| 1. |
- Andersen, Lars B., et al.
(författare)
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The association between physical activity, physical fitness and development of metabolic disorders
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7174 .- 1747-7166. ; 6, s. 29-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors have been shown to cluster in some children. This has been shown in children from the age of nine years, but recently we found no clustering in six-year old children. It is uncertain when clustering develops and which parameters are related to the development of clustered CVD risk. Methods. A longitudinal study including 484 children aged six years. Three years later, 434 children participated in a follow-up. The main outcome was clustering of five CVD risk factors: homeostasis assessment insulin resistance (HOMA), total cholesterol:HDL ratio, triglyceride (TG), systolic blood pressure and sum of four skinfolds. Independent variables were physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Results. CVD risk factors were independently distributed in the six-year-olds, and there was no association between composite risk factor score and physical fitness or activity even if there were obese and unfit children in the population. Clustering of CVD risk factors was found at the age of nine years, and the observed number with three or more CVD risk factors was 3.33 (95% CI: 1.41-7.87) times higher than expected if risk factors had been independently distributed. At the age of nine years, the lowest quartile of fitness had 34.9 (95% CI: 8.0-152.5) times higher risk of having clustered risk than the most fit quartile. Conclusion. Clustering of CVD risk factors developed between the age of six and nine years. At nine years of age clustered CVD risk was highly associated with low fitness level.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Dencker, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Body fat, abdominal fat and body fat distribution related to VO(2PEAK) in young children.
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7174 .- 1747-7166. ; 6:2-2, s. 597-602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Objective. Aerobic fitness, defined as maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2PEAK)), and body fat measurements represent two known risk factors for disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between VO(2PEAK) and body fat measurements in young children at a population-based level. Methods. Cross-sectional study of 225 children (128 boys and 97 girls) aged 8-11 years, recruited from a population-based cohort. Total lean body mass (LBM), total fat mass (TBF), and abdominal fat mass (AFM) were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Body fat was also calculated as a percentage of body mass (BF%) and body fat distribution as AFM/TBF. VO(2PEAK) was assessed by indirect calorimetry during maximal exercise test. Results. Significant relationships existed between body fat measurements and VO(2PEAK) in both boys and girls, with Pearson correlation coefficients for absolute values of VO(2PEAK) (0.22-0.36, P< 0.05), and for VO(2PEAK) scaled by body mass (-0.38 - -0.70, P<0.05). No relationships were detected for VO(2PEAK) scaled to LBM (-0.17-0.04, all not significant). Boys and girls in the lowest quartile according to body fat measurements had higher absolute values of VO(2PEAK) and lower values of VO(2PEAK) scaled by body mass, compared with those in the highest quartile. No differences were found for VO(2PEAK) scaled to LBM. Conclusions. Our findings document the coexistence of two known risk factors for disease at a young age and confirms that VO(2PEAK) was scaled to LBM may be a better, body fat independent way of expressing fitness.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Ericsson, Ingegerd
(författare)
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To measure and improve motor skills in practice
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa Healthcare. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 3:1, s. 21-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. The purpose is to validate and discuss the possibilities to use the Motorisk Utveckling som Grund för Inlärning (Motor skills Development as Basis for Learning, MUGI) observation checklist as a measurement instrument for gross motor skills and to introduce the MUGI model for motor training as an alternative to improve children's motor skills in practice. Methods. Motor skills observations were carried out on all pupils in the first three school years at a state-funded primary school in Sweden (n = 251). Pupils in an intervention group (n = 152) had one lesson of physical activity and motor training every school day and also, when needed, an extra motor training lesson per week. The MUGI observation checklist, which includes 16 items that measure static and dynamic balance, bilateral coordination, and eye-hand coordination, was validated and tested for reliability. Results. After one year of intervention, the pupils in the intervention group had significantly better (p < 0.05) motor skills than pupils in the control group. Results of factor analysis, reliability tests, and evaluator agreement show that the MUGI observation checklist fulfills requirements at an acceptable level of validity and reliability. The MUGI model was found to function well in practice for improving children's motor skills. Conclusions. The MUGI observation checklist could be an alternative to current measurement instruments in studies of children's gross motor skills, and also function as planning documentation for individual intervention programs. The MUGI model could be used to improve children's motor skills in practice.
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| 6. |
- Gunnarsson Mériaux, Benita, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Identification and follow-up of obesity in ten-year-old school children.
