| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Björkblom, Carina, et al.
(författare)
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Estrogen- and androgen-sensitive bioassays based on primary cell and tissue slice cultures from three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
- 2007
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 146:3, s. 431-442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Endocrine disrupting compounds are chemicals that may interfere with the endocrine system causing severe effects in organisms. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) offers a potential for the assessment of endocrine disruption caused by a) estrogenic xenobiotics through the estrogen-dependent protein vitellogenin and b) androgenic xenobiotics through the androgen-dependent protein spiggin. The stickleback is presently the only known fish species with a quantifiable androgen and anti-androgen biomarker endpoint. In the current study, hepatocyte and kidney primary cell cultures and liver and kidney tissue slice cultures were prepared and used for detecting estrogenic or androgenic activity in vitro through the action of hormones or municipal sewage water. The results indicate that stickleback male hepatocyte cultures are suitable in detecting estrogenic activity and stickleback female kidney tissue slice cultures in detecting androgenic activity. The tested sewage water showed high estrogenic activity but no significant androgenic activity. Primary cell and tissue slice cultures isolated from the three-spined stickleback will allow simultaneously screening in vitro for potential estrogenic and androgenic activity of complex samples.
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| 3. |
- de Gelder, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Transepithelial transfer of phenanthrene, but not of benzo[a]pyrene, is inhibited by fatty acids in the proximal intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 204, s. 97-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 Elsevier Inc. The inclusion of vegetable oils in aquafeeds introduces contaminating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in salmonids. Since lipophilic PAHs solubilize in micelles composed of lipids, bile salts and fatty acids, dietary lipid composition can alter intestinal transepithelial PAH transfer. We studied the uptake of two PAHs, viz. benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and phenanthrene (PHE), in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine. We also investigated the effects of two fatty acids, viz. fish oil-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and vegetable oil-derived oleic acid (18:1n-9) on intestinal uptake. Radiolabeled PAHs were solubilized in micelles composed of tritiated EPA and oleic acid, respectively, and administrated to intestinal segments mounted in Ussing chambers. In the absence of micelles, PHE accumulation was two times higher than BaP in the mucosal and serosal layers of proximal and distal intestine. Administration of PHE in micelles composed of oleic acid resulted in a 50% lower accumulation of PHE in the mucosal layers of the proximal intestine compared to EPA-composed micelles. Accumulation of EPA and oleic acid in the proximal intestinal mucosa correlated negatively with the transepithelial transfer of these fatty acids across the proximal intestinal epithelium. Transepithelial PHE transfer across the proximal intestine was reduced by 30% in co-exposure with EPA-composed micelles compared to 80% with oleic acid micelles. BaP was not transferred across the intestine. We conclude that the lipid composition of an aquafeed is an important determinant of PAH bioavailability. Therefore, lipid composition should be an important consideration in choosing vegetable oils as alternatives for fish oil in aquafeeds.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson Wiklund, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Cardiotoxic and neurobehavioral effects of sucralose and acesulfame in Daphnia : Toward understanding ecological impacts of artificial sweeteners
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 273
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial sweeteners are widely used in food and pharmaceuticals, but their stability and persistence raise concerns about their impact on aquatic life. Although standard toxicity tests do not reveal lethal effects, recent studies suggest a potential neurotoxic mode of action. Using environmentally relevant concentrations, we assessed the effects of sucralose and acesulfame, common sugar substitutes, on Daphnia magna focusing on biochemical (acetylcholinesterase activity; AChE), physiological (heart rate), and behavioural (swimming) endpoints. We found dose-dependent increases in AChE and inhibitory effects on heart rate and behaviour for both substances. Moreover, acesulfame induced a biphasic response in AChE activity, inhibiting it at lower concentrations and stimulating at higher ones. For all endpoints, the EC50 values were lower for acesulfame than for sucralose. Additionally, the relationship between acetylcholinesterase and heart rate differed depending on the substance, suggesting possible differences in the mode of action between sucralose and acesulfame. All observed EC50 values were at μg/l levels, i.e., within the levels reported for wastewater, with adverse effects observed at as low as 0.1 μg acesulfame /l. Our findings emphasise the need to re-evaluate risk assessment thresholds for artificial sweeteners and provide evidence for the neurotoxic effects of artificial sweeteners in the environment, informing international regulatory standards.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Gao, Kai, et al.
