| 1. |
- Adlercreutz, Patrick
(författare)
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Immobilisation and application of lipases in organic media.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 42:15, s. 6406-6436
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different methods of preparing lipases for use in organic media are critically reviewed. Solid lipase preparations can be made by typical immobilisation methods such as adsorption, entrapment, covalent coupling or cross-linking. Immobilisation is especially attractive for lipases because, in addition to the normal benefits of enzyme immobilisation, it can also lead to a considerable increase in catalytic activity, probably caused by conformational changes in the lipase molecules. Activation can be achieved, for example, using hydrophobic support materials or surfactants during the immobilisation procedure. Surfactants can also be used to solubilise lipases in organic media via the formation of hydrophobic ion pairs, surfactant-coated lipase or reversed micelles. Lipase preparation methods are discussed with regard to potential lipase inactivation and activation effects, mass transfer limitations, lipase stability and other features important for applications. The practical applications of lipases in organic media reviewed include ester synthesis, modification of triacylglycerols and phospholipids, fatty acid enrichment, enantiomer resolution, biodiesel production and acylation of carbohydrates and bioactive compounds.
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| 2. |
- Aili, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Bioresponsive peptide-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials
- 2010
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 39:9, s. 3358-3370
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioanalytical techniques that enable simple, fast and reliable high sensitivity monitoring of biomolecular interactions are of immense importance for diagnostics and drug development. This tutorial review provides an overview of recent progress in the development of peptide-based hybrid nanomaterials that transduce molecular interactions by exploiting the optical and magnetic properties of nanoparticles. Peptides have emerged as an interesting alternative to conventional biomolecular receptors, such as antibodies, and are facilitating the design of responsive hybrid nanomaterials that are both robust and sensitive for biodiagnostic applications.
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| 3. |
- Andreasson, Joakim, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Molecules for security measures: From keypad locks to advanced communication protocols
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; 47:7, s. 2266-2279
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The idea of using molecules in the context of information security has sparked the interest of researchers from many scientific disciplines. This is clearly manifested in the diversity of the molecular platforms and the analytical techniques used for this purpose, some of which we highlight in this Tutorial Review. Moreover, those molecular systems can be used to emulate a broad spectrum of security measures. For a long time, molecular keypad locks enjoyed a clear preference and the review starts off with a description of how these devices developed. In the last few years, however, the field has evolved into something larger. Examples include more complex authentication protocols (multi-factor authentication and one-time passwords), the recognition of erroneous procedures in data transmission (parity devices), as well as steganographic and cryptographic protection.
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| 4. |
- Andreasson, Joakim, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Molecules with a sense of logic: a progress report
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; 44:5, s. 1053-1069
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this tutorial review, the most recent developments in the field of molecular logic and information processing are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the report of progress in the concatenation of molecular logic devices and switches, the design of memory systems working according to the principles of sequential logic, the mimicking of transistors, and the research on photochromic platforms with an unprecedented degree of functional integration. Furthermore, a series of achievements that add up to the conceptual diversity of molecular logic is introduced, such as the realization of highly complex and logically reversible Toffoli and Fredkin gates by the action of DNAzymes or the use of a multifluorophoric platform as a viable approach towards keypad lock functions.
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| 5. |
- Andreasson, Joakim, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Smart molecules at work-mimicking advanced logic operations
- 2010
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; 39:1, s. 174-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Molecular logic is an interdisciplinary research field, which has captured worldwide interest. This tutorial review gives a brief introduction into molecular logic and Boolean algebra. This serves as the basis for a discussion of the state-of-the-art and future challenges in the field. Representative examples from the most recent literature including adders/subtractors, multiplexers/demultiplexers, encoders/decoders, and sequential logic devices (keypad locks) are highlighted. Other horizons, such as the utility of molecular logic in bio-related applications, are discussed as well.
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| 6. |
- Battin-Leclerc, Frederique, et al.
(författare)
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Towards cleaner combustion engines through groundbreaking detailed chemical kinetic models
- 2011
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 40:9, s. 4762-4782
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of limiting the environmental impact of transportation, this critical review discusses new directions which are being followed in the development of more predictive and more accurate detailed chemical kinetic models for the combustion of fuels. In the first part, the performance of current models, especially in terms of the prediction of pollutant formation, is evaluated. In the next parts, recent methods and ways to improve these models are described. An emphasis is given on the development of detailed models based on elementary reactions, on the production of the related thermochemical and kinetic parameters, and on the experimental techniques available to produce the data necessary to evaluate model predictions under well defined conditions (212 references).
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| 7. |
- Bernardi, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Multivalent glycoconjugates as anti-pathogenic agents
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 42:11, s. 4709-4727
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multivalency plays a major role in biological processes and particularly in the relationship between pathogenic microorganisms and their host that involves protein-glycan recognition. These interactions occur during the first steps of infection, for specific recognition between host and bacteria, but also at different stages of the immune response. The search for high-affinity ligands for studying such interactions involves the combination of carbohydrate head groups with different scaffolds and linkers generating multivalent glycocompounds with controlled spatial and topology parameters. By interfering with pathogen adhesion, such glycocompounds including glycopolymers, glycoclusters, glycodendrimers and glyconanoparticles have the potential to improve or replace antibiotic treatments that are now subverted by resistance. Multivalent glycoconjugates have also been used for stimulating the innate and adaptive immune systems, for example with carbohydrate-based vaccines. Bacteria present on their surfaces natural multivalent glycoconjugates such as lipopolysaccharides and S-layers that can also be exploited or targeted in anti-infectious strategies.
