SwePub
Sök i SwePub databas

  Utökad sökning

Träfflista för sökning "L773:1435 5558 OR L773:1435 5566 "

Sökning: L773:1435 5558 OR L773:1435 5566

  • Resultat 1-50 av 75
Sortera/gruppera träfflistan
   
NumreringReferensOmslagsbildHitta
1.
  • Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • Using smartphone logging to gain insight about phone use in traffic
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 22, s. 181-191
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The prevalence of mobile phone usage in traffic has been studied by road-side counting, naturalistic driving data, surveillance cameras, smartphone logging, and subjective estimates via surveys. Here, we describe a custom-made smartphone logging application along with suggestions on how future such applications should be designed. The developed application logs’ start and end times of all phone interactions (mobile phone applications, incoming/outgoing phone calls and text messages, audio output, and screen activations). In addition, all movements are automatically classified into transport, cycling, walking, running, or stationary. The capabilities of the approach are demonstrated in a pilot study with 143 participants. Examples of results that can be gained from smartphone logging include prevalence in different transportation modes (here found to be 12% while driving, 4% while cycling, and 7% while walking), which apps are being used (here found to be 19% navigation, 12% talking, 12% social media, and 10% games) and on which road types (rural, urban, highway etc.). Smartphone logging was found to be an insightful complement to the other methods for assessing phone use in traffic, especially since it allows the analyses of which apps are used and where they are used, split into transportation mode and road type, all at a relatively low cost.
  •  
2.
  • Almeida Costa, Nicole, 1988, et al. (författare)
  • Non‑technical communication factors at the Vessel Traffic Services
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology and Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 20:1, s. 63-72
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study done at the Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) explored how the VTS operators (VTSOs) communicated with ships and other actors in the maritime sociotechnical system and how decisions were made with regard to assisting traffic in maintaining safe passage in port areas, where most vessel movements are seen and accidents occur. The fieldwork was done during four independent visits to a VTS centre under the Swedish Maritime Authority, with a total sample of six VTSOs and one VTS instructor. The qualitative data were sorted and coded using a grounded theory approach. The data pointed at non-technical information processing and communication factors that play a role in decision-making and ultimately in safety. During protocol operations at the VTS, these factors influenced how VTSOs judged the skills of the vessels’ bridge teams, and how they approached them. This is a time where much effort is being put into upgrading technological systems, and these will have the power to change the ways in which the maritime network obtains and processes information, as well as how they can communicate with each other. The further development of technological systems, work protocols and training programmes can benefit from taking the soft aspects of communication and the needs of the operators and their tasks into account for the enhancement of safety.
  •  
3.
  • Andersson, Dennis, et al. (författare)
  • Approaches to team performance assessment: a comparison of self-assessment reports and behavioral observer scales
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : SPRINGER LONDON LTD. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 19:2-3, s. 517-528
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Human factors research popularly employs perception-based techniques to investigate team performance and its dependency to cognitive processes. Such studies frequently rely upon either observer-based or self-assessment techniques to collect data. In this study, we examined behavioral observer ratings and self-assessment ratings for measuring team performance in virtual teams, with team performance regarded as a combination of task outcome and team cognition. Juxtaposing self-assessments and observer ratings from a quasi-experiment comparing team performance rating techniques reveals that they indeed produce overall similar results, with both singling out teamwork effectiveness ratings as the strongest contributor to overall team performance. However, the comparisons show remarkably low correlation on individual questionnaire items. The most striking difference is that the team members self-assessments of workload are lower than the corresponding observer ratings. In particular, the self-assessments do not correlate at all with overall team performance, whereas the observers workload ratings are more consistent with contemporary research that suggests a strong correlation between workload and team performance, suggesting that observer-based techniques are more reliable than self-assessments for assessing workload. For other ratings, the results show that the two techniques are fairly equal, suggesting that the choice between methods to employ can be deferred to other considerations such as obtrusiveness, accessibility, and resource availability.
  •  
4.
  • Andersson, Jan, 1965-, et al. (författare)
  • The importance of reaction time, cognition, and meta-cognition abilities for drivers with visual deficits
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 22:4, s. 787-800
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Individuals who do not fulfill required visual field standards have their driving license withdrawn in Sweden. However, understanding of the ability to compensate for this loss is limited. This study aimed to determine if reaction time and cognitive performance are important for safe driving in visual field loss (VFL) individuals. Visually demanding reaction time tasks of different complexity, for example, can help one understand why some VFL individuals drive as safely as normally sighted individuals. Twenty VFL individuals and 83 normally sighted individuals participated in a driving simulator experiment and an additional test battery. The driving task categorized VFL participants into two subgroups: passed or failed. Three reaction time tasks, four cognitive tests, and two meta-cognitive scales were completed. The passed VFL subgroup was faster than the failed subgroup in the context-dependent reaction time task and slower in the context-independent reaction time task. The passed subgroup performed equally well, or less well, on the cognitive tasks compared to the failed subgroup. The VFL participants performed less well than the normally sighted individuals on most cognitive tasks. However, VFL participants did not reflect on their driving ability (in meta-cognitive scales) in the same way as normally sighted individuals. There appear to be VFL subgroups in terms of ability to drive safely. Reaction time is important, but context dependent. Cognitive context-independent tests appear unrelated to driving test outcome for VFL individuals. The problems with context-independent testing of perceptual, cognitive, and meta-cognitive abilities when predicting safe driving capabilities are discussed. © 2019, The Author(s).
  •  
5.
  • Andreasson, Rebecca, et al. (författare)
  • Interruptions in the wild : portraying the handling of interruptions in manufacturing from a distributed cognition lens
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 19:1, s. 85-108
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents a study examining interruptionsin the wild by portraying the handling of interruptionsin manufacturing from a distributed cognitionlens. By studying how interruptions occur and are handledin the daily activities of a work team at a large foundry forcasting heavy diesel engines, we highlight situations whenthe propagation, transformation, and representation ofinformation are not supported by prescribed work processesand propose recommendations for how this can beamended. The study was conducted by several visits to theaforementioned factory with cognitive ethnography as thebasis for the data collection. The focus was on identifyinginterruptions and analysing these through a distributedcognition framework as an initial step towards studyinginterruptions in a manufacturing environment. The keyfindings include the identification of three, previouslyundefined, types of interruptions and the conclusion thatinterruptions do indeed affect the distributed workload ofthe socio-technical system and thus the overall productionperformance at the casting line.
  •  
6.
  • Andreasson, Rebecca, et al. (författare)
  • The coordination between train traffic controllers and train drivers : a distributed cognition perspective on railway
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 21:3, s. 417-443
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Although there has long been a call for a holistic systems perspective to better understand real work in the complex domain of railway traffic, prior research has not strongly emphasised the socio-technical perspective. In operational railway traffic, the successful planning and execution of the traffic are the product of the socio-technical system comprised by both train drivers and traffic controllers. This paper presents a study inspired by cognitive ethnography with the aim to characterise the coordinating activities that are conducted by train traffic controllers and train drivers in the work practices of the socio-technical system of Swedish railway. The theoretical framework of distributed cognition (DCog) is used as a conceptual and analytical tool to make sense of the complex railway domain and the best practices as they are developed and performed “in the wild”. The analysis reveals a pattern of collaboration and coordination of actions among the workers and we introduce the concept of enacted actionable practices as a key concern for understanding how a successfully executed railway traffic emerges as a property of the socio-technical system. The implications for future railway research are briefly discussed.