(författare)
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Cytochrome P450 1A, 1B, and 1C mRNA induction patterns in three-spined stickleback exposed to a transient and a persistent inducer
- 2011
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 154:1, s. 42-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) mRNA induction patterns in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were explored for use in environmental monitoring of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists. The cDNAs of stickleback CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, and CYP1C2 were cloned and their basal and induced expression patterns were determined in the brain, gill, liver and kidney. Also, their induction time courses were compared after waterborne exposure to a transient (indigo) or a persistent (3,3',4,4',5-pentacholorbiphenyl PCB 126) AHR agonist. The cloned stickleback CYP1s exhibited a high amino acid sequence identity compared with their zebrafish orthologs and their constitutive tissue distribution patterns largely agreed with those reported in other species. PCB 126 (100 nM) induced different CYP1 expression patterns in the four tissues, suggesting tissue-specific regulation. Both indigo (1 nM) and PCB 126 (10 nM) induced a strong CYP1 expression in gills. However, while PCB 126 gave rise to a high and persistent induction in gills and liver, induction by indigo was transient in both organs. The number of putative dioxin response elements found in each CYP1 gene promoter roughly reflected the induction levels of the genes. The high responsiveness of CYP1A,CYP1B1, and CYP1C1 observed in several organs suggests that three-spined stickleback is suitable for monitoring of pollution with AHR agonists.
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| 7. |
- Holbech, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) as test species in the Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT).
- 2012
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 155:2, s. 407-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results are presented from a validation (with 5 laboratories) of the Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT) developed to detect endocrine disrupters (EDs) and included in the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) working program. The aromatase-inhibiting fungicide prochloraz was tested in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). The fish were exposed during sexual differentiation and development from 0 to 60 days post hatch (dph). After exposure, the vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations were quantified in head/tail homogenate and the sex ratio was determined (defined as female, male, intersex or undifferentiated). NOEC/LOEC and EC(x) designs were compared to optimize the test approach. Results show that both species are highly sensitive to prochloraz during sexual development. They respond by skewing of the sex ratio towards male phenotype and by a VTG decline in females. The NOEC/LOEC approach is preferred because sex ratio is difficult to analyze with a regression model. The mean NOEC/LOEC for prochloraz on the sex ratio was 43.3/134 μg/L and 101/293 μg/L for zebrafish and fathead minnow, respectively. The mean NOEC/LOEC on the decline in female VTG concentration was 65/110 μg/L and ~30/68 μg/L respectively. In conclusion, zebrafish and fathead minnow are suitable species in the FSDT and their sexual differentiation is equally labile to EDs.
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| 8. |
- Jönsson, Maria E., et al.
(författare)
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Toxicity and cytochrome P450 1A mRNA induction by 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) in chicken and Japanese quail embryos
- 2016
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 179, s. 125-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The tryptophan derivative formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) binds with high ligand affinity to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and is readily degraded by AHR-regulated cytochrome P450 family 1 (CYP1) enzymes. Whether in vivo exposure to FICZ can result in toxic effects has not been examined and the main objective of this study was to determine if FICZ is embryotoxic in birds. We examined toxicity and CYP1 mRNA induction of FICZ in embryos from chicken (Gallus domesticus) and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) exposed to FICZ (2200 jag kg(-1)) by yolk and air sac injections. FICZ caused liver toxicity, embryo mortality, and CYP1A4 and CYP1A5 induction in both species with similar potency. This is in stark contrast to the very large difference in sensitivity of these species to halogenated AHR agonists. We also exposed chicken embryos to a low dose of FICZ (4 mu g kg(-1)) in combination with a CYP inhibitor, ketoconazole (KCZ). The mixture of FICZ and KCZ was lethal while FICZ alone had no effect at 4 mu g kg(-1). Furthermore, mixed exposure to FICZ and KCZ caused stronger and more long-lasting hepatic CYP1A4 induction than exposure to each compound alone. These findings indicate reduced biotransformation of FICZ by co-treatment with KCZ as a cause for the enhanced effects although additive AHR activation is also possible. To conclude, FICZ is toxic to bird embryos and it seems reasonable that the toxicity by FICZ involves AHR activation. However, the molecular targets and biological events leading to hepatic damage and mortality are unknown.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Li, Zhi-Hua, et al.
(författare)
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Modulation of antioxidant defence system in brain of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after chronic carbamazepine treatment
- 2010
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 151:1, s. 137-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the effect of long-term exposure to CBZ on the antioxidant system in brain tissue of rainbow trout. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of CBZ (1.0mug/L, 0.2mg/L or 2.0mg/L) for 7, 21, and 42days. Oxidative stress indices (LPO and CP) and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx and GR) in fish brain were measured. In addition, non-enzymatic antioxidant (GSH) was determined after 42days exposure. Carbamazepine exposure at 0.2mg/L led to significant increases (p<0.05) of LPO and CP after 42days and, at 2.0mg/L, after 21days. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPx in CBZ-treated groups slightly increased during the first period (7days). However, activities of all measured antioxidant enzymes were significantly inhibited (p<0.05) at 0.2mg/L exposure after 42days and after 21days at 2.0mg/L. After 42days, the content of GSH in fish brain was significantly lower (p<0.05) in groups exposed to CBZ at 0.2mg/L and 2.0mg/L than in other groups. Prolonged exposure to CBZ resulted in excess reactive oxygen species formation, finally resulting in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins and inhibited antioxidant capacities in fish brain. In short, a low level of oxidative stress could induce the adaptive responses of antioxidant enzymes, but long-term exposure to CBZ could lead to serious oxidative damage in fish brain.