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| 8. |
- Bharmoria, Pankaj, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Triplet-triplet annihilation based near infrared to visible molecular photon upconversion
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; 49:18, s. 6529-6554
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Triplet-triplet annihilation based molecular photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is an exciting research area for a broad range of photonic applications due to its tunable spectral range and possible operation at non-coherent solar irradiance. Most of the TTA-UC studies are limited to Visible to Visible (Vis to Vis) energy upconversion. However, for several practical photonic applications, efficient near infrared (NIR) to Vis upconversion is preferred. Examples include, (i) photovoltaics where TTA-UC could lead to utilization of a larger part of the solar spectrum and (ii) in NIR stimulated biological applications where the deep penetration and non-invasive nature of NIR light coupled to TTA-UC offers new opportunities. Although, NIR to Vis TTA-UC is known since 2007, the recent five years have witnessed quite a progress in terms of the development of new chromophores, hybrid systems and fabrication techniques to increase the UC quantum yield at low excitation intensity. With this tutorial review we are reviewing recent progress, identifying existing challenges and discus possible future directions and opportunities.
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| 9. |
- Blomberg, Margareta R. A.
(författare)
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Activation of O(2)and NO in heme-copper oxidases - mechanistic insights from computational modelling
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 49:20, s. 7301-7330
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heme-copper oxidases are transmembrane enzymes involved in aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The largest subgroup contains the cytochromecoxidases (CcO), which reduce molecular oxygen to water. A significant part of the free energy released in this exergonic process is conserved as an electrochemical gradient across the membrane,viatwo processes, electrogenic chemistry and proton pumping. A deviant subgroup is the cytochromecdependent NO reductases (cNOR), which reduce nitric oxide to nitrous oxide and water. This is also an exergonic reaction, but in this case none of the released free energy is conserved. Computational studies applying hybrid density functional theory to cluster models of the bimetallic active sites in the heme-copper oxidases are reviewed. To obtain a reliable description of the reaction mechanisms, energy profiles of the entire catalytic cycles, including the reduction steps have to be constructed. This requires a careful combination of computational results with certain experimental data. Computational studies have elucidated mechanistic details of the chemical parts of the reactions, involving cleavage and formation of covalent bonds, which have not been obtainable from pure experimental investigations. Important insights regarding the mechanisms of energy conservation have also been gained. The computational studies show that the reduction potentials of the active site cofactors in the CcOs are large enough to afford electrogenic chemistry and proton pumping,i.e.efficient energy conservation. These results solve a conflict between different types of experimental data. A mechanism for the proton pumping, involving a specific and crucial role for the active site tyrosine, conserved in all CcOs, is suggested. For thecNORs, the calculations show that the low reduction potentials of the active site cofactors are optimized for fast elimination of the toxic NO molecules. At the same time, the low reduction potentials lead to endergonic reduction steps with high barriers. To prevent even higher barriers, which would lead to a too slow reaction, when the electrochemical gradient across the membrane is present, the chemistry must occur in a non-electrogenic manner. This explains why there is no energy conservation incNOR.
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| 10. |
- Carlmark, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Dendritic architectures based on bis-MPA : functional polymeric scaffolds for application-driven research
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : RSC Publishing. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 42:13, s. 5858-5879
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dendritic polymers are highly branched, globular architectures with multiple representations of functional groups. These nanoscale organic frameworks continue to fascinate researchers worldwide and are today under intensive investigation in application-driven research. A large number of potential application areas have been suggested for dendritic polymers, including theranostics, biosensors, optics, adhesives and coatings. The transition from potential to real applications is strongly dictated by their commercial accessibility, scaffolding ability as well as biocompatibility. A dendritic family that fulfills these requirements is based on the 2,2-bismethylolpropionic acid (bis-MPA) monomer. This critical review is the first of its kind to cover most of the research activities generated on aliphatic polyester dendritic architectures based on bis-MPA. It is apparent that these scaffolds will continue to be in the forefront of cutting-edge research as their structural variations are endless including dendrons, dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers, dendritic-linear hybrids and their hybridization with inorganic surfaces.
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| 11. |
- Carlmark, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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New methodologies in the construction of dendritic materials
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 38:2, s. 352-362
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dendritic polymers are highly branched polymer structures, with complex, secondary architectures and well-defined spatial location of functional groups. Due to their unique physical and chemical features, applications in areas such as targeted drug-delivery, macromolecular carriers, catalysis, sensors, light harvesting, surface engineering and biomimetic materials have been proposed. However, only a few dendritic materials have been exploited commercially due to time consuming syntheses and the generation of significant waste/presence of unreacted starting materials. This tutorial review describes traditional synthesis of dendritic materials as well as recent advances in synthetic strategies, for example the use of Click chemistry, as a tool to efficiently obtain complex, functional dendritic structures.
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| 12. |
- Chen, Guanying, et al.
(författare)
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Light upconverting core-shell nanostructures : nanophotonic control for emerging applications
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 44:6, s. 1680-1713
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Light upconverting nanostructures employing lanthanide ions constitute an emerging research field recognized with wide ramifications and impact in many areas ranging from healthcare, to energy and, to security. The core-shell design of these nanostructures allows us to deliberately introduce a hierarchy of electronic energy states, thus providing unprecedented opportunities to manipulate the electronic excitation, energy transfer and upconverted emissions. The core-shell morphology also causes the suppression of quenching mechanisms to produce efficient upconversion emission for biophotonic and photonic applications. Using hierarchical architect, whereby each shell layer can be defined to have a specific feature, the electronic structure as well as the physiochemical structure of the upconverting nanomaterials can be tuned to couple other electronic states on the surface such as excitations of organic dye molecules or localized surface plasmons from metallic nanostructures, or to introduce a broad range of imaging or therapeutic modalities into a single conduct. In this review, we summarize the key aspects of nanophotonic control of the light upconverting nanoparticles through governed design and preparation of hierarchical shells in the core-shell nanostructures, and review their emerging applications in the biomedical field, solar energy conversion, as well as security encoding.
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| 13. |
- Du, Jian, et al.