  •  
7.
  • Arman, Rebecka, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Inspecting life: professional vision in assisted reproduction technology
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 21:3, s. 383-396
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A growing scholarship in organization studies has examined how visual practices are informed by and situated within organizational settings and routines. Using the concept of professional vision, this is a study of the visual work of embryologists selecting human embryos in the field of assisted reproductive technologies. The term professional vision accentuates how embryologists cope with a number of tensions to accomplish disciplinary objectivity in their work. The study shows how visual practices are simultaneously individual and collective. While there are internationally enacted standard protocols guiding the routine-based work, these are continuously modified as novel clinical data is reported. Therefore, the embryologists’ inspection of life needs to actively accommodate both standard cases and deviations therefrom. This ultimately renders the professional vision of embryology something other than an “exact science” but rather a fluid, partly improvised, subjective, and at the same time highly specialized, routinized aesthetic practice. The study contributes to the emerging scholarship on visuality and professional vision in organizations, specifically to how standards are used in such practices. In addition, the study adds to the organizational research on assisted reproduction technology.
  •  
8.
  • Aronsson, Sanna, et al. (författare)
  • Design of simulator training : a comparative study of Swedish dynamic decision-making training facilities
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 21, s. 117-130
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Simulator training is becoming increasingly important for training of time-critical and dynamic situations. Hence, how simulator training in such domains is planned, carried out and followed up becomes important. Based on a model prescribing such crucial aspects, ten decision-making training simulator facilities have been analyzed from an activity theoretical perspective. The analysis reveals several conflicts that exist between the training that is carried out and the defined training objectives. Although limitations in technology and organization are often alleviated by proficient instructors, it is concluded that there is a need for a structured approach to the design of training to be able to define the competencies and skills that ought to be trained along with relevant measurable training goals. Further, there is a need for a pedagogical model that takes the specifics of simulator training into account. Such a pedagogical model is needed to be able to evaluate the training, and would make it possible to share experiences and make comparisons between facilities in a structured manner.
  •  
9.
  • Artman, Henrik, et al. (författare)
  • Distributed Cognition in an Emergency Co-ordination Center
  • 1999
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 1:4, s. 237-246
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recent research concerning the control of complex systems stresses the systemic character of the work of the controlling system, including the number of people and artefacts as well as the environment. This study adds to the growing body of knowledge by focusing on the internal working of such a system. Our vantage point is the theoretical framework of distributed cognition. Through a field study of an emergency co-ordination centre we try to demonstrate how the team's cognitive tasks, to assess an event and to dispatch adequate resources, are achieved by mutual awareness, joint situation assessment, and the co-ordinated use of the technology and the physical arrangement of the co-ordination room.
  •  
10.
  • Artman, Henrik, et al. (författare)
  • Finding a way to Usability : Procurement of a taxi dispatch system
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 7:3, s. 141-155
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Despite the extensive work on human-computer interaction regarding methods of involving users and designing for high degrees of usability, there is surprisingly little published on how procurer organizations understand, reason about, and require usability. This study focuses on how one taxi company dealt with usability requirements when procuring a new dispatch system. We have conducted ten interviews with various stakeholders in the company and analyzed related documentation in order to discover the process. The case shows how the concept of usability matured during over time. The taxi company dealt with requirement elicitation by developing prototypes in small reference groups. They did no formal analysis of the operators' cooperation with each other at the operator central, but they did include experienced users, which created implicit scenarios. The supplier company did not focus on the efficiency of the operators or, for that matter, the cooperative demands of the operator central in their original design, which became evident when the procurer organization requested a redesign that emphasized user tasks. This indicates, on one hand, the extent to which procurers must understand usability and cooperation to procure good systems design and, on the other hand, the extent to which designers must understand business and activity processes in order to design good systems.
  •  
11.
  • Asplund, Fredrik, et al. (författare)
  • Work functions shaping the ability to innovate: insights from the case of the safety engineer
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - Heidelberg, Germany : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • To perform as intended, firms are divided into work functions that contribute to the behaviour-shaping constraints under which individuals build their skills, knowledge and networks. These in turn provide a specialized perspective on organisational structure and culture. In a mixed methods study involving interviews and statistical analyses, we investigate whether a work function can thereby affect individuals’ innovation foci and efficacy. Safety engineers, central to firms developing Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), are shown to play a significant role in identifying and supporting viable innovation related to organisational aspects. Results indicate that safety engineers could use the firm’s collaborative innovation process to facilitate organisational learning, helping different work functions come together to construct working practices aligned with the organisational values of the firm. This is explained by their understanding of safety culture—a specialized understanding of organisational culture and complexity provided by their work function. We conclude that work functions that provide their members with a perspective well aligned with their firm’s organisational values can instil the ability to identify and support organisational innovation. This suggests that safety engineers in CPS domains could be effective in a mediatory role, facilitating innovative changes to organisational structures and processes when introducing and operating safety management systems. Stronger aspects of organisational liaising and systems thinking could reinforce this ability—the former by a wider scope and motivation leading to an increased skill in communicating with dissimilar individuals, and the latter by providing the skills and tools needed to analyse the politics of complex organisations.
  •  
12.
  • Benn, J., et al. (författare)
  • Improving performance reliability in surgical systems
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 10:4, s. 323-333
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Health care has evolved rapidly to meet the medical demands of society, but not to meet the demands of consistent operational safety. In other high risk domains in which the consequences of systems failure are unacceptable, organisational and operational work systems have been developed to deliver consistent, high-quality, failure-free performance. In this paper we review contributions to a special issue of Cognition, Technology and Work on 'Enhancing Surgical Systems'. We consider their implications for improving the reliability of care processes in light of theoretical developments in the area of high-reliability organisations and resilience engineering. Health care must move from reactive safety cultures to be more proactively resilient to the continual threats posed by complexity in clinical care processes and the multi-professional hospital environment. Our analysis emphasises the importance of team working for reliable operational performance. A schematic framework to illustrate how safety interventions in surgery might cohere within an organisational strategy for achieving high-reliability is proposed. The implications for continuous quality improvement and effective regulation of system safety over differing time scales and organisational levels are discussed. © 2007 Springer-Verlag London Limited.
  •  
13.
  • Berlin, Johan, 1975-, et al. (författare)
  • The yellow line :  a critical study of the symbolic value of artefacts in health care teams
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 12:4, s. 251-261
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Artefacts reveal an organisation's ''inner life'' and they contribute to its image and reputation. They also play a decisive role for an organisation's development. In this article, similar artefacts from two different health care teams—a trauma team and a psychiatric team—in the same hospital, are compared. The team members were interviewed and their work observed over the course of several years. It was demonstrated that identical pieces of equipment in a trauma team and a psychiatric team signalled opposite values. The psychiatric team was backwardlooking, conservative and contradictory. Modern technology and pieces of equipment were associated with an abandoned and previously criticised activity. The corresponding equipment in the trauma team, on the other hand, signalled a forward looking, developing and unified culture. The trauma team was a relatively new and powerfully idealised phenomenon, which attracted attention. The analysis points out how the symbolic values signal that one activity is attractive and pleasing while another has a low external legitimacy. 