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| 11. |
- Li, Zhi-Hua, et al.
(författare)
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Modulation of glutathione-related antioxidant defense system of fish chronically treated by the fungicide propiconazole
- 2010
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : Elsevier. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 152:3, s. 392-398
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, residual fungicides are generally recognized as relevant sources of aquatic environmental pollutants. However, the toxicological effects of these contaminants have not been adequately researched. In this study, the chronic effect of PCZ, a triazole-containing fungicide commonly present in aquatic environment, on GSH-related antioxidant system and oxidative stress indices of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Fish were exposed at sub-lethal concentrations of PCZ (0.2, 50 and 500 microg/L) for 7, 20 and 30 days. GSH levels and GSH-related enzyme activities, including GPx, GR and GST, were quantified in three tissues-liver, gill and muscle. The levels of LPO and CP were also measured as makers of oxidative damage. In addition, the correlations of the measured parameters in various tissues were evaluated by using PCA. The results of this study indicate that chronic exposure of PCZ has resulted in different responses in various tissues and the gill was the most sensitive tissue; however, before these parameters are used as potential biomarkers for monitoring residual fungicides in aquatic environment, more detailed experiments in laboratory need to be performed in the future.
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| 12. |
- Lilja, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Regional differences in mRNA responses in blue mussels within the Baltic proper
- 2008
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 148:2, s. 101-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mussels (Mytilus sp.) from two regions along the permanent salinity gradient within the Baltic proper were exposed to copper (35 ppb) or petrol (0.3 mL/L) for 10 days and analyzed for mRNA expressions in gill tissue. Expression of mRNAs for the heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90 was significantly induced by copper, but not by petrol. For the metallothioneins MT10 and MT20, regional differences in mRNA expressions could be seen. In mussels from the northern Baltic proper, MT20 expression increased 2.8 and 3.4 times, after exposure to copper and petrol, respectively. In contrast, no change could be seen in MT20 expression for mussels from the southern Baltic proper. MT10 showed a peculiar expression not previously described. For some mussels, no expression at all was detected, some showed a weak expression and for some individuals a strong expression could be seen. For the mussels from the southern Baltic proper, the number of individuals with a strong expression of MT10 increased from 1 out of 18 (control), to 7 and 8, after exposure to copper and petrol, respectively. The results clearly show that responses vary between different regions within the Baltic proper, which emphasises the importance to study interactions between contaminants, populations and regions.
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| 13. |
- Prevodnik, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Benzo[a]pyrene up-regulates the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and multixenobiotic resistance polyglycoprotein (P-gp) in Baltic Sea blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.)
- 2007
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 145:2, s. 265-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expression of protein biomarkers in Baltic Sea blue mussels was analyzed after three days exposure to low (2.8 mu g/animal/day), intermediate (28 mu g/animal/day), or high (280 mu g/animal/day) nominal doses of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Significant expression changes were found in the animals exposed to the low dose, the lowest reported dose for DNA adduct formation in the gills of Baltic Sea blue mussels. Up-regulated expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), quantified from Western blots, and no change in the 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) staining pattern, determined by immunocytochemistry, indicated that the observed PCNA response was mainly non-proliferative, and thus possibly due to DNA damage. The expression of the multixenobiotic resistance polyglycoprotein (P-gp) was also up-regulated, proving its usefulness as an exposure marker to planar organic compounds. No effect of the BaP treatment with respect to the retinoblastoma 110 protein or heat shock proteins 60 and 70 was found. The variance in the medium and high dose data was too large to allow for the detection of significant expression changes. We suggest PCNA to be a marker for genotoxic stress derived from the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon BaP, irrespective of whether the stress leads to DNA repair or to cell proliferation.