- 2008
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Ingår i: International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7174. ; 3:2, s. 102-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Growth surveillance of children in school health services is a routine in Sweden. We describe the effect at follow-up of an overt identification of obesity in school children. METHODS: Follow-up data were collected in two populations of ten-year-old children with obesity. Children in the study group belonged to a cohort born in 1990. Here the presence of obesity had been identified at the routine growth screening, and intervention activities against obesity had been actively offered. Controls belonged to a cohort born in 1989. RESULTS: Of the 176 children with obesity, 91 were in the study group (41 girls) and 85 (44 girls) in the control group. No differences were found between the groups in age, gender or body mass index at baseline. At follow-up, after one to two years, children in the study group had a modest but significantly more pronounced decrease in the relative body mass index, compared with controls. The mean difference between the populations in body mass index standard deviation score (z-score) after adjustment for baseline body mass index and follow-up time was -0.14 (95% confidence interval: -0.25 to -0.02; P=0.027). Socioeconomic status, gender, follow-up time and group were independent predictors for change in body mass index z-score. CONCLUSIONS: To identify children with obesity in a routine school health survey may be a crucial initial step in the management of childhood obesity.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Jiang, Jingxiong, et al.
(författare)
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Risk factors for overweight in 2- to 6-year-old children in Beijing, China
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 1:2, s. 103-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To assess the prevalence of overweight among Chinese preschool children and to explore risk factors of childhood obesity focusing on parental characteristics, feeding practice and lifestyle. Methods. Data on 930 families with 2- to 6-year-old children in five kindergartens were obtained in a cross sectional study. Families were randomly selected from two of all six urban districts in Beijing, China. Information on parental characteristics, dietary habits, lifestyle habits, and feeding practice was collected by parental self-report questionnaires. The children's stature and weight were measured in light clothing and without shoes. Overweight and obesity were defined according to international cut-off values, as proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. Multivariate regression analysis was used to explore risk factors of child overweight. Results. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 10.7% and 4.2%, respectively, and increased with age. The prevalence of child overweight was 14.1% and 7.5% in obese and non-obese families, respectively. Significant associations were observed between child and parent characteristics for overweight, frequency of eating in restaurant, television hours, and hours of physical activity. Child overweight was associated with parental overweight (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.43, 95% CI 0.78, 6.59), low maternal education level (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.39, 3.55), food restriction (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.64, 4.29), and television watching>2h/d (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.17, 2.09), after adjusting for sex, age, family income and kindergarten (for cluster study design). Conclusions. Overweight prevalence among Chinese preschool children in Beijing is comparable to some European countries. Prevention strategies should include identified lifestyle risk factors.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Johansson, Lovisa, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction between PPARG Pro12Ala and ADIPOQ G276T concerning cholesterol levels in childhood obesity.
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7174 .- 1747-7166. ; 4, s. 119-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of two candidate gene polymorphisms for insulin resistance and lipid levels in obese children and adolescents. Methods. Two markers of insulin resistance and lipid levels, Pro12Ala in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPARG) and G276T in adiponectin (ADIPOQ), were genotyped in 285 obese children and adolescents. As the apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms C112R and R158C are known to have a profound impact on lipid levels in both children and adults, results were adjusted for APOE genotype. Results. We found no association for PPARG or ADIPOQ polymorphisms with Body Mass Index (BMI), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides or Insulin Resistance estimated by Homeostasis Model of Assessment (HOMA-IR). Wild type carriers of PPARG Pro12Ala (p<0.05), homozygous carriers of the variant allele of ADIPOQ G276T (p<0.001) and epsilon4 carriers of APOE (p<0.001) had higher total and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels adjusted for age, gender, BMI and insulin sensitivity. A PPARG/ADIPOQ risk genotype combination was identified by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) comparing all existing combinations. Carriers of PPARG Pro/Pro and ADIPOQ 276 T/T had higher total (5.0 [4.1-5.8] vs. 4.1 [3.6-4.6]mmol/l) and LDL-cholesterol levels (3.7 [2.9-4.5] vs. 3.0 [2.5-3.5]mmol/l) compared with carriers of other combinations (p<0.001). Importantly, the PPARG and ADIPOQ associations were unaffected when adjusting for APOE genotype. Conclusions. Genetic variants in candidate genes for insulin resistance are associated with cholesterol levels in obese children and adolescents, and may offer additional information in the risk assessment of obese children.