  •  
14.
  • Boström, Magnus, 1981- (författare)
  • Breaking the ice : a work domain analysis of icebreaker operations
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 20:3, s. 443-456
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Icebreakers are special-purpose ships designed to operate in different ice-covered waters, either independently or duringassistance of weaker ships. In the Baltic Sea, as well as elsewhere, they are essential for maintaining continuous sea transportservices during wintertime. Icebreaker operations are complex, and every situation in which a vessel requires assistanceis unique, due to, e.g. changing ice and weather conditions, geographical location or language proficiency of the crew onboard the icebreaker or assisted vessel. The icebreaker crew has considerable freedom to adapt to each situation, yet, forsafe operations, there are constraints to which the crew has to conform. The study presented in this paper aims at identifyingthe constraints on nautical officers on board icebreakers during operations, as well as special situations that increasecognitive load. A work domain analysis based on a group interview with nautical icebreaker officers shows the multitudeof tasks performed on board icebreakers. Furthermore, it identifies constraints specific to icebreaker operations such as iceassessment and direct icebreaking, but also generic constraints such as language and communication skills. At times, safetyand efficiency come into conflict, resulting in a trade-off between the two. When that happens, safety gets priority, and theoperation stops until the situation has been evaluated. In addition, several situations that increase cognitive load are identified,with the common denominator that they add elements of uncertainty, e.g. severe weather and technical malfunctions.Finally, further research within the area of icebreaker operations is recommended, with a continued focus on the systemconstraints, and their potential for system improvement.
  •  
15.
  • Brödje, Anders, 1971, et al. (författare)
  • Exploring non-technical miscommunication in vessel traffic service operation
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology and Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 15:3, s. 347-357
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Vessel traffic services (VTS) are maritimetraffic monitoring systems used in port approaches, confinedor congested waters. VTS operators (VTSOs) monitor aspecific geographical area and support and direct ships thatsail through the area, primarily making the navigatingofficer or pilot of each ship aware of the current trafficsituation, local weather and geographical conditions. Weused an interactive mid-fidelity simulation as a knowledgeeliciting tool to explore the work situation of VTSOs.During the simulation, VTSOs from a VTS centre inSweden ran a scenario based on a normal traffic situation intheir local fairway. Results indicate that the VTSOs, eventhough they are well aware of crucial events in the fairway,at times choose not to inform navigating officers or pilotsof these safety aspects apart from when subject to protocol.The present paper put forward elements behind this form ofmiscommunication and presents results indicating that themajor contributing factor is the VTSOs’ anticipation ofnegative attitudes between working groups participating inthe VTS system and the lack of sufficient regulation withregard to the role and responsibilities of VTSOs.
  •  
16.
  • Corrigan, S., et al. (författare)
  • An approach to collaborative learning and the serious game development
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 17:2, s. 269-278
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents the overall learning process that evolved during the MASCA project (MAnaging System Change in Aviation—EU FP7 funded project (2010–2013), specifically focusing on the one of the key elements of the overall learning approach, the development of a serious game (SKYBOARD) and the role the game played in supporting the implementation of airport collaborative decision-making (A-CDM) in a major European airport. The underlying principles of the learning process was based on ongoing and collaborative learning in the workplace, with each phase of learning involving preparation and guidance, collaborative learning, consolidation of that learning and practically focused next steps that can be deployed to support overall change management. The aim of SKYBOARD was to aid communication and collaboration when introducing A-CDM, and thereby supporting the cultural change that comes with this introduction. The development of SKYBOARD was based upon an initial training needs analysis and an iterative development and implementation approach at a major European airport. The research demonstrated that we are at the beginning of a fundamental shift in the way both learning and working is happening in organisations. Therefore, the establishment of a collaborative learning process and integrated learning package needs to focus on supporting continuous performance improvement and learning (competency and capability at all levels) and to ensure this overall learning is fully aligned to the overall strategic blueprint of the organisation. The evaluation of SKYBOARD demonstrated that serious games can support collaborative learning and enhanced communication and that such games should be key resource in any learning environment and proved to be a highly effective support to the implementation of A-CDM in this case.
  •  
17.
  • Corrigan, S., et al. (författare)
  • Preparing for Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) implementation : an evaluation and recommendations
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 17:2, s. 207-218
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The key objective of this paper was to report on one of the industrial-based change case studies of the MASCA project (MAnaging System Change in Aviation-EU FP7, 2010-2013 ). This case study provides a systematic insight into one airport's approach to their preparation for full implementation of Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM). An action-based methodological approach was applied over a 3-year period, and a particular focus of this paper is on the application of the MASCA system change and operational evaluation tool (SCOPE/Structured Enquiry). Key recommendations resulted in research-led interventions, such as the development of a Serious Game to facilitate co-ordination and communications. The paper also reports on future recommendations for the implementation of A-CDM, such as prioritising social relations and trust building amongst airport stakeholders as opposed to viewing A-CDM solely as an IT-led project. Recommendations and learning from this case study can also be disseminated to other airports who are about to embark on the preparation for full A-CDM implementation and compliance.
  •  
18.
  • Dekker, Sidney, et al. (författare)
  • Complicated, complex and compliant: Best practice in obstetrics
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5566 .- 1435-5558. ; 15:2, s. 189-195
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract in Undetermined In this study the distinction between complicated and complex is used to shed some light on compliance with best-practice guidelines. Data was gathered related to obstetric practice in labor wards and operating theatres at two Scandinavian hospitals, one of them being a university hospital, and in a training facility. The complexity of obstetrical intervention is analyzed in this paper, as is the potential of compliance-based routines in obstetrics. Complex situations are different from complicated ones and patient safety management efforts should recognize and enhance the sort of diversity that helps the emergence of resilience in complex situations.
  •  
19.
  • Dekker, Sidney, 1969-, et al. (författare)
  • Human factors and folk models
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 6, s. 79-86
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
  •  
20.
  • Doupi, Persephone, et al. (författare)
  • Use of the Global Trigger Tool in patient safety improvement efforts : Nordic experiences
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 17:1, s. 45-54
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Global Trigger Tool (GTT) developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement is a method for retrospective patient record review based on the use of triggers-signals of potential adverse events that have caused patient harm. The method has the purpose of patient safety measurement and monitoring among adult inpatient populations and has been increasingly popular among Nordic countries. Use of the GTT in the Nordic area has been part of broader legal and policy actions and initiatives supportive of patient safety promotion and is being used to establish also national level estimates of patient safety incidents. Limitations of the method are its dependency on quality of documentation and the varying inter-rater reliability observed in many studies. Strengths of the GTT are its ability to detect larger numbers, as well as different types of adverse events when compared to other incident detection methods, hence it is a good addition to the palette of means for organizational patient safety monitoring. Research on reliability, usefulness and implementation approaches of the GTT, including its automation, is ongoing in the Nordic countries and is expected to generate useful input for the international patient safety community.
  •  
21.
