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1.
  • Allen, Andrew, et al. (författare)
  • The impacts of landscape structure on the winter movements and habitat selection of female red deer
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 60, s. 411-421
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An area of research that has recently gained more attention is to understand how species respond to environmental change such as the landscape structure and fragmentation. Movement is crucial to select habitats but the landscape structure influences the movement patterns of animals. Characterising the movement characteristics, utilisation distribution (UD) and habitat selection of a single species in different landscapes can provide important insights into species response to changes in the landscape. We investigate these three fields in female red deer (Cervus elaphus) in southern Sweden, in order to understand how landscape structure influences their movement and feeding patterns. Movements are compared between two regions, one dominated by a fragmented agriculture-forest mosaic and the other by managed homogenous forest. Red deer in the agriculture-dominated landscape had larger UDs compared to those in the forest-dominated area, moved larger distances between feeding and resting and left cover later in the day but used a similar duration for their movements, suggesting faster travelling speeds between resting and feeding locations. The habitat selection patterns of red deer indicate a trade-off between forage and cover, selecting for habitats that provide shelter during the day and forage by night. However, the level of trade-off, mediated through movement and space use patterns, is influenced by the landscape structure. Our approach provides further understanding of the link between individual animal space use and changing landscapes and can be applied to many species able to carry tracking devices.
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2.
  • Apoznański, Grzegorz, et al. (författare)
  • Barbastelle bats in a wind farm : are they at risk?
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 64:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We need to know if and how western barbastelles Barbastella barbastellus are affected by wind farming in Sweden. This is because wind turbines are frequently constructed in barbastelle habitats and yet there is no national guideline on how the arising conflict should be handled. We studied the movement, behavior and mortality of a barbastelle population at a wind farm in southern Sweden, using radio-telemetry, automatic bat detectors and carcass searches. The tagged bats (6 males and 8 females) roosted mainly under loose bark of dead oak trees and foraged in patches of mature deciduous woodlands or pockets of mature spruce trees within 15 km of the roosts. Extensive areas of young spruce plantation, open farmland and lakes were not used for roosting or foraging but were crossed by commuting bats. Continuous recordings with bat detectors frequently picked up barbastelles at forest edges 30 m from the turbines, but rarely over the turbine pads within 10 m from the turbines and never at heights of 30 and 100 m at the turbine towers. Barbastelles were apparently not attracted to the wind turbines and did not seem to interact with them in any way. Carcass searches under 10 wind turbines at 1-week intervals over three summers did not reveal any dead barbastelles, although three other species were recovered. We conclude that wind farming is not nessarily incompatible with effective conservation of barbastelles in Sweden, but instead of focusing on wind turbines, effors should concentrate on (a) preservation and restoration of mature, age-structured deciduous woodlands and spruce forests, including very small and isolated patches, which provide food and roosts, and probably also (b) avoidance of outdoor lighting in areas used by barbastelles. Designating large circular buffer zones around each known or suspected colony according to current practice would be inefficient or meaningless in our case, because barbastelles use extensive home ranges and switch roost frequently. We argue that barbastelle management must be applied on a landscape scale.
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4.
  • Aronsson, Malin, et al. (författare)
  • Female breeding dispersal in wolverines, a solitary carnivore with high territorial fidelity
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 64
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Individuals' fidelity to an area provides insight into the stability of the spatial and temporal organisation of animals. Territorial fidelity is often influenced by reproductive success, age, the dispersion and predictability of resources, and intraspecific competition. We examined between-year territorial fidelity in wolverines (Gulo gulo), using location data from 47 individuals collected during 1993-2013 in northern Sweden, to assess the stability of the spatial organisation of this solitary carnivore. For females, we also determined residency status from 1 year to the next. The study population is characterized by a stable distribution of resident individuals, with both males and females showing higher fidelity at the total territory level compared to more intensively used core areas. In 86% of the yearly residency status estimates (n = 122), the female remained stationary. In the remaining 14% of the cases, females either vacated their territory (8% of residency statuses), or expanded into a neighbouring territory (6% of residency statuses). We documented six cases of breeding dispersal, representing one of the few known cases of breeding dispersal in longlived large mammals. We suggest that this high territorial fidelity is enabled by wolverines' caching and scavenging behaviours, which buffer the unpredictable and large spatiotemporal variation in resource abundance in this low-productivity area. Breeding dispersal may occur due to competition for high-quality territories in this saturated population, where females are forced to abandon their territory by competitors or bequeath territories to offspring. This study further highlights the complexity of the social and spatial dynamics for solitary carnivores.
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5.
  • Augustsson, Evelina, et al. (författare)
  • Density-dependent dinner: Wild boar overuse agricultural land at high densities
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 70
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Swedish wild boar (Sus scrofa) population has increased rapidly over the last decades, resulting in conflicts with human activities. Particularly, the increase has been challenging for agriculture as wild boar cause damage on crops and grasslands. To predict under what conditions to expect damage and where to prioritize management actions, basic knowledge about wild boar habitat and space use is needed. In this study, we used data from 99 wild boar equipped with GPS-collars, collected over a large temporal scale and throughout their distributional range in southern Sweden. We investigated wild boar home range size and habitat use across gradients of habitat availability and population density. Functional response in habitat use was assessed by estimating the use and availability of agricultural land on individual level and then, on population-level evaluating how use changed with changing availability. Finally, a potential response in habitat use was evaluated in relation to population density, i.e., the interaction between availability and population density. Home range size was negatively related to population density for both male and female wild boar. Wild boar used agricultural land more intensively with increasing population density and when other habitat types were less available. Our findings show that wild boar spatial behavior is highly context dependent and may vary considerably due to landscape characteristics and local conditions. Wild boars tend to overuse agricultural land at high densities which has strong implications for wildlife management. It is therefore important to consider local conditions when predicting space and habitat use by wild boar. Overall, this study provided a better understanding of the drivers of wild boar distribution and space use in agro-forested mosaic landscapes and how this knowledge can improve management practices.
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6.
  • Barmoen, Magnus, et al. (författare)
  • Trust in large carnivore science in Norway
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 67:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Large carnivores are controversial species, and associated conflicts between stakeholders with opposing views on large carnivores are observed across the globe. Social trust, the public’s willingness to rely on those responsible for developing policies, has gained much attention regarding the acceptance of large carnivores and large carnivore management. However, trust in large carnivore science has not received as much consideration. In Norway, administrative management authorities are responsible to execute the political framework decided by the Norwegian Parliament while basing their decisions on recommendations from large carnivore science. As large carnivore science is the main knowledge provider for monitoring and measures implemented in management decisions to achieve viable carnivore populations, trust in science is crucial. Yet, scientific information is often challenged. As attitude studies show a tendency for the wider general public to be more positive towards large carnivores than people most adversely affected, we wanted to examine whether the trust in large carnivore science follows the same pattern. We used a geographically stratified sample of 2110 respondents, five respondents from each municipality in Norway, to model how trust varies across the sample. Our results indicate that elderly men, people with lower education, those who have experienced loss of livestock to carnivores associate with lower trust in large carnivore science. Lower trust was also found among big game hunters and people who fear large carnivores. This knowledge could help to guide targeted science communication and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of cognitions important for management of conflicts involving large carnivores.
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7.
  • Bergqvist, Göran (författare)
  • Harvest bag composition differs among hunting methods for wild boar in Sweden
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 68
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Hunting method was recorded for a total of 7725 wild boar harvested in Sweden during the hunting years 2009/10 to 2017/18. Still hunting was most common and accounted for 53.0% of the harvested animals, whereas drive hunts and hunting for protection of crops accounted for 22.4% and 19.7%, respectively. In still hunting, significantly fewer adult females were harvested compared with expected numbers from a random harvest, whereas the opposite pattern occurred for all other methods. The proportion of wild boars harvested in still hunting decreased as the total harvest increased.
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8.
