| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Berglund, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Characterization of extended-spectrum -lactamase-producing Escherichia coli harboring mcr-1 and toxin genes from human fecal samples from China
- 2018
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In: Future Microbiology. - : FUTURE MEDICINE LTD. - 1746-0913 .- 1746-0921. ; 13:15, s. 1647-1656
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: To characterize extended-spectrum -lactamase-producing Escherichia coli harboring the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 from human fecal samples collected in 2012 in a rural area of Shandong province, PR China. Materials amp; methods: Whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 25 mcr-1-positive isolates to determine carriage of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles. Results: The isolates were highly genetically diverse and carried a large variety of different antibiotic resistance genes. The multidrug-resistance rate was high (96%). Virulence genes associated with intestinal pathogenic E. coli were carried by 32% of the isolates. Conclusion: Further monitoring of the epidemiological situation is necessary to ensure a preparedness for potential emergence of novel, difficult-to-treat strains and awareness of available treatment options.
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| 3. |
- Choong, FX, et al.
(author)
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Intravital models of infection lay the foundation for tissue microbiology
- 2012
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In: Future microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0921 .- 1746-0913. ; 7:4, s. 519-533
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In complex environments, such as those found in the human host, pathogenic bacteria constantly battle the unfavorable conditions imposed by the host response to their presence. During Escherichia coli-induced pyelonephritis, a cascade of events are shown in an intravital animal model to occur in a timely and sequential manner, representing the dynamic interplay between host and pathogen. Today, intravital techniques allow for observing infection in the living host. At resolutions almost on the single-cell level, improved detection methods offer a movie-like description of infection dynamics. Tissue microbiology involves monitoring host–pathogen interaction within the dynamic microecology of infectious sites in the live host. This new field holds great promise for insightful research into microbial disease intervention strategies.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Cohen, A., et al.
(author)
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A multifaceted 'omics' approach for addressing the challenge of antimicrobial resistance
- 2015
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In: Future Microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0913 .- 1746-0921. ; 10:3, s. 365-376
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The inappropriate use of antibiotics has severe global health and economic consequences, including the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A major driver of antibiotic misuse is the inability to accurately distinguish between bacterial and viral infections based on currently available diagnostic solutions. A multifaceted 'omics' approach that integrates personalized patient data such as genetic predisposition to infections (genomics), natural microbiota composition and immune response to infection (proteomics and transcriptomics) together with comprehensive pathogen profiling has the potential to help physicians improve their antimicrobial prescribing practices. In this respect, the EU has funded a multidisciplinary project (TAILORED-Treatment) that will develop novel omics-based personalized treatment schemes that have the potential to reduce antibiotic consumption, and help limiting the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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| 6. |
- Dyar, OJ, et al.
(author)
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Using antibiotics responsibly: are we there yet?
- 2016
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In: Future microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0921 .- 1746-0913. ; 11:8, s. 1057-1071
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Problems of antibiotic access and excess coexist in the world today and are compounded by rising rates of antibiotic resistance. We introduce two dimensions of responsibility to this context: responsible individual practices and a broad societal obligation centered on sustainability. Acting on these responsibilities requires recognizing the potential tensions between an individual optimum for antibiotic use and the societal optimum. We relate the tragedy of the commons metaphor to this situation to illustrate the complexity involved, and we draw on real-world experiences in Uganda, India, China and France. We conclude that we must form a global stewardship of antibiotics that can link access, innovation and conservation efforts across countries to ensure sustainable access to effective antibiotics for all who need them.
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| 7. |
- Jonas, K, et al.
(author)
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Regulation of c-di-GMP metabolism in biofilms
- 2009
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In: Future microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0921 .- 1746-0913. ; 4:3, s. 341-358
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cyclic (5´ to 3´)-diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a small molecule that regulates the transition between the sessile and motile lifestyle, an integrative part of biofilm formation and other multicellular behavior, in many bacteria. The recognition of c-di-GMP as a novel secondary messenger soon raised the question about the specificity of the signaling system, as individual bacterial genomes frequently encode numerous c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins. Recent work has demonstrated that several global regulators concertedly modify the expression of selected panels of c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins, which act on targets with physiological functions. Within complex feed-forward arrangements, the global regulators commonly combine the control of c-di-GMP metabolism with the direct regulation of proteins with functions in motility or biofilm formation, leading to precise and fine-tuned output responses that determine bacterial behavior. c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins are also controlled at the post-translational level by mechanisms including phosphorylation, localization, protein–protein interactions or protein stability. A detailed understanding of such complex regulatory mechanisms will not only help to explain the specificity in c-di-GMP signaling systems, but will also be necessary to understand the high phenotypic diversity within bacterial biofilms at the single cell level.