  • Ekstedt, Mirjam, et al. (författare)
  • Exploring Gaps in Cancer Care Using a Systems Safety Perspective
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 17:1, s. 5-13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Gaps in the continuity of care may appear as losses of information or momentum or as interruptions in the delivery of care. To systematically improve patient safety, we need to know more about how gaps in the continuity of health care are identified and mitigated. This study seeks to describe healthcare professionals’ understanding of how they anticipate, detect and handle gaps in cancer care. Ten focus-group interviews and two individual interviews were conducted with a total of 34 cancer-care professionals (physicians, nurses, managers and administrators)from three counties in mid-Sweden. Various specialties in cancer care were covered: primary care, inhospital care, palliative care, advanced home are, and children’s care. Interviews were analyzed inductively using qualitative content analysis. The results show that patient safety in cancer care is dependent on a resilient organization that is capable of anticipation, monitoring, adapting and learning at all levels of care. The professionals anticipated gaps in situations where contacts between healthcare providers were limited and when they were faced by time or resource constraints. The extent to which aps could be managed by professionals at the sharp end was largely determined by their bility to adapt to complex and unexpected situations in their daily work. The management of gaps was perceived differently by managers and clinicians, however. The study also indicates hat the continuity of care could be improved by patients’ participation in decisions about reatments and care plans, and by a mutual responsibility for the transfer of information and knowledge across professional boundaries. These results are discussed from a resilience ngineering perspective, and they emphasize the management’s responsibility to address gaps identified in the system. Designing resilient healthcare organizations enables professionals at  the sharp end to prevent human error or mitigate its consequences.
  •  
22.
  • Erlandsson, Mikael, et al. (författare)
  • Verbal reports and domain-specific knowledge : a comparison between collegial and retrospective verbalisation
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer London. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 15:3, s. 239-254
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • One way to investigate and account for the role of experience in dynamic decision-making tasks is to use a knowledge elicitation method, for example verbal protocols. Recently, methods for verbalisation by other subjects have been suggested as a way to elicit more information on thinking. One of these methods is here investigated in a quasi-experimental study on highly experienced and skilled train dispatchers. Collegial verbalisation is based on the procedure of videotaping practitioners while they perform their normal work tasks in their normal work setting. This is followed up by having a close colleague of the practitioner watch the video recordings and verbalise. The general hypothesis that verbal reports based on collegial verbalisations can provide protocol data that are close to the structure and content of verbal reports based on retrospective verbalisations was investigated. From this systematic comparison it is concluded that collegial verbalisations produce verbal protocols that are close to the retrospective verbal protocols on protocol and topic levels, but not on statement level. From this study, we conclude that the collegial protocols can be used as an independent source of data. It seems possible for a colleague to report verbally on a practitioners' observable behaviour in the same way as when the practitioner is doing a retrospective verbalisation and it may also be possible for a colleague to explain some of the non-observable behaviour of the practitioner.
  •  
23.
  • Franca, Josue, 1979-, et al. (författare)
  • Analysing human factors and non-technical skills in offshore drilling operations using FRAM (functional resonance analysis method)
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 23:3, s. 553-566
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Workplaces in the oil and gas (O&G) industry have evolved to become part of the modern complex sociotechnical system that characterises onshore and offshore facilities today. The intense interactions between workers, systems, equipment and processes have made companies in this sector more productive. However, significant and complex risks have also emerged. Managing them requires a methodology capable of understanding and recognising how this entire sociotechnical system works. This research uses the FRAM to model the activities performed by drillers, from the perspective of their workplace, inside the drilling unit of an offshore oil rig—a complex sociotechnical system. The interviews, on-board observations and data gathering performed as part of this study provided information that was used to build a FRAM model capable of representing the real work done by drillers inside the doghouses on offshore oil rigs. Through this model, the variability of human behaviour could be analysed in the context of the different situations that may happen, enabling researchers to understand the specific demands of the work and the correlation between WAI and WAD that naturally emerges. This FRAM-based analysis acknowledges that human factors and non-technical skills are responsible for the productive and safe execution of the work in both normal and critical operations situations, and identifies the impact of this variability—positive or negative—in the execution of daily tasks. It shows that workers’ varied responses can properly deal with complex system demands both in normal situations and in emergencies.
  •  
24.
  • Franca, Josue, 1979-, et al. (författare)
  • FRAM AHP approach to analyse offshore oil well drilling and construction focused on human factors
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 22, s. 653-665
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Since the beginning of the well-drilling activities of oil and gas industry, in the 19th century, these activities have presented specific risks that, over the course of their evolution to the present day, have greatly increased their potential to cause harm to people, the environment, and corporate sustainability. Stimulated by the world’s energy needs, especially in developed and growing countries, the technology used by the O&G industry has evolved significantly, not only to increase production and profit levels, but also to reduce the risks of these activities, using reliable automation and other barriers to worker protection. However, despite all this investment, accidents such as the Deepwater Horizon, in 2010, and Odebrecht NS-32, in 2017, shown that there are still gaps in this process of evolution of protection systems, especially those used in highly complex systems such as offshore oil rigs. In addition, inevitably, the technological contribution implemented in offshore drilling systems increases their complexity and, consequently, also increases the complexity of the relationship between workers, systems, machines, and environment, definitively characterizing oil rigs as complex socio-technical systems. Keeping that in mind, a FRAM model was developed to understand the levels of complexity and show the relevant human factors that are critical for the safe operations of these workplaces, considering the natural and variability that emerges from these labour scenarios. Some functions of the FRAM model built presented significant variability, as function “Perform drilling operations”, where the most significant variabilities were observed in its 10 outputs, causing a large resonance within the model, once their couplings, mostly in their control aspects, can vary in terms of time and precision.
  •  
25.
  • Garbis, Christer (författare)
  • Exploring the Openness of Cognitive Artifacts in Cooperative Process Management
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 4:1, s. 9-21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents a field study at a Stockholm underground control room, with particular focus on the different interactional affordances of the artifacts, used by the operators. The analysis is based on the notion that the design of cognitive artifacts affords different degrees of openness, i.e. to what extent they render the interaction of a task performer with the artifact open to others in the vicinity. A comparison between the dayshift and nightshift demonstrates how the various levels of openness are manifested during work. Some tentative design comments are made with regard to computer support systems for the underground line control.
  •  
26.
  • Granasen, Dennis (författare)
  • Towards automated assessment of team performance by mimicking expert observers ratings
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : SPRINGER LONDON LTD. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 21:2, s. 253-274
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Automation is the holy grail of performance assessment. Cheap and reliable automated systems that produce consistent feedback on performance. Many such systems have been proposed that accurately measure the state of a product or the outcome of a process. Procedural faults can be detected and even mitigated without the need for human interference. In production industry and professional sports, this is a natural part of business. However, in macrocognitive team performance studies, human appraisal is still king. This study investigates the reliability of human observers as assessors of performance among virtual teams, and what they base their assessments on when only able to monitor one of the team members at a time. The results show that expert observers put a lot of emphasis on task outcomes and on communication and are generally reliable raters of team performance, but there are several aspects that they cannot rate reliably under these circumstances, e.g., team workload, stress, and collaborative problem-solving. Through simple algorithms, this study shows that by capturing task scores and different quantitative communication metrics, team performance ratings can be estimated to closely match how the expert observers assess team performance in a virtual team setting. The implication of the study is that numeric team performance estimations can be acquired by automated systems, with reasonable accuracy and reliability compared to observer ratings.