  • Bergvall, Ulrika A., et al. (författare)
  • The use of box-traps for wild roe deer : behaviour, injuries and recaptures
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 63:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Tracking devices are commonly used to locate and monitor wild animals for studying spatial ecology and survival rates. There is growing interest in capture effects, partially to minimize the impact on the study species, but also for animal welfare reasons. This study aims to examine roe deer behaviour in box-traps, when restrained, when released and during recaptures to quantify injuries and deaths over a period of 41 years. We use data from 2911 captures from 926 individuals between 1973 and 2014. We recorded behaviour inside the box-traps over two seasons. We also recorded behavioural data from 671 catches of 346 individuals during six seasons to study habituation. Additionally, we discuss box-traps in relation to ethological theory and animal welfare. Over a 41-year period, one roe deer suffering from starvation was found dead in a trap (0.035%), which cannot be solely related to capture (N = 926). About 58% of all roe deer were recaptured at least once during their life time. There was a low prevalence of injuries (0.5% of the captures, N = 2911), and they occurred predominately to the nose or antlers in velvet (in males). During the first hour after capture, animals typically stand very tense between eating bouts. Thereafter, the deer tended to move more softly and exhibited resting behaviours (e.g. lying down). Overall, we conclude that this method of capture and handling had very low impact on the welfare or survival of roe deer, which also habituated to recapture over successive events.
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9.
  • Carpio, Antonio J., et al. (författare)
  • Effects of wild boar predation on nests of wading birds in various Swedish habitats
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 62:4, s. 423-430
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The wild boar has, over the past few decades, undergone an expansion in Europe, which may have negatively affected ground-nesting bird populations and particularly those of wading birds. The aim of this study was to evaluate predation on waders’ nests by wild boar in Sweden, where this species has been increasing since its reintroduction. This was done by placing artificial nests in seven different study areas. A comparison was then made of predation rates of the nests placed on control plots (areas in which no wild boar were present but other predators were) and plots containing different abundances of wild boar. Contrary to our expectations, the proportion of nests predated was significantly lower in those areas in which wild boar were present, with a predation rate of 54 %, whereas the predation rate was 87.5 % in the others. The wild boar was identified as the second most important nest predator in the plots in which it was present, accounting for 18 % of the predated nests. The main predator on both types of plots was the red fox, which was responsible for 28 and 38.5 % of the predated nests on plots with/without wild boar, respectively. Interestingly, predation by badgers occurred principally in areas in which the wild boar was absent (34.5 % of the predated nests), whereas only one nest was predated by this predator in areas containing wild boar. It is not, however, possible to state whether predation by badgers was lower because of the presence of wild boar or whether this was owing to the fact that badgers do not select those particular patches because of habitat features.
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10.
  • Champagnon, Jocelyn, et al. (författare)
  • Low survival after release into the wild : assessing “the burden of captivity” on Mallard physiology and behaviour
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 58:1, s. 255-267
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Captive-reared animals used in reinforcement programs are generally less likely to survive than wild conspecifics. Digestion efficiency and naive behaviour are two likely reasons for this pattern. The Mallard is a species with high adaptability to its environment and in which massive reinforcement programs are carried out. We studied physiological and behavioural factors potentially affecting body condition and survival of captive-reared Mallards after being released. Digestive system morphology and an index of body condition were compared among three groups: captive-reared birds remaining in a farm (control), captive-reared birds released into the wild as juveniles (released) and wild-born birds (wild). We also compared behaviour and diet of released vs. wild Mallards. Finally, we conducted a 1-year survival analysis of captive-reared birds after release in a hunting-free area. Gizzard weight was lower in control Mallards, but the size of other organs did not differ between controls and wild birds. The difference in gizzard weight between released and wild birds disappeared after some time in the wild. Diet analyses suggest that released Mallards show a greater preference than wild for anthropogenic food (waste grain, bait). Despite similar time-budgets, released Mallards never attained the body condition of wild birds. As a consequence, survival probability in released Mallards was low, especially when food provisioning was stopped and during harsh winter periods. We argue that the low survival of released Mallards likely has a physiological rather than a behavioural (foraging) origin. In any case, extremely few released birds live long enough to potentially enter the breeding population, even without hunting. In the context of massive releases presently carried out for hunting purposes, our study indicates a low likelihood for genetic introgression by captive-reared birds into the wild population.
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11.
  • Champagnon, Jocelyn, et al. (författare)
  • Low survival after release into the wild : assessing “the burden of captivity” on Mallard physiology and behaviour
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Verlag. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 58:1, s. 255-267
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Captive-reared animals used in reinforcement programs are generally less likely to survive than wild conspecifics. Digestion efficiency and naive behaviour are two likely reasons for this pattern. The Mallard is a species with high adaptability to its environment and in which massive reinforcement programs are carried out. We studied physiological and behavioural factors potentially affecting body condition and survival of captive-reared Mallards after being released. Digestive system morphology and an index of body condition were compared among three groups: captive-reared birds remaining in a farm (control), captive-reared birds released into the wild as juveniles (released) and wild-born birds (wild). We also compared behaviour and diet of released vs. wild Mallards. Finally, we conducted a 1-year survival analysis of captive-reared birds after release in a hunting-free area. Gizzard weight was lower in control Mallards, but the size of other organs did not differ between controls and wild birds. The difference in gizzard weight between released and wild birds disappeared after some time in the wild. Diet analyses suggest that released Mallards show a greater preference than wild for anthropogenic food (waste grain, bait). Despite similar time-budgets, released Mallards never attained the body condition of wild birds. As a consequence, survival probability in released Mallards was low, especially when food provisioning was stopped and during harsh winter periods. We argue that the low survival of released Mallards likely has a physiological rather than a behavioural (foraging) origin. In any case, extremely few released birds live long enough to potentially enter the breeding population, even without hunting. In the context of massive releases presently carried out for hunting purposes, our study indicates a low likelihood for genetic introgression by captive-reared birds into the wild population.
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12.
  • Chapron, Guillaume (författare)
  • Overestimates of maternity and population growth rates in multi-annual breeders
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 59, s. 237-243
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There has been limited attention to estimating maternity rate because it appears to be relatively simple. However, when used for multi-annual breeder species, such as the largest carnivores, the most common estimators introduce an upward bias by excluding unproductive females. Using a simulated dataset based on published data, we compare the accuracy of maternity estimates derived from standard methods against estimates derived from an alternative method. We show that standard methods overestimate maternity rates in the presence of unsuccessful pregnancies. Importantly, population growth rates derived from a matrix model parameterized with the biased estimates may indicate increasing populations although the populations are stable or even declining. We recommend the abandonment of the biased standard methods and to instead use the unbiased alternative method for population projections and assessments of population viability.
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13.
  • Dessborn, Lisa, et al. (författare)
  • Geographical and temporal patterns in the diet of pintail Anas acuta, wigeon Anas penelope, mallard Anas platyrhynchos and teal Anas crecca in the Western Palearctic
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Verlag. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 57:6, s. 1119-1129
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Dabbling ducks are important quarry species, and as a result, they are relatively well studied. Over the last century, considerable effort has been made to describe their diet and food requirements. In this review, we compile present knowledge about the diet of four widespread dabbling ducks (wigeon, pintail, mallard and teal) in the Western Palearctic. Previous diet research has a spatio-temporal bias towards autumn/winter and the western parts of Europe. The limited number of studies from the breeding season reveals an increase in invertebrates in the diet compared to other seasons, but with some differences between adults and ducklings. Adult ducks eat a larger proportion of benthic invertebrates, whereas ducklings feed relatively more on emerging invertebrates. The most important plant species (seeds) based on frequency occurrence was found to vary with a geographic gradient. Carex spp., Hordeum vulgare and Hippuris vulgaris are common in the diet of birds at northern latitudes, whereas taxa such as Oryzasativa, Potamogeton pectinatus and Scirpus spp. are common in the south. The reviewed studies are based on the contents of different parts of the digestive system and on a variety of methods to quantify food items. The variations in sampling techniques and shortage of articles from the breeding season and some geographic regions highlight the need for future studies. In the future, it is important to standardize sampling techniques to improve the possibility to compare studies and to obtain a more representative view of the diet of dabbling ducks in Europe.
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14.