(författare)
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Metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 50:4, s. 2663-2695
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochemical water splitting is an appealing and promising approach for energy conversion and storage. As a key half-reaction of electricity-driven water splitting, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a sluggish process due to the transfer of four protons and four electrons. Therefore, development of low-cost and robust OER electrocatalysts is of great importance for improving the efficiency of water splitting. Based on the merits of high surface area, rich pore structure, diverse composition and well-defined metal centers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives have been widely exploited as OER electrocatalysts. Herein, the current progress on MOFs and their derivatives for OER electrolysis is summarized, highlighting the design principle, synthetic methods and performance for MOF-based materials. In addition, the structure-performance relationships of MOFs and their derivatives toward the OER are discussed, providing valuable insights into rationally developing OER catalysts with high efficiency. The current scientific and technological challenges and future perspectives towards the purpose of sustainable industrial applications are addressed at the end.
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| 14. |
- Duo, Y, et al.
(författare)
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Noncancerous disease-targeting AIEgens
- 2023
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Ingår i: Chemical Society reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; 52:3, s. 1024-1067
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Schematic diagram of noncancerous disease-targeting AIEgens.
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| 15. |
- Elander, N, et al.
(författare)
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Microwave-enhanced radiochemistry
- 2000
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Ingår i: CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 29:4, s. 239-249
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Forskningsöversikt (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 16. |
- Erdélyi, Máté
(författare)
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Halogen bonding in solution.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 41:9, s. 3547-57
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Halogen bonding is the electron density donation based weak interaction of halogens with Lewis bases. Its applicability for molecular recognition processes long remained unappreciated and has so far mostly been studied in silico and in solid state. As most physiological processes and chemical reactions take place in solution, investigations in solutions are of highest relevance for its use in the pharmaceutical and material scientific toolboxes. Following a short discussion of the phenomenon of halogen bonding, this tutorial review presents an overview of the methods hitherto applied for gaining an improved understanding of its behaviour in solutions and summarizes the gained knowledge in order to indicate the scope of the techniques and to facilitate exciting future developments.
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| 17. |
- Feliu, N, et al.
(författare)
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In vivo degeneration and the fate of inorganic nanoparticles
- 2016
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Ingår i: Chemical Society reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; 45:9, s. 2440-2457
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanoparticles comprise of a core, a surface coating, and a corona of adsorbed biomolecules, of which all parts can have a different fate.
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| 18. |
- Fors, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Sulfur and Iron in Shipwrecks Create Conservation Concerns
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 35:5, s. 399-415
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Synchrotron-based sulfur X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals considerable accumulation of organosulfur (e.g. thiols), pyrite and iron(II) sulfides in marine-archaeological wood preserved in seawater, e.g. for historical shipwrecks such as the Vasa and Mary Rose. In the museum, oxidation of the sulfur compounds in the presence of iron ions may cause severe acidity in the moist wood. This tutorial review discusses developments of conservation methods to remove acid and iron, and how to analyse and stabilise sulfur compounds in the wood.
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| 19. |
- Gagliardi, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Multiconfigurational quantum chemical methods for molecular systems containing actinides
- 2007
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 36:6, s. 893-903
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent advances in computational actinide chemistry are reported in this tutorial review. Muticonfigurational quantum chemical methods have been employed to study the gas phase spectroscopy of small actinide molecules. Examples of actinide compounds studied in solution are also presented. Finally the multiple bond in the diuranium molecule and other diactinide compounds is described.
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| 20. |
- Gebauer, Denis, et al.
(författare)
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Pre-nucleation clusters as solute precursors in crystallisation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 43:7, s. 2348-2371
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crystallisation is at the heart of various scientific disciplines, but still the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying phase separation and the formation of the first solid particles in aqueous solution is rather limited. In this review, classical nucleation theory, as well as established concepts of spinodal decomposition and liquid-liquid demixing, is introduced together with a description of the recently proposed pre-nucleation cluster pathway. The features of pre-nucleation clusters are presented and discussed in relation to recent modifications of the classical and established models for phase separation, together with a review of experimental work and computer simulations on the characteristics of pre-nucleation clusters of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, iron(oxy)(hydr) oxide, silica, and also amino acids as an example of small organic molecules. The role of pre-nucleation clusters as solute precursors in the emergence of a new phase is summarized, and the link between the chemical speciation of homogeneous solutions and the process of phase separation via pre-nucleation clusters is highlighted.
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| 21. |
- Gilbert Gatty, Melina, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Photoinduced charge and energy transfer in molecular wires
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; 44:4, s. 845-862
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exploring charge and energy transport in donor-bridge-acceptor systems is an important research field which is essential for the fundamental knowledge necessary to develop future applications. These studies help creating valuable knowledge to respond to today's challenges to develop functionalized molecular systems for artificial photosynthesis, photovoltaics or molecular scale electronics. This tutorial review focuses on photo-induced charge/energy transfer in covalently linked donor-bridge-acceptor (D-B-A) systems. Of utmost importance in such systems is to understand how to control signal transmission, i.e. how fast electrons or excitation energy could be transferred between the donor and acceptor and the role played by the bridge (the "molecular wire"). After a brief description of the electron and energy transfer theory, we aim to give a simple yet accurate picture of the complex role played by the bridge to sustain donor-acceptor electronic communication. Special emphasis is put on understanding bridge energetics and conformational dynamics effects on the distance dependence of the donor-acceptor electronic coupling and transfer rates. Several examples of donor-bridge-acceptor systems from the literature are described as a support to the discussion. Finally, porphyrin-based molecular wires are introduced, and the relationship between their electronic structure and photophysical properties is outlined. In strongly conjugated porphyrin systems, limitations of the existing electron transfer theory to interpret the distance dependence of the transfer rates are also discussed.