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| 14. |
- Rainio, Miia J., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on survival and oxidative status of a non-target herbivore, the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decenilineata)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 215, s. 47-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glyphosate is the globally most used herbicide against a wide range of weeds. Glyphosate has been considered safe to animals as it mainly targets physiological pathways in plants. However, recent toxicological studies have revealed that glyphosate can cause various toxic effects also on animals. In this study, we investigated the direct toxic effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH, Roundup (R) Bio) on 1) survival and 2) oxidative status of a non-target herbivore by using Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), originating from Poland and USA, as model species. Larvae were randomly divided into three groups: 1) high concentration (100% Roundup Bio, 360 g/l), 2) low concentration (1.5% Roundup Bio) and 3) control group (water). Larvae were exposed to Roundup for different time periods: 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h. Larval survival decreased in the group treated with high concentration of GBH compared to controls, whereas the low concentration group did not differ from the control group. GBH treatment had no association with oxidative status biomarkers (i.e. catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione and glutathione related enzymes), but increased lipid hydro-peroxide levels after 2h exposure, suggesting increased oxidative damage soon after the exposure. Larvae of different origin also differed in their oxidative status, indicating population-dependent differences in antioxidant defence system. Environmentally relevant concentrations of GBH are not likely to affect larval survival, but high concentrations can reduce survival and increase oxidative damage of non-target herbivores. Also, populations of different origin and pesticide usage history can differ in their tolerance to GBH.
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| 15. |
- Reyhanian Caspillo, Nasim, et al.
(författare)
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Short-term treatment of adult male zebrafish (Danio Rerio) with 17α-ethinyl estradiol affects the transcription of genes involved in development and male sex differentiation.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - New York : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 164, s. 35-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) disturbs reproduction and causes gonadal malformation in fish. Effects on the transcription of genes involved in gonad development and function that could serve as sensitive biomarkers of reproductive effects in the field is, however, not well known. We have studied mRNA expression in testes and liver of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) males treated with 0, 5 or 25ng/L EE2for 14days. qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of four genes linked to zebrafish male sex determination and differentiation, Anti-Mullerian Hormone, Double sex and mab-related protein, Sry-related HMG box-9a and Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group number 1b were significantly decreased by 25ng/L, but not 5ng/L EE2 compared with the levels in untreated fish. The decreased transcription was correlated with a previously shown spawning failure in these males (Reyhanian et al., 2011. Aquat Toxicol 105, 41-48), suggesting that decreased mRNA expression of genes regulating male sexual function could be involved in the functional sterility. The mRNA level of Cytochrome P-45019a, involved in female reproductive development, was unaffected by hormone treatment. The transcription of the female-specific Vitellogenin was significantly induced in testes. While testicular Androgen Receptor and the Estrogen Receptor-alpha mRNA levels were unchanged, Estrogen receptor-beta was significantly decreased by 25ng/L EE2. Hepatic Estrogen Receptor-alpha mRNA was significantly increased by both exposure concentrations, while Estrogen Receptor-beta transcription was unaltered. The decreased transcription of male-predominant genes supports a demasculinization of testes by EE2 and might reflect reproductive disturbances in the environment.
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| 16. |
- Saibu, Yusuf, et al.
(författare)
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A FTIRM study of the interactive effects of metals (zinc, copper and cadmium) in binary mixtures on the biochemical constituents of the gills in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 211, s. 48-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We employed Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy to examine, in situ, the effects of waterborne Cu, Cd and Zn, alone and in binary mixtures, during acute exposure on the integrity of major lipid and protein constituents of the gill of a model teleost species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Our findings demonstrated that acute exposure to metals, both individually and in binary mixture, resulted in the degradations of various components of proteins and lipids in the gill tissue. Generally, when comparing the effects of individual metals, Cu was found to induce the maximum adverse effects followed by Cd and Zn, respectively. Among the binary metal mixture combinations, Cu and Cd produced additive effects on the degradation of major proteins and lipid moieties, whereas the co-exposure of Zn with Cd or Cu elicited ameliorative effects, indicating antagonistic (less than additive) interactions between Zn and Cd or Cu m the rainbow trout gill. Overall, the present study demonstrates that FTIRM can be a useful tool to gain novel mechanistic insights into the biochemical changes induced by metals m the fish gill, which could influence the overall toxicity of metals to fish.
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| 17. |
- Sanchez, W, et al.
(författare)
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A new ELISA for the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) spiggin, using antibodies against synthetic peptide
- 2008
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - New York, NY : Elsevier. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 147:1, s. 129-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay to quantify spiggin in the three-spined stickleback. Spiggin is a glue protein produced in the kidney of male three-spined stickleback under the control of androgens during the breeding period. Disturbances of spiggin production in male fish and abnormal induction of spiggin in female fish are considered as valuable biomarkers of exposure to (anti-)androgenic chemicals. Polyclonal antibodies against a peptide sequence of spiggin (HRD-16) were used and the specificity of the antibodies was verified by Western blotting and direct ELISA experiments. By using HRD-16 antibodies and spiggin standard preparation, a competitive ELISA was set-up and validated. This assay appears sensitive, with a detection limit of 0.5 U/mL, and specific, as shown by the competition curves, obtained by serial dilution of male and female kidney homogenates, that were parallel to the spiggin standard curves. The ability of the spiggin ELISA to quantify spiggin induction was achieved by exposing male and female three-spined sticklebacks to 0.1 and 1 microg/L of methyltestosterone. The results show a significant dose-dependent induction of spiggin in methyltestosterone-exposed female fish compared to controls.