  •  
27.
  • Granåsen, Magdalena, 1978-, et al. (författare)
  • Measuring team effectiveness in cyber-defense exercises : A cross-disciplinary case study
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer London. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 18:1, s. 121-143
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In 2010, IT-security experts from northern European governments and organizations gathered to conduct the first of a series of NATO-led cyber-defense exercises in a pilot attempt of training cyber defense. To gain knowledge on how to assess team effectiveness in cyber-defense exercises, this case study investigates the role of behavioral assessment techniques as a complement to task-based performance measurement. The collected data resulted in a massive data set including system logs, observer reports, and surveys. Six different methods were compared for feasibility in assessing the teams’ performance, including automated availability check, exploratory sequential data analysis, and network intrusion detection system attack analysis. In addition, observer reports and surveys were used to collect aspects relating to team structures and processes, aiming to discover whether these aspects can explain differences in effectiveness. The crossdisciplinary approach and multiple metrics create possibilities to study not only the performance-related outcome of the exercise, but also why this result is obtained. The main conclusions found are (1) a combination of technical performance measurements and behavioral assessment techniques are needed to assess team effectiveness, and (2) cyber situation awareness is required not only for the defending teams, but also for the observers and the game control.
  •  
28.
  • Gryszkiewicz, Anna, 1979, et al. (författare)
  • Temporal aspects in crisis management and its implications on interface design for situation awareness
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology and Work. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Temporality should be considered in the designof information technology support for crisis management(CM), both because crises are dynamic events and becausetime is a part of situation awareness (SA). This study hasused group interviews to explore how different temporalaspects of CM can be considered in CM design and howthey can influence crisis managers SA. A prototype and ascenario were used as mediating materials. The resultconsists of two parts. The first part is comprised of theparticipants’ reflections on how timelines can be used todisplay information in CM information systems. Accordingto the participants, timelines should present: deadlines,information sent to the public, incoming and outgoinginformation, an overview of where the current activitiesbelong in the CM process and what has been going on sincethe last shift during shift changes. Timelines should notonly display the listed information, but also provide functionality for adjusting the timescale so that information can be presented in alternative temporal perspectives. The second part of the result contains several obstacles that might influence the crisis managers’ ability to obtain SA. Obstacles elicited from the group discussions are: information overflow, fast changes of SA due to incoming information, difficulties to share SA with actors outside the CM centre, forgetting things that need attention and that SA depends on the quality of incoming information. The two parts of the result have been compiled into six design principles for how temporality can be considered in CM systems in order to support SA.
  •  
29.
  • Gryszkiewicz, Anna, 1979, et al. (författare)
  • Temporal aspects in crisis management and its implications on interface design for situation awareness
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology and Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 14:2, s. 169-182
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Temporality should be considered in the design of information technology support for crisis management (CM), both because crises are dynamic events and because time is a part of situation awareness (SA). This study has used group interviews to explore how different temporal aspects of CM can be considered in CM design and how they can influence crisis managers SA. A prototype and a scenario were used as mediating materials. The result consists of two parts. The first part is comprised of the participants' reflections on how timelines can be used to display information in CM information systems. According to the participants, timelines should present: deadlines, information sent to the public, incoming and outgoing information, an overview of where the current activities belong in the CM process and what has been going on since the last shift during shift changes. Timelines should not only display the listed information, but also provide functionality for adjusting the timescale so that information can be presented in alternative temporal perspectives. The second part of the result contains several obstacles that might influence the crisis managers' ability to obtain SA. Obstacles elicited from the group discussions are: information overflow, fast changes of SA due to incoming information, difficulties to share SA with actors outside the CM centre, forgetting things that need attention and that SA depends on the quality of incoming information. The two parts of the result have been compiled into six design principles for how temporality can be considered in CM systems in order to support SA.
  •  
30.
  • Hammarbäck, Jimmy, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • My synthetic wingman must understand me: modelling intent for future manned–unmanned teaming
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cognitive modelling, unmanned aircraft are expected to actas human-like wingmen in the near future. For fluent and effective manned–unmanned teaming, synthetic wingmen must beable to account for and adapt to their partners’ intent with little or no communication. To enable such abilities, it becomescrucial to identify the requirements that makes intent explainable to synthetic wingmen, necessitating approaches to describeand analyse intent from a human-centric perspective. To address this issue, this paper reports on findings from using WorkDomain Analysis to design and analyse models of situated intent with six levels of cognitive control (frames, effects, values,generic, implementations, and physical). Through a literature review and seven subject matter expert interviews, a synthesizedmodel was designed to represent fighter pilots’ intent in a manned–unmanned teaming scenario. Using the synthesized modelas the context, a transfer of control and a link loss situation were further described and analysed. Experiences show that WorkDomain Analysis can provide a practical and applicable means to model situated intent, particularly since designed modelscan be re-utilised to model intent in similar situations. Furthermore, the model analyses show the importance of accountingfor fighter pilots’ adopted frames since small variations of the framing of the situations can propagate throughout the modelresulting in conflicting or inconsistent intent. The paper concludes that synthetic wingmen must be able to reason about all six levels of cognitive control, requiring a more holistic approach to make intent explainable.
  •  
31.
  • Hermelin, Jonas, et al. (författare)
  • Operationalising resilience for disaster medicine practitioners : capability development through training, simulation and reflection
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 22:3, s. 667-683
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Resilience has in recent decades been introduced as a term describing a new perspective within the domains of disaster management and safety management. Several theoretical interpretations and definitions of the essence of resilience have been proposed, but less work has described how to operationalise resilience and implement the concept within organisations. This case study describes the implementation of a set of general resilience management guidelines for critical infrastructure within a Swedish Regional Medical Command and Control Team. The case study demonstrates how domain-independent guidelines can be contextualised and introduced at an operational level, through a comprehensive capability development programme. It also demonstrates how a set of conceptual and reflective tools consisting of educational, training and exercise sessions of increasing complexity and realism can be used to move from high-level guidelines to practice. The experience from the case study demonstrates the value of combining (1) developmental learning of practitioners’ cognitive skills through resilience-oriented reflection and interaction with dynamic complex open-ended problems; (2) contextualisation of generic guidelines as a basis for operational methodological support in the operational environment; and (3) the use of simulation-based training as part of a capability development programme with increasing complexity and realism across mixed educational, training and exercise sessions. As an actual example of a resilience implementation effort in a disaster medicine management organisation, the study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding how to implement the concept of resilience in operational practice.
  •  
32.