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| 8. |
- Lood, Rolf, et al.
(author)
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Localization-triggered bacterial pathogenesis.
- 2015
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In: Future Microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0921 .- 1746-0913. ; 10:10, s. 1659-1668
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bacterial infections are becoming an increasing problem worldwide and there is a need for a deeper understanding of how bacteria turn pathogenic. Here, we suggest that one answer may be found by taking into account the localization of the bacteria, both at an anatomical level and at a microenvironment level. Both commensals and traditional pathogens alter their interaction with the human host depending on the local surroundings - turning either more or less virulent. These localization effects could derive from the characteristics of different anatomical sites but also from local differences within a microenvironment. In order to understand the adaptive functions of bacterial virulence factors, we need to study the bacteria in the environments where they have evolved.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Nylen, S, et al.
(author)
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Tracing immunity to human leishmaniasis
- 2009
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In: Future microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0921 .- 1746-0913. ; 4:2, s. 241-254
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- People who have recovered from leishmaniasis are believed to have long-lasting protection against subsequent infection. Understanding the immunological changes that are associated with protection from cure of and susceptibility to the disease are fundamental to both designing and evaluating vaccine candidates against the leishmaniases. In the quest for a vaccine against leishmaniasis, appropriate surrogate markers of immunity would be valuable and cost effective. Biomarkers would ease screening and selection of potentially efficient vaccine candidates. Moreover, biomarkers of disease may be used to monitor disease and aid therapeutic prognosis. This would be useful in the evaluation of both existing and new drugs, making invasive post-treatment evaluation redundant. Biomarkers may also be indicative of the severity of the disease and may be able to predict the outcome of an infection and indicate whether the patient will spontaneously recover, exhibit mild symptoms or if the disease is disseminating and will be severe. In this article we discuss the immunological changes associated with different forms of human leishmaniasis and the value of appropriate immunological biomarkers in finding an effective vaccine and an evaluation of therapies against leishmanial disease will be given.
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| 11. |
- Osman, Marwan, et al.
(author)
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Antimicrobial resistance in the protracted Syrian conflict : Halting a war in the war
- 2020
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In: Future Microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd.. - 1746-0913 .- 1746-0921. ; 16:11, s. 825-845
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Syrian conflict has damaged key infrastructure and indirectly affected almost all parts of the Middle East and Europe, with no end in sight. Exhausting conditions created by the Syrian crisis and related massive displacement promote the emergence of numerous public health problems that fuel antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. Here, we explore the current situation of the Syrian displaced population, and AMR inside Syria and among refugees in host countries. We then suggest a roadmap of selected key interventions and strategies to address the threat of AMR in the context of the Syrian crisis. These recommendations are intended to urge health policy-makers in governments and international health organizations to optimize and push for implementing an effective policy taking into consideration the current obstacles.
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| 12. |
- Pant, N, et al.
(author)
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Lactobacilli producing bispecific llama-derived anti-rotavirus proteins in vivo for rotavirus-induced diarrhea
- 2011
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In: Future microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0921 .- 1746-0913. ; 6:5, s. 583-593
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims: Using genetically engineered lactobacilli, producing high avidity llama VHH domains (referred to as anti-rotavirus proteins; ARPs), to test the effect of multimeric antibody fragments as prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus infection. Methods: Two ARPs, ARP1 and ARP3, shown to bind to different epitopes and act synergistically against rotavirus, were displayed on the surface of Lactobacillus paracasei as monovalent or bivalent proteins (mono- or bi-specific). Results: Although a nonsignificant difference was observed between lactobacilli producing bispecific ARP3–ARP1 and monomeric ARPs, lactobacilli producing bispecific ARP3–ARP1 were superior at reducing the rate of diarrhea when used for prophylactic and therapeutic intervention in a mouse model of rotavirus infection in comparison to nontreated animals. Conclusion: Expression of bispecific antibodies in lactobacilli resulted in slight improvement of their efficacy. Furthermore, increasing the specificity would theoretically reduce the rate of appearance of viral escape mutants and would have a broader capacity to be effective against a range of viral serotypes.
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| 13. |
- Selegård, Robert, et al.
