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1.
  • Aldea, Jorge (författare)
  • Influence of climate and thinning on Quercus pyrenaica Willd. coppices growth dynamics
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 140, s. 187-197
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many oak stands (Quercusspp.) have been managed as coppices for firewood production for centuries in the Mediterranean area. After the abandonment of firewood production during the 1980s, current management practices attempt to convert coppices into coppices-with-standards through thinning and promoting forest regeneration via sexual reproduction. In this work, we used long-term data from repeated forest inventories and dendrometers in a thinning trial to assess the effects of thinning and climate on the intra- and inter-annual growth dynamics ofQuercus pyrenaicaWilld. coppices. Our results revealed that thinning favored the growth ofQ. pyrenaicatrees, especially when the stand density reduction was high (ca. 50% of the basal area extracted). Unthinned plots displayed more natural mortality i.e., self-thinning. Growth was enhanced with low vapor pressure deficit. Intense thinning treatments displayed higher intra-annual growth rates and interacted positively with rainfall to induce higher growth. We conclude that thinning, especially intensive thinning, may alleviate the negative effects of dry years and thus could provide a potential measure to adapt these stands to the different climatic scenarios with higher temperatures and less precipitation within the framework of sustainable forest management.
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2.
  • Bakys, Remigijus, et al. (författare)
  • Occurrence and pathogenicity of fungi in necrotic and non-symptomatic shoots of declining common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Sweden
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 128, s. 51-60
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Currently, massive dieback of Fraxinus excelsior is observed in countries of eastern, northern and central Europe, and the reasons for it are unclear. The aims of the present work were (a) to study fungal communities in declining F. excelsior crowns; (b) to clarify role of fungi in the decline. Shoots from symptomatic crowns were collected in four localities in central Sweden, and distributed into the following categories: (a) visually healthy; (b) initial necroses; (c) advanced necroses; (c) dead tops. The most frequently isolated fungi were Gibberella avenacea, Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum nigrum, Botryosphaeria stevensii, Valsa sp., Lewia sp., Aureobasidium pullulans and Phomopsis sp., and these taxa were consistently found in shoots of all four symptomatic categories. Forty-eight taxa of other fungi were isolated, and fungal diversity was not exhausted by the sampling effort. The same taxa of fungi were dominant in F. excelsior shoots of different symptomatic categories, and moderate to high similarity of fungal communities was observed in shoots despite the symptoms. Forty-four isolates from 24 fungal taxa were used for artificial inoculations of 277 1-year-old F. excelsior seedlings in bare root nursery. After 2 years, only four fungi caused symptomatic necroses of bark and cambium: A. alternata, E. nigrum, Chalara fraxinea and Phomopsis sp. The most pathogenic was C. fraxinea, inducing symptoms on 50% of inoculated trees, while three other fungi caused necroses on 3-17% of inoculated trees. Infection biology of C. fraxinea and environmental factors determining susceptibility of F. excelsior to decline deserve future investigations.
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3.
  • Barbeito, Ignacio, et al. (författare)
  • Contrasting patterns of tree species mixture effects on wood delta C-13 along an environmental gradient
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 139, s. 229-245
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Establishing mixed-species stands is frequently proposed as a strategy to adapt forests to the increasing risk of water scarcity, yet contrasted results have been reported regarding mixing effects on tree drought exposure. To investigate the drivers behind the spatial and temporal variation in water-related mixing effects, we analysed the delta C-13 variation in 22-year tree ring chronologies for beech and pine trees sampled from 17 pure and mixed pine-beech stands across a large gradient of environmental conditions throughout Europe. In the pure stands, average delta C-13 values were lower for beech (-27.9 parts per thousand to -22.2 parts per thousand) than for pine (-26.0 parts per thousand to -21.1 parts per thousand), irrespective of site conditions. Decreasing SPEI values (calculated over June to September) were associated with an increase in delta C-13 for both species, but their effect was influenced by stand basal area for pine and site water availability for beech. Mixing did not change the temporal constancy of delta C-13 nor the tree reaction to a drought event, for any of the species. While the mixing effect (Delta delta C-13 = delta C-13 pure stands - delta C-13 mixed stands) was on average positive for beech and non-significant for pine across the whole gradient, this effect strongly differed between sites. For both species, mixing was not significant at extremely dry sites and positive at dry sites; on moderately wet sites, mixing was positive for beech and negative for pine; at sites with permanent water supply, no general patterns emerge for any of the species. The pattern of mixing effect along the gradient of water availability was not linear but showed threshold points, highlighting the need to investigate such relation for other combinations of tree species.
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4.
  • Belyazid, Salim, et al. (författare)
  • Water limitation can negate the effect of higher temperatures on forest carbon sequestration
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 138:2, s. 287-297
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Climate change will bring about a consistent increase in temperatures. Annual precipitation rates are also expected to increase in boreal countries, but the seasonal distribution will be uneven, and several areas in the boreal zone will experience wetter winters and drier summers. This study uses the dynamic forest ecosystem model ForSAFE to estimate the combined effect of changes in temperature and precipitation on forest carbon stocks in Sweden. The model is used to simulate carbon stock changes in 544 productive forest sites from the Swedish National Forest Inventory. Forest carbon stocks under two alternative climate scenarios are compared to stocks under a hypothetical scenario of no climate change (baseline). Results show that lower water availability in the future can cause a significant reduction in tree carbon compared to a baseline scenario, particularly expressed in the southern and eastern parts of Sweden. In contrast, the north-western parts will experience an increase in tree carbon stocks. Results show also that summer precipitation is a better predictor of tree carbon reduction than annual precipitation. Finally, the change in soil carbon stock is less conspicuous than in tree carbon stock, showing no significant change in the north and a relatively small but consistent decline in the south. The study indicates that the prospect of higher water deficit caused by climate change cannot be ignored in future forest management planning.
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5.
  • Bengtsson, Jan (författare)
  • Forest multifunctionality is not resilient to intensive forestry
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 140, s. 537-549
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is ample evidence that intensive management of ecosystems causes declines in biodiversity as well as in multiple ecosystem services, i.e., in multifunctionality. However, less is known about the permanence and reversibility of these responses. To gain insight into whether multifunctionality can be sustained under intensive management, we developed a framework building on the concept of resilience: a system's ability to avoid displacement and to return or transform to a desired state. We applied it to test the ability of forest multifunctionality to persist during and recover from intensive management for timber production in a boreal forest. Using forest growth simulations and multiobjective optimization, we created alternative future paths where the forest was managed for maximal timber production, for forest multifunctionality, or first maximal timber production and then multifunctionality. We show that forest multifunctionality is substantially diminished under intensive forestry and recovers the slower, the longer intensive forestry has been continued. Intensive forestry thus not only reduces forest multifunctionality but hinders its recovery should management goals change, i.e., weakens its resilience. The results suggest a need to adjust ecosystem management according to long-term sustainability goals already today.
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6.
  • Bergkvist, John, et al. (författare)
  • Maintenance and enhancement of forest ecosystem services: a non-industrial private forest owner perspective
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The transition to a fossil-free society in Sweden is expected to cause an increased demand for forest-derived products which may intensify existing conflicts between forest ecosystem services. This study investigated the preferences among non-industrial private forest owners for maintaining multiple forest ecosystem services and their preferences for future forest development. The findings were related to their prioritizations for and knowledge of forest management. The study results were generated through the means of a survey which revealed a consistent high valuation among all respondents of ecosystem services relating to water quality, timber quality, recreation, and biodiversity. A majority of the respondents desired increasing proportions of mixed species and broadleaved stands within the future forest landscape. Certified forest owners who were members of a forest owner association (CMs) prioritized achieving high economic income through roundwood production with strong preferences for the ecosystem services high stand growth and high timber quality. For CMs, carbon substitution was the preferred means of mitigating climate change. Forest owners lacking both certification and membership in a forest owner association ranked the ecosystem services recreation and biodiversity significantly higher, and also preferred retaining more old forest within the landscape. The survey results revealed a higher management activity among CMs, resulting in a more frequent establishment of mixed and broadleaved stands. Forest owners with medium to large scale properties were well-represented within the CM category. The results indicated that while the CMs have stronger preferences for roundwood production compared to owners of small properties, they are also more likely to have taken adaptive measures favoring risk management and biodiversity.
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7.