  • Holden, Richard J. (författare)
  • Cognitive performance-altering effects of electronic medical records : an application of the human factors paradigm for patient safety
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 13:1, s. 11-29
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • According to the human factors paradigm for patient safety, health care work systems and innovations such as electronic medical records do not have direct effects on patient safety. Instead, their effects are contingent on how the clinical work system, whether computerized or not, shapes health care providers' performance of cognitive work processes. An application of the human factors paradigm to interview data from two hospitals in the Midwest United States yielded numerous examples of the performance-altering effects of electronic medical records, electronic clinical documentation, and computerized provider order entry. Findings describe both improvements and decrements in the ease and quality of cognitive performance, both for interviewed clinicians and for their colleagues and patients. Changes in cognitive performance appear to have desirable and undesirable implications for patient safety as well as for quality of care and other important outcomes. Cognitive performance can also be traced to interactions between work system elements, including new technology, allowing for the discovery of problems with "fit" to be addressed through design interventions.
  •  
33.
  •  
34.
  • Illankoon, Prasanna, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • Judgemental errors in aviation maintenance
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 22:4, s. 769-786
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aircraft maintenance is a critical success factor in the aviation sector, and incorrect maintenance actions themselves can be the cause of accidents. Judgemental errors are the top causal factors of maintenance-related aviation accidents. This study asks why judgemental errors occur in maintenance. Referring to six aviation accidents, we show how various biases contributed to those accidents. We first filtered aviation accident reports, looking for accidents linked to errors in maintenance judgements. We analysed the investigation reports, as well as the relevant interview transcriptions. Then we set the characteristics of the actions behind the accidents within the context of the literature and the taxonomy of reasons for judgemental biases. Our results demonstrate how various biases, such as theory-induced blindness, optimistic bias, and substitution bias misled maintenance technicians and eventually become the main cause of a catastrophe. We also find these biases are interrelated, with one causing another to develop. We discuss how these judgemental errors could relate to loss of situation awareness, and suggest interventions to mitigate them.
  •  
35.
  • Jansson, Anders, et al. (författare)
  • Bridging the gap between analysis and design : Improving existing driver interfaces with tools from the framwork of cognitive work analysis
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 8:1, s. 41-49
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Two studies of train driving are presented, both within the framework of cognitive work analysis. In the first study, the modelling tool abstraction–decomposition space is adapted to routine conditions, making the analysis more representative for normal procedures. A major contribution to these analyses was the use of the method for ‘collegial verbalisation’. One particular advantage with this method over other verbalisation methods is that it supplies the analysts with data that contain much more information, but not at the expense of being more subjective. On the contrary, this method produces think-aloud protocols from video-recordings that do not have to be interpreted by the researcher. From these analyses, it was possible to distinguish information that is an intrinsic part of the train driver task from information that is dependent on the configuration and design of the current support system. The analyses show that the driver works in three rather separate time intervals with a long-range, a short-term and an immediate sense of perspective. The driver switches between these while travelling between two stations. Based on these behaviour-shaping constraints, a prototype of a planning area of a driver interface was developed, making feed-forward planning possible for the driver. Four design iterations were completed, using a user-centred system design (UCSD) approach. Early tests show that the planning area of the interface supports the feed-forward decision strategy used by drivers who prefer an active driving style. However, the driver group also made substantial changes in the design, indicating that UCSD is an efficient tool in order to capture user competencies, and to bridge the gap between analysis and design.
  •  
36.
  •  
37.
  • Johansson, Björn, et al. (författare)
  • C3Fire in command and control research
  • 2003
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 5:3, s. 191-196
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • New and envisioned technological means and abilities for exerting command and control have increased the interest of man-machine research in a military context. Although there are many current proposals for how new command and control systems should be designed, many of the proposed properties that are considered advantageous have never been tested or could even be impossible to test in real-world situations. In spite of that, proposed design solutions are generally held valid in many Western countries where developments of major command and control system projects are in progress. An important question is how microworlds can be used for research on team decision-making. The use of microworlds gives us the possibility to create controlled settings and the opportunity to use advanced monitoring tools to study the subjects. Our studies indicate that the microworld concept, even though the simulation is fairly simple, reflects some of the crucial aspects of team-work in dynamic settings. The article presents results from a study in command and control using the C3Fire microworld (http:// www.c3fire.org). Results and methodological issues are discussed.
  •  
38.
  • Johansson, Björn J. E., et al. (författare)
  • Reduced uncertainty through human communication in complex environments
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 11:3, s. 205-214
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper describes and analyzes the central role of human–human communication in a dynamic, high-risk environment. The empirical example is a UN peace-enforcing and peace-keeping operation where uncertainty about the situation in the environment and about the own organization’s capability was intertwined, requiring extensive control activities and, hence, special attention to communication between humans. Theoretically, focus lays on what efficient communication means, how to understand and use social relations, and use technology when making socio-technical systems also cooperative systems. We conclude that “control” largely is based on the ability to communicate and that efficient human–human communication is grounded in relations between individuals, which preferably should be based on physical meetings. Uncertainty, and how humans cope with it through interpersonal communication, is exemplified and discussed. In theoretical terms, relating the study to systems science and its application in organizational life and cognitive engineering, the case illustrates that an organization is not only an economy but also an adaptive social structure. But neither cognition nor control is an end state. The organization’s raison d’être in this kind of operation is cooperation rather than confrontation. Its use of force is strictly regulated by Rules of Engagement (ROE). In the organization, strong emotions may govern, interpersonal trust can be established and rule-sets for further cooperation established. Without considering the power of such aspects, economical rationality and detached cognitive thinking may end up in perfect, but less relevant, support technologies where people act in roles rather than as wholes.
  •  
39.
  • Johansson, Björn, et al. (författare)
  • Pre-requisites for large scale coordination
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 9:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Communication is in this paper seen as the foundation for purposeful human-human activity in dynamic environments. Coordination is a central issue in large systems such as military organisations, enterprises, or rescue organisations, and communication is needed in order to achieve coordination in such systems. This paper suggest a holistic approach to control, where control in a large system is seen as an emergent product of human interaction, focusing on human-human communication from a technical, organisational, temporal, and social perspective. © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2007.
  •  
40.
  • Johansson, Mikael, 1987, et al. (författare)
  • ADAS at Work: assessing professional bus drivers' experience and acceptance of a narrow navigation system.
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology and Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 24, s. 625-639
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Due to the argued benefits of passenger comfort, cost savings, and road safety, the bus sector is showing increasing interest in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Despite this growth of interest in ADAS and the fact that work tasks are sometimes complicated (especially docking at bus-stops which may occur several hundred times per shift), there has been little research into ADAS in buses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop further knowledge of how professional bus drivers experience and accept an ADAS which can help them dock at bus-stops. The study was conducted on a public route in an industrial area with five different bus-stops. Ten professional bus drivers got to use a narrow navigation system (NNS) that could dock automatically at bus-stops. The participants’ experience and acceptance were investigated using objective as well as subjective data (during and after the test-drive) and data were collected using interviews, questionnaires, and video recordings. The participants indicated high levels of trust in and acceptance of the NNS and felt that it had multiple benefits in terms of cognitive and physical ergonomics, safety, and comfort. However, the relatively slow docking process (which was deemed comfortable) was also expected to negatively affect, e.g., timetabling, possibly resulting in high stress levels. Therefore, when investigating users’ acceptance of ADAS in a work context, it is important to consider acceptance in terms of the operation, use, and work system levels and how those levels interact and affect each other.
  •  
41.