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| 22. |
- Han, Jianhua, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding photochemical degradation mechanisms in photoactive layer materials for organic solar cells
- 2024
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; In Press
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past decades, the field of organic solar cells (OSCs) has witnessed a significant evolution in materials chemistry, which has resulted in a remarkable enhancement of device performance, achieving efficiencies of over 19%. The photoactive layer materials in OSCs play a crucial role in light absorption, charge generation, transport and stability. To facilitate the scale-up of OSCs, it is imperative to address the photostability of these electron acceptor and donor materials, as their photochemical degradation process remains a challenge during the photo-to-electric conversion. In this review, we present an overview of the development of electron acceptor and donor materials, emphasizing the crucial aspects of their chemical stability behavior that are linked to the photostability of OSCs. Throughout each section, we highlight the photochemical degradation pathways for electron acceptor and donor materials, and their link to device degradation. We also discuss the existing interdisciplinary challenges and obstacles that impede the development of photostable materials. Finally, we offer insights into strategies aimed at enhancing photochemical stability and discuss future directions for developing photostable photo-active layers, facilitating the commercialization of OSCs.
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| 23. |
- Hertzog, Manuel, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Strong light-matter interactions: A new direction within chemistry
- 2019
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 48:3, s. 937-961
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. It is possible to modify the chemical and physical properties of molecules, not only through chemical modifications but also by coupling molecules strongly to light. More intriguingly, strong coupling between molecules and light is possible even without the presence of a photon. The phenomenon that makes this possible is called vacuum fluctuations, which is the finite zero point energy of the quantized electromagnetic field inside an optical cavity. The light-matter coupling, which can be as large as 1 eV (100 kJ mol-1), leads to the formation of new hybrid states, called polaritons. The formed hybrid states can be viewed as a linear combination of light (vacuum field) and matter (molecules), thus completely changing the energy landscape of the system. Using vacuum fluctuations, strong light-matter interactions have for instance been used to change chemical reactivity, charge conductivity, excited state relaxation pathways and rates of chemical reactions of organic molecules. In this review a brief history of the field is given, followed by a theoretical framework, methods of analysis, and a review of accomplishments. Finally, a personal reflection on the future perspectives and applications within this field is given.
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| 24. |
- Inganäs, Olle
(författare)
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Hybrid electronics and electrochemistry with conjugated polymers
- 2010
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 39:7, s. 2633-2642
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this critical review, we discuss the history and development of polymer devices wherein manipulation of the electronic conductivity by electrochemical redox processes in a conjugated polymer is used to form new functions. The devices employed are an electrochemical transistor, an electrolyte-gated field-effect transistor and light-emitting electrochemical cells, all of which combine doping/undoping of a conjugated polymer with modification of electronic transport (130 references).
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| 25. |
- Kanyolo, Godwill Mbiti, et al.
(författare)
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Honeycomb layered oxides: Structure, energy storage, transport, topology and relevant insights
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; 50:6, s. 3990-4030
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The advent of nanotechnology has hurtled the discovery and development of nanostructured materials with stellar chemical and physical functionalities in a bid to address issues in energy, environment, telecommunications and healthcare. In this quest, a class of two-dimensional layered materials consisting of alkali or coinage metal atoms sandwiched between slabs exclusively made of transition metal and chalcogen (or pnictogen) atoms arranged in a honeycomb fashion have emerged as materials exhibiting fascinatingly rich crystal chemistry, high-voltage electrochemistry, fast cation diffusion besides playing host to varied exotic electromagnetic and topological phenomena. Currently, with a niche application in energy storage as high-voltage materials, this class of honeycomb layered oxides serves as ideal pedagogical exemplars of the innumerable capabilities of nanomaterials drawing immense interest in multiple fields ranging from materials science, solid-state chemistry, electrochemistry and condensed matter physics. In this review, we delineate the relevant chemistry and physics of honeycomb layered oxides, and discuss their functionalities for tunable electrochemistry, superfast ionic conduction, electromagnetism and topology. Moreover, we elucidate the unexplored albeit vastly promising crystal chemistry space whilst outlining effective ways to identify regions within this compositional space, particularly where interesting electromagnetic and topological properties could be lurking within the aforementioned alkali and coinage-metal honeycomb layered oxide structures. We conclude by pointing towards possible future research directions, particularly the prospective realisation of Kitaev-Heisenberg-Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions with single crystals and Floquet theory in closely-related honeycomb layered oxide materials. This journal is
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| 26. |
- Kjellman, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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The use of in situ and ex situ techniques for the study of the formation mechanism of mesoporous silica formed with non-ionic triblock copolymers.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012. ; 42:9, s. 3777-3791
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the discovery of the mesoporous silica material templated by ionic surfactants and the subsequent development of materials templated by non-ionic surfactants and polymers, for example SBA-15, there has been a continuous research effort towards understanding their formation. In situ methodologies, such as Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), spectroscopic techniques like NMR and EPR, and ex situ methodologies such as electron microscopy techniques (SEM, TEM and cryo-TEM) are powerful and important tools in the investigation of the mechanism by which these materials form. The need for a fundamental understanding of the systems is of academic concern and of great importance when developing materials for applications. In this tutorial review we aim to give the reader a comprehensive overview on the development of the field over the years and an introduction to the experimental in situ and ex situ techniques that have been used.
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| 27. |
- Kroon, Renee, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Thermoelectric plastics: from design to synthesis, processing and structure-property relationships
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; 45:22, s. 6147-6164
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermoelectric plastics are a class of polymer-based materials that combine the ability to directly convert heat to electricity, and vice versa, with ease of processing. Potential applications include waste heat recovery, spot cooling and miniature power sources for autonomous electronics. Recent progress has led to surging interest in organic thermoelectrics. This tutorial review discusses the current trends in the field with regard to the four main building blocks of thermoelectric plastics: (1) organic semiconductors and in particular conjugated polymers, (2) dopants and counterions, (3) insulating polymers, and (4) conductive fillers. The design and synthesis of conjugated polymers that promise to show good thermoelectric properties are explored, followed by an overview of relevant structure-property relationships. Doping of conjugated polymers is discussed and its interplay with processing as well as structure formation is elucidated. The use of insulating polymers as binders or matrices is proposed, which permit the adjustment of the rheological and mechanical properties of a thermoelectric plastic. Then, nanocomposites of conductive fillers such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and inorganic nanowires in a polymer matrix are introduced. A case study examines poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based materials, which up to now have shown the most promising thermoelectric performance. Finally, a discussion of the advantages provided by bulk architectures e.g. for wearable applications highlights the unique advantages that thermoelectric plastics promise to offer.