  • Bergvall, Ulrika A., et al. (författare)
  • Anti-browsing effects of birch bark extract on fallow deer
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 132:5-6, s. 717-725
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A major problem within forest industry is unwanted browsing on seedlings from mammalian herbivores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of birch bark extracts as repellents towards fallow deer. Birch bark was extracted in a conventional way with ethanol as solvent at ambient temperature and with a new method, liquid CO2 extraction. An analysis of the ethanol-extracted birch bark showed that it contained large amounts of terpenoids, of which the most abundant was betulin. In seven different treatment trials, we used 15 individually handled fallow deer. To investigate the binary taste preferences, birch bark extract was added to food and presented in two bowls in typical two-choice tests. We found that the amount of a food type consumed during a trial and the number of shifts between food bowls were dependent on the amount of the birch extract the food contained. Concentrations of above 1 % by dry weight of birch extract acted as a repellent. In addition, such concentrations produced shorter feeding bouts by a greater willingness to change bowls. Therefore, our conclusion is that birch bark extract acts as a repellent towards fallow deer and is therefore likely to act as a repellent against other deer species. In addition, we show that birch bark extract produced by the new and more environmentally sustainable method employing liquid CO2 mixed with ethanol has the same repellent effect as the traditional ethanol extraction.
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8.
  • Binkley, Dan (författare)
  • The effects of soil fertility and scale on competition in ponderosa pine
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 135, s. 153-160
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The intensity of competition between neighboring trees depends on local stand structure, and the influence of stand structure may vary across gradients in soil resource supplies. We used model selection techniques to look for variation in the nature and intensity of interactions between trees along a gradient of soil nitrogen supply in a 9-ha stand of old-growth ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in Colorado, USA. We used spatially explicit competition indexes to describe the interactions between trees and developed individual tree growth models to look at how soil nitrogen (N) supply affects competition. The growth of focal trees showed an asymmetric influence of neighbors up to 14-m distance. The predictive ability of our growth models more than doubled (to an r(2) = 0.69) as the size of the neighborhood used to calculate the competition indexes increased from a 2-m to a 14-m radius. The supply of soil nitrogen modified competition, with increasing N enhancing competition from neighbors. Neighborhood structure and soil resource supplies jointly influenced the growth of individual trees, but at different scales. Tree interactions are both spatially and temporally complex and may be studied most usefully with explicit evaluation of gradients in resource availability.
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9.
  • Brunet, Jörg (författare)
  • Climate change impacts on stand structure and competitive interactions in a southern Swedish spruce-beech forest
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 129, s. 261-276
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • It is believed that European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) will increase its competitive ability at its northern range margin in Scandinavia due to climate change. In mixed old-growth forests of beech and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) at Siggaboda nature reserve (southern Sweden), stand structure characteristics were sequentially recorded in the years 2004, 2005 and 2007 as well as growth in stem diameter using tree-coring analyses. Using these measurements, we studied the effects on stand dynamics of an extreme storm event (2005 "Gudrun" hurricane), drought and heat (mid-summer 2006, spring 2007) and subsequent bark beetle attacks on spruce (growing season 2007), overlaid with warming tendencies. The storm, which caused disastrous damage in many stands nearby, had comparatively little impact on the structure of the spruce-beech stand. All together, only 32 trees (19 spruces, 10 beeches, 3 other species) per hectare were thrown or broken mainly in the leeward direction (NE) or impacted by secondary damage by uprooted neighbour trees; this represents 7% of the total tree number and 11% of the growing stock. Diameter and height structure did not change significantly. However, the 2006 drought and the 2007 attack of biotic agents changed the stand structure and composition strongly due to the death of about 19% of the dominating older spruce trees that accounted for 35% of total stand volume. This resulted in a considerable increase in beech's contribution to stem number (4% increase) and wood volume of the living stand (7% increase). A comparison of diameter growth of beech and spruce during the periods 1894-1949 and 1950-2005 showed a distinct decrease in growth superiority of spruce during the last 50 years. These results support the idea of a northward migration of European beech as a nemoral tree species in Sweden, due to a higher tolerance to the abiotic and biotic threats accompanying climate change and an increased competitive ability compared to boreal tree species Norway spruce.
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10.
  • Chen, Zhi‑Qiang, et al. (författare)
  • Early selection for resistance to Heterobasidion parviporum in Norway spruce is not likely to adversely affect growth and wood quality traits in late-age performance
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 137:4, s. 517-525
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Infections with Heterobasidion parviporum devalue the Norway spruce timber as the decayed wood does not meet the necessary quality requirements for sawing. To evaluate the incorporation of disease resistance in the Norway spruce breeding strategy, an inoculation experiment with H. parviporum on 2-year-old progenies of 466 open-pollinated families was conducted under greenhouse (nursery) conditions. Lesion length in the phloem (LL), fungal growth in sapwood (FG) and growth (D) were measured on an average of 10 seedlings for each family. The genetic variation and genetic correlations between both LL, FG and growth in the nursery trial and wood quality traits measured previously from 21-year old trees in two progeny trials, including solid-wood quality traits (wood density, and modulus of elasticity) and fiber properties traits (radial fiber width, tangential fiber width, fiber wall thickness, fiber coarseness, microfibril angle and fiber length). For both LL and FG, large coefficients of phenotypic variation (> 26%) and genetic variation (> 46%) were detected. Heritabilities of LL and FG were 0.33 and 0.42, respectively. We found no significant correlations between wood quality traits and growth in the field progeny trials with neither LL nor FG in the nursery trial. Our data suggest that the genetic gains may reach 41 and 52% from mass selection by LL and FG, respectively. Early selection for resistance to H. parviporum based on assessments of fungal spread in the sapwood in nursery material, FG, will not adversely affect growth and wood quality traits in late-age performance. 
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11.
  • Cogos, Sarah, et al. (författare)
  • The origins of prescribed burning in Scandinavian forestry: the seminal role of Joel Wretlind in the management of fire-dependent forests
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 139, s. 393-406
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In Sweden, prescribed burning was trialed as early as the 1890s for forest regeneration purposes. However, the origins of prescribed burning in Sweden are commonly attributed to Joel Efraim Wretlind, forest manager in the State Forest district of Mala, Vasterbotten County, from 1920 to 1952. To more fully understand the role he played in the development of prescribed burning and the extent of his burning, we examined historical records from the State Forest Company's archive and Wretlind's personal archive. The data showed that at least 11,208 ha was burned through prescribed burning between 1921 and 1970, representing 18.7% of the Mala state-owned forest area. Wretlind thus created a new forestry-driven fire regime, reaching, during peak years, extents close to historical fire regimes before the fire suppression era, and much higher than present-day burning. His use of prescribed fire to regenerate forests served as a guide for many other forest managers, spreading to all of northern Sweden during the 1950-1960s. Our analysis of Wretlind's latest accounts also shows how he stood against the evolutions of modern forestry to defend a forestry system based on the reproduction of natural processes, such as fire.
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12.
  • Drössler, Lars, et al. (författare)
  • Growth and yield of mixed versus pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 134, s. 927-947
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Mixing of complementary tree species may increase stand productivity, mitigate the effects of drought and other risks, and pave the way to forest production systems which may be more resource-use efficient and stable in the face of climate change. However, systematic empirical studies on mixing effects are still missing for many commercially important and widespread species combinations. Here we studied the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in mixed versus pure stands on 32 triplets located along a productivity gradient through Europe, reaching from Sweden to Bulgaria and from Spain to the Ukraine. Stand inventory and taking increment cores on the mainly 60-80 year-old trees and 0.02-1.55 ha sized, fully stocked plots provided insight how species mixing modifies the structure, dynamics and productivity compared with neighbouring pure stands. In mixture standing volume (+12 %), stand density (+20 %), basal area growth (+12 %), and stand volume growth (+8 %) were higher than the weighted mean of the neighbouring pure stands. Scots pine and European beech contributed rather equally to the overyielding and overdensity. In mixed stands mean diameter (+20 %) and height (+6 %) of Scots pine was ahead, while both diameter and height growth of European beech were behind (-8 %). The overyielding and overdensity were independent of the site index, the stand growth and yield, and climatic variables despite the wide variation in precipitation (520-1175 mm year(-1)), mean annual temperature (6-10.5 A degrees C), and the drought index by de Martonne (28-61 mm A degrees C-1) on the sites. Therefore, this species combination is potentially useful for increasing productivity across a wide range of site and climatic conditions. Given the significant overyielding of stand basal area growth but the absence of any relationship with site index and climatic variables, we hypothesize that the overyielding and overdensity results from several different types of interactions (light-, water-, and nutrient-related) that are all important in different circumstances. We discuss the relevance of the results for ecological theory and for the ongoing silvicultural transition from pure to mixed stands and their adaptation to climate change.