  • Di Nicola, Matteo R., et al. (författare)
  • Ophidiomyces ophidiicola detection and infection : a global review on a potential threat to the world's snake populations
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 68:5
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) is one of the most relevant fungal pathogens for snakes. It is the etiological agent of ophidiomycosis, an emerging disease causing dysecdysis, skin abnormalities, crusting cutaneous lesions, and ulcerations. Despite this major tegumentary "tropism", Oo infection can be systemic and it is capable of inducing visceral lesions. Moreover, ophidiomycosis may lead to abnormalities of reproductive physiology, hunting behavior, and thermoregulation, thus increasing the risks of sublethal effects and predation on affected snakes. Oo seems horizontally transmitted and can induce postnatal mortality. This article reviews published data on Oo detection and infection in all snake species in countries around the world and categorizes these data using new classification parameters. The presence of this fungus has been recorded in 11 states (considering the USA as a whole); however, in four states, the mycosis has only been reported in snakes held in captivity. Detection and/or infection of Oo has been ascertained in 62 snake species, divided into nine families. The taxa have been categorized with diagnostic criteria in order to report, for each species, the highest rank of categorization resulting from all cases. Therefore, 20 species have been included within the class "Ophidiomycosis and Oo shedder", 11 within "Ophidiomycosis", 16 in "Apparent ophidiomycosis", and 15 within "Ophidiomyces ophidiicola present". We also discuss the significance and limits of case classifications and Oo's impact on wild populations, and we suggest methods for preliminary surveillance. Standardized methods, interdisciplinary studies, and cooperation between various research institutions may facilitate further Oo screening studies, elucidate the unclear aspects of the disease, and protect ophidiofauna from this emerging threat at the global level.
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15.
  • Eklund, Ann, et al. (författare)
  • Animal owners’ appraisal of large carnivore presence and use of interventions to prevent carnivore attacks on domestic animals in Sweden
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 66:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Large carnivores elicit strong emotional reactions, which could influence consensus or social conflicts between persons promoting wildlife conservation and people who suffer from its negative consequences. Interventions to prevent carnivore attacks on domestic animals are intended to promote coexistence between people and carnivores, but could fail to mitigate fear and social conflicts if emotions and perspectives of intervention end users are not given careful consideration. We conducted focus group interviews with animal owners in Sweden and applied a framework of the appraisal theory of emotion to gain a nuanced understanding of their appraisal of intervention use. The analysis identified that appraisals occur at two different levels. The first process related to appraisals of carnivore presence and the second process related to appraisals of intervention use. The interventions can provide an opportunity to facilitate the animal owners’ coping with carnivore presence and thereby reduce their experienced anxiety of carnivore attacks. However, if animal owners are presented with interventions which they consider irrelevant, that have implications with which they cannot cope, or that are incongruent with the animal owners’ norms, then the promotion of interventions can also generate frustration and negative emotions. As such, interventions have the potential to either mitigate or undermine wildlife-related conflicts. In the wider context, taking the perspective of the individual becomes essential, and animal owners’ experiences and appraisals of intervention use must be acknowledged to allow development of social trust and empathetic dialog between stakeholders in the future.
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16.
  • Eklund, Ann, et al. (författare)
  • Times of trouble—seasonal variation in number and severity of attacks on sheep caused by large carnivores and eagles in Sweden
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 70
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Wildlife managers and livestock owners can choose from a multitude of interventions to prevent carnivore attacks on domestic animals, ranging from light and sound deterrents to fencing and lethal control. To guide management and make the best and most cost-effective choice of interventions, knowledge about where and when these measures are needed the most is important. By identifying spatiotemporal patterns of carnivore attacks, resources can be used more efficiently to prevent such attacks. We used a Swedish nationwide, long-term data set to identify inter- and intra-seasonal variation in probability, number, and severity (number of killed or injured per attack) of large carnivore attacks on sheep. Our results show that there are specific “times of trouble”, regarding the number of attacks from golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in late spring, and from brown bears (Ursus arctos), lynx (Lynx lynx), and wolves (Canis lupus) in late summer. Additionally, for brown bears and wolves, the severity of attacks varied throughout the grazing season with a peak in the latter part of the summer. The results can be used for guidance of temporal prioritisation of preventive interventions to reduce the probability, number, and severity of large carnivore attacks on sheep.
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17.
  • Ericsson, Göran, et al. (författare)
  • Moose anti-predator behaviour towards baying dogs in a wolf-free area
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 61, s. 575-582
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Understanding the impact of human activity on prey anti-predator behaviour is becoming increasingly important. For many species, hunting is the dominating mortality cause in areas where predators are functionally extinct. In a controlled field experiment in Northern Sweden devoid of wolves, we exposed adult female moose (Alces alces) to hunting activity using a dog (Canis lupus familiaris) to study individual moose anti-predator behaviour. Moose were more active, had larger 24-h activity ranges and left the area after the disturbance. Our study supports the existence of several anti-predator strategies within a species even when predators are absent. A mixed strategy among individuals may be beneficial when a new predator eventually enters the system. Instead of fronting as expected from other study systems, most individuals fled when confronted. We argue that heavily harvested Scandinavian moose may be more adapted to human and bear predation in contrast to the suggested behavioural maladaption towards wolf predation. We build on two major lines of arguments; first, being less defensive, but fleeing when approached by a baying dog which mimics wolf encounters, is likely to increase moose survival compared with the risk to be shot when being defensive and fronting, held at bay. Secondly, we assume that escaping in a tortuous manner, i.e. in an unpredictable way, may increase the chance to undergo persecution by increasing the chance that chaser switches the target animal, especially in areas of high moose density. We recommend future studies to address individual variation and behavioural plasticity in anti-predator behaviour.
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18.
  • Ericsson, Göran, et al. (författare)
  • Offset between GPS collar-recorded temperature in moose and ambient weather station data
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 61, s. 919-922
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • GPS collar-recorded temperature is often considered as a proxy for the ambient temperature in wildlife ecology studies, yet few studies actually test its reliability as well as the correlation with ambient temperature. Here, we address this question and demonstrate a strong correlation between collar temperature and weather station data, indicating that GPS collar sensor data can be regarded as a reliable index of ambient air temperature. Using data obtained from 384 free-ranging moose equipped with GPS collars between latitude 57A degrees N to 68A degrees N in Sweden, we analyzed 1,467,361 paired observations of collar temperature and air temperature of the nearest official Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute station. We found a systematic offset that varied across months, being larger during the warm summer months than during the winter period. We found an average correlation of .91 (r (s); range .75 to .93, median .91) between collar and ambient temperature of the nearest weather station. Thus, temperature sensors in, e.g., a GPS collar, may be used to study animal behavior, movement and habitat choice in relation to ambient air temperature. This aligns with the calls for using animals as not only subjects but also as the samplers of the environment. It also opens up possibilities for large-scale projects on animal ecology and physiology in the absence of ground measuring stations on higher spatial scales like home range and landscape. As an application of collar temperature, we show that changes in the movement patterns seem to be highly influenced by temperature-induced heat stress that moose experience during summer.
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19.
  • Eriksson, Louise, 1973-, et al. (författare)
  • Are birdwatchers willing to participate in local goose management? : A case study from Sweden
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 69:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Stakeholder involvement in wildlife management is important and requires knowledge about factors motivating such participation. With several goose populations increasing in Europe and goose management incorporating multiple objectives, involvement of stakeholder groups with diverse interests is needed. In this study, we examined how evaluations of geese (attitude and acceptance capacity), but also experiences of birdwatching and birdwatcher identity, were associated with willingness to participate in local goose management. A survey among members of Sweden's largest birdwatching organization was conducted (n = 5010). The majority of respondents, 64%, displayed a divided evaluation of geese, most frequently in terms of an overall positive attitude towards geese but a low acceptance for current goose population levels (i.e. acceptance capacity). Birdwatchers' willingness to participate in goose management was generally low. Whereas they were more willing to take part in goose counts (i.e. monitoring) than to participate in local goose management groups, they were least willing to contribute to mitigating crop damage through scaring geese. Results further revealed that birdwatchers with a divided evaluation of geese and an entirely positive evaluation displayed the highest willingness to participate in goose management. However, a stronger distinct birdwatcher identity as a result of more birdwatching experiences was even more strongly associated with higher willingness to take part in goose management. The results highlight a need to intensify efforts to engage stakeholder groups with an interest in conservation issues in the participatory goose management system in Europe.
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20.
  • Filella, Jordi Bartolomé, et al. (författare)
  • Artificial intelligence as a potential tool for micro-histological analysis of herbivore diets
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 69:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Different non-invasive techniques have been used to determine herbivore diet composition from fecal samples, including micro-histological analysis of epidermal fragments. This method can provide reliable semi-quantitative data through the identification of plant cell structures visualized under an optical microscope. However, this method is highly time-consuming and it requires significant expertise in microscopic identification. Since micro-histological analysis is based on pattern recognition, artificial intelligence (AI) could be used to make this method more time efficient through automated identification and counting of epidermal fragments. We developed a software application based on an AI model that, appropriately trained, could identify and count epidermal fragments from photographed microscope slides. We compared the performance of this model to that of visual identification by a trained observer using in vitro mixtures of fragments from two plant species, Arbutus unedo and Rubia peregrina, with very different epidermal characteristics. Both the human observer and the AI model estimated proportions of plant fragments very close to those of the original mixtures. In addition, once trained, the AI model was over 350 times faster in identifying and counting fragments compared to a human observer. Our study highlights the potential of AI to be applied to the study of herbivore diets for labor-intensive pattern recognition tasks. 