  • Kauppi, Arvid, et al. (författare)
  • Future train traffic control : control by re-planning
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Conition, Technology & work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 8:1, s. 50-56
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Improving train traffic control can be a cost-efficient way to improve train traffic punctuality and increase utilization of existing and future railway infrastructure. However, performance in train traffic control tasks currently involves working on a technical level in order to regulate the traffic flow. Working in a preventive manner is poorly supported and train traffic controllers are usually restricted to just solving problems as they occur. This often results in unnecessarily long delays and decreased timeliness of train traffic. The main objective of this paper is to describe a proposed control strategy and a case study, which evaluates the control strategy and the prototype tool derived from the research. By shifting the control paradigm to a high-level control strategy, many of today’s problems may be avoided, with benefits of the reduction in delays, improved timeliness and better utilization of the infrastructure. Twenty-one train traffic controllers participated in a case study, with a simulated prototype environment. The majority of the participating train traffic controllers were positive to the new concepts and ideas. Many of the important aspects of the proposed control strategy can be investigated with the simulation, but due to the complexity of train traffic some issues must be evaluated in an operative environment.
  •  
42.
  • Kircher, Katja, 1973-, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of training on truck drivers interaction with cyclists in a right turn
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer London. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 22:4, s. 745-757
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With encounters between trucks and cyclists still being a major safety issue and physical as well as technological improvements far from ubiquitous implementation, training truck drivers in anticipatory driving to improve their interaction with cyclists may be a way forward. After a baseline drive in an urban environment, truck drivers inexperienced with urban driving received a dedicated training on anticipatory driving, followed by another drive along the same route several weeks later. The drivers were also interviewed about their opinion about the training. The drivers behaviour changed from before to after training, resulting in a better speed management in general, and a more intensive monitoring of the cyclists. There were also some improvements with respect to the placement in relation to the cyclist, but this effect was limited mainly because truck drivers performed well already before the training. The observed results correspond well to the opinions and feelings about the training that were reported by the drivers in the interview. Thus, driver training can possibly be one contributor to an increase in safety in urban areas.
  •  
43.
  • Lefford, M. Nyssim, et al. (författare)
  • Naturalistic artistic decision-making and metacognition in the music studio
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 20:4, s. 543-554
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Professional artistic contexts, such as studio-based music production, are rarely investigated in naturalistic decision-making (NDM) research, though creative work is characterised by uncertainty, risk, a lack of clearly definable goals, and in the case of music production, a complex socio-technical working environment that brings together a diverse group of specialized collaborators. This study investigates NDM in the music production studio. In music production, there is a professional role explicitly tasked with taking decisions—the (record) producer. The producer, as a creative collaborator, is differentiated as a problem-solver, solution creator and goal setter. This investigation looks at the producer’s metacognitive abilities for reflecting on the nature of problems and decisions. An important challenge for this study is to develop methods for observing decision-making without unrealistically reducing the amount of uncertainty around outcomes or creative intention within a studio production. In the face of that, a method is proposed that combines socio-cultural musicology and cognitive approaches and uses ethnographic data. Preliminary findings shed light on how the producer in this study self-manages his decisions and his interactions with, and in response to, the production environment; how decisions and actions sustain collaboration; how experience is utilized to identify scenarios and choose actions; and the kinds of strategies employed and their expected outcomes. Findings provide evidence that exercising producing skills and performing production tasks involve metacognitive reflection.
  •  
44.
  • Leifler, Ola, et al. (författare)
  • Analysis tools in the study of distributed decision-making : a meta-study of command and control research
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer London. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 14:2, s. 157-168
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Our understanding of distributed decision making in professional teams and their performance comes in part from studies in which researchers gather and process information about the communications and actions of teams. In many cases, the data sets available for analysis are large, unwieldy and require methods for exploratory and dynamic management of data. In this paper, we report the results of interviewing eight researchers on their work process when conducting such analyses and their use of support tools in this process. Our aim with the study was to gain an understanding of their workflow when studying distributed decision making in teams, and specifically how automated pattern extraction tools could be of use in their work. Based on an analysis of the interviews, we elicited three issues of concern related to the use of support tools in analysis: focusing on a subset of data to study, drawing conclusionsfrom data and understanding tool limitations. Together, these three issues point to two observations regarding tool use that are of specific relevance to the design of intelligent support tools based on pattern extraction: open-endedness and transparency.
  •  
45.
  • Leifler, Ola, et al. (författare)
  • Automated text-based analysis for decision-making research
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer London. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 14:2, s. 129-142
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present results from a study on constructing and evaluating a support tool for the extraction of patterns in distributed decision -making processes, based on design criteria elicited from a study on the work process involved in studying such decision-making. Specifically, we devised and evaluated an analysis tool for C2 researchers who study simulated decision-making scenarios for command teams. The analysis tool used text clustering as an underlying pattern extraction technique and was evaluated together with C2 researchers in a workshop to establish whether the design criteria were valid and the approach taken with the analysis tool was sound. Design criteria elicited from an earlier study with researchers (open-endedness and transparency) were highly consistent with the results from the workshop. Specifically, evaluation results indicate that successful deployment of advanced analysis tools requires that tools can treat multiple data sources and offer rich opportunities for manipulation and interaction (open-endedness) and careful design of visual presentations and explanations of the techniques used (transparency). Finally, the results point to the high relevance and promise of using text clustering as a support for analysis of C2 data.
  •  
46.
  • Lindbom, Hanna, et al. (författare)
  • How to assess team performance in terms of control: A protocol based on cognitive systems engineering
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5566 .- 1435-5558. ; 13:4, s. 337-353
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article presents a protocol for assessing team performance in terms of control based on cognitive systems engineering theory. The protocol changes the focus of team performance assessment from good and bad behaviours towards team activity. By using Hollnagel’s contextual control model (COCOM), a protocol is developed so that team activity can be described as four control modes. Data is collected through observation and questionnaires and is analysed in time intervals. Each time interval is then given a control mode. Based on how the control mode changes over time, the performance of the team can be assessed. The protocol was tested in a pilot study where commanding staff exercises were analysed. The results show that the protocol can be used to identify differences in team performance. The study also gives empirical validity to COCOM in that the loss of control in emergencies corresponds to an opportunistic or a scrambled control mode.
  •  
47.
  • Liu, Zhuofan, et al. (författare)
  • Comparison of a time- and a speed-based traffic light assistance system
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer London. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 20, s. 93-103
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Traffic light assistance systems (TLASs) can be infrastructure based or on-board, and in the latter case they can inform the driver about the time remaining to green, or about the recommended speed for a smooth passage at green. A speed-based and a time-based on-board system prototype was compared against each other and against a baseline without any assistance system. Using a within-subjects design, 18 participants drove in a fixed-base simulator along a suburban road with signalised intersections, where the delay to green was set to zero (allowing a passage at the current speed), “half-speed” (requiring a clear speed reduction) and “stop” (requiring a substantial speed reduction). Driving behaviour, visual attention distribution and acceptance were evaluated. Both support systems improved driving efficiency and comfort over baseline, with the time-based system achieving higher scores in general. Both systems attracted a substantial amount of visual attention in the current setting; however, single-glance durations were below 1 s, and the number of glances forward were equal in the time-based condition compared to baseline, but lower in the speed-based condition. No red or amber light violations were registered in baseline, while some occurred with any of the systems. Acceptance for both systems was high, with higher scores for the time-based prototype. Overall, an on-board TLAS with a countdown timer to green has the potential to increase efficiency and comfort without strong indications for attention disruption, but the risk for increased red/amber light violations has to be addressed. Improved system design as a way to mitigate potential issues is discussed.