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13.
  • Edenius, Lars, et al. (författare)
  • Ungulate-adapted forest management: effects of slash treatment at harvest on forage availability and use
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 133, s. 191-198
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forest management strongly influences the interactions between ungulates and their food resources. Different ungulate-adapted measures have been proposed in forestry to improve forage availability or to reduce browsing damage. However, the potential and feasibility of such measures are inadequately known. We studied the effects of harvest timing and slash treatment in final felling and commercial thinning on the availability of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris forage and its use by ungulates during winter in the Swedish boreal forests. Pellet group counts showed that moose (Alces alces) was the dominating species using the post-harvest stands. Under conventional slash treatment, final felling stands held on average 226 kg pine forage ha(-1) after harvesting and commercial thinning stands 137 kg ha(-1). Ungulate-adapted slash treatment increased the available forage biomass by 20 %, but had no significant effect on consumption of forage by ungulates. Time since harvest had the strongest effect on forage consumption; for example, under conventional slash treatment, there was a tenfold increase in consumption (3 vs. 33 kg ha(-1)) following final felling as exposure time increased from 2-3 to 4-5 months. Consumption was higher in thinned stands than in final felling stands for the first 3 months but not later. To increase ungulate use of the forage made available at harvest, pine-dominated stands should be harvested in the late autumn or early in the winter.
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14.
  • Elbakidze, Marine, et al. (författare)
  • The role of forest certification for biodiversity conservation: Lithuania as a case study
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 135, s. 361-376
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) forest certification system is a globally widespread market-driven mechanism that aims at responsible use and governance of forests, and its application is growing. However, the extent to which forest certification contributes effectively to maintaining forest biodiversity is an unresolved issue. We assessed the role of FSC certification for forest biodiversity conservation in Lithuania's state forests. First, we analysed the indicators related to biodiversity conservation at different spatial scales in the FSC standard used in Lithuania. By applying morphological spatial pattern analysis and habitat suitability modelling, we explored the structural and functional connectivity of forest habitat patches of formally and voluntarily set-asides for biodiversity conservation. According to the Lithuanian FSC standard, active measures in forest management for biodiversity should be imposed at three spatial scales: 'trees in a stand', 'stands in a landscape', and 'landscape in an ecoregion'. The total area set aside for biodiversity was 18.6 %, including 4.9 % voluntary set-asides. The quality of habitats in terms of forest stand age was low, only 9.4 % of all set-asides constituted older forests. The proportions of voluntary set-aside area varied among the different state forest enterprises, and the results indicated a clear trend to set aside non-forest or low productivity forest habitats. Small (<1 ha) habitat patches formed a major part of all set-asides, including formally protected areas. FSC certification alone was not able to maintain structural and functional connectivity of forests for species at multiple spatial scales in Lithuania. By keeping a minimum standard of 5 % forestland set aside for biodiversity, the state forest enterprises certified according to the FSC can only satisfy forest species with small habitat requirements. To maintain biodiversity, place-based learning among stakeholders for representative functional green infrastructures in concrete landscapes and regions, combined with transparent knowledge about the net effect of pressures and responses on the state of biodiversity, are necessary.
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15.
  • Eriksson, Andreas, et al. (författare)
  • Availability and mobilization of forest resources in Sweden
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 73, s. 703–712-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The available amount of wood supply is essential for national strategic planning and evaluation of forestry in Sweden. Since Sweden holds a large part of the forests in the European Union and plays a significant role in the global trade of wood-based products, a precise estimate of the potential of the Swedish forest resource is also important in regional and global outlook studies. In this study, we analyse factors influencing the availability and mobilization of wood supply. By comparing data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory with the stand registers of the five largest forest owners in Sweden, we estimate the productive forest area not included in the forest owners' stand databases. Our results show that 0.4 million hectares, or 5% of these large-scale forest owners productive forest area, is outside their stand registers and therefore neither included in their long-term harvesting plans nor in their nature conservation plans. For small-scale forest owners, we analyse the final felling rate during 2004-2020 using satellite imagery to estimate the proportion of properties that abstain from final fellings and thereby could affect the potential mobilization of wood supply. During this period, 32% of the forest properties owned by small-scale forest owners have not done any final felling. These forest estates hold in total 1.1 million hectares of productive forest land or 9% of the area owned by small-scale forest owners. This implies a gap between the potential and realistic estimates for Forest Available for Wood Supply.
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16.
  • Eriksson, Louise, 1973-, et al. (författare)
  • Relations between structural characteristics, forest involvement, and forest knowledge among private forest owners in Sweden
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 140:1, s. 51-63
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An understanding of private forest owners is needed for appropriate forest governance and outreach to forest owners. This study examined different types of objective and subjective knowledge (i.e., actual knowledge and confidence, respectively), including general forest knowledge and knowledge of management for different objectives, among individual private forest owners in Sweden. In addition, the importance of structural variables (e.g., gender, size of forest holding) and forest involvement variables (e.g., certification, involvement in forest planning) for forest knowledge was analysed. The study was conducted by means of a postal questionnaire to a random sample of private forest owners in Sweden (n = 3000, response rate 43%). Structural variables, but particularly involvement variables, were found to be related to subjective and objective knowledge. Being a male owner, owning a larger forest holding, having bought the land, and having owned the forest a long time were associated with higher subjective knowledge, or confidence, in managing the forest. Although being a male owner, for example, was also associated with higher levels of objective knowledge, the correlation diminished when controlling for forest involvement. The study considers the role of learning environments for forest owners and highlights the need to elaborate on the conceptualization and measurement of forest knowledge to understand the links between structural characteristics, forest involvement, and forest knowledge among private forest owners.
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17.
  • Eriksson, Ola, et al. (författare)
  • Climate change mitigation through increased wood use in the European construction sector - towards an integrated modelling framework
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 131:1, s. 131-144
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Using wood as a building material affects the carbon balance through several mechanisms. This paper describes a modelling approach that integrates a wood product substitution model, a global partial equilibrium model, a regional forest model and a stand-level model. Three different scenarios were compared with a business-as-usual scenario over a 23-year period (2008-2030). Two scenarios assumed an additional one million apartment flats per year will be built of wood instead of non-wood materials by 2030. These scenarios had little effect on markets and forest management and reduced annual carbon emissions by 0.2-0.5% of the total 1990 European GHG emissions. However, the scenarios are associated with high specific CO2 emission reductions per unit of wood used. The third scenario, an extreme assumption that all European countries will consume 1-m3 sawn wood per capita by 2030, had large effects on carbon emission, volumes and trade flows. The price changes of this scenario, however, also affected forest management in ways that greatly deviated from the partial equilibrium model projections. Our results suggest that increased wood construction will have a minor impact on forest management and forest carbon stocks. To analyse larger perturbations on the demand side, a market equilibrium model seems crucial. However, for that analytical system to work properly, the market and forest regional models must be better synchronized than here, in particular regarding assumptions on timber supply behaviour. Also, bioenergy as a commodity in market and forest models needs to be considered to study new market developments; those modules are currently missing
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18.
  • Eriksson, Ola, et al. (författare)
  • Implications of growth uncertainties associated with climate change for stand management
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 131, s. 1199-1209
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Climate change is expected to have substantial effects on many aspects of forest ecosystems, including timber production. Temperatures in northern Europe are expected to increase considerably, although there is substantial uncertainty about both the seasonal and average changes that will occur. In Scandinavia, production is predicted to increase across most of the area covered by boreal forest, since the growth of trees in the region is currently limited by temperature. Therefore, we have analyzed the importance of adapting management practices to future climate changes and considered possible ways to address associated stand management problems. For this purpose, we simulated climate scenarios with temperature increases ranging from 2.5 to 6.0A degrees C over a 100-year period, and effects on typical Swedish stands with several species, then optimized their management with simulated annealing. The results indicate that the maximum considered temperature trend would raise the economic value of the stands by almost 5% more than the minimum trend. However, the importance of optimizing management plans in accordance with the correct temperature scenario appears to be limited. The plan optimized for the minimum temperature trend was only marginally inferior to the plan optimized for the maximum temperature trend in the maximum trend scenario, and vice versa. It also seemed adequate to use a deterministic formulation of the problem, and in cases where a stochastic climate change model generated more robust plans, the advantage could be attributed to model artifacts rather than climate change per se.
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19.