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| 18. |
- Strömqvist, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Transcription of genes involved in fat metabolism in chicken embryos exposed to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) agonist GW7647 or to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) or perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : Elsevier. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 156:1, s. 29-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are developmental toxicants in various animal classes, including birds. Both compounds interact with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), but it is not known whether activation of PPARs is involved in their embryo toxicity in birds. We exposed chicken embryos via egg injection at a late developmental stage to GW7647, a potent PPAR alpha agonist in mammals, and to PFOS or PFOA. Mortality was induced by PFOS and PFOA but not by GW7647. Transcripts of a number of genes activated by PPAR alpha agonists in mammals were analyzed in liver and kidney of 18-day-old embryos. Several of the genes were induced in both liver and kidney following exposure to GW7647. Treatment with PFOA resulted in induction of acylcoenzyme A oxidase mRNA in liver, whereas none of the genes were significantly induced by PFOS treatment. No up-regulation of gene transcription was found in kidney following treatment with PFOS or PFOA. Principal component analysis showed that PFOA caused an mRNA expression pattern in liver more similar to the pattern induced by GW7647 than PFOS did. Our findings do not support that the embryo mortality by PFOS and PFOA in chicken embryos involves PPAR alpha activation.
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| 19. |
- Säfholm, Moa, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular and histological endpoints for developmental reproductive toxicity in Xenopus tropicalis : Levonorgestrel perturbs anti-Mullerian hormone and progesterone receptor expression
- 2016
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 1878-1659. ; 181, s. 9-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an increasing concern regarding the risks associated with developmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and the consequences for reproductive capability. The present study aimed to refine the Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis test system for developmental reproductive toxicity by characterising molecular and histological features of sexual development, and to explore effects of exposure to the progestagen levonorgestrel (LNG). Larvae were exposed to LNG (0, 3, 30, 300 ng/L) over the first three weeks of development, encompassing the beginning of gonadal differentiation. mRNA levels of amh (anti-Mullerian hormone), amhr2 (amh receptor 2), ipgr (intracellular progesterone receptor), mpgr beta (membrane progesterone receptor beta), and cyp19a1 (cytochrome p450 19a1) were quantified in larvae and juveniles (4 weeks post-metamorphosis). Relative cyp19a1 and amh expression was used as a molecular marker for phenotypic sex of larvae. Gonadal and Mullerian duct development were characterised histologically in juveniles. Compared to controls, LNG exposure increased the expression of amh and ipgr in male larvae. In juveniles, mpgr beta expression was increased in both sexes and amhr2 expression was decreased in males, implying persistent effects of developmental progestagen exposure on amh and pgr expression signalling. No effects of LNG on the gonadal or Mullerian duct development were found, implying that the exposure window was not critical with regard to these endpoints. In juveniles, folliculogenesis had initiated and the Mullerian ducts were larger in females than in males. This new knowledge on sexual development in X. tropicalis is useful in the development of early life-stage endpoints for developmental reproductive toxicity.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Baruah, Kartik
(författare)
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Differential modulation of oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, histomorphology, ion-regulation and growth marker gene expression in goldfish (Carassius auratus) following exposure to different dose of virgin microplastics
- 2020
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456. ; 238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Goldfish (Carassius auratus) juveniles were exposed to virgin polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs) in triplicate at 0, 0.1 or 0.5 mg/L for four days. Afterwards, the histopathology of the gills, liver and intestines were examined, along with various antioxidant enzymes and indicators of oxidative damage (malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)), in the brain, liver and gills. In addition, we also studied the expression of hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) and growth hormone (GH) receptor, while cortisol receptor (CR) and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene expression were assayed in both the liver and gills. Histological analysis revealed PVC-MPs in the intestines at 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L, along with substantially shorter villi. The gills appeared undamaged by PVC-MPs exposure and had limited or no effect to antioxidant activity, Na+/K+-ATPase and II tATPase activity or plasma ion levels, but there was a prominent upsurge of the detoxification enzymes glutatione S-transferase (GST) activity and CYP1A expression. Livers showed inflammation and some occurrences of hemorrhaging and necrosis at 0.5 mg/L. While the brain showed some evidence of oxidative damage, the liver was the most susceptible to oxidative damage, based on increased MDA, H2O2 and various antioxidant enzymes. Hepatic expression of IGFBP-1 and GH receptor were significantly downregulated at 0.5 mg/L while CR was upregulated. Results indicate that exposure to environmentally relevant PVC-MP can cause oxidative damage in the brain and liver, adverse histomorphological changes to the intestine and liver and alter the gene expression in goldfish.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Costa, Fabiano, et al.
