs. On-scalp MEG revealed 47 IEDs (16 co-registered by EEG, 31 unique to the on-scalp MEG recording). Conclusion: Our results indicate that on-scalp MEG might capture IEDs not seen by other non-invasive modalities. Significance: On-scalp MEG has the potential of improving non-invasive epilepsy evaluation.
9.	Aler Tubella, Andrea, 1990-, et al. (författare) Ethical implications of fairness interventions : what might be hidden behind engineering choices? 2022 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 24:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The importance of fairness in machine learning models is widely acknowledged, and ongoing academic debate revolves around how to determine the appropriate fairness definition, and how to tackle the trade-off between fairness and model performance. In this paper we argue that besides these concerns, there can be ethical implications behind seemingly purely technical choices in fairness interventions in a typical model development pipeline. As an example we show that the technical choice between in-processing and post-processing is not necessarily value-free and may have serious implications in terms of who will be affected by the specific fairness intervention. The paper reveals how assessing the technical choices in terms of their ethical consequences can contribute to the design of fair models and to the related societal discussions.
10.	Aler Tubella, Andrea, 1990-, et al. (författare) How to teach responsible AI in Higher Education : challenges and opportunities 2024 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Nature. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 26:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In recent years, the European Union has advanced towards responsible and sustainable Artificial Intelligence (AI) research, development and innovation. While the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI released in 2019 and the AI Act in 2021 set the starting point for a European Ethical AI, there are still several challenges to translate such advances into the public debate, education and practical learning. This paper contributes towards closing this gap by reviewing the approaches that can be found in the existing literature and by interviewing 11 experts across five countries to help define educational strategies, competencies and resources needed for the successful implementation of Trustworthy AI in Higher Education (HE) and to reach students from all disciplines. The findings are presented in the form of recommendations both for educators and policy incentives, translating the guidelines into HE teaching and practice, so that the next generation of young people can contribute to an ethical, safe and cutting-edge AI made in Europe.
11.	Bontempi, Gianluca, et al. (författare) The CLAIRE COVID-19 initiative : approach, experiences and recommendations 2021 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 23:Suppl. 1, s. 127-133 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A volunteer effort by Artificial Intelligence (AI) researchers has shown it can deliver significant research outcomes rapidly to help tackle COVID-19. Within two months, CLAIRE's self-organising volunteers delivered the World's first comprehensive curated repository of COVID-19-related datasets useful for drug-repurposing, drafted review papers on the role CT/X-ray scan analysis and robotics could play, and progressed research in other areas. Given the pace required and nature of voluntary efforts, the teams faced a number of challenges. These offer insights in how better to prepare for future volunteer scientific efforts and large scale, data-dependent AI collaborations in general. We offer seven recommendations on how to best leverage such efforts and collaborations in the context of managing future crises.
12.	de Vries, Katja (författare) Identity, profiling algorithms and a world of ambient intelligence 2010 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 12:1, s. 71-85 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The tendency towards an increasing integration of the informational web into our daily physical world (in particular in so-called Ambient Intelligent technologies which combine ideas derived from the field of Ubiquitous Computing, Intelligent User Interfaces and Ubiquitous Communication) is likely to make the development of successful profiling and personalization algorithms, like the ones currently used by internet companies such as Amazon, even more important than it is today. I argue that the way in which we experience ourselves necessarily goes through a moment of technical mediation. Because of this algorithmic profiling that thrives on continuous reconfiguration of identification should not be understood as a supplementary process which maps a pre-established identity that exists independently from the profiling practice. In order to clarify how the experience of one’s identity can become affected by such machine-profiling a theoretical exploration of identity is made (including Agamben’s understanding of an apparatus, Ricoeur’s distinction between idem- and ipse-identity, and Stiegler’s notion of a conjunctive–disjunctive relationship towards retentional apparatuses). Although it is clear that no specific predictions about the impact of Ambient Intelligent technologies can be made without taking more particulars into account, the theoretical concepts are used to describe three general scenarios about the way wherein the experience of identity might become affected. To conclude, I argue that the experience of one’s identity may affect whether the cases of unwarranted discrimination resulting from ubiquitous differentiations and identifications within an Ambient Intelligent environment, will become a matter of societal concern.