  • Farahat, Emad, et al. (författare)
  • Growth-climate relationship of European beech at its northern distribution limit
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 137:5, s. 619-629
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In general, trees growing at or near their limit of distribution are more sensitive to climate than those growing at their ecological core. Here we examined the growth-climate relationship of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) close to its northern distribution limit in southern Sweden. Tree-ring width chronologies were developed from four well-separated sites where the species was dominant (Djupeasen, DJ; Baldringe, BLD; Komperskulla, KSK and Ryssberget Nature Reserve, RYSS). The chronologies extended from 52years (BLD) to 150years (RYSS). Significant negative relationships were found between tree growth and previous summer (July and August) temperatures at three sites. July temperature of the year of growth had a negative relationship with beech growth at BLD and DJ. In contrast, current summer (July and August) precipitation was positively correlated with beech growth at DJ and KSK. This sensitivity of European beech to drought at its northern limit is in line with the previous research. However, following the exceptionally dry summer in southern Sweden in 1970, a marked growth decrease was noted as well as a shift in the relationship between beech growth and current growing-season temperature. Our results show that that the radial growth of European beech has become more sensitive to drought and precipitation than temperature at its northern distribution limit in the last several decades.
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20.
  • Farahat, Emad, et al. (författare)
  • Influence of dust deposition and climate on the radial growth of Tsuga canadensis near its northern range limit
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 135:1, s. 69-76
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We investigated the effects of dust deposition on the radial growth and sensitivity to climate of eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrie`re] growing near its northern range limit in southern Quebec, Canada. We constructed a ring-width chronology from 1867 to 2007 for hemlock trees growing in an old-growth forest adjacent to a rock quarry. Significant decline in the radial growth of hemlock occurred after construction of the quarry in 1959, with a mean decrease of 42.7 % compared to previous growth rates and with major changes occurring 3–16 years after the quarry establishment. Moreover, the growth–climate relationships changed from a predominant response to temperature and precipitation during the growing season before the quarry establishment, to weaker precipitation sensitivity and a stronger association with summer temperatures in year prior to growth. Our results indicate that the main response of the hemlock trees to dust deposition is reduced growth rates, but the change in growth–climate
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21.
  • Hallingbäck, Henrik, et al. (författare)
  • Optimal timing of early genetic selection for sawn timber traits in Picea abies
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 137:4, s. 553-564
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In breeding Norway spruce, selection for improved growth and survival is performed at age 10-15 years in order to optimize genetic gain per year. We investigated whether a selection based on wood traits such as density and grain angle, measured under bark in the field at the same age would be informative enough with respect to structural quality traits of sawn boards. To achieve this objective, a sawing study was conducted on the butt logs of 401 trees from a 34-year-old Norway spruce progeny trial situated in southern Sweden. Stem discs were excised from the top of the logs and radial profile data of grain angle, and wood density was recorded for specific annual rings. The sawn and dried boards were assessed for structural traits such as twist, board density, bending stiffness (static modulus of elasticity, sMoE) and bending strength (modulus of rupture, MoR). Additive genetic correlations (r (a)) between single annual ring density measurements and board density, sMoE and MoR were consistently strong (r (a)> 0.7) for annual rings 5-13. Genetic correlations of similar magnitude between grain angle and board twist were estimated for all investigated annual rings (from 2 to around 26 under bark). Consequently, it was found that indirect selection for wood density and grain angle at the tree age 10-16 years would result in more genetic gain per year than selection at later ages. This makes it feasible to perform simultaneous selection of progeny in the field for both growth and wood traits at similar ages.
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22.
  • Heiri, Caroline, et al. (författare)
  • Successional pathways in Swiss mountain forest reserves
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 131:2, s. 503-518
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Knowledge on the natural dynamics of Norway spruce-European silver fir forests is scarce, but is of high importance for the sustainable management of these ecosystems. Using a unique data set from five forest reserves in the Swiss Alps that covers up to 35 years, we elucidated communalities and differences in stand structure and species composition across the reserves and over time and investigated the role of site conditions versus intrinsic forest dynamics. For the early and late successional phases, we found a clear relationship between stand structure (diameter distributions) and species composition. Two pathways of early succession were evident as a function of the disturbance regime. Thus, the spatial extent of disturbances in spruce-fir forests strongly determines the pathway in early succession. Contrary to earlier descriptions of clearly distinguishable optima phases, our data did not reveal a relationship between stand structure and species composition for the early, mid-, and late optimum phases. Although the reserves investigated here are characterized by highly different climatic and soil conditions, their temporal development was found to fit well into a single successional scheme, suggesting that in spruce-fir mountain forests, the life-history strategies of the tree species may have a stronger influence on successional trajectories than site conditions per se.
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23.
  • Hemström, Kerstin, 1979-, et al. (författare)
  • Swedish private forest owners’ perceptions and intentions with respect to adopting exotic tree species
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 132:3, s. 433-444
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Swedish forest growth can be increased through intensive forestry practices, enabling an increased use of forest biomass for climate-change mitigation. However, the diffusion of such practices depends on the forest owners’ adoption of them. We study Swedish private forest owners’ perceptions and intentions with respect to increasing forest growth by adopting exotic tree species. The results of a mail-in questionnaire survey show that although a majority of forest owners desire increasing forest growth, most owners have only a basic understanding of exotic tree species and a smaller proportion is interested in adopting them. The intention to adopt exotics seems to depend on the perceived performance of the species with respect to the economic aspects of forest management rather than on environmental or recreational concerns. Whereas a knowledge gap among the private forest owners regarding how to increase forest growth is implied, forest owners with higher self-rated knowledge of forestry and exotics have stronger intentions to adopt such species.
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24.
  • Hjältén, Joakim (författare)
  • The intensity of forest management affects the nest cavity production of woodpeckers and tits in mature boreal forests
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 143, s. 617–634-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cavities made by birds are an important microhabitat for many taxa in forests. Long-term dynamics of cavity patterns and the effect of forest management on cavities are, however, largely unknown. We studied cavity production, measured as nest cavity production rates (CPR = no. of new cavities/km2/year), of woodpeckers and tits in forests with different management intensity in southern Finland, based on a data from 37 years. Forests were divided into managed, seminatural and natural stands. The data covered 56 forest stands with the total area of 1690 ha. Stands were inventoried annually for new cavities. The total numbers of woodpecker and tit cavities were 2238 and 329, respectively. There were large differences in CPRs between forest stands with different management intensity. For woodpeckers, the CPR was highest in natural forests (5.7) and lowest in managed forests (1.5). For the tit species, the respective numbers were 0.9 and 0.3. The CPRs of different cavity-making bird species and cavity tree characteristics (e.g. tree condition and species) were consistent, suggesting that different cavity-makers benefit from similar forest and tree characteristics. The results also suggest that forests managed with currently prevailing methods limit the production of cavities. To promote cavities, the results from this and other studies suggest that managed forests should include more features of natural forests, such as more diverse tree species and within-stand structural variability distribution (tree-level heterogeneity), larger amount of decayed wood, more retention trees and snags and longer rotation periods.
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25.
  • Holmström, Emma, et al. (författare)
  • Scenario analysis of planting density and pre-commercial thinning: will the mixed forest have a chance?
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 135, s. 885-895
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the establishment phase, several management alternatives could be applied that affect the species composition of the future stand. In this study, tree seedling data from experiments with planted Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) and naturally regenerated species, mainly Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), were used for six simulated pre-commercial thinning (PCT) scenarios. The scenarios included both monocultures and mixed stand alternatives with various initial spacing of the planted Norway spruce (0, 1600 or 2800 seedlings) and selection of main stems based on relative heights. Further stand development and individual tree growth were simulated until final harvest. Potentially, based on findings of the seedling measurements, the stands could be mixed with five to six species, but the browsing pressure from ungulates reduced this possibility since the height growth for all species except Norway spruce was highly affected by browsing. The simulated mixtures had a small variation between the PCT scenarios for the maximum mean annual increment (about 10 %). Although the growth was similar for Norway spruce, the proportion of birch in the final stands differed from 3 to 21 % between treatments and none of the high-density planting treatments generated a mixed Norway spruce-birch forest at the time of final felling.
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26.