(författare)
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Acetic acid-induced pain elicits stress-, and camouflage-related responses in zebrafish: Modulatory effects of opioidergic drugs on neurobehavioral phenotypes
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. - 1532-0456. ; 270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While pain results from the activation of nociceptors following noxious stimuli, mounting evidence links pain- and stress-related responses in mammals. In zebrafish, the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis may also regulate body pigmentation (the camouflage response). Here, we aimed to investigate a putative relationship between pain-, stress-, and camouflage-related parameters in adult zebrafish. To answer this question, we assessed whether intraperitoneal acetic acid injection can activate the HPI axis, measuring whole-body cortisol and the camouflage response as physiological endpoints in the presence or absence of morphine or naloxone, an opioid antagonist. Acetic acid induced a stereotypic circling behavior in the top of the tank, accompanied by abdominal writhing-like response, a specific phenotype that reflects local nociceptive effect. Both whole-body cortisol levels and camouflage response increased in the acetic acid group, while morphine prevented these responses, and naloxone antagonized morphine-induced effects. Moreover, we observed positive correlations between representative behavioral, physiological and skin coloration endpoints, and a “pain index” was proposed to summarize phenotypic profile of zebrafish under different pharmacological manipulations. Collectively, these findings suggest a coordinated activation of pain, camouflage- and stress-related pathways following acetic acid injection in zebrafish. Our data also support that camouflage response represents a novel and relevant biomarker for future probing pain and stress neurobiology, with a robust sensitivity to opioidergic drugs.
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| 25. |
- Dave, Göran, 1945
(författare)
-
Effects of copper on growth, reproduction, survival and hemoglobin in Daphnia magna
- 1984
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. - 1532-0456. ; 78:2, s. 439-443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. The effects of additions of CuSO4 × 5H2O to final concentrations between 0.0004 and 105μg Cu l− on growth, reproduction, survival and haemoglobin content of Daphnia magna were studied in hard reconstituted water and compared to the response in the dilution water without addition of copper. Concentrations of copper are nominal values. 2. The 48-hr Spec50 (immobilization) for unfed neonates was 6.5 μg Cu l−1 and the 48-hr and 21-day lc50 for fed neonates were 18.5 and 1.4 μg Cu l−1, respectively. 3. Growth expressed as body length of juveniles after 7 days and adult females after 21 days was only reduced in survivors at the highest non-lethal concentration (6.6 μg Cu l−). 4. Reproduction was stimulated by low concentrations of copper. Optimal reproduction after 21 days was found between 0.001 and 0.1 μg Cu l−1. Higher concentrations were partially inhibitory (0.4 μgCu 1−1), stimulatory (0.8 and 1.6 μg Cu l−1) or completely inhibitory (3.2μg Cu l−1 and above). 5. The stimulatory peak around 1 μg Cu l−1 was accompanied by a reduced survival (above 0.4 μg Cu l−1). The Zero Equivalent Point (ZEP) for reproduction at non-reduced survival was 0.23 μg Cu l−1. This concentration should be “safe” for D. magna under prevailing conditions (reconstituted water with a hardness of 250 mg l−1 as CaCo3 and a synthetic diet based on fish food and baby gruel). 6. The haemoglobin content was affected by copper in a complex pattern which was not related to growth, reproduction or survival.
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| 26. |
- Dave, Göran, 1945
(författare)
-
Effects of waterborne iron on growth, reproduction, survival and hemoglobin in Daphnia magna
- 1984
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. - 1532-0456. ; 78:2, s. 433-438
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. The effects of waterborne iron (FeCl3 × 6 H2O) on growth, reproduction, survival and haemoglobin content in Daphnia magna were studied from subnormal to toxic concentrations in hard reconstituted water. 2. Low concentrations of iron stimulated reproduction and haemoglobin synthesis after chronic exposure for 21 days. Maximum reproduction occurred between 0.1 and μg Fel−1. 3. Juvenile growth was not stimulated by iron but was slightly inhibited between 1 and 8 μg Fe l−1 and above 128 μg Fe l−1. A slight inhibition of growth persisted for 21 days. 4. Total haemoglobin content was above the control with no waterborne iron at all but one concentration (512 μg Fe l−1). The highest value (3.8 × control value) was found at 2μg Fe l−1. The haemoglobin content decreased between 64 and 512 μg Fe l−1 and increased at higher concentrations. The decrease coincided with an inhibited reproduction. The increase was found in non reproductive survivors. 5. A comparison with a previous study in D. magna suggests that ambient conditions (hardness and pH) and ageing of the water are important for the effects of waterborne iron. At a hardness of 250 mg l−1 as CaCO3 and a pH range of 7.0–8.0 the ZEP (Zero Equivalent Point) for reproduction was 158 μg Fe l−1. Continuous exposure to higher concentrations is expected to lead to extinction of a D. magna population.
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| 27. |
- Dave, Göran, 1945, et al.