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21.
  • Gavier-Widén, Dolores (författare)
  • Testosterone production and spermatogenesis in free-ranging Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) throughout the year
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 60, s. 569-577
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Seasonal variation in reproduction is common in mammals as an adaptation to annual changes in the habitat. In lynx, male reproduction activity is of special interest because female lynxes are monoestric with an unusual narrow (about 1 month) breeding season. In Eurasian lynx, mating occurs between January and April depending on the latitude. To characterize the seasonal pattern of sperm and testosterone production in free-ranging Eurasian lynxes, long-term frozen-stored testis material obtained postmortem from 74 hunted or road-killed lynxes in Sweden was used to analyze annual changes in testis mass, testicular testosterone content, and spermatogenetic activity. Values of most gonadal parameters obtained in subadult lynxes were significantly different from the values observed in adult males. In adult lynxes, a moderate annual fluctuation of gonadal parameters was found which was most profound for testis weight and testicular testosterone concentration reaching highest values in March (median of 2.18 g and 2.67 mu g/g tissue respectively). Grouping the data of pre-/breeding (January-April) and postbreeding season (May-September) revealed significant changes in testis weight and testosterone concentration. The relative spermatogenetic activity remained high in postbreeding testes. However, net sperm production decreased according to reduction of testis mass and a tendency to lower cauda epididymal sperm numbers in the postbreeding period was observed. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to analyze the gonadal activity of frozen testis/epididymis tissue postmortem and that male Eurasian lynxes show-opposite to the females-only moderate seasonal changes in their reproductive capacity.
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22.
  • Gentsch, Regina, et al. (författare)
  • Cortisol response of wild ungulates to trauma situations: hunting is not necessarily the worst stressor
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 64
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Animal welfare concerns are becoming a central issue in wildlife management and conservation. Thus, we investigated stress response of wild ungulates to potentially traumatic situations (shooting injuries, vehicle collisions, entanglement, injuries or diseases) and hunting methods (stalking, battues and hunts with dogs) by means of serum cortisol concentrations from blood collected from killed animals. Cortisol levels in roe deer ranged below and in wild boar above levels for moose, red deer and fallow deer (hence, pooled as a group "deer"). Apart from species, cortisol concentration in trauma situations was mainly explained by trauma type and presence of disturbance after the trauma event. Effect of trauma type differed significantly for "deer", with animals caught in fences and suffering vehicle collisions experiencing higher cortisol levels than animals injured by shooting. Differences between hunting methods were observed in the cervids ("deer" and roe deer), with stalking leading to lower cortisol levels than hunts with dogs (both groups) and battues (roe deer). Events both before and after the shot, such as duration of pursuit prior to shooting, location of injury, trauma length and presence of disturbance after the shot were relevant for cortisol levels in hunted cervids. Our results indicate that search teams tracking and euthanising wounded animals should behave in a calm way to minimise disturbance. Still, it is important to acknowledge that many situations described in the literature, i.e. reindeer handling, roe deer captures and red deer yarding, seem even more stressful, beside vehicle collisions, than most hunting methods.
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23.
  • Gren, Ing-Marie, et al. (författare)
  • Economics of wildlife management-an overview
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 64:2
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study makes an explorative overview on two main research topics in economics of wildlife management: determination of population sizes and policy design. The results point out a large and comprehensive research on each of these issues, in particular on the estimation of values and costs of wildlife, where this information is necessary for the determination of population size. A drawback is that most of the value and cost studies do not relate their estimates to wildlife population size, which limits their usability for efficient policy design. Most valuation studies estimate the recreational value of hunting, which can range between 13 and 545 USD/hunting day (in 2013 prices), and two thirds of the included studies have been applied to wildlife in the USA. A majority of the studies on the costs of wildlife management calculate losses from carnivore predation on livestock and ungulate damage to crops, while a few consider dispersal of diseases and the cost of traffic collisions. Unlike valuation studies, several of the cost estimates apply to wildlife in developing and emerging economies. With respect to policy design the literature, which is mainly theoretical, suggests economic incentives for conflict resolution, where those suffering from wildlife damages are compensated for their losses. However, there are some issues which remain to be addressed by economists: relating costs and benefits to wildlife populations; estimating values and costs of wildlife in developing countries; evaluating wildlife policies in practice; addressing implications of uncertainty in population size, costs, and benefits for policy design; and estimating transaction costs for implementation and enforcement of wildlife policies.
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24.
  • Gren, Ing-Marie, et al. (författare)
  • Food security and the value of game animals-a study of Sweden
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 70
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The food security value of wild meat is calculated by combining proxy methods for quantifying game animal abundance with shadow pricing techniques for assessing the unit values of food security. This study calculated the food security values of moose, roe deer, wild boar, and fallow deer for Sweden overall and for individual counties. The results showed that meat from these animal populations accounts for approximately 9% of meat consumption in Sweden and for 1.2% of the minimum energy food consumption during periods of crisis for the whole of Sweden, while in some counties it can be as much as 8%. The calculated unit value, or shadow price, of the minimum energy requirement ranged between euro 0.1 and euro 4.2/mcal, depending on the magnitude of the crisis scenario. At most, the total food security value of actual animal population sizes amounted to 0.50 billion euros, but this was unevenly distributed, with high values in counties that have an abundance of moose and wild boar.
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25.
  • Guerrero-Casado, José, et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of the suitability of latrine counts as an indirect method by which to estimate the abundance of European rabbit populations at high and low abundance
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 66:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Monitoring European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) populations using suitable methods is crucial, especially in those areas in which endangered predators remain and rabbits occur at low densities. We first counted the number of rabbits, the number of scattered pellets, and the number of latrines counted within 16 plots established in areas of low rabbit density, showing that the number of rabbits counted inside the plots was more closely correlated with the number of pellets counted than with the number of latrines. In addition, no latrines were found in 8 plots. In 53 walking transects, the number of pellets m−2 and the number of latrines km−1 had a positive relationship, but no significant correlation was obtained between the two methods when only the transects with a low rabbit abundance were selected. These results suggest that although counting latrines can be useful to compare areas with different abundances, it may underestimate rabbit abundance at low abundances where counting scattered pellets is, therefore, the most accurate alternative. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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26.
  • Gunnarsson, Gunnar, et al. (författare)
  • Density dependence in ducks : a review of the evidence
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Verlag. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 59:3, s. 305-321
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Density dependence (DD) is a central concept in population ecology and in the management of harvested populations. For example, DD underpins the idea of additive versus compensatory mortality and is a tenet in the paradigm of resource limitation and regulation. Yet the prevalence and importance of DD remains disputed in most organisms, including ducks, which are focal in game management, conservation and zoonotic diseases. Based on 154 data entries from 54 studies in the peer-reviewed literature, we here synthesize and evaluate the prevalence of DD in breeding ducks in relation to (1) species and guild (dabbling versus diving ducks), (2) stage in the breeding cycle (nesting, duckling, recruitment) or, alternatively, in terms of population dynamics, (3) study type (descriptive/nonmanipulative versus experimental), (4) continent (Europe versus North America), (5) spatial level (wetland, landscape, regional, continental) and (6) biome (tundra, boreal, nemoral, prairie, mediterranean). One conclusion from this review is that it is difficult to find general patterns about the prevalence of DD unless data are broken down to subsets, for example, to stage or spatial level. With respect to stage, DD effects occur at all stages of the breeding cycle. During the nesting and duckling stages, the frequency of cases detecting versus not detecting DD is roughly the same. However, in cases referring to the recruitment stage, i.e. to survival of fledged ducks until 1 year old at the most, DD was the rule, suggesting that DD processes may operate mainly outside the breeding season. Further subdivision of data shows that spatial scale is important to the prevalence of DD in nesting ducks—rare on the wetland level and more common on higher spatial levels. In studies of population dynamics (i.e. based on time series data only), DD was more often found in diving than in dabbling ducks. This corroborates previous suggestions that dabbling ducks largely should be considered as r-selected species, in contrast to more K-selected diving ducks, which start to reproduce at an older age and often breed in more stable wetland environments where resources may be easier to track and populations thus often are closer to carrying capacity. However, the picture of DD in ducks is far from complete, and knowledge gaps for future studies to address include: (a) data from Russia, which holds a large part of the breeding ducks in the Northern hemisphere, (b) experimental studies on more species to separate density-dependent factors from other drivers of population change and to tease apart spatial and temporal interactions in the underlying processes, (c) time series analyses addressing population dynamics, especially from outside North America, (d) studies relating duck numbers to limiting resources, which arguably is the most relevant measure of density, (e) the timing of DD processes in relation to harvest and natural mortality.