13.	Dignum, Virginia, Professor (författare) Ethics in artificial intelligence : introduction to the special issue 2018 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 20:1, s. 1-3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
14.	Dodig Crnkovic, Gordana, 1955, et al. (författare) Robots: ethical by design 2012 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 14:1, s. 61-71 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Among ethicists and engineers within robotics there is an ongoing discussion as to whether ethical robots are possible or even desirable. We answer both of these questions in the positive, based on an extensive literature study of existing arguments. Our contribution consists in bringing together and reinterpreting pieces of information from a variety of sources. One of the conclusions drawn is that artifactual morality must come in degrees and depend on the level of agency, autonomy and intelligence of the machine. Moral concerns for agents such as intelligent search machines are relatively simple, while highly intelligent and autonomous artifacts with significant impact and complex modes of agency must be equipped with more advanced ethical capabilities. Systems like cognitive robots are being developed that are expected to become part of our everyday lives in future decades. Thus, it is necessary to ensure that their behaviour is adequate. In an analogy with artificial intelligence, which is the ability of a machine to perform activities that would require intelligence in humans, artificial morality is considered to be the ability of a machine to perform activities that would require morality in humans. The capacity for artificial (artifactual) morality, such as artifactual agency, artifactual responsibility, artificial intentions, artificial (synthetic) emotions, etc., come in varying degrees and depend on the type of agent. As an illustration, we address the assurance of safety in modern High Reliability Organizations through responsibility distribution. In the same way that the concept of agency is generalized in the case of artificial agents, the concept of moral agency, including responsibility, is generalized too. We propose to look at artificial moral agents as having functional responsibilities within a network of distributed responsibilities in a socio-technological system. This does not take away the responsibilities of the other stakeholders in the system, but facilitates an understanding and regulation of such networks. It should be pointed out that the process of development must assume an evolutionary form with a number of iterations because the emergent properties of artifacts must be tested in real world situations with agents of increasing intelligence and moral competence. We see this paper as a contribution to the macro-level Requirement Engineering through discussion and analysis of general requirements for design of ethical robots.
15.	Fröding, Barbro, Docent, 1974-, et al. (författare) Friendly AI 2020 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper we discuss what we believe to be one of the most important features of near-future AIs, namely their capacity to behave in a friendly manner to humans. Our analysis of what it means for an AI to behave in a friendly manner does not presuppose that proper friendships between humans and AI systems could exist. That would require reciprocity, which is beyond the reach of near-future AI systems. Rather, we defend the claim that social AIs should be programmed to behave in a manner that mimics a sufficient number of aspects of proper friendship. We call this “as-if friendship”. The main reason for why we believe that ‘as if friendship’ is an improvement on the current, highly submissive behavior displayed by AIs is the negative effects the latter can have on humans. We defend this view partly on virtue ethical grounds and we argue that the virtue-based approach to AI ethics outlined in this paper, which we call “virtue alignment”, is an improvement on the traditional “value alignment” approach.
16.	Fröding, Barbro, et al. (författare) Why virtual friendship is no genuine friendship 2012 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 14:3, s. 201-207 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Based on a modern reading of Aristotle's theory of friendship, we argue that virtual friendship does not qualify as genuine friendship. By 'virtual friendship' we mean the type of friendship that exists on the internet, and seldom or never is combined with real life interaction. A 'traditional friendship' is, in contrast, the type of friendship that involves substantial real life interaction, and we claim that only this type can merit the label 'genuine friendship' and thus qualify as morally valuable. The upshot of our discussion is that virtual friendship is what Aristotle might have described as a lower and less valuable form of social exchange.
17.	Grünloh, Christiane, 1980- (författare) Using technological frames as an analytic tool in value sensitive design 2018 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article proposes the use of technological frames (TF) as an analytical tool to support the investigations within value sensitive design. TF can help to identify values that are consistent or conflicting within and between stakeholders, which is exemplified with a case of patient accessible electronic health records in Sweden. The article concludes that TF can help to identify values, which may then help to understand and address possible concerns in the design process.
18.	Hellström, Thomas, 1956- (författare) On the moral responsibility of military robots 2013 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 15:2, s. 99-107 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article discusses mechanisms and principles for assignment of moral responsibility to intelligent robots, with special focus on military robots. We introduce the concept autonomous power as a new concept, and use it to identify the type of robots that call for moral considerations. It is furthermore argued that autonomous power, and in particular the ability to learn, is decisive for assignment of moral responsibility to robots. As technological development will lead to robots with increasing autonomous power, we should be prepared for a future when people blame robots for their actions. It is important to, already today, investigate the mechanisms that control human behavior in this respect. The results may be used when designing future military robots, to control unwanted tendencies to assign responsibility to the robots. Independent of the responsibility issue, the moral quality of robots’ behavior should be seen as one of many performance measures by which we evaluate robots. How to design ethics based control systems should be carefully investigated already now. From a consequentialist view, it would indeed be highly immoral to develop robots capable of performing acts involving life and death, without including some kind of moral framework.