(författare)
-
Toxicity of 8 solvent-extraction chemicals and of cadmium to water fleas, Daphnia magna, rainbow trout, salmo gairdneri, and zebrafis, Brachydanio rerio
- 1981
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. - 1532-0456. ; 69:1, s. 83-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. The toxicity of 8 solvent extraction chemicals (Primene JM-T, Amberlite LA-1, Adogen 283, Adogen 383, Alamine 336, TBP and HDEHP) and of cadmium has been investigated in neonates of water fleas, Daphnia magna, embryos and larvae of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and in embryos, larvae and juveniles of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. 2. The importance of the threshold value for comparisons of toxicity data is discussed and the possibility of its determination at elevated temperature is suggested. 3. The toxicity data for cadmium, 48 hr LC50 for water fleas 69 μg Cd/1 and embryo-larval toxicity for rainbow trout 5.0 μg Cd/1, agreed with previously reported data.
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| 28. |
- Dubbels, R, et al.
(författare)
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N-acetylation of arylalkylmines (serotonin and tryptamine) in the crayfish brain.
- 1989
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part - C: Toxicology and Pharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456 .- 0306-4492. ; 93, s. 307-312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. The presence of N-acetyltransferase in the crayfish brain (Pacifastacus leniusculus) was investigated. The arylalkylamines tryptamine and 14C-serotonin, are acetylated by crayfish brain homogenates with the acetyl donors 3H-acetyl coenzyme A and N, S-diacetylcysteamine, respectively.2. Resolution of serotonin metabolites by thin layer chromatography (chloroform/methanol/glacial acetic acid, 93 + 7 + 1 and ethyl acetate) revealed only one radioactive product (N-acetylserotonin, Rf 0.31) after enzymatic reaction. For example, melatonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid could not be detected.3. This was also confirmed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography indicating the absence of monoamine oxidase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity under the experimental conditions used.4. Inhibitory studies with cystamine suggest the involvement of heat sensitive disulfide compounds in the regulation of crayfish brain-N-acetyltransferase.5. N-acetylation seems to be a major pathway in the metabolism of biogenic amines in the crayfish central nervous system.
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| 29. |
- Dupont, Samuel, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of beta-adrenergic antagonists on bioluminescence control in three species of brittlestars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)
- 2004
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Ingår i: Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. - 1532-0456. ; 138:1, s. 59-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of adrenaline in the nervous control of bioluminescence in three brittlestar species, Amphiura filiformis, Amphipholis squamata, and Ophiopsila aranea, was assessed by testing two different beta-adrenergic antagonists (propranolol and labetalol) over a wide concentration range (10(-10)-10(-3)M). We compared the effects of analogues (active vs. inactive) of the same substance (L- and D-enantiomers of propranolol). Propranolol presented both specific and nonspecific effects: (i) nonspecific effects were observed at the higher concentrations tested (10(-4) and 10(-3)M) in all three species; (ii) specific effects were detected only at the lower concentrations tested (10(-6)-10(-5)M). In A. squamata, the involvement of adrenaline in the nervous control of luminescence is supported by propranolol and labetolol specific inhibition. The neuropharmacological implications of nonspecific effects, the involvement of adrenaline and the interspecific differences in the brittlestar nervous control of bioluminescence are discussed.
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| 30. |
- Hultin, Cecilia L., et al.
(författare)
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Estrogen receptor genes in gastropods : phylogenetic divergence and gene expression responses to a synthetic estrogen
- 2016
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part - C: Toxicology and Pharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456. ; 189, s. 17-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have the potential to affect development and reproduction in gastropods. However, one is today lacking basic understanding of the Molluscan endocrine system and one can therefore not fully explain these EDC-induced affects. Furthermore, only a few genes that potentially may be connected to the endocrine system have been sequenced in gastropods. An example is the estrogen receptor gene (er) that have been identified in a restricted number of freshwater and marine gastropods. Here, we have identified a new partial coding sequence of an estrogen receptor gene (er) in the European common heterobranch Radix balthica. The following phylogenetic analysis divided the ers of heterobranchs and ceanogastropods in two branches. Furthermore, exposure to the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) showed that exposure could significantly affect er expression level in the heterobranch R. balthica. This paper is the first that phylogenetically compares gastropods' er, basal er expression profiles, and transcriptional estrogenic responses in gastropods from two different evolutionary groups.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Lennquist, Anna, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
Physiology and mRNA expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after long-term exposure to the new antifoulant medetomidine.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456. ; 154:3, s. 234-41
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medetomidine is under evaluation for use as an antifouling agent, and its effects on non-target aquatic organisms are therefore of interest. In this study, rainbow trout was exposed to low (0.5 and 5.0nM) concentrations of medetomidine for up to 54days. Recently we have reported on effects on paleness and melanophore aggregation of medetomidine in these fish. Here, specific growth rates were investigated together with a broad set of physiological parameters including plasma levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and leptin, glucose and haemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), condition factor, liver and heart somatic indexes (LSI, HSI). Hepatic enzyme activities of CYP1A (EROD activity), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) were also measured. Additionally, hepatic mRNA expression was analysed through microarray and quantitative PCR in fish sampled after 31days of exposure. Medetomidine at both concentrations significantly lowered blood glucose levels and the higher concentration significantly reduced the LSI. The mRNA expression analysis revealed few differentially expressed genes in the liver and the false discovery rate was high. Taken together, the results suggest that medetomidine at investigated concentrations could interfere with carbohydrate metabolism of exposed fish but without any clear consequences for growth.