  •  
27.
  • Gunnarsson, Gunnar, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Density dependence in ducks : a review of the evidence
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 59:3, s. 305-321
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Density dependence (DD) is a central concept in population ecology and in the management of harvested populations. For example, DD underpins the idea of additive versus compensatory mortality and is a tenet in the paradigm of resource limitation and regulation. Yet the prevalence and importance of DD remains disputed in most organisms, including ducks, which are focal in game management, conservation and zoonotic diseases. Based on 154 data entries from 54 studies in the peer-reviewed literature, we here synthesize and evaluate the prevalence of DD in breeding ducks in relation to (1) species and guild (dabbling versus diving ducks), (2) stage in the breeding cycle (nesting, duckling, recruitment) or, alternatively, in terms of population dynamics, (3) study type (descriptive/nonmanipulative versus experimental), (4) continent (Europe versus North America), (5) spatial level (wetland, landscape, regional, continental) and (6) biome (tundra, boreal, nemoral, prairie, mediterranean). One conclusion from this review is that it is difficult to find general patterns about the prevalence of DD unless data are broken down to subsets, for example, to stage or spatial level. With respect to stage, DD effects occur at all stages of the breeding cycle. During the nesting and duckling stages, the frequency of cases detecting versus not detecting DD is roughly the same. However, in cases referring to the recruitment stage, i.e. to survival of fledged ducks until 1 year old at the most, DD was the rule, suggesting that DD processes may operate mainly outside the breeding season. Further subdivision of data shows that spatial scale is important to the prevalence of DD in nesting ducks—rare on the wetland level and more common on higher spatial levels. In studies of population dynamics (i.e. based on time series data only), DD was more often found in diving than in dabbling ducks. This corroborates previous suggestions that dabbling ducks largely should be considered as r-selected species, in contrast to more K-selected diving ducks, which start to reproduce at an older age and often breed in more stable wetland environments where resources may be easier to track and populations thus often are closer to carrying capacity. However, the picture of DD in ducks is far from complete, and knowledge gaps for future studies to address include: (a) data from Russia, which holds a large part of the breeding ducks in the Northern hemisphere, (b) experimental studies on more species to separate density-dependent factors from other drivers of population change and to tease apart spatial and temporal interactions in the underlying processes, (c) time series analyses addressing population dynamics, especially from outside North America, (d) studies relating duck numbers to limiting resources, which arguably is the most relevant measure of density, (e) the timing of DD processes in relation to harvest and natural mortality.
  •  
28.
  • Haage, Marianne, et al. (författare)
  • An experimental approach to the formation of diet preferences and individual specialisation in European mink
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 63:2, s. 1-8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Individual dietary specialisation can occur within populations even when average diets suggest that the population has a generalist feeding strategy. Individual specialisation may impact fitness and has been related to demographic traits, ecological opportunity, competition, learning and animal personality. However, the causation and formation of individual specialisation are not fully understood. Experiments on animals raised in controlled environments provide an opportunity to examine dietary preferences and learning largely independent from variation in lifetime experiences and ecological opportunity. Here, we use a feeding experiment to examine individual specialisation and learning in captive bred European mink (Mustela lutreola) in an Estonian conservation programme. In a series of cafeteria experiments, animals could choose between one familiar food item (Baltic herring Clupea harengus membras) and two initially novel ones (noble crayfish Astacus astacus and house mouse Mus musculus). In general, mice were rarely eaten whilst crayfish consumption increased over time and fish decreased. At the individual level, there was a mix of generalists and crayfish or fish specialists, and the individuals differed in learning time in relation to novel prey. Our results indicate that individual variation in innate preferences and learning both contributes to individual diet specialisation. The differences in learning indicate individual variation in behavioural plasticity, which in turn can be related to personality. This could be of concern in conservation, as personality has been shown to affect survival in translocations.
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29.
  • Holopainen, Sari, et al. (författare)
  • Habitat use in ducks breeding in boreal freshwater wetlands : a review
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 61:3, s. 339-363
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Breeding habitats strongly influence duck reproduction and survival. The boreal biome harbours a large share of the world’s wetlands, which are important breeding sites for several duck species. Based on 98 studies in the peer-reviewed literature, we here synthesize and evaluate which habitat characteristics affect habitat use and reproduction of ducks breeding in boreal freshwater wetlands with respect to (1) species and guild (dabbling, diving and piscivorous ducks) and (2) breeding cycle stage (settling by pairs, nesting and brood rearing). We consider the following aspects related to habitat: wetland morphology and spatial aggregation, water characteristics, habitat structure and vegetation, and biotic interactions. Most of the peer-reviewed studies of duck habitat use in boreal wetlands are from North America and Fennoscandia, while nearly half of the boreal area lacks such studies. Few species dominate research thus far while several others have not been studied at all. Nest site use and success are mainly related to predator avoidance. Food resources and habitat structure are the key characteristics affecting habitat use by duck pairs and broods as well as breeding success, although there are differences between duck guilds. Among the commonly studied variables, there is little evidence that water characteristics affect duck habitat use or survival. The most notable knowledge gaps are found in the effects of anthropogenic activities on habitat use and breeding success of ducks. Because boreal breeding environments are increasingly affected by human activities, we underline the need for future studies combining climate variation with natural and anthropogenic disturbances.
  •  
30.
  • Holopainen, Sari, et al. (författare)
  • Habitat use in ducks breeding in boreal freshwater wetlands : a review
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Verlag. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 61:3, s. 339-363
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Breeding habitats strongly influence duck reproduction and survival. The boreal biome harbours a large share of the world’s wetlands, which are important breeding sites for several duck species. Based on 98 studies in the peer-reviewed literature, we here synthesize and evaluate which habitat characteristics affect habitat use and reproduction of ducks breeding in boreal freshwater wetlands with respect to (1) species and guild (dabbling, diving and piscivorous ducks) and (2) breeding cycle stage (settling by pairs, nesting and brood rearing). We consider the following aspects related to habitat: wetland morphology and spatial aggregation, water characteristics, habitat structure and vegetation, and biotic interactions. Most of the peer-reviewed studies of duck habitat use in boreal wetlands are from North America and Fennoscandia, while nearly half of the boreal area lacks such studies. Few species dominate research thus far while several others have not been studied at all. Nest site use and success are mainly related to predator avoidance. Food resources and habitat structure are the key characteristics affecting habitat use by duck pairs and broods as well as breeding success, although there are differences between duck guilds. Among the commonly studied variables, there is little evidence that water characteristics affect duck habitat use or survival. The most notable knowledge gaps are found in the effects of anthropogenic activities on habitat use and breeding success of ducks. Because boreal breeding environments are increasingly affected by human activities, we underline the need for future studies combining climate variation with natural and anthropogenic disturbances.
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31.
  • Jarnemo, Anders, 1968-, et al. (författare)
  • Home range sizes of red deer in relation to habitat composition : a review and implications for management in Sweden
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - Heidelberg : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 69:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Knowledge about deer spatial use is essential for damage mitigation, conservation, and harvest management. We assess annual and seasonal home range sizes in relation to habitat composition for red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Sweden, using GPS-data from two regions with different management systems. We compare our findings with reviewed data on red deer home range sizes in Europe. Annual and seasonal home ranges during calving, hunt, and winter-spring, decreased with increasing proportion forest. Female annual home ranges in a mixed agricultural-forest landscape were three times larger than in a forest-dominated landscape. Core areas (50% Kernels) were approximately 1/5 of the full annual and seasonal home ranges (95% Kernels) regardless of habitat composition. Home range size in the forest-dominated landscape showed little inter-seasonal variation. In the agricultural-forest landscape, home ranges were larger during calving, hunt, and winter-spring compared to summer and rut. In the forest-dominated landscape, management areas are large enough to cover female spatial use. In the agricultural-forest landscape, female spatial use covers several license units. Here, the coordinated license system is needed to reach trade-offs between goals of conservation, game management, and damage mitigation. Males had in general larger home ranges than females, and the majority of the males also made a seasonal migration to and from the rutting areas. The license system area in the agricultural-forest landscape is large enough to manage migrating males. In the forest landscape, a coordination of several management areas is needed to encompass male migrations. We conclude that management needs to adapt to deer spatial use in different types of landscapes to reach set goals. © 2023, The Author(s).