19.	Johansson Agnafors, Marcus (författare) Why unreal punishments in response to unreal crimes might actually be a really good thing 2009 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 11:1, s. 71-79 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this article I explore ways to argue about punishment of personal representations in virtual reality. I will defend the idea that such punishing might sometimes be morally required. I offer four different lines of argument: one consequentialistic, one appealing to an idea of appropriateness, one using the notion of organic wholes, and one starting from a supposed inability to determine the limits of the extension of the moral agent. I conclude that all four approaches could, in some cases, justify punishing a virtual reality representation; an avatar. As a consequence of my conclusion, I suggest that our institutionalized criminal justice system must be broadened in scope and punitive measures, in order to cover the new and difficult cases arising in virtual reality.
20.	Li, Oliver (författare) Problems with "Friendly AI" 2021 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 23:3, s. 543-550 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract On virtue ethical grounds, Barbro Fröding and Martin Peterson recently recommended that near-future AIs should be developed as ‘Friendly AI’. AI in social interaction with humans should be programmed such that they mimic aspects of human friendship. While it is a reasonable goal to implement AI systems interacting with humans as Friendly AI, I identify four issues that need to be addressed concerning Friendly AI with Fröding’s and Peterson’s understanding of Friendly AI as a starting point. In a first step, I briefly recapitulate Fröding’s and Peterson’s arguments for Friendly AI. I then highlight some issues with Fröding’s and Peterson’s approach and line of reasoning and identify four problems related to the notion of Friendly AI, which all pertain to the role and need for humans’ moral development. These are that (1) one should consider the moral tendencies and preferences of the humans interacting with a friendly AI, (2) it needs to be considered whether the humans interacting with a Friendly AI are still developing their virtues and character traits, (3) the indirect effects of replacing humans with Friendly AI should be considered with respect to the possibilities for humans to develop their moral virtues and that (4) the question whether the AI is perceived as some form of Artificial General Intelligence cannot be neglected. In conclusion, I argue that all of these four problems are related to humans moral development and that this observation strongly emphasizes the role and need for humans moral development in correlation to the accelerating development of AI-systems.
21.	Lundgren, Björn (författare) Improving on and assessing ethical guidelines for digital tracking and tracing systems for pandemics 2021 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 23, s. 139-142 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract So-called digital tracking and tracing systems (DTTSs) have been proposed as a means to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. There are ethical guidelines and evaluations of such systems available. As part of a research project, I will build on and critically evaluate the foundations of such guidelines. The goal is to provide both incremental improvements of the specific requirements for DTTSs and to present and discuss more fundamental challenge, the risk for indirect effects and slippery slopes. The nature of slippery slopes makes ethical guidelines more difficult since it requires a more complex analysis than, for example, using a checklist allows for.
22.	Nanni, Mirco, et al. (författare) Give more data, awareness and control to individual citizens, and they will help COVID-19 containment 2020 Ingår i: Transactions on Data Privacy. - : Institut d'Investigació en Intel·ligència Artificial. - 1888-5063 .- 2013-1631. ; 23, s. 1-6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The rapid dynamics of COVID-19 calls for quick and effective tracking of virus transmission chains and early detection of outbreaks, especially in the "phase 2" of the pandemic, when lockdown and other restriction measures are progressively withdrawn, in order to avoid or minimize contagion resurgence. For this purpose, contact-tracing apps are being proposed for large scale adoption by many countries. A centralized approach, where data sensed by the app are all sent to a nation-wide server, raises concerns about citizens' privacy and needlessly strong digital surveillance, thus alerting us to the need to minimize personal data collection and avoiding location tracking. We advocate the conceptual advantage of a decentralized approach, where both contact and location data are collected exclusively in individual citizens' "personal data stores", to be shared separately and selectively (e.g., with a backend system, but possibly also with other citizens), voluntarily, only when the citizen has tested positive for COVID-19, and with a privacy preserving level of granularity. This approach better protects the personal sphere of citizens and affords multiple benefits: it allows for detailed information gathering for infected people in a privacy-preserving fashion; and, in turn this enables both contact tracing, and, the early detection of outbreak hotspots on more finely-granulated geographic scale. The decentralized approach is also scalable to large populations, in that only the data of positive patients need be handled at a central level. Our recommendation is two-fold. First to extend existing decentralized architectures with a light touch, in order to manage the collection of location data locally on the device, and allowthe user to share spatio-temporal aggregates - if and when they want and for specific aims - with health authorities, for instance. Second, we favour a longerterm pursuit of realizing a Personal Data Store vision, giving users the opportunity to contribute to collective good in the measure they want, enhancing self-awareness, and cultivating collective efforts for rebuilding society.