  • Hopkins, Anna (författare)
  • Assessment of the effect of Nectria flute canker on wood quality within mature Pinus radiata using multiple methods
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 131, s. 485-491
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Nectria flute canker is a fungal disease that results in cankers on Pinus radiata stems. The disease, caused by the pathogen Neonectria fuckeliana, is associated with commercial pruning operations that limit knot defect to a central core to promote growth of high-quality clearwood. Nectria flute canker is present in commercial plantation forests in parts of New Zealand and Chile. Symptoms of the disease, bark cracks, stem flattenings or depressions and flute cankers, were identified on 25 mature Pinus radiata trees. Trees were felled, and discs crosscut from within, and adjacent to, the disease symptoms. The discs were photographed, and three different methods were used to determine the extent of Nectria damage beyond the defect core into the valuable clearwood sheath. These methods included a visual assessment of photographs of internal damage and two quantitative methods, based on calculations of defect extent using image processing software. Overall, flute cankers were associated with the greatest degree of encased bark and severe decay pockets, and stem flattenings the least. None of the flattened stems had internal decay. The average damage to the clearwood sheath due to flute canker was 43%, whilst that for bark cracks and flattenings was 19 and 8%, respectively. Similar results were achieved using all three methods, and the preferred method would depend on the context of the study. Using a combination of all three methods provides a robust method for measuring the damage to internal wood quality by stem pathogens and other abiotic agents
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27.
  • Huo, Langning, et al. (författare)
  • Analyzing the environmental risk factors of European spruce bark beetle damage at the local scale
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 143, s. 985–1000-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The frequent outbreaks of European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) have destroyed huge amounts of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) forests in central and Northern Europe. Identifying the risk factors and estimating the damage level is important for strategic damage control. The risk factors of forest damage by spruce bark beetles have mostly been analyzed on the landscape scale, while the in-stand risk factors have been less investigated. This study aims at exploring the local-scale risk factors in a flat area with spruce-dominated forest in southern Sweden. The investigated factors include four abiotic factors, i.e., soil wetness, solar radiation, slope gradient, and aspect, and three biotic factors, i.e., the number of deciduous trees and trees that died from attacks in previous years that remained (TreesLeft) and removed (TreesRemoved) from the forest stand. We put up 24 pheromone bags in six stands attacked by bark beetle in the previous years, resulting in different numbers of infested trees in each plot. We explored in which microenvironment a pheromone bag resulted in more colonization, the impact radius of each factor, and the necessary factors for a risk model. The environmental factors were obtained from remote sensing-based products and images. A generalized linear model (GLM) was used with the environmental factors as the explanatory variables and the damage levels as the response variables, i.e., the number of attacked trees for the plot scale, and healthy/infested for the single-tree scale. Using 50 m and 15 m radius of the environmental factors resulted in the best fit for the model at plot and individual tree scales, respectively. At those radii, the damage risk increased both at plot and individual tree level when spruce were surrounded by more deciduous trees, surrounded by dead trees that had been removed from the forest, and spruces located at the north and east slopes (315 degrees-135 degrees of aspect, > 2 degrees slope). Soil wetness, solar radiation, and remaining standing dead trees in the surrounding did not significantly impact the damage level in the microenvironment of the study area. The GLM risk model yielded an overall accuracy of 0.69 in predicting individual trees being infested or healthy. Our efforts to investigate the risk factors provide a context for wall-to-wall mapping in-stand infestation risks, using remote sensing-based data.
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28.
  • Häggström, Bodil, et al. (författare)
  • Environmental controls on seedling establishment in a boreal forest: implications for Scots pine regeneration in continuous cover forestry
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 143, s. 95-106
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In nutrient poor and dry forest sites common to northern Scandinavia, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the most common species both in managed and natural forests. However, Scots pine is sensitive to competition during establishment. Harvesting of all trees within a given area, i.e., clear-cutting, liberates regenerating seedlings from competition with mature trees. However, recently, clear-cut-free or continuous cover forestry has been the subject of substantial debate. When choosing a management method, it is important to recognize how competitive interactions direct the success of Scots pine regeneration. We studied Scots pine regeneration at three environments: beneath the canopy of mature trees, at the canopy edge in full sunlight, and distant from the canopy with no influence of mature trees. We imposed three treatments in each of these environments: root isolation (i.e., trenching), nitrogen (N) fertilization, and control plots. Root isolation enhanced seedling performance under the canopy of mature trees. Nitrogen fertilization enhanced seedling performance to a greater extent in the clear-cut than at the forest edge. However, N fertilization had no effect under the canopy. In the N-fertilized plots, we measured higher N content in the soil under the canopy than in the open environments, indicating that not all excess N was obtained by the mature trees. N-uptake might have been limited by competition for water in the N-fertilized plots. Our results suggest that belowground competition limits the success of regeneration of Scots pine. However, N fertilization presents a tool to compensate for underground competition along canopy edges.
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29.
  • Johansson, Malin, et al. (författare)
  • Trade-offs between stump-to-roadside lead time and harvesting cost, when using different number of operators in a harvester-forwarder system
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Nature. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • For customer-oriented wood supply, buffering is required for flexibility to handle interactions in the wood procurement system. This includes balancing lead-time and operational cost by using stocks and production capacity as buffers. Despite the well-known challenge to balance the interactions between harvesting and forwarding in Nordic mechaniced CTL-operations, there has been limited research on how the machine groups can be staffed to enable flexibility and more focus on other measures to create flexibility. Therefore, this study explored trade-offs between wood lead-time and harvesting cost in the stump-to-roadside part of the wood supply chain by altering the numer of full-time working operators in the harvesting groups. This was done using discrete-event simulations implemented in Anylogic software. Input data included information about operational conditions in 1500 forest stands. The results revealed that the best balance was to have sufficient harvesting capacity to adjust wood lead times at the expense of increased harvesting costs. Of the tested options, the best balance was achieved when staffing a two-machine group with three operators, and thereby allocating 50% of the used work-shifts to regulating the field wood stock between the two machines. This resulted in the shortest lead times and the smallest harvesting cost increase. Compared to the option with no flexibility for stock adjustment (4 operators), the average lead-time could be reduced to one tenth at a cost increase of 3.4%. These findings have the potential to improve decisions of how harvesting groups are staffed to balance specific objectives of desired lead times and costs, which migh prove to be a valuable addition to the already used measures to manage wood flow.
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30.
  • Kim, Yong Suk, et al. (författare)
  • Greenhouse gas emissions after a prescribed fire in white birch-dwarf bamboo stands in northern Japan, focusing on the role of charcoal
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 130:6, s. 1031-1044
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forest fires affect both carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in forest ecosystems, and thereby influence the soil-atmosphere exchange of major greenhouse gases (GHGs): carbon dioxide (CO(2)), methane (CH(4)), and nitrous oxide (N(2)O). To determine changes in the soil GHG fluxes following a forest fire, we arranged a low-intensity surface fire in a white birch forest in northern Japan. We established three treatments, having four replications each: a control plot (CON), a burned plot (BURN), and a plot burned with removal of the resulting charcoal (BURN-CHA). Soil GHG fluxes and various properties of the soil were determined on four or five occasions during a period that spanned two growing seasons. We observed increased concentrations of ammonium-N (NH(4)-N) in BURN and BURN-CHA after the fire, while nitrate-N (NO(3)-N) concentration was only increased in BURN-CHA after the fire. The soil CO(2) flux was significantly higher in CON than in BURN or BURN-CHA, but there was no difference in soil CH(4) uptake between the three treatments. Moreover, the N(2)O flux from BURN-CHA soil was slightly greater than in CON or BURN. In BURN-CHA, the soil N(2)O flux peaked in August, but there was no peak in BURN. We found temporal correlations between soil GHG fluxes and soil variables, e.g. soil temperature or NO(3)-N. Our results suggest that environmental changes following fire, including the increased availability of N and the disappearance of the litter layer, have the potential to change soil GHG fluxes. Fire-produced charcoal could be significant in reducing soil N(2)O flux in temperate forests.
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31.
  • Korosuo, Anu, et al. (författare)
  • Using value functions to elicit spatial preference information
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 132, s. 551-563
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Decision making in forest planning often involves situations, where the value of the stand is dependent on its location or the properties of the stands nearby. Often the most intuitive tool to describe spatial objectives and outcomes is a visual map. However, evaluating and comparing different maps may prove a considerable cognitive burden, especially over large areas and in long-term planning. In this study, we investigate the use of value functions for eliciting spatial preference information from maps. Our case study is part of a project investigating the possibilities of increasing broadleaf-tree-dominated habitats in a northern Swedish landscape. The experts involved in the project evaluated maps showing different fragmentation patterns. Different spatial indices were then calculated for the maps, and expert evaluations were used to sketch value functions describing the preferred fragmentation level. The approach was found to be a quick way of translating spatial preferences into numerical values and conceptualizing the relatively abstract concept of fragmentation in the landscape. Furthermore, the results show that the choice of a certain fragmentation index has a crucial effect on the value function.