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| 28. |
- Kärkäs, Markus D.
(författare)
-
Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 47:15, s. 5786-5865
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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| 29. |
- Laurell, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Chip integrated strategies for acoustic separation and manipulation of cells and particles
- 2007
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012. ; 36:3, s. 492-506
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acoustic standing wave technology combined with microtechnology opens up new areas for the development of advanced particle and cell separating microfluidic systems. This tutorial review outlines the fundamental work performed on continuous flow acoustic standing wave separation of particles in macro scale systems. The transition to the microchip format is further surveyed, where both fabrication and design issues are discussed. The acoustic technology offers attractive features, such as reasonable throughput and ability to separate particles in a size domain of about tenths of micrometers to tens of micrometers. Examples of different particle separation modes enabled in microfluidic chips, utilizing standing wave technology, are described along a discussion of several potential applications in life science research and in the medical clinic. Chip integrated acoustic standing wave separation technology is still in its infancy and it can be anticipated that new laboratory standards very well may emerge from the current research.
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| 30. |
- Lenshof, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Continuous separation of cells and particles in microfluidic systems
- 2010
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 39:3, s. 1203-1217
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The progress in microfabrication and lab-on-a-chip technologies has been a major area of development for new approaches to bioanalytics and integrated concepts for cell biology. Fundamental advances in the development of elastomer based microfluidics have been driving factors for making microfluidic technology available to a larger scientific community in the past years. In line with this, microfluidic separation of cells and particles is currently developing rapidly where key areas of interest are found in designing lab-on-a-chip systems that offer controlled microenvironments for studies of fundamental cell biology. More recently industrial interests are seen in the development of micro chip based flow cytometry technology both for preclinical research and clinical diagnostics. This critical review outlines the most recent developments in microfluidic technology for cell and particle separation in continuous flow based systems. (130 references)
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| 31. |
- Liang, Xiaoyong, et al.
(författare)
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Colloidal metal oxide nanocrystals as charge transporting layers for solution-processed light-emitting diodes and solar cells
- 2017
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 46:6, s. 1730-1759
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Colloidal metal oxide nanocrystals offer a unique combination of excellent low-temperature solution processability, rich and tuneable optoelectronic properties and intrinsic stability, which makes them an ideal class of materials as charge transporting layers in solution-processed light-emitting diodes and solar cells. Developing new material chemistry and custom-tailoring processing and properties of charge transporting layers based on oxide nanocrystals hold the key to boosting the efficiency and lifetime of all-solution-processed light-emitting diodes and solar cells, and thereby realizing an unprecedented generation of high-performance, low-cost, large-area and flexible optoelectronic devices. This review aims to bridge two research fields, chemistry of colloidal oxide nanocrystals and interfacial engineering of optoelectronic devices, focusing on the relationship between chemistry of colloidal oxide nanocrystals, processing and properties of charge transporting layers and device performance. Synthetic chemistry of colloidal oxide nanocrystals, ligand chemistry that may be applied to colloidal oxide nanocrystals and chemistry associated with post-deposition treatments are discussed to highlight the ability of optimizing processing and optoelectronic properties of charge transporting layers. Selected examples of solution-processed solar cells and light-emitting diodes with oxide-nanocrystal charge transporting layers are examined. The emphasis is placed on the correlation between the properties of oxide-nanocrystal charge transporting layers and device performance. Finally, three major challenges that need to be addressed in the future are outlined. We anticipate that this review will spur new material design and simulate new chemistry for colloidal oxide nanocrystals, leading to charge transporting layers and solution-processed optoelectronic devices beyond the state-of-the-art.
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| 32. |
- Linares, Mathieu, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of chirality in molecular layers at surfaces : Insights from modelling
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 38:3, s. 806-816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This tutorial review illustrates how modelling can be used to understand the structure and properties of chiral surfaces formed by adsorption of molecular layers. The two major theoretical approaches for such modelling (Density Functional Theory and classical force-field methods) are briefly described and compared. A few examples of their use are given, focussing on: (i) the expression of chirality at the local and global scale in layers of chiral molecules, (ii) the appearance of chirality in layers of achiral molecules on achiral surfaces, and (iii) the molecular organisation in layers formed from racemic mixtures.
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| 33. |
- Lundberg, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Catalytic amide formation from non-activated carboxylic acids and amines
- 2014
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 43:8, s. 2714-2742
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The amide functionality is found in a wide variety of biological and synthetic structures such as proteins, polymers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Due to the fact that synthetic amides are still mainly produced by the aid of coupling reagents with poor atom-economy, the direct catalytic formation of amides from carboxylic acids and amines has become a field of emerging importance. A general, efficient and selective catalytic method for this transformation would meet well with the increasing demands for green chemistry procedures. This review covers catalytic and synthetically relevant methods for direct condensation of carboxylic acids and amines. A comprehensive overview of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic methods is presented, covering biocatalysts, Lewis acid catalysts based on boron and metals as well an assortment of other types of catalysts.
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| 34. |
- Ma, Chunyan, et al.