23.	Palm, Elin (författare) Securing privacy at work : the importance of contextualized consent 2009 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 11:4, s. 233-241 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The starting point of this article is that employees' chances of securing reasonable expectations of privacy at work must be better protected. A dependency asymmetry between employer and job-applicant implies that prospective employees are in a disadvantaged position vis a vis the employer regarding the chances of defending their reasonable interests. Since an increased usage of work related surveillance will, to a larger extent, require of job-applicants that they negotiate their privacy interests in employment contracting, it is important to consider means of strengthening employees' negotiating power. This article emphasizes the importance of contextualizing consent for contractual agreements to be ethically acceptable.
24.	Ramirez, E. J., et al. (författare) What it's like to be a _____: why it's (often) unethical to use VR as an empathy nudging tool 2021 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 23, s. 527-542 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this article, we apply the literature on the ethics of choice-architecture (nudges) to the realm of virtual reality (VR) to point out ethical problems with using VR for empathy-based nudging. Specifically, we argue that VR simulations aiming to enhance empathic understanding of others via perspective-taking will almost always be unethical to develop or deploy. We argue that VR-based empathy enhancement not only faces traditional ethical concerns about nudges (autonomy, welfare, transparency), but also a variant of the semantic variance problem that arises for intersectional perspective-taking. VR empathy simulations deceive and manipulate their users about their experiences. Despite their often laudable goals, such simulations confront significant ethical challenges. In light of these goals and challenges, we propose VR designers shift from designing simulations aimed at producing empathic perspective-taking to designing simulations aimed at generating sympathy for their targets. These simulations, we claim, can avoid the most serious ethical issues associated with VR nudges, semantic variance, and intersectionality.
25.	Ranisch, Robert, et al. (författare) Digital contact tracing and exposure notification: ethical guidance for trustworthy pandemic management 2021 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 23, s. 285-294 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract There is growing interest in contact tracing apps (CT apps) for pandemic management. It is crucial to consider ethical requirements before, while, and after implementing such apps. In this paper, we illustrate the complexity and multiplicity of the ethical considerations by presenting an ethical framework for a responsible design and implementation of CT apps. Using this framework as a starting point, we briefly highlight the interconnection of social and political contexts, available measures of pandemic management, and a multi-layer assessment of CT apps. We will discuss some trade-offs that arise from this perspective. We then suggest that public trust is of major importance for population uptake of contact tracing apps. Hasty, ill-prepared or badly communicated implementations of CT apps will likely undermine public trust, and as such, risk impeding general effectiveness.
26.	Sartori, Laura, et al. (författare) A sociotechnical perspective for the future of AI : narratives, inequalities, and human control 2022 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 24:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Different people have different perceptions about artificial intelligence (AI). It is extremely important to bring together all the alternative frames of thinking—from the various communities of developers, researchers, business leaders, policymakers, and citizens—to properly start acknowledging AI. This article highlights the ‘fruitful collaboration’ that sociology and AI could develop in both social and technical terms. We discuss how biases and unfairness are among the major challenges to be addressed in such a sociotechnical perspective. First, as intelligent machines reveal their nature of ‘magnifying glasses’ in the automation of existing inequalities, we show how the AI technical community is calling for transparency and explainability, accountability and contestability. Not to be considered as panaceas, they all contribute to ensuring human control in novel practices that include requirement, design and development methodologies for a fairer AI. Second, we elaborate on the mounting attention for technological narratives as technology is recognized as a social practice within a specific institutional context. Not only do narratives reflect organizing visions for society, but they also are a tangible sign of the traditional lines of social, economic, and political inequalities. We conclude with a call for a diverse approach within the AI community and a richer knowledge about narratives as they help in better addressing future technical developments, public debate, and policy. AI practice is interdisciplinary by nature and it will benefit from a socio-technical perspective.