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32.
  • Leonardsson, Jenny, et al. (författare)
  • Differential survival and growth of stumps in 14 woody species after conservation thinning in mixed oak-rich temperate forests
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 26:1, s. 199-209
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many trees sprout after cutting and other disturbances, and individuals may persist for a long time. In 25 forests in Sweden subjected to thinning for biodiversity values, we tested whether survival and growth of sprouts are related to stump diameter. Stem diameters vary under conservation thinning and earlier work had indicated high survival of stumps of small diameter. We also tested whether a continuum of responses in sprouting existed among the 14 species, as predicted by earlier work. We cut on average 26 % of the basal area (mean basal area 28 m(2)/ha) and analysed 1,044 stumps (diameters 10-76 cm). The response of the species after 9 years ranged along a continuum from weak to strong sprouting. Survival was highest for Corylus avellena (95 % of cut individuals survived) and Tilia cordata (85 %), then decreased as follows; Crataegus spp. > Alnus glutinosa > Prunus avium > Fraxinus excelsior > Quercus robur/Q. petraea > Salix caprea > Sorbus aucuparia > Acer platanoides > Betula pendula, to Betula pubescens (8 %) and Fagus sylvatica (8 %). Within species, stump survival was unrelated to stump diameter. Mean maximal sprout height of surviving stumps varied from about 1 to 4 m among the species after 9 years. Sprout height was unrelated to stump diameter. Stump survival (%) and mean sprout height were positively correlated across species. In conclusion, stem diameter had no effect on sprouting, but the 14 species could be clearly ranked in regrowth. Our results are useful in planning thinning of mixed forests for biodiversity conservation, for biomass harvest, or combined purposes.
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33.
  • Lindberg, Eva, et al. (författare)
  • Estimation of stem attributes using a combination of terrestrial and airborne laser scanning
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 131, s. 1917-1931
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Properties of individual trees can be estimated from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data provided that the scanning is dense enough and the positions of field-measured trees are available as training data. However, such detailed manual field measurements are laborious. This paper presents new methods to use terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for automatic measurements of tree stems and to further link these ground measurements to ALS data analyzed at the single tree level. The methods have been validated in six 80 × 80 m field plots in spruce-dominated forest (lat. 58°N, long. 13°E). In a first step, individual tree stems were automatically detected from TLS data. The root mean square error (RMSE) for DBH was 38.0 mm (13.1 %), and the bias was 1.6 mm (0.5 %). In a second step, trees detected from the TLS data were automatically co-registered and linked with the corresponding trees detected from the ALS data. In a third step, tree level regression models were created for stem attributes derived from the TLS data using independent variables derived from trees detected from the ALS data. Leave-one-out cross-validation for one field plot at a time provided an RMSE for tree level ALS estimates trained with TLS data of 46.0 mm (15.4 %) for DBH, 9.4 dm (3.7 %) for tree height, and 197.4 dm3 (34.0 %) for stem volume, which was nearly as accurate as when data from manual field inventory were used for training.
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34.
  • Lindbladh, Matts, et al. (författare)
  • A landscape and policy perspective on forest conversion: Long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus) and the allocation of deciduous forests in southern Sweden
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 130, s. 861-869
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As resources allocated specifically for conservation are limited, there is a need to ensure conservation policy initiatives lead to effective conservation outcomes. In this study, we investigated the potential conservation benefits from alternative spatial allocations of old deciduous stands to a landscape dominated by coniferous production forests owned primarily by non-industrial private forest owners. As a target species, we used the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), a species associated with deciduous forests and known to be sensitive to isolation. We used a previously published model based on empirical data on the occurrence of this species, to assess the probability of occurrence of the bird in a 4,000 km(2) area in southern Sweden for which we possess detailed spatial GIS data (kNN data) of tree species composition and age. We assessed alternative scenarios where old deciduous forest was allocated with or without respect to distance from existing old deciduous forests. Due to the long-tailed tit's habitat requirement increasing the amount of old deciduous forests close to existing habitats was the most effective strategy. However, the potential advantages of this strategy may in fact be overturned in favor of the other scenarios if ownership structures and probable uptake rates of policy initiatives are also considered. If a policy initiative is targeted toward owners with properties in close proximity to existing suitable habitat, when compared to if all forest owners are targeted, a higher proportion of owners is needed to participate in order to achieve the same degree of habitat creation for the species. Here, we discuss the potential benefits for effective conservation policy formulation from integrating spatially explicit datasets and detailed ecological knowledge with land-ownership structures and policy uptake scenarios.
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35.
  • Linder, Sune, et al. (författare)
  • Increased tree growth following long-term optimised fertiliser application indirectly alters soil properties in a boreal forest
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 140, s. 241-254
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • It is well established that nutrient addition influences ecosystem features such as productivity, carbon storage, soil acidification and biodiversity. Less studied are long-term effects of sustained fertiliser application on forest soil characteristics and nutrient supplies, and especially direct and indirect mechanisms underlying changes. We investigated effects of 3 decades versus 1 decade of optimised fertiliser application on soil properties and nutrient supplies in a 30-year-old nutrient optimisation experiment in a Norway spruce plantation in northern Sweden. We tested for direct and indirect effects of fertiliser use through structural equation models and correlations among tree and soil variables. Results showed that soil characteristics, especially organic carbon and nutrient concentrations, were significantly affected by 10- and 30-year fertiliser application. Soil C/N was similar for the short-term versus controls, but decreased for the long-term versus short-term treatment. Although not explicitly measured, it was clear from our analyses and earlier studies at the site that litter accumulation played a key role in explaining these changes in soil properties, while foliar stoichiometry data suggest long-term effects of litter quality. Nutrient supply rates increased more after 30 than 10 years of fertiliser application. Summarized, we showed that the interplay of direct and indirect effects can yield nonlinear patterns over time, as exemplified by soil C/N. Furthermore, we conclude that lagged, indirect effects of fertilisation through altered litter quantity and quality dominate changes in soil characteristics in this forest. These soil characteristics have further relevance to nutrient availability, suggesting that nutrient optimisation can influence soil fertility also indirectly.
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36.
  • Lindholm, Eva-Lotta, et al. (författare)
  • Energy efficiency and the environmental impact of harvesting stumps and logging residues
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 129, s. 1223-1235
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In a case study, seven different procurement chains of forest energy in Sweden were modelled and the environmental performance was calculated from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective. The systems differed with respect to geographical location, the technology employed and resource use (stumps or logging residues). The energy output/input ratio of chips from residues and stumps was in the range 21-48, and the greenhouse gas emissions were 1.5-3.5 g CO(2)-eq/MJ chips. The systems in southern Sweden were generally more efficient than similar systems in northern Sweden. The forest energy systems based on bundles and stumps rely on immature technologies which have the potential to be improved should there be technical developments of the systems.
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37.
  • Lundmark, Hanna, et al. (författare)
  • The introduction of modern forest management and clear-cutting in Sweden: Ridö State Forest 1832–2014
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 136, s. 269-285
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The effects of clear-cutting and potential alternatives continue to be hot topics during discussions of forestry and nature conservation. This study presents forest data from Ridon, an island in Lake Malaren in central Sweden, where forest management and clear-cutting have been applied for almost 200 years. The main objective of the study was to identify changes in forest management and forest conditions over time. The forest transition in Sweden during the 1800s is also covered, and the importance of early forest experiments is discussed, exemplified by Ridon. This study is based on eight forest management plans and maps, from 1832 to 2014. Our results show a transformation from large, continuous areas of heterogeneous forest to small homogeneous stands. Clear-cutting has been the main logging method applied to Ridon for almost 200 years, which is in contrast with the general historical trend of selective cutting preceding clear-cutting in the Nordic countries. Our analysis shows that forestry has changed from the exploitation of resources to sustainable management. Currently, forest management at Ridon aims to create a nature reserve characterized by uneven-aged forest with an increased deciduous component. Hence, the intention is to obtain a forest similar to as it was in 1832. By analyzing spatially precise data on forest stands over long periods and in relation to contemporary silvicultural methods, it is possible to discern the impact of forest management, to understand the drivers of the long-term changes in managed forest, and it also allows for a more educated discussion on today's forest management.
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38.