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32.
  • Jarnemo, Anders, et al. (författare)
  • Movement pattern of red deer during drive hunts in Sweden
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 60, s. 77-84
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We investigated the movement pattern of GPS-collared red deer (Cervus elaphus) during drive hunts with loose dogs. In 46 flights of hinds (N = 9), the median flight distance was 2.5 km (range 0.4-15.0). In 28 % of the flights, the hind left its home range. Average time before returning to home range was 23 h (range 2-88). Hinds in a less forested site left their home ranges more often, fled longer distances, moved at higher speed, and returned later than hinds in a homogenous forest. Speed of movement increased with number of hunts in the less forested site. In eight flights of stags (N = 4), the median flight distance was 5.1 km (range 2.2-13.3). The start of hunting season seemed to trigger stags' departure to their wintering areas. Knowledge of reactions to disturbance can aid game management to choose hunting methods and dogs that cause less disturbance but may also be used to deter deer from areas where they damage crops and forest plantations.
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33.
  • Johansson, Maria, et al. (författare)
  • Factors governing human fear of wolves : moderating effects of geographical location and standpoint on protected nature
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - New York : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 62:6, s. 749-760
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study analyses psychological antecedents of feelings of fear of wolves in a proportional sample of the Swedish population (national sample, n = 545) and in a sample of people in counties with wolf presence (regional sample, n = 1,892). Structural equation modelling of survey data suggests a dual pathway to self-reported fear. One path encompasses the appraisal of the environmental context operationalised as a potential wolf encounter. The second path concerns the appraisal of the social context assessed as social trust in managing authorities. The relative importance of the paths differs between the national and the regional sample, and between people in the administrative centre of the region and the regional periphery. We show that the public's fear of wolves should be addressed both at an individual level, focusing on situations with potential encounters, and at a collective level, by strengthening the trust between the public and authorities, and regional variation should be considered.
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34.
  • Johansson Wensman, Jonas (författare)
  • Detection of antibodies to peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in the semi-domesticated yak
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 65
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and acute viral disease of small ruminants. Occasionally, PPR can affect wildlife with devastating results, such as the recent outbreaks in Mongolian saiga. The yak (Bos grunniens and Bos mutus) is a large ruminant found throughout the Himalayan region of south Central Asia, the Tibetan Plateau and as far north as Mongolia and Russia. In Pakistan, yaks are confined to the high plateau of the Northern Areas, from Gilgit to the valley of Ladakh. In Tajikistan, yaks are present in districts in the north, east and southeast of the country. Commonly, yak intermingle with domestic animals during winter when mountainous summer pastures are covered with snow, and with wildlife during summer pastures. PPR is considered endemic in sheep and goats in Pakistan and Tajikistan. In this study, we investigated the potential presence of antibodies to peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) in yak populations using ELISA. A total of 250 (Pakistan) and 85 (Tajikistan) serum samples of healthy yaks were collected. None of the Tajik yaks were seropositive (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.0-4.2%), while 23 of 250 (9.2%; 95% CI 5.9-13.5%) yaks sampled in Pakistan were found positive. Whether PPRV is continuously circulating among yaks or seroconversion reflects spill-over from outbreaks of PPR in domestic animals remains unknown. Due to the herding practices, yak might transmit PPR from domestic to wild ruminants. Differences in contacts between yaks and domestic animals in Pakistan and Tajikistan, or the low sample size, could explain that no Tajik yaks were seropositive.
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35.
  • Kindvall, Oskar, et al. (författare)
  • Testing bat abundance and diversity predictions by PREBAT, a connectivity-based habitat suitability model for insectivorous bats
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 66
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Where large landscape modifications are planned, e.g. for infrastructure or exploitation, ecological impact assessments are required because of their potential effects on environment and species. Methods that make such assessments more standardized, efficient, and reliable are highly desirable. This paper proposes a new connectivity-based habitat model for bats (PREBAT), which could be used as a tool for impact assessments. Using data that was specifically collected for this purpose, the performance of PREBAT is critically analyzed and discussed. For this study, 50 sites within an area of 850 km(2) in eastern Sweden were inventoried for four nights each using automatic ultrasound recorders to get an empiric measure of bat occurrence that could be compared with PREBAT predictions. The correlation between the predicted values from PREBAT and the observed bat activity (number of recordings) or species richness was tested using generalized linear mixed models. Predicted values of PREBAT are significantly correlated to the number of species that regularly (more than one night) occur at a given site, but not to the total number of species. PREBAT performed also much better at predicting the activity of forest-living species than overall bat activity, which makes PREBAT particularly suitable for predicting conflicts for those species. This study proposes a new habitat model for bats that takes spatial connectivity between habitat patches into account. PREBAT is shown to perform satisfyingly and has the potential to become a useful tool in assessing the ecological impact of large-scale landscape modifications.
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36.
  • Lin, Huayi, et al. (författare)
  • Modelling stakeholder satisfaction for conflict resolution in wildlife management: a case of wolf population in Sweden
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 67
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Swedish wolf population has rebounded from near extinction in the 1960s to around 365 individuals in 2020, after the implementation of the Hunting Act (jaktlagen) in 1966. This recent increase in the wolf population has evoked a serious divide between "pro-wolf" and "anti-wolf" Swedish citizens. Despite the continuous efforts by the Swedish government to reconcile this antagonism, the conflicts are persistent with a sign of impasse. In this paper, we present a modelling tool, which can bring transparent and "structured dialogue to the opposing positions." This approach includes a stylized framework for quantitative modelling of stakeholders' satisfaction levels regarding their preferred size of the wildlife population in question, based on the concept of satisfaction functions. We argue that this framework may contribute to conflict resolution by bringing a common understanding among stakeholders, facilitate a societal discourse, and potentially help to assess likely support for conservation policies. We present a showcase application of this modeling tool in the context of the conflict over the Swedish wolf conservation policies. The model is informed using a thorough literature review as well as interviews, which identified relevant stakeholder groups and respective drivers of their attitudes towards wolves.
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37.
  • López-Bao, José Vicente (författare)
  • Hematology and serum biochemistry values of free-ranging Iberian wolves (Canis lupus) trapped by leg-hold snares
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 61, s. 135-141
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Hematology and serum biochemistry are important tools in assessing the health and physiological status of wildlife populations. Nevertheless, studies on free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus) are scarce, and no reference values are available neither for Iberian wolves nor for wolves captured with leg-hold snares. We report 37 hematology and serum biochemistry variables obtained from 26 free-ranging Iberian wolves captured with leg-hold snares between 2007 and 2014, including variables previously not reported in the literature. The values obtained are similar to the published reference intervals for Scandinavian wolves captured by darting from a helicopter, except for higher values for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), leukocyte count, creatinine kinase (CK), gamma-globulins, and total bilirubin (TBIL) and lower values for alkaline phosphatase (ALP). We propose that differences in leukocyte count, CK, and TBIL are related to the method of capture, while differences in RDW, MCHC, ALP, and gamma-globulins could reflect physiological adaptations to environmental conditions, sampling, or pre-analytical artifacts. Lymphocyte count was lower and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher in older, reproductive females, while ALP and phosphorus were higher in juvenile wolves. For the first time, we describe hematology and serum biochemistry values of free-ranging Iberian wolves captured with leg-hold snares. The data reported here is the first published reference for wolves captured with similar methods and for monitoring Iberian wolves populations' physiological and health status.
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38.