(författare)
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The peculiar effect of water on ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 47:23, s. 8685-8720
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been suggested as eco-friendly alternatives to organic solvents. A trace amount of water is often unavoidable as impurity, and water is also added on purpose to reduce their problematically high viscosity and lower their high price. Understanding the distinct effects of water on the properties of ILs/DESs is highly important. In this review, we collect published experimental and theoretical results for IL/DES-H2O systems at varied water concentrations and analyze them. Results from mechanistic studies, thermodynamic modelling and advanced experiments are collected and critically discussed. Six commonly studied IL/DES-H2O systems were selected to map experimental observations onto microscopic results obtained in mechanistic studies. A great variety of distinct contours of the excess properties can be observed over the entire compositional range, indicating that the properties of IL/DES-H2O systems are highly unpredictable. Mechanistic studies clearly demonstrate that the added H2O rapidly changes the heterogeneous 3D structures of pure ILs/DESs, leading to very different properties and behaviour. There are similarities between aqueous electrolytes and IL/DES solutions but the bulky and asymmetric organic cations in ILs/DESs do not conform to the standard salt dissolution and hydration concepts. Thermodynamic modelling previously assumes ILs/DESs to be either a neutral ion-pair or completely dissociated ions, neglecting specific ion hydration effects. A new conceptual framework is suggested for thermodynamic modelling of IL/DES-H2O binary systems to enable new technologies for their practical applications.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Massaro, Luca, et al.
(författare)
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Enantioconvergent and enantiodivergent catalytic hydrogenation of isomeric olefins
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 49:8, s. 2504-2522
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation of olefins is one of the most widely studied and utilised transformations in asymmetric synthesis. This straightforward and atom-economical strategy can provide excellent enantioselectivity for a broad variety of substrates and is widely relevant for both industrial applications and academic research. In many instances the hydrogenation is stereospecific in the regard that the E-Z-geometry of the olefin governs the stereochemistry of the hydrogenation, producing an enantiodivergent outcome. Interestingly, the possibility to hydrogenate E- and Z-isomer mixtures to a single stereoisomer in an enantioconvergent manner has been reported. This avoids the need for synthesis of geometrically pure alkene starting materials and therefore constitutes a significant practical advantage. This review article aims to provide an overview of the different stereochemical outcomes in the hydrogenation of olefins. Although the field is well developed and selectivity models have been proposed for a number of catalytic systems, an organized collection of enantioconvergent results, as opposed to the more common enantiodivergent case, might promote new investigation into these phenomena.
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| 37. |
- Mosquera-Lois, Irea, et al.
(författare)
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Imperfections are not 0 K: free energy of point defects in crystals
- 2023
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 52:17, s. 5812-5826
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Defects determine many important properties and applications of materials, ranging from doping in semiconductors, to conductivity in mixed ionic-electronic conductors used in batteries, to active sites in catalysts. The theoretical description of defect formation in crystals has evolved substantially over the past century. Advances in supercomputing hardware, and the integration of new computational techniques such as machine learning, provide an opportunity to model longer length and time-scales than previously possible. In this Tutorial Review, we cover the description of free energies for defect formation at finite temperatures, including configurational (structural, electronic, spin) and vibrational terms. We discuss challenges in accounting for metastable defect configurations, progress such as machine learning force fields and thermodynamic integration to directly access entropic contributions, and bottlenecks in going beyond the dilute limit of defect formation. Such developments are necessary to support a new era of accurate defect predictions in computational materials chemistry.
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| 38. |
- Munoz-Garcia, Ana Belen, et al.
(författare)
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Dye-sensitized solar cells strike back
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 50:22, s. 12450-12550
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are celebrating their 30th birthday and they are attracting a wealth of research efforts aimed at unleashing their full potential. In recent years, DSCs and dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have experienced a renaissance as the best technology for several niche applications that take advantage of DSCs' unique combination of properties: at low cost, they are composed of non-toxic materials, are colorful, transparent, and very efficient in low light conditions. This review summarizes the advancements in the field over the last decade, encompassing all aspects of the DSC technology: theoretical studies, characterization techniques, materials, applications as solar cells and as drivers for the synthesis of solar fuels, and commercialization efforts from various companies.
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| 39. |
- Muratov, E. N., et al.
(författare)
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QSAR without borders
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 49:11, s. 3525-3564
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prediction of chemical bioactivity and physical properties has been one of the most important applications of statistical and more recently, machine learning and artificial intelligence methods in chemical sciences. This field of research, broadly known as quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) modeling, has developed many important algorithms and has found a broad range of applications in physical organic and medicinal chemistry in the past 55+ years. This Perspective summarizes recent technological advances in QSAR modeling but it also highlights the applicability of algorithms, modeling methods, and validation practices developed in QSAR to a wide range of research areas outside of traditional QSAR boundaries including synthesis planning, nanotechnology, materials science, biomaterials, and clinical informatics. As modern research methods generate rapidly increasing amounts of data, the knowledge of robust data-driven modelling methods professed within the QSAR field can become essential for scientists working both within and outside of chemical research. We hope that this contribution highlighting the generalizable components of QSAR modeling will serve to address this challenge.
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| 40. |
- Owen, Michael C., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of in vivo conditions on amyloid aggregation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 48:14, s. 3946-3996
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the grand challenges of biophysical chemistry is to understand the principles that govern protein misfolding and aggregation, which is a highly complex process that is sensitive to initial conditions, operates on a huge range of length- and timescales, and has products that range from protein dimers to macroscopic amyloid fibrils. Aberrant aggregation is associated with more than 25 diseases, which include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and type II diabetes. Amyloid aggregation has been extensively studied in the test tube, therefore under conditions that are far from physiological relevance. Hence, there is dire need to extend these investigations to in vivo conditions where amyloid formation is affected by a myriad of biochemical interactions. As a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, these interactions need to be understood in detail to develop novel therapeutic interventions, as millions of people globally suffer from neurodegenerative disorders and type II diabetes. The aim of this review is to document the progress in the research on amyloid formation from a physicochemical perspective with a special focus on the physiological factors influencing the aggregation of the amyloid-beta peptide, the islet amyloid polypeptide, alpha-synuclein, and the hungingtin protein.