  • Lundqvist, Sven- Olof, et al. (författare)
  • Age and weather effects on between and within ring variations of number, width and coarseness of tracheids and radial growth of young Norway spruce
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 137:5, s. 719-743
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Annual growth, fibre and wood properties of Norway spruce are all under strong influence from genetics, age and weather. They change dynamically, particularly at young ages. Most genetic research and tree improvement programs are based on data from this most dynamic phase of the life of trees, affected by differences in weather among sites and years. In the work presented, influences of age and weather were investigated and modelled at the detail of annual rings and at the sub-tree ring level of earlywood, transitionwood and latewood. The data used were analysed from increment cores sampled at age 21 years from almost 6000 Norway spruce trees of known genetic origin, grown on two sites in southern Sweden. The traits under investigation were radial growth, cell widths, cell numbers, cell wall thickness and coarseness as a measure of biomass allocation at cell level. General additive mixed models (GAMMs) were fitted to model the influences of age, local temperature and precipitation. The best models were obtained for number of tracheids formed per year, ring width, average radial tracheid width in earlywood, and ring averages for tangential tracheid width and coarseness. Considering the many sources behind the huge variation, the explained part of the variability was high. For all traits, models were developed using both total tree age and cambial age (ring number) to express age. Comparisons indicate that the number of cell divisions and ring width are under stronger control of tree age, but the other traits under stronger control of cambial age. The models provide a basis to refine data prior to genetic evaluations by compensating for estimated differences between sites and years related to age and weather rather than genetics. Other expected applications are to predict performance of genotypes in relation to site or climate and simulation of climate change scenarios.
  •  
39.
  • Lygis, Vaidotas, et al. (författare)
  • Forest self-regeneration following clear-felling of dieback-affected Fraxinus excelsior: focus on ash
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 133, s. 501-510
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Due to the dieback caused by invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, ash is threatened in many regions of Europe. In order to predict the situation with ash ecosystems, it is important to examine forest regeneration in areas formerly dominated by ash with long disease history and known management. The main aim of the present study was, therefore, to evaluate forest self-regeneration following clear-felling of ash dieback-devastated stands, focusing on ash. In Lithuania, during 2011, a forest regeneration inventory was performed on twenty clear-cuts, initially dominated by stands of ash, but severely damaged by the dieback caused by H. pseudoalbidus and clear-felled 1-10 years previously. In subsequent forest regeneration, grey alder and birch dominated. Ash regeneration was scarce, and its proportion decreased from 40-100 % in pre-dieback stands to 0-21 % in current stands. Of all observed ash trees (n = 775), 53.9 % were diseased, 16.8 % were dead, and only 29.3 % were visually healthy. Moreover, ash was among the slowest growing species, while grey alder, aspen and birch were the fastest. The regeneration and health condition of ash in forests, where previous to the dieback ash was dominant, demonstrated a sharp decrease in occurrence of this species and a clear shift in species composition towards grey alder and birch.
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40.
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41.
  • Löf, Magnus (författare)
  • Root spatial distribution and biomass partitioning in Quercus robur L. seedlings: the effects of mounding site preparation in oak plantations
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 129, s. 603-612
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In a reforestation field experiment undertaken in southern Sweden and planted with pedunculate oak, three site preparation treatments (herbicide application (H), mounding site preparation (MSP) and combined herbicide and mounding treatment (H + MSP)) were compared to an undisturbed control (C). We analysed root spatial and biomass distribution in 48 harvested seedlings. Compared to the control, both MSP and H treatments resulted in a significantly higher root system biomass (means C: 16.4 g, H: 45.7 g, MSP: 41.4 g, MSP + H: 102.2 g). The proportion of lateral root biomass increased from 38% (C) to 62% (MSP + H), while the two remaining treatments (H, MSP) attained percentages of 48% and 51%, respectively. The treatments did not alter seedlings' allometry and root:shoot ratio significantly. However, biomass distribution of different root system parts varied among treatments, so that lateral root biomass increased relative to leaf biomass from C to MSP + H variant. Site preparation treatments (MSP, MSP + H) increased the horizontal extension of root biomass, compared to C and H variants. We conclude that mounding site preparation is an efficient method for the reforestation of pedunculate oak stands. Due to the comparative positive effects on root system development, MSP presents an alternative to herbicide treatment, particularly at sites where the use of chemicals is restricted.
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42.
  • Löf, Magnus (författare)
  • Species-specific and generic biomass equations for seedlings and saplings of European tree species
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 135, s. 313-329
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Biomass equations are a helpful tool to estimate the tree and stand biomass production and standing stock. Such estimations are of great interest for science but also of great importance for global reports on the carbon cycle and the global climate system. Even though there are various collections and generic meta-analyses available with biomass equations for mature trees, reports on biomass equations for juvenile trees (seedlings and saplings) are mainly missing. Against the background of an increasing amount of reforestation and afforestation projects and forests in young successional stages, such equations are required. In this study we have collected data from various studies on the aboveground woody biomass of 19 common tree species growing in Europe. The aim of this paper was to calculate species-specific biomass equations for the aboveground woody biomass of single trees in dependence of root-collar-diameter (RCD), height (H) and the combination of the two (RCD2 H). Next to calculating species-specific biomass equations for the species available in the dataset, we also calculated generic biomass equations for all broadleaved species and all conifer species. The biomass equations should be a contribution to the pool of published biomass equations, whereas the novelty is here that the equations were exclusively derived for young trees.
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43.
  • Löf, Magnus, et al. (författare)
  • Stand growth and structure of mixed-species and monospecific stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Q. robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 139, s. 349-367
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Past failures of monocultures, caused by wind-throw or insect damages, and ongoing climate change currently strongly stimulate research into mixed-species stands. So far, the focus has mainly been on combinations of species with obvious complementary functional traits. However, for any generalization, a broad overview of the mixing reactions of functionally different tree species in different mixing proportions, patterns and under different site conditions is needed, including assemblages of species with rather similar demands on resources such as light. Here, we studied the growth of Scots pine and oak in mixed versus monospecific stands on 36 triplets located along a productivity gradient across Europe, reaching from Sweden to Spain and from France to Georgia. The set-up represents a wide variation in precipitation (456-1250 mm year(-1)), mean annual temperature (6.7-11.5 degrees C) and drought index by de Martonne (21-63 mm degrees C-1). Stand inventories and increment cores of trees stemming from 40- to 132-year-old, fully stocked stands on 0.04-0.94-ha-sized plots provided insight into how species mixing modifies stand growth and structure compared with neighbouring monospecific stands. On average, the standing stem volume was 436 and 360 m(3) ha(-1) in the monocultures of Scots pine and oak, respectively, and 418 m(3) ha(-1) in the mixed stands. The corresponding periodical annual volume increment amounted to 10.5 and 9.1 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) in the monocultures and 10.5 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) in the mixed stands. Scots pine showed a 10% larger quadratic mean diameter (p < 0.05), a 7% larger dominant diameter (p < 0.01) and a 9% higher growth of basal area and volume in mixed stands compared with neighbouring monocultures. For Scots pine, the productivity advantages of growing in mixture increased with site index (p < 0.01) and water supply (p < 0.01), while for oak they decreased with site index (p < 0.01). In total, the superior productivity of mixed stands compared to monocultures increased with water supply (p < 0.10). Based on 7843 measured crowns, we found that in mixture both species, but especially oak, had significantly wider crowns (p < 0.001) than in monocultures. On average, we found relatively small effects of species mixing on stand growth and structure. Scots pine benefiting on rich, and oak on poor sites, allows for a mixture that is productive and most likely climate resistant all along a wide ecological gradient. We discuss the potential of this mixture in view of climate change.
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44.
  • Löf, Magnus (författare)
  • The distribution of carbon stocks between tree woody biomass and soil differs between Scots pine and broadleaved species (beech, oak) in European forests
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 141, s. 467-480
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • While the impacts of forest management options on carbon (C) storage are well documented, the way they affect C distribution among ecosystem components remains poorly investigated. Yet, partitioning of total forest C stocks, particularly between aboveground woody biomass and the soil, greatly impacts the stability of C stocks against disturbances in forest ecosystems. This study assessed the impact of species composition and stand density on C storage in aboveground woody biomass (stem + branches), coarse roots, and soil, and their partitioning in pure and mixed forests in Europe. We used 21 triplets (5 beech-oak, 8 pine-beech, 8 pine-oak mixed stands, and their respective monocultures at the same sites) in seven European countries. We computed biomass C stocks from total stand inventories and species-specific allometric equations, and soil organic C data down to 40 cm depth. On average, the broadleaved species stored more C in aboveground woody biomass than soil, while C storage in pine was equally distributed between both components. Stand density had a strong effect on C storage in tree woody biomass but not in the soil. After controlling for stand basal area, the mixed stands had, on average, similar total C stocks (in aboveground woody biomass + coarse roots + soil) to the most performing monocultures. Although species composition and stand density affect total C stocks and its partitioning between aboveground woody biomass and soil, a large part of variability in soil C storage was unrelated to stand characteristics.