  • López-Bao, José Vicente (författare)
  • Indirect effects of changes in environmental and agricultural policies on the diet of wolves
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 61, s. 895-902
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Policies have the potential to affect human-wildlife coexistence. However, despite consequences being evident beforehand or emerging soon after their implementation, potential conflicts between policies and biodiversity conservation are not always easy to predict. Wolves feeding on anthropogenic food sources (AFS) usually fall into conflict with humans, mainly due to predation on livestock. But the availability of AFS can be influenced by different policies leading to diet shifts, which could trigger new conflicts or exacerbate existing ones. Here, we show a long-term shift in the diet of wolves in northwestern Iberia over the last three decades and discuss its potential connection to changes in sanitary, environmental, and socioeconomic policies. Wolves persisted for a long time due to the activity of humans with AFS accounting for > 94 % of their diet. Our results suggest a connection between a diet shift in wolves and changes in policies, from a broad diet including more feedlot (pigs, chickens) and medium-sized (goats and dogs) species, mainly in the form of carrion, to a more narrow diet based primarily on large domestic ungulates (cattle and horses). We discuss the potential implications of the observed shift in the diet of wolves on human-wolf conflicts. We also call attention on the pressing need to integrate policies into biodiversity conservation to anticipate future conservation and management dilemmas.
  •  
39.
  • López-Bao, José Vicente (författare)
  • Individual attributes and party affect large carnivore attacks on humans
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 63
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Wildlife managers, researchers and the general public have traditionally been demanding information on factors concerning the probability of risky encounters between predators and people, as well as how to react in those situations. This information is crucial to reduce the number of predator attacks, which in absolute terms have increased in the last decades. Here, we focus on the role of carnivore species and sex, as well as victim-related factors (i.e. gender, activities, party composition), as determinants of carnivore attacks on humans. Using a dataset on attacks by grizzlies (Ursus arctos horribilis), black bears (Ursus americanus), cougars (Puma concolor), wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) in North America during the last five decades, we found that (1) male black bears were involved in attacks more frequently than females; (2) attacks by coyotes, cougars and wolves prevalently caused injuries, whereas cases of death were more frequent during grizzly and black bear attacks; and (3) people in a party were less vulnerable to an attack than a person alone. We identified risky situations and behaviours that should be avoided in areas where people and large carnivore share the landscape.
  •  
40.
  • Lundmark, Carina, et al. (författare)
  • Adaptive co-management: How social networks, deliberation and learning affect legitimacy in carnivore management
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 60:4, s. 637-644
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Adaptive co-management (ACM) is a key concept in science and an increasingly adopted policy response in conservation, associated with a number of positive outcomes. However, the effects and mechanisms of co-management arrangements, including the conditions under which ACM gives rise to higher levels of internal and external legitimacy, are yet to be explored. This endeavor, in turn, requires theoretically driven models providing assumptions and outlining testable hypotheses. Considering the social challenges of ACM and using an institutional change within the Swedish carnivore management system aimed at achieving legitimacy through co-management as an illustrative example, this article develops a conceptual model that encompasses conditions and possible explanations to ACM outcomes. More specifically, drawing on lessons from social theory, we model the impact of three key factors-social networks, deliberation and learning-on the external and internal legitimacy resulting from ACM arrangements. Based on the model proposed, the popular assumptions of ACM outcomes can thus be empirically scrutinized and the conditions for increased legitimacy through ACM arrangements better comprehended.
  •  
41.
  • Malmsten, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Concentrations of cadmium, lead, arsenic, and some essential metals in wild boar from Sweden
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 67:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is becoming more common in Europe and has potential to be used as sentinel species for local contamination of heavy metals. Concentrations of nine trace elements (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn)) were examined in kidney tissue of 104 female wild boars hunted at three sites in Sweden. The interrelationships between the trace elements and age dependency were investigated. Reproductive health was previously known to differ among animals at the different study sites, but could not be explained by heavy metal concentrations and no associations were found between heavy metals and reproductive parameters. Kidney concentrations of Cd (mean 4.16 mg/kg wet weight (w.w.), range 0.16-12.8) were higher than the permissible level for human consumption in 99.9% of the samples. Pb concentrations were generally intermediate or low (mean 0.14 mg/kg w.w., range 0.03-1.01) and exceeded the levels accepted for human consumption in 0.02% of the samples. Age class was significantly associated with the concentrations of Cd, Mg, and Mn. Concentrations of As were low (mean 0.02 mg/kg w.w., range <0.0001-0.08) and Cu and Se concentrations were within the ranges of suspected deficiency for 10% and 4% of the wild boars, respectively.
  •  
42.
  • Meijer, Tomas, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Endoparasites in the endangered Fennoscandian population of arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus)
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 57:4, s. 923-927
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Fennoscandian arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) population is endangered due to overharvest and competition with the larger red fox (Vulpes vulpes). In this study, we have screened the population in Sweden for endoparasites by analysis of non-invasively faecal samples collected at reproductive dens during two summers, one with low food abundance (2008) and the other with high food abundance (2010). Eggs, larvae and oocysts of a total of 14 different endoparasites were identified with a species richness per inhabited den of 3.2 (CI95% +/- 0.48) in 2008 and 2.7 (CI95% +/- 0.72) in 2010. Capillariidae-like eggs was identified at 59% of the dens in 2008 and 57% in 2010 and Toxocara canis with 7% (2008) and 30% (2010); Toxascaris leonina with 93% (2008) and 65% (2010); Uncinaria stenocephala 65% (2008) and 39% (2010); Crenosoma vulpis 3% (2008) and 4% (2010); Trichuris sp. 7% (2008) and 4% (2010); Cystoisospora canis-like oocysts 28% (2008) and 26% (2010); Cystoisospora ohiensis-like oocysts 38% (2008) and 4% (2010); Eimeria sp. 7% (2008) and 9% (2010); Sarcocystis sp. 3% (2008) and 9% (2010); Taenia sp. 10% (2008) and 4% (2010); Mesocestoides sp. 3% (2008) and 0% (2010); Balantidium sp. 0% (2008) and 9% (2010) and Spiruroidea-like eggs 0% (2008) and 4% (2010). To our knowledge, Balantidium sp., Sarcocystis sp. and Trichuris sp. has never been described before in wild arctic foxes.
  •  
43.
  • Meijer, Tomas, et al. (författare)
  • The impact of maternal experience on post-weaning survival in an endangered arctic fox population
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 57:3, s. 549-553
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Behavioural differences in parental care can influence offspring survival through variation in e.g. antipredator behaviour and ability to provide food. In a broad range of species, offspring survival has been found to be higher for experienced females compared to inexperienced first-time breeders. The increase in offspring survival for experienced females has mainly been explained by improved experience in providing food. In this paper, we have studied post-weaning juvenile survival in relation to maternal experience in an endangered population of arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in Fennoscandia. For cubs raised by inexperienced and experienced females, the survival rate was 0.42 (CI 95% +/- 0.31) and 0.87 (CI 95% +/- 0.08), respectively. There was no difference in body condition between the cubs and no observations of starvation. We suggest that the difference in survival was due to lack of experience to one of the most common predators, the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Golden eagles were mainly observed on dens with litters where the females were inexperienced first-time breeders. From a conservation perspective, it is therefore important to increase adult survival through actions to enlarge the proportion of experienced breeders.
  •  
44.
  • Månsson, Johan, et al. (författare)
  • Can pellet counts be used to accurately describe winter habitat selection by moose Alces alces?
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 57, s. 1017-1023
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Pellet counts have been used to measure habitat selection of a variety of ungulate species often under the assumption that this method gives an unbiased sample of the true distribution of the species among habitats. The validity of this method has been questioned and comparisons with other methods have sometimes showed divergent results. We tested the validity of pellet group distribution as a tool for habitat selection studies by comparing the distribution of moose pellet groups in four different forest age categories (forest age <30, 31-60, 61-90, >90 years) and mire with GPS positions from collared moose (Alces alces). Sample plots (n=531) were cleaned from pellet during the fall 2007 and the number of new pellet groups were counted in spring 2008, thus resulting in a defined period of accumulation. In addition, pellet groups were counted in paired, uncleaned, control plots. GPS data from 15 collared moose monitored during the same period were used for comparison with habitat composition and distribution of pellet groups. Both the distribution of pellet groups and GPS positions differed significantly from the habitat composition within the study area. Young forest stands (<30 years) were significantly more used than both forests >30 years and mire. The selection by moose, as calculated by Manly's alpha, showed identical ranking among habitat classes for cleaned sample plots and GPS data whereas uncleaned plots showed a shifted rank order for two of the habitat classes. We conclude that pellet group counts can be used to accurately predict habitat use for moose during winter.