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| 41. |
- Paleti, Sri Harish Kumar, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of doping on the mechanical properties of conjugated polymers
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - 1460-4744 .- 0306-0012. ; 53:4, s. 1702-1729
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conjugated polymers exhibit a unique portfolio of electrical and electrochemical behavior, which - paired with the mechanical properties that are typical for macromolecules - make them intriguing candidates for a wide range of application areas from wearable electronics to bioelectronics. However, the degree of oxidation or reduction of the polymer can strongly impact the mechanical response and thus must be considered when designing flexible or stretchable devices. This tutorial review first explores how the chain architecture, processing as well as the resulting nano- and microstructure impact the rheological and mechanical properties. In addition, different methods for the mechanical characterization of thin films and bulk materials such as fibers are summarized. Then, the review discusses how chemical and electrochemical doping alter the mechanical properties in terms of stiffness and ductility. Finally, the mechanical response of (doped) conjugated polymers is discussed in the context of (1) organic photovoltaics, representing thin-film devices with a relatively low charge-carrier density, (2) organic thermoelectrics, where chemical doping is used to realize thin films or bulk materials with a high doping level, and (3) organic electrochemical transistors, where electrochemical doping allows high charge-carrier densities to be reached, albeit accompanied by significant swelling. In the future, chemical and electrochemical doping may not only allow modulation and optimization of the electrical and electrochemical behavior of conjugated polymers, but also facilitate the design of materials with a tunable mechanical response.
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| 42. |
- Pannwitz, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Roadmap towards solar fuel synthesis at the water interface of liposome membranes dagger
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 50:8, s. 4833-4855
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial photosynthesis has experienced rapid developments aimed at producing photocatalytic systems for the synthesis of chemical energy carriers. Conceptual advances of solar fuel systems have been inspired by improved understanding of natural photosynthesis and its key operational principles: (a) light harvesting, (b) charge separation, (c) directional proton and electron transport between reaction centres and across membranes, (d) water oxidation and (e) proton or CO2 reduction catalysis. Recently, there has been a surge of bio-inspired photosynthetic assemblies that use liposomes as nanocompartments to confine reaction spaces and enable vectorial charge transport across membranes. This approach, already investigated in the 1980s, offers in principle a promising platform for solar fuel synthesis. However, the fundamental principles governing the supramolecular assemblies of lipids and photoactive surfactant-like molecules in membranes, are intricate, and mastering membrane-supported photochemistry requires thorough understanding of the science behind liposomes. In this review, we provide an overview of approaches and considerations to construct a (semi)artificial liposome for solar fuel production. Key features to consider for the use of liposomes in solar fuel synthesis are highlighted, including the understanding of the orientation and binding of different components along the membrane, the controlled electron transport between the reaction centres, and the generation of proton gradients as driving force. Together with a list of experimental techniques for the characterisation of photoactive liposomes, this article provides the reader with a roadmap towards photocatalytic fuel production at the interface of lipid membranes and aqueous media.
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| 43. |
- Papadakis, Raffaello, et al.
(författare)
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The excited state antiaromatic benzene ring : a molecular Mr Hyde?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 44:18, s. 6472-6493
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The antiaromatic character of benzene in its first pi pi(star) excited triplet state (T-1) was deduced more than four decades ago by Baird using perturbation molecular orbital (PMO) theory [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 4941], and since then it has been confirmed through a range of high-level quantum chemical calculations. With focus on benzene we now first review theoretical and computational studies that examine and confirm Baird's rule on reversal in the electron count for aromaticity and antiaromaticity of annulenes in their lowest triplet states as compared to Huckel's rule for the ground state (S-0). We also note that the rule according to quantum chemical calculations can be extended to the lowest singlet excited state (S-1) of benzene. Importantly, Baird, as well as Aihara [Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1978, 51, 1788], early put forth that the destabilization and excited state antiaromaticity of the benzene ring should be reflected in its photochemical reactivity, yet, today these conclusions are often overlooked. Thus, in the second part of the article we review photochemical reactions of a series of benzene derivatives that to various extents should stem from the excited state antiaromatic character of the benzene ring. We argue that benzene can be viewed as a molecular "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" with its largely unknown excited state antiaromaticity representing its "Mr Hyde" character. The recognition of the "Jekyll and Hyde" split personality feature of the benzene ring can likely be useful in a range of different areas.
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| 44. |
- Pavliuk, Mariia V., et al.
(författare)
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Preparation, characterization, evaluation and mechanistic study of organic polymer nano-photocatalysts for solar fuel production
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 51:16, s. 6909-6935
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Production of renewable fuels from solar energy and abundant resourses, such as water and carbon dioxide, via photocatalytic reactions is seen as a promising strategy to adequately address the climate challenge. Photocatalytic systems based on organic polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) are seen as one avenue to transform solar energy into hydrogen and other solar fuels. Semiconducting PNPs are light-harvesting materials with exceptional optical properties, photostability, low cost and low cytotoxity, whose performance surpasses conventional organic dyes and inorganic semiconductors. This review introduces the optimization strategies for the preparation methods of PNP via cocatalyst loading and morphology tuning. We present an analysis on how the preparative methods will impact the physico-chemical properties of these materials, and thus the catalytic activity. A list of experimental techniques is presented for characterization of the physico-chemical properties (optical, morphological, electrochemical and catalytic properties) of PNPs. We provide detailed analysis of PNP photochemistry during photocatalysis with focus on the mechanistic understanding of processes of internal charge generation and transport to the catalyst. This tutorial review provides the reader with the guidelines on current strategies used to optimize PNP performance highlighting the future directions of polymer nano-photocatalysts development.
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| 45. |
- Peng, Jiajun, et al.