  •  
48.
  • Lo, Julia C., et al. (författare)
  • Assessing network cognition in the Dutch railway system : insights into network situation awareness and workload using social network analysis
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : SPRINGER LONDON LTD. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 22:1, s. 57-73
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study takes upon a group cognition perspective and investigates the cognition of railway traffic operations, in particular railway traffic and passenger traffic control. A table-top simulation environment is used to conduct the study, in which its design principles are elaborated upon. Network cognition is operationalized through communication content and flow and studied through social network analysis (SNA). SNA centrality metrics, such as degree, closeness and betweenness, are assessed in these networks. As part of the study, two cases are compared where operational procedures for disruption mitigation are varied. The dependent variables are the different types of communication network structures that are conceptualized for communication flow and semantic network structures for communication content. Although the quantitative comparisons between the two operational procedures regarding their communication flow and semantic networks showed no significant differences, this study provides a methodology to compare different conditions.
  •  
49.
  • Lundberg, Jonas, et al. (författare)
  • A framework for describing interaction between human operators and autonomous, automated, and manual control systems
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : SPRINGER LONDON LTD. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 23, s. 381-401
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper addresses how to describe critical episodes of interaction between human operators and autonomous, automated, and manual control systems. The first part of the paper poses three questions: (1) what levels of cognitive control are important to include in a descriptive framework for joint human-autonomy in process control; (2) how should one describe temporal developments in joint socio-technical systems; and (3) how does one analyse communication and control at the system joints. The paper proceeds by proposing a new framework for description and analysis, the Joint Control Framework (JCF), with a simple notation, the Score (JCF-S). It allows descriptions of the three previously mentioned aspects through three analytical activities: process mapping (PM), analysis of Levels of Autonomy in Cognitive Control (LACC), and temporal descriptions of human-machine interaction (T-HMI) through the Score notation. This facilitates analyses across cases and domains. The framework is discussed based on an analysis of two episodes; one work episode (from an air traffic control tower simulator); and one work procedure (from an unmanned traffic management system design concept).
  •  
50.
  • Lundberg, Jonas, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • Modelling operator control work across traffic management domains : implications for interaction design
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 26:2, s. 281-299
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Traffic management in aviation, shipping, and rail transport shows similarities and dissimilarities in the work process. For example, they share the temporal aspect, but different levels of urgency in the control work set different requirements on monitoring, decisions, and actions. However, few studies have been presented that model and compare the different domains in terms of temporal decision-making. The Joint Control Framework (JCF) is an approach to analyse and temporally model operators’ control processes from a cognitive systems engineering perspective. In this study, we have used JCF to map, and compare, cognitive joints, such as perceptions, decisions, and actions, in temporally challenging control situations in air traffic control, maritime vessel traffic service, and train traffic management. Data was collected collaboratively with traffic operators, focusing on (1) identifying challenging traffic situations and (2) jointly modelling the temporal decision-making patterns of these situations using simplified JCF. Post-analysis was done by breaking down the results into different processes and comparing domains to ascertain how operators maintain control. An intermediate level of activity—between general monitoring and work with specific vehicles—was identified: processes-in-focus. A shared problem arises in the shift between general monitoring and the processes-in-focus. All processes-in-focus comprise cognitive joint cycles of perceptions, decisions, and actions. However, depending on the framing of processes-in-focus, the patterns of joints, such as temporal extension and complexity, differ. In the remainder of the article, implications for the interaction design, in particular the potential for human–AI/automation teaming with higher levels of automation and cognitive autonomy, are discussed. 
  •  
Skapa referenser, mejla, bekava och länka
  • Resultat 1-50 av 75
Typ av publikation
tidskriftsartikel (75)
Typ av innehåll
refereegranskat (74)
övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt (1)
Författare/redaktör
Kircher, Katja, 1973 ... (5)
Bergström, Johan (4)
Jansson, Anders (3)
Ulfvengren, Pernilla (3)
Lindblom, Jessica, 1 ... (3)
Woltjer, Rogier (2)
visa fler...
Carlström, Eric, 195 ... (2)
Johansson, Björn (2)
Ahlström, Christer, ... (2)
Ihlström, Jonas, 198 ... (2)
Leifler, Ola (2)
Andreasson, Rebecca (2)
Lundh, Monica, 1961 (2)
Eriksson, Henrik (2)
Berlin, Johan, 1975- (2)
Thorvald, Peter (1)
Peters, Björn, 1949- (1)
Illankoon, Prasanna, ... (1)
Lindbom, Hanna (1)
Wikström, Johan (1)
Asplund, Fredrik (1)
Nilsson, H (1)
Strand, Niklas, 1981 ... (1)
Patriarca, Riccardo (1)
Sellberg, Charlott, ... (1)
Johansson, Gerd (1)
Ahlström, Christer (1)
Solis Marcos, Ignaci ... (1)
Wachtmeister, Jesper (1)
Nyman, Mattias (1)
Nordenström, Axel (1)
Odenrick, Per (1)
Mårtensson, Lena (1)
Tretten, Phillip (1)
Larsson, Per Anders (1)
Dahlbäck, Nils (1)
Alfredson, Jens (1)
Johansson, Björn, 19 ... (1)
Ohlander, Ulrika, 19 ... (1)
Salo, Ilkka (1)
Waern, Yvonne (1)
Almeida Costa, Nicol ... (1)
Dahlman, Joakim, 197 ... (1)
MacKinnon, Scott, 19 ... (1)
Thompson, Paul (1)
Amer-Wåhlin, Isis (1)
Dekker, Sidney (1)
Andersson, Dennis (1)
Andersson, Jan, 1965 ... (1)
Bengtsson, Kristofer (1)
visa färre...
Lärosäte
Linköpings universitet (28)
Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (10)
Uppsala universitet (10)
VTI - Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (9)
Chalmers tekniska högskola (8)
Lunds universitet (6)
visa fler...
Linnéuniversitetet (6)
Högskolan i Skövde (5)
Göteborgs universitet (4)
Stockholms universitet (4)
Luleå tekniska universitet (2)
Jönköping University (2)
Försvarshögskolan (2)
Karolinska Institutet (2)
Högskolan Väst (1)
RISE (1)
visa färre...
Språk
Engelska (73)
Odefinierat språk (2)
Forskningsämne (UKÄ/SCB)
Teknik (34)
Samhällsvetenskap (27)
Naturvetenskap (23)
Medicin och hälsovetenskap (7)
Humaniora (2)

År

Kungliga biblioteket hanterar dina personuppgifter i enlighet med EU:s dataskyddsförordning (2018), GDPR. Läs mer om hur det funkar här.
Så här hanterar KB dina uppgifter vid användning av denna tjänst.

 
pil uppåt Stäng

Kopiera och spara länken för att återkomma till aktuell vy