  •  
45.
  • Månsson, Johan, et al. (författare)
  • Migration patterns of Swedish Greylag geese Anser anser : implications for flyway management in a changing world
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Verlag. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 68, s. 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Significant population growth of some European goose populations has led to initiatives to implement management at the flyway level. Understanding migration routes and spatiotemporal distribution is crucial for the successful and coordinated management of migratory species such as geese. In this study, we describe movements across the entire annual cycle in 76 Greylag geese (Anser anser) fitted with GPS tracking devices at five catch sites in Sweden. We show that Greylag geese breeding in Sweden still use a NE-SW migration path. However, the wintering range has undergone a northward shift during the last decades. Compared to previous studies, our data suggest a continued reduction in migration distance, being most pronounced in birds in southernmost Sweden. Greylag geese tagged in southernmost Sweden spent almost the entire annual cycle in Sweden and Denmark (97 and 100% of all GPS locations). In contrast, the flyway of Greylag geese from the northern catch sites still covers countries from Sweden to Spain, but presently, only a small fraction of the population migrates to Spain. Instead, most of the annual cycle is spent in Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, or Germany. The contrasting spatiotemporal distribution in geese of different geographical origin indicates that management initiatives for the NW/SW European Greylag Goose population need to consider that different migration strategies occur within previously defined management units. As a consequence, coordination of management actions (e.g. monitoring, harvest quotas, reserves) may need to consider different spatial scales, i.e. from the regional to the international scale depending on the origin of the Greylag geese.
  •  
46.
  • Neumann, Wiebke, et al. (författare)
  • Does off-trail backcountry skiing disturb moose?
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 56, s. 513-518
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The advancement of recreational activities into wildlife habitat calls for a better knowledge about the effects of human-induced disturbances, particularly in systems where humans dominate wildlife mortality. We exposed nine adult free-ranging female moose repeatedly to off-trail backcountry skiing to study moose behavior and habituation using a controlled field experiment in Northern Sweden. Moose response was short-term, but distinct. Moose moved 33-fold faster during the first hour following disturbance, resulting in almost a doubling of the energetic usage per kilogram body weight. Movement rates increased 3 h following disturbances, came along with enlarged activity ranges at the day of disturbance, and resulted in moose leaving the original area. We found no evidence for habituation. Because of the short-term response, the effect of single skiing disturbance events on the overall energy budget of large-bodied animals in good body condition is likely to be negligible. We recommend off-trail skiers to avoid following wildlife tracks because such disturbances bear risk for more severe consequences on wildlife's energy budget if wildlife resists habituation, if an animal's risk perception is high, or when the frequency of disturbance increases.
  •  
47.
  • Neumann, Wiebke, et al. (författare)
  • Strength of correlation between wildlife collision data and hunting bags varies among ungulate species and with management scale
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 66
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Most European ungulate species are increasing in numbers and expanding their range. For the management and monitoring of these species, 64% of European countries rely on indirect proxies of abundance (e.g., hunting bag statistics). With increasing ungulate numbers, data on ungulate-vehicle collisions (UVC) may provide an important and inexpensive, complementary data source. Currently, it is unclear how bag statistics compare with UVC. A direct comparison of these two indices is important because both are used in ungulate management. We evaluated the relationship between UVC and ungulate hunting bags across bioclimatic, regional, and local scales, using five time lags (t(-3)to t(+1)) for the five most common wild ungulate species in Sweden. For all species, hunting bags and UVC correlated positively, but correlation strength and time lags varied across scales and among species. The two indices correlated most strongly at the local management scale. Correlation between both indices was strong for the smaller deer species and wild boar, in particular, but much weaker for moose where we found the best fit using a 2-year time lag. For the other species, indices from the same year correlated best. We argue that the reason for moose data behaving differently is that, in Sweden, moose are formally managed using a 3-year time plan, while the other species are not. Accordingly, moose hunting bags are influenced more strongly by density-independent processes than bags of the other species. Consequently, the mismatch between the two indices may generate conflicting conclusions for management depending on the method applied.
  •  
48.
  • Neumann, Wiebke, et al. (författare)
  • The non-impact of hunting on moose Alces alces movement, diurnal activity, and activity range
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 55, s. 255-265
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Previous studies on moose Alces alces have suggested that interactions with humans may trigger anti-predator behaviors and generate a demographical cost. Therefore, we hypothesized that disturbances from small and big game hunting may have negative effects on moose movements, diurnal activity, and activity range. Using location data from 64 moose equipped with GPS collars from three populations (Low Alpine, Inland, Coastal) with different temporal human presence and spatial accessibility, we evaluated the impact of hunting on moose activity rhythms. On average, female moose in the low human population density (Low Alpine) area (< 0.5/km(2)) had significantly lower movement rates during moose hunting season, but variation in movement rates among individuals were higher compared with female moose in regions with denser human populations (6-24/km(2)). We found no evidence that reproductive status influenced female moose sensitivity to disturbance. As expected, females used smaller activity ranges and were less active nocturnally than males. The high within-group variation suggests that current hunting disturbance levels do not alter moose population behavior in general. Our data indicate that alterations in movement were related to rutting activity, not human disturbance induced by hunting. In line with behavioral theory, our study suggests that some individuals were more sensitive to hunting disturbance than the general population. Our work suggests that individual moose may perceive human predation risk to be similar to other predation risks.
  •  
49.
  • Nicholson, Kerry (författare)
  • Characterizing human-tiger conflict in and around Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, western India
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 61, s. 255-261
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Human-carnivore interactions often influence carnivore conservation and result in mitigating conflicts. We studied human-tiger (Panthera tigris) conflicts in pastoral villages adjacent to Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve (RTR), Rajasthan, India for 6 years (2005-2011) and characterized and examined the causes of conflicts. We recorded 113 human-tiger conflicts. Most of the conflicts between humans and tigers were from attacks on domestic livestock (88.5 %) and humans (11.5 %). Among livestock, cows, bulls, and calves accounted for 31.6, 21.1, and 16.7 %, respectively, of tiger kills followed by buffalos (19.3 %) and goats (11.4 %). Locations of depredations on livestock occurred inside villages (53.4 %), agriculture fields (44.5 %), and forests (1.9 %). We recorded 13 attacks on humans: nine were nonlethal, but four resulted in death. Attacks on humans occurred in agriculture fields (n= 6), forests (n= 5), and within < 500m of villages (n= 2). Attacks on humans and livestock varied seasonally, with the highest conflicts in summer (n= 36) and during the monsoon (n= 42). Factors that may have caused human-tiger conflicts include tiger movements, fragmentation of corridors, and human disturbance. Some of the insurance from compensation for deaths and injury could be used tomitigate conflicts, as has been done with other larger cats to minimize conflicts.
  •  
50.
  • Norman, Anita, et al. (författare)
  • Expanding the spatial scale in DNA-based monitoring schemes: ascertainment bias in transnational assessments
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 70
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Harmonising methodology between countries is crucial in transborder population monitoring. However, immediate application of alleged, established DNA-based methods across the extended area can entail drawbacks and may lead to biases. Therefore, genetic methods need to be tested across the whole area before being deployed. Around 4,500 brown bears (Ursus arctos) live in Norway, Sweden, and Finland and they are divided into the western (Scandinavian) and eastern (Karelian) population. Both populations have recovered and are connected via asymmetric migration. DNA-based population monitoring in Norway and Sweden uses the same set of genetic markers. With Finland aiming to implement monitoring, we tested the available SNP-panel developed to assess brown bears in Norway and Sweden, on tissue samples from a representative set of 93 legally harvested individuals from Finland. The aim was to test for ascertainment bias and evaluate its suitability for DNA-based transnational-monitoring covering all three countries. We compared results to the performance of microsatellite genotypes of the same individuals in Finland and against SNP-genotypes from individuals sampled in Sweden (N = 95) and Norway (N = 27). In Finland, a higher resolution for individual identification was obtained for SNPs (PI = 1.18E-27) compared to microsatellites (PI = 4.2E-11). Compared to Norway and Sweden, probability of identity of the SNP-panel was slightly higher and expected heterozygosity lower in Finland indicating ascertainment bias. Yet, our evaluation show that the available SNP-panel outperforms the microsatellite panel currently applied in Norway and Sweden. The SNP-panel represents a powerful tool that could aid improving transnational DNA-based monitoring of brown bears across these three countries.
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