(författare)
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Insights into charge carrier dynamics in organo-metal halide perovskites : From neat films to solar cells
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 46:19, s. 5714-5729
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organo-metal halide perovskites have recently obtained world-wide attention as promising solar cell materials. They have broad and strong light absorption along with excellent carrier transport properties which partially explain their record power conversion efficiencies above 22%. However, the basic understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms is still limited and there remain large discrepancies among reported transport characteristics of perovskite materials. Notably, the carrier mobility of perovskite samples either in thin films or within solar cells obtained using different techniques can vary by up to 7-8 orders of magnitude. This tutorial review aims to offer insights into the scope, advantages, limitations and latest developments of the techniques that have been applied for studying charge carrier dynamics in perovskites. We summarize a comprehensive set of measurements including (1) time-resolved laser spectroscopies (transient absorption, time-resolved photoluminescence, terahertz spectroscopy and microwave conductivity); (2) electrical transient techniques (charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage and time-of-flight); and (3) steady-state methods (field-effect transistor, Hall effect and space charge limited current). Firstly, the basics of the above measurements are described. We then comparatively summarize the charge carrier characteristics of perovskite-based neat films, bilayer films and solar cells. Finally, we compare the different approaches in evaluating the key parameters of transport dynamics and unravel the reasons for the large discrepancies among these methods. We anticipate that this tutorial review will serve as the entry point for understanding the experimental results from the above techniques and provide insights into charge carrier dynamics in perovskite materials and devices.
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| 46. |
- Perfezou, Maelle, et al.
(författare)
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Cancer detection using nanoparticle-based sensors
- 2012
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 41:7, s. 2606-2622
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This tutorial review surveys the latest achievements in the use of nanoparticles to detect cancer biomarkers and cancer cells with a focus on optical and electrochemical techniques. Nanoparticle based cancer diagnostics are becoming an increasingly relevant alternative to traditional techniques. Although some drawbacks exist in relation to the obtained sensitivity the use of nanoparticle-based sensors in biomarker detection or cancer cell detection offers some advantages in comparison to conventional methods. The developed techniques can be interesting and relevant for their use in point-of-care of cancer diagnostics. The methods can be of low cost and in addition easy to be incorporated into user-friendly sensing platforms.
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| 47. |
- Persson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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DNA in nanochannels-directly visualizing genomic information
- 2010
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Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 39:3, s. 985-999
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The power of nanofluidic channels to analyze DNA is described along with practical experimental hints. As an introduction, a general overview is given on conventional DNA analysis tools, as well as tools under development towards the $1000 genome. The focus of this tutorial review is the stretching of DNA in nanoscale channels for coarse-grained mapping of DNA. To understand the behavior of the DNA, basic theory is discussed. Experimental details are revealed so that the reader, with the proper equipment, should be able to perform experiments. Basic approaches to the analysis of the data are discussed. Finally, potential future directions are discussed including the application of melting mapping as a simple barcode for the DNA.
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| 48. |
- Rahman, Mohammad Ziaur, et al.
(författare)
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Metal-free photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 49:6, s. 1887-1931
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review focuses on the discussion of the latest progress and remaining challenges in selected metal-free photocatalysts for hydrogen production. The scope of this review is limited to the metal-free elemental photocatalysts (i.e. B, C, P, S, Si, Se etc.), binary photocatalysts (i.e. BC3, B4C, CxNy, h-BN etc.) and their heterojunction, ternary photocatalysts (i.e. BCN) and their heterojunction, and different types of organic photocatalysts (i.e. linear, covalent organic frameworks, microporous polymer, covalent triazine frameworks etc.) and their heterostructures. Following a succinct depiction of the latest progress in hydrogen evolution on these photocatalysts, discussion has been extended to the potential strategies that are deemed necessary to attain high quantum efficiency and high solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency. Issues with reproducibility and the disputes in reporting the hydrogen evolution rate have been also discussed with recommendations to overcome them. A few key factors are highlighted that may facilitate the scalability of the photocatalyst from microscale to macroscale production in meeting the targeted 10% STH. This review is concluded with additional perspectives regarding future research in fundamental materials aspects of high efficiency photocatalysts followed by six open questions that may need to be resolved by forming a global hydrogen taskforce in order to translate bench-top research into large-scale production of hydrogen.
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| 49. |
- Samec, Joseph S. M., et al.
(författare)
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Mechanistic aspects of transition metal-catalyzed hydrogen transfer reactions.
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 35:3, s. 237-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A review. In this tutorial review recent mechanistic studies on transition metal-catalyzed hydrogen transfer reactions are discussed. A common feature of these reactions is that they involve metal hydrides, which may be monohydrides or dihydrides. An important question is whether the substrate coordinates to the metal (inner-sphere hydrogen transfer) or if there is a direct concerted transfer of hydrogen from the metal to substrate (outer-sphere hydrogen transfer). Both exptl. and theor. studies are reviewed. [on SciFinder(R)]
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| 50. |
- Shurki, Avital, et al.
(författare)
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How valence bond theory can help you understand your (bio)chemical reaction
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Chemical Society Reviews. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0306-0012 .- 1460-4744. ; 44:5, s. 1037-1052
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Almost a century has passed since valence bond (VB) theory was originally introduced to explain covalent bonding in the H-2 molecule within a quantum mechanical framework. The past century has seen constant improvements in this theory, with no less than two distinct Nobel prizes based on work that is essentially developments in VB theory. Additionally, ongoing advances in both methodology and computational power have greatly expanded the scope of problems that VB theory can address. In this Tutorial Review, we aim to give the reader a solid understanding of the foundations of modern VB theory, using a didactic example of a model S(N)2 reaction to illustrate its immediate applications. This will be complemented by examples of challenging problems that at present can only be efficiently addressed by VB-based approaches. Finally, the ongoing importance of VB theory is demonstrated. It is concluded that VB will continue to be a major driving force for chemistry in the century to come.
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