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45.
  • Löf, Magnus, et al. (författare)
  • The influence of fencing on seedling establishment during reforestation of oak stands: a comparison of artificial and natural regeneration techniques including costs
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 140, s. 807-817
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In temperate Europe, oak-dominated forests are widespread, supporting high biodiversity and providing important ecosystem services. Insufficient natural regeneration has, however, been a concern for over a century. The objective of this study was to gain insights into differences in regeneration success using artificial and natural regeneration techniques for reforestation of oak (Quercus robur L.) stands. We monitored seedlings following planting, direct seeding and natural regeneration over five years in a randomized block experiment in southern Sweden with fenced and non-fenced plots. Fencing had a strong positive effect on height growth, especially for planted seedlings that were taller than the other seedlings and more frequently browsed in non-fenced plots. In contrast, there was little effect of fencing on survival, establishment rate and recruitment rate of seedlings. Due to aboveground damage on seedlings from voles, protection of acorns did not improve establishment rate following direct seeding. Under current circumstances at the site with a sparse shelterwood of old oaks, we conclude that natural regeneration was the most cost-efficient regeneration method. It resulted in the most seedlings at the lowest cost. However, regeneration success was heavily influenced by interference from herbaceous vegetation. With a small additional investment in vegetation control, the results might have been improved for planting and direct seeding.
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46.
  • Makoto, Kobayashi, et al. (författare)
  • How do leaf functional traits and age influence the maximum rooting depth of trees?
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 142:5, s. 1197-1206
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Maximum rooting depth is a key functional trait to increase the fitness of trees and also influences terrestrial ecosystem processes. Despite its importance, the drivers of the interspecific variation of maximum rooting depth or its relation to other plant traits and plant age are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to clarify the drivers of the interspecific variation of maximum rooting depth with special reference to its relation to plant leaf traits and age. We analyzed how maximum rooting depth of single individuals of 227 tree species planted in the same common garden in the temperate region of central Japan is correlated to commonly measured leaf functional traits (specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf nitrogen (N) concentration) extracted from the TRY database. We did this by employing the phylogenetic comparable method and included the age of all target trees. When excluding the effect of phylogenetic signals from the relationships between rooting depth and leaf traits, SLA was negatively correlated with maximum rooting depth in deciduous, but not evergreen species. Further, rooting depth and leaf N concentration were negatively correlated in evergreen trees, a pattern driven by young trees. These results implicate that the relationship between maximum rooting depth and leaf traits differed depending on the leaf habits and age of the tree species.
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47.
  • Mellander, Per-Erik, et al. (författare)
  • Recovery of photosynthetic capacity in Scots pine : a model analysis of forest plots with manipulated winter/spring soil temperature regimes.
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 127:1, s. 71-79
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Both aboveground and belowground climate affects net primary production (NNP) and forest growth. Little is known about how above and belowground factors interact. The BIOMASS-model was tested to simulate photosynthetic recovery over a wide range of soil temperatures created by snow cover manipulations on tree-scale plots in a 20-year-old Scots pine stand in northern Sweden. The differences in timing of soil warming between the plots covered a span of two months. Carbon assimilation in needles, sap flow, needle water potential and climatic parameters were measured in the field. The simulations revealed that an early start of soil warming gave a relatively early photosynthetic recovery and a 7.5% increase of NPP. Late soil warming delayed the photosynthetic recovery and reduced the NPP by 13.7%. This indicated that soil temperature needed to be accounted for, as well as air temperature, when analysing photosynthetic recovery and NPP in boreal environment. The effects of differences in soil temperature were reflected in the simulated photosynthetic recovery. The model did not fully capture the delay of photosynthetic recovery caused by a late soil warming. It was possible to integrate the complexity of the soil climate effects into a threshold date for soil thaw, using sapflow measurements together with information about air temperature and a day degree sum, as long as water availability was not limiting water uptake by roots. Although a more realistic mechanism than that currently in BIOMASS is desirable as climate change shifts the typical patterns of interplay between air and soil temperature dynamics.
  •  
48.
  • Meyer, Astrid, et al. (författare)
  • Integrating mycorrhiza in a complex model system: effects on ecosystem C and N fluxes
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 131:6, s. 1809-1831
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • During the last decades, ectomycorrhiza has been identified to be of major importance for ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and tree growth. Despite this importance, mycorrhiza has largely been neglected in ecosystem models or regarded only implicitly by a static mycorrhiza term. In order to overcome this limitation, we integrated the dynamic mycorrhiza model MYCOFON (Meyer et al. in Plant Soil 327:493-517, 2010a, Plant Soil 327:519, 2010b) into the ecosystem modelling framework MoBiLE (Modular Biosphere simuLation Environment) and coupled it to available forest growth and development process models. Model testing was done for different beech and spruce forest sites in Germany. Simulation results were compared to a standard model set-up, that is, without explicit consideration of mycorrhiza. Parameters were set in order not to violate previous findings about C partitioning into aboveground and belowground biomasses. Nevertheless, the explicit consideration of mycorrhiza let to considerable differences between sites and deposition scenarios with respect to simulated root biomass, plant nitrogen supply, and gaseous soil C and N emissions. The latter was mainly a result of differences in soil N concentration and dynamics. Our simulation results also show that the C supply to mycorrhizal fungi by plants as well as the importance of mycorrhizal fungi for plant N uptake, that is, the allocation of C and N between plants and fungi, depends on the magnitude of N deposition. This effect is neglected by standard model approaches so far. Therefore, explicit consideration of mycorrhiza in ecosystem models has a high potential to improve model simulations of ecosystem C and N cycling and associated biosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere exchange processes and consequently simulation of soil CO2 and N trace gas emissions from forest sites.
  •  
49.
  • Na, Meng, et al. (författare)
  • Higher stand densities can promote soil carbon storage after conversion of temperate mixed natural forests to larch plantations
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 140:2, s. 373-386
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Soil carbon (C) reservoirs held in forests play a significant role in the global C cycle. However, harvesting natural forests tend to lead to soil C loss, which can be countered by the establishment of plantations after clear cutting. Therefore, there is a need to determine how forest management can affect soil C sequestration. The management of stand density could provide an effective tool to control soil C sequestration, yet how stand density influences soil C remains an open question. To address this question, we investigated soil C storage in 8-year pure hybrid larch (Larix spp.) plantations with three densities (2000 trees ha−1, 3300 trees ha−1 and 4400 trees ha−1), established following the harvesting of secondary mixed natural forest. We found that soil C storage increased with higher tree density, which mainly correlated with increases of dissolved organic C as well as litter and root C input. In addition, soil respiration decreased with higher tree density during the most productive periods of warm and moist conditions. The reduced SOM decomposition suggested by lowered respiration was also corroborated with reduced levels of plant litter decomposition. The stimulated inputs and reduced exports of C from the forest floor resulted in a 40% higher soil C stock in high- compared to low-density forests within 8 years after plantation, providing effective advice for forest management to promote soil C sequestration in ecosystems.
  •  
50.
  • Nilsson, Urban, et al. (författare)
  • Comparing direct and indirect leaf area measurements for Scots pine and Norway spruce plantations in Sweden
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 138, s. 1033-1047
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The area of foliage absorbing solar radiation is often expressed as leaf area index (LAI). In this study, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area at tree level (LA) and LAI at stand level were measured on eight experimental plots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), together with tree and stand measurements from biomass harvest. Both projected area and half total surface area were measured, and a model of the relationship between the units was constructed. SLA was larger for pine (61.62 cm(2) g(-1)) compared to spruce (50.2 cm(2) g(-1)) and showed a trend of decreasing higher up in the crown. Leaf area was significantly higher for Norway spruce compared to Scots pine on both tree and stand level. Models were constructed using diameter at breast height, tree height and stand basal area to estimate LA. The models were general site-independent models that can be used for easy estimations of single tree leaf area. Indirect measurement of LAI (LAIe) was shown to underestimate LAI with on average 30-73% depending on species and measurement technique. Using the extensive data collected, conversion models were constructed for estimating LAI from LAIe together with basal area, stem number and stand height. These species-specific conversion models will allow for more accurate estimations of LAI that can be used in mechanistic models of forest growth and for future estimates of LAI from remote sensing data.
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