27.	Stockinger, Elisabeth, et al. (författare) Trustworthiness of voting advice applications in Europe 2024 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Nature. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 26:3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) are interactive tools used to assist in one’s choice of a party or candidate to vote for in an upcoming election. They have the potential to increase citizens’ trust and participation in democratic structures. However, there is no established ground truth for one’s electoral choice, and VAA recommendations depend strongly on architectural and design choices. We assessed several representative European VAAs according to the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI provided by the European Commission using publicly available information. We found scores to be comparable across VAAs and low in most requirements, with differences reflecting the kind of developing institution. Across VAAs, we identify the need for improvement in (i) transparency regarding the subjectivity of recommendations, (ii) diversity of stakeholder participation, (iii) user-centric documentation of algorithm, and (iv) disclosure of the underlying values and assumptions.
28.	Walldius, Åke, 1950- (författare) Strategy mapping : a method for making value tensions explicit in design and deployment of IT systems 2021 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; , s. 45-48 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A core activity promoted by the value sensitive design approach is the iterative and integrative performance of conceptual, empirical and technical investigations. In this essay, I will contribute and reflect on a method for conceptual mapping through which such tripartite investigations can be supported in ways that are open to stakeholder participation.
29.	Öhman, Carl, 1991- (författare) Introducing the pervert’s dilemma : A contribution to the critique of Deepfake Pornography 2019 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 22, s. 133-140 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Recent technological innovation has made video doctoring increasingly accessible. This has given rise to Deepfake Pornography, an emerging phenomenon in which Deep Learning algorithms are used to superimpose a person’s face onto a pornographic video. Although to most people, Deepfake Pornography is intuitively unethical, it seems difficult to justify this intuition without simultaneously condemning other actions that we do not ordinarily find morally objectionable, such as sexual fantasies. In the present article, I refer to this contradiction as the pervert’s dilemma. I propose that the method of Levels of Abstraction, a philosophical mode of enquiry inspired by Formal Methods in computer science, can be employed to formulate at least one possible solution to the dilemma. From this perspective, the permissibility of some actions appears to depend on the degree to which they are abstracted from their natural context. I conclude that the dilemma can only be solved when considered at low levels of abstractions, when Deepfakes are situated in the macro-context of gender inequality.
30.	Andersson, Alexander, 1991, et al. (författare) Violent video games: content, attitudes, and norms 2023 Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - 1388-1957. ; 25:4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Violent video games (VVGs) are a source of serious and continuing controversy. They are not unique in this respect, though. Other entertainment products have been criticized on moral grounds, from pornography to heavy metal, horror films, and Harry Potter books. Some of these controversies have fizzled out over time and have come to be viewed as cases of moral panic. Others, including moral objections to VVGs, have persisted. The aim of this paper is to determine which, if any, of the concerns raised about VVGs are legitimate. We argue that common moral objections to VVGs are unsuccessful, but that a plausible critique can be developed that captures the insights of these objections while avoiding their pitfalls. Our view suggests that the moral badness of a game depends on how well its internal logic expresses or encourages the players’ objectionable attitudes. This allows us to recognize that some games are morally worse than others—and that it can be morally wrong to design and play some VVGs—but that the moral badness of these games is not necessarily dependent on how violent they are.
31.	Nyström, Kaj, 1969- (författare) An estimate of a polynomial capacity 1998 Ingår i: Potential Analysis. - 0926-2601 .- 1572-929X. ; 9:3, s. 217-227 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
32.	Jeffery, Lucy (författare) Music in Samuel Beckett’s radio play Embers: 'I shouldn’t be hearing that!' 2018 Ingår i: Radio Journal. - Bristol : Intellect. - 1476-4504 .- 2040-1388. ; 16:2, s. 173-184 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article explores how Samuel Beckett’s use of music in his 1957 radio play Embers is linked to our understanding of the experience of memory and storytelling. It reconsiders how Beckett’s use of the radio medium both informs and is informed by his lifelong interest in music. Beckett’s well-known attitudes towards storytelling – his struggle to express, interest in ambiguity, and resistance to neat conclusions – are revisited with close attention paid to his attempt to express the ineffable. The article argues that Beckett’s simultaneous need for and resistance to storytelling finds its voice in the impossibility of describing music. It suggests that this implicit tension is essential not only in terms of listening to Embers, but also becomes an increasingly central and knotty element of Beckett’s creative process. Hence, the article claims that Beckett can be read alongside twentieth-century composers such as Arnold Schoenberg and Paul Hindemith. In its use of Theodor Adorno and Vladimir Jankélévitch, the analysis employs musicological readings of Beckett’s radio play to demonstrate how Beckett’s use of music complicates, rather than facilitates, our experience of memory and storytelling.

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