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| 33. |
- Nikoleris, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) treatment of wild roach (Rutilus rutilus) during early life development disrupts expression of genes directly involved in the feedback cycle of estrogen.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part - C: Toxicology and Pharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-0456. ; 180, s. 56-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fish are more sensitive to introduced disturbances from synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds during early life phases compared with mature stages. 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2), which is the active compound in human oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies, is today ever present in the effluents from sewage treatment plants. EE2 targets and interacts with the endogenous biological systems of exposed vertebrates resulting in to large extents unknown short- and long-term effects. We investigated how EE2 exposure affects expression profiles of a large number of target genes during early life of roach (Rutilus rutilus). We exposed fertilized roach eggs collected from a lake in Southern Sweden to EE2 for 12weeks together with 1+-year-old roach in aquaria. We measured the gene expression of the estrogen receptor (esr)1/2a/2b, androgen receptor (ar), vitellogenin, cytochrome P450 (cyp)19a1a/1b in fertilized eggs; newly hatched larvae; 12-week-old fry; and juvenile wild roach (1+-year-old). Results shows that an EE2 concentration as low as 0.5ng/L significantly affects gene expression during early development. Gene expression responses vary both among life stages and molecular receptors. We also show that the gene profile of the estrogen feedback cycle to a large extent depends on the relationship between the three esr genes and the two cyp19a1 genes, which are all up-regulated with age. Results indicate that a disruption of the natural activity of the dominant esr gene could lead to detrimental biological effects if EE2 exposure occurs during development, even if this exposure occurred for only a short period.
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| 34. |
- Power, DM, et al.
(författare)
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Thyroid hormones in growth and development of fish
- 2001
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Ingår i: COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. - 1532-0456. ; 130:4, s. 447-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thyroid hormones (THs), thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3) are products of the thyroid gland in all vertebrates. Their role in early development and metamorphosis is well established in mammals and amphibians, respectively, and recently several studies in fish have highlighted the importance of THs during flatfish metamorphosis. THs are present in high quantities in fish eggs and are presumably of maternal origin. During embryogenesis the concentration of T-4 and T-3 in the eggs decrease until endogenous production starts. Thyroid hormone receptors (TR) have been isolated from several teleosts and in common with tetrapods two receptor isoforms have been identified, TR alpha and TR beta. Both the receptors are expressed in early embryos and larvae of the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), zebrafish (Danio rerio) and seabream (Sparus aurata) although a different temporal pattern is apparent. The role of THs and TRs in fish embryogenesis, larval development and during metamorphosis will be discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 35. |
- Al-Mashat, Mariam, et al.
(författare)
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Pulmonary perfusion and NYHA classification improve after cardiac resynchronization therapy
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1071-3581 .- 1532-6551. ; 29:6, s. 2974-2983
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Evaluation of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) often includes New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, and echocardiography. However, these measures have limitations. Perfusion gradients from ventilation/perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (V/P SPECT) are related to left-heart filling pressures and have been validated against invasive right-heart catheterization. The aim was to assess if changes in perfusion gradients are associated with improvements in heart failure (HF) symptoms after CRT, and if they correlate with currently used diagnostic methods in the follow-up of patients with HF after receiving CRT. Methods and results: Nineteen patients underwent V/P SPECT, echocardiography, NYHA classification, and the quality-of-life scoring system “Minnesota living with HF” (MLWHF), before and after CRT. CRT caused improvement in perfusion gradients from V/P SPECT which were associated with improvements in NYHA classification (P =.0456), whereas improvements in end-systolic volume (LVESV) from echocardiography were not. After receiving CRT, the proportion of patients who improved was lower using LVESV (n = 7/19, 37%) than perfusion gradients (n = 13/19, 68%). Neither change in perfusion gradients nor LVESV was associated with changes in MLWHF (P = 1.0, respectively). Conclusions: Measurement of perfusion gradients from V/P SPECT is a promising quantitative user-independent surrogate measure of left-sided filling pressure in the assessment of CRT response in patients with HF.
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