(author)
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Plantaricins markedly enhance the effects of traditional antibiotics against Staphylococcus epidermidis
- 2019
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In: Future Microbiology. - : Future Medicine. - 1746-0913 .- 1746-0921. ; 14:3, s. 195-206
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIM: Bacteriocins are considered as promising alternatives to antibiotics against infections. In this study, the plantaricins (Pln) A, E, F, J and K were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis.MATERIALS & METHODS: The effects on membrane integrity were studied using liposomes and viable bacteria, respectively.RESULTS: We show that PlnEF and PlnJK caused rapid and significant lysis of S. epidermidis, and induced lysis of liposomes. The PlnEF and PlnJK displayed similar mechanisms by targeting and disrupting the bacterial cell membrane. Interestingly, Pln enhanced the effects of different antibiotics by 30- to 500-fold.CONCLUSION: This study shows that Pln in combination with low concentrations of antibiotics is efficient against S. epidermidis and may be developed as potential treatment of infections.
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| 14. |
- Shadnezhad, Azadeh, et al.
(author)
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EndoSd: an IgG glycan hydrolyzing enzyme in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae
- 2016
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In: Future Microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0913 .- 1746-0921. ; 11:6, s. 721-736
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: The aim of this study was to identify and characterize EndoS-like enzymes in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae (SDSD). Materials & methods: PCR, DNA sequencing, recombinant protein expression, lectin blot, ultra high performance liquid chromatography analysis and a chitinase assay were used to identify ndoS-like genes and characterize EndoSd. Results: EndoSd were found in four SDSD strains. EndoSd hydrolyzes the chitobiose core of the glycan on IgG. The amino acid sequence of EndoSd is 70% identical to EndoS in S. pyogenes, but it has a unique C-terminal sequence. EndoSd secretion is influenced by the carbohydrate composition of the growth medium. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that IgG glycan hydrolyzing activity is present in SDSD, and that the activity can be attributed to the here identified enzyme EndoSd.
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| 15. |
- Simm, R, et al.
(author)
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Regulation of biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
- 2014
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In: Future microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0921 .- 1746-0913. ; 9:11, s. 1261-1282
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ABSTRACT In animals, plants and the environment, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium forms the red dry and rough (rdar) biofilm characterized by extracellular matrix components curli and cellulose. With complex expression control by at least ten transcription factors, the bistably expressed orphan response regulator CsgD directs rdar morphotype development. CsgD expression is an integral part of the Hfq regulon and the complex cyclic diguanosine monophosphate signaling network partially controlled by the global RNA-binding protein CsrA. Cell wall turnover and the periplasmic redox status regulate csgD expression on a post-transcriptional level by unknown mechanisms. Furthermore, phosphorylation of CsgD is a potential inactivation and degradation signal in biofilm dissolution. Including complex incoherent feed-forward loops, regulation of biofilm formation versus motility and virulence is of recognized complexity.
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| 16. |
- Sjögren, Jonathan, et al.
(author)
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Bacterial glycosidases in pathogenesis and glycoengineering.
- 2014
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In: Future Microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0921 .- 1746-0913. ; 9:9, s. 1039-1051
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ABSTRACT Glycosylation is a common post-translational protein modification and many key proteins of the immune system are glycosylated. As the true experts of our immune system, pathogenic bacteria produce enzymes that can modify the carbohydrates (glycans) of the defense mechanisms in order to favor bacterial survival and persistence. At the intersection between bacterial pathogenesis and glycobiology, there is an increased interest in studying the bacterial enzymes that modify the protein glycosylation of their colonized or infected hosts. This is of great importance in order to fully understand bacterial pathogenesis, but it also presents itself as a valuable source for glycoengineering and glycoanalysis tools. This article highlights the role of bacterial glycosidases during infections, introduces the use of such enzymes as glycoengineering tools and discusses the potential of further studies in this emerging field.
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| 17. |
- Su, Yu-Ching, et al.
(author)
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Moraxella catarrhalis: from interactions with the host immune system to vaccine development.
- 2012
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In: Future Microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0921 .- 1746-0913. ; 7:9, s. 1073-1100
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Moraxella catarrhalis is a human-restricted commensal that over the last two decades has developed into an emerging respiratory tract pathogen. The bacterial species is equipped with various adhesins to facilitate its colonization. Successful evasion of the human immune system is a prerequisite for Moraxella infection. This strategy involves induction of an excessive proinflammatory response, intervention of granulocyte recruitment to the infection site, activation of selected pattern recognition receptors and cellular adhesion molecules to counteract the host bacteriolytic attack, as well as, finally, reprogramming of antigen presenting cells. Host immunomodulator molecules are also exploited by Moraxella to aid in resistance against complement killing and host bactericidal molecules. Thus, breaking the basis of Moraxella immune evasion mechanisms is fundamental for future invention of effective therapy in controlling Moraxella infection.
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| 18. |
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