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| 12. |
- Kautiainen, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Sociodemographic factors and a secular trend of adolescent overweight in Finland
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : INFORMA HEALTHCARE. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 4:4, s. 360-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aim. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased three-fold among Finnish adolescents during the past three decades. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether this secular trend differed between sociodemographic subgroups of adolescents. Methods. Mailed surveys were conducted among nationally representative samples of 12-18 year olds biennially in 1979-2005 (N = 3 105-8 390 per year, response rates 88%-66%). Body mass index was calculated from self-reported weight and height, and overweight (including obesity) was defined according to the IOTF reference for children. Associations between sociodemographic factors and secular trend in the prevalence of overweight were tested by logistic regression including interaction terms between survey year and sociodemographic variables. Results. Throughout the study period a higher prevalence of overweight, as compared with the respective reference groups, was observed among adolescents from rural areas, Western or Eastern Finland; or from lower socioeconomic status families (as measured by father's/guardian's education or occupational status or by mother's education); adolescents reporting lower school achievement, attending vocational school or not going to school at all; adolescents whose fathers were not employed outside home; and among girls living in non-nuclear families or whose mothers were unemployed/laid-off or retired/on long-lasting sick leave. The statistically significant interactions between survey year and sociodemographic variables on the prevalence of overweight were few and inconsistent. Conclusion. The prevalence of overweight varied across sociodemographic subgroups of adolescents but in general no sociodemographic differences in the trends over time were observed. These results suggest that factors underlying the increasing trend of overweight have affected the entire adolescent population.
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| 13. |
- Lagerros, YT, et al.
(författare)
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Managing obesity--from childhood and onwards
- 2011
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Ingår i: International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7174. ; 66 Suppl 1, s. 74-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Nowicka, Paulina, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Family in pediatric obesity management. A literature review.
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 3 S1, s. 44-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A dramatic increase in prevalence of pediatric obesity has occurred in most countries over the past few decades. This is of particular significance given the fact that overweight children and adolescents are at increased risk for multiple medical co-morbidities, as well as psychosocial and behavioral difficulties. While considerable attention has recently been paid to identifying obesity and the importance of associated co-morbidities, there has been less focus on considerations related to effective interventions. Interventions aimed at childhood obesity include prevention and treatment. Both prevention and treatment need improvement to be useful in the clinical setting. Few investigators have demonstrated that treatment is effective. The aim of this review is to examine the effectiveness of family-based interventions in obese pediatric subjects and to explore what specific components of family-based programs are of particular significance when treating obese children. A literature search was performed and relevant studies are presented. A majority of the studies support the use of family-based treatment. Furthermore, to develop a fully interactive model, more focus is needed on the specific techniques used in evidence-based programs.
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| 17. |
- Nowicka, Paulina, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Family Weight School treatment: 1-year results in obese adolescents.
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 3:3, s. 141-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of a Family Weight School treatment based on family therapy in group meetings with adolescents with a high degree of obesity.METHODS: Seventy-two obese adolescents aged 12-19 years old were referred to a childhood obesity center by pediatricians and school nurses and offered a Family Weight School therapy program in group meetings given by a multidisciplinary team. Intervention was compared with an untreated waiting list control group. Body mass index (BMI) and BMI z-scores were calculated before and after intervention.RESULTS: Ninety percent of the intervention group completed the program (34 boys, 31 girls; baseline age = 14.8 +/- 1.8 years [mean +/- standard deviation, SD], BMI = 34 +/- 4.0, BMI z-score = 3.3 +/- 0.4). In the control group 10 boys and 13 girls (baseline age = 14.3 +/- 1.6, BMI = 34.1 +/- 4.8, BMI z-score = 3.2 +/- 0.4) participated in the 1-year follow-up. Adolescents in the intervention group with initial BMI z-score < 3.5 (n = 49 out of 65, baseline mean age = 14.8, mean BMI = 33.0, mean BMI z-score = 3.1), showed a significant decrease in BMI z-scores in both genders (-0.09 +/- 0.04, p = 0.039) compared with those in the control group with initial BMI z-score < 3.5 (n = 17 out of 23, mean baseline age = 14.1, mean baseline BMI = 31.6, mean baseline BMI z-score = 3.01). No difference was found in adolescents with BMI z-scores > 3.5.CONCLUSIONS: Family Weight School treatment model might be suitable for adolescents with BMI z-score < 3.5 treated with a few sessions in a multidisciplinary program.
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| 18. |
- Nowicka, Paulina, et al.
(författare)
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Low-intensity family therapy intervention is useful in a clinical setting to treat obese and extremely obese children
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7174 .- 1747-7166. ; 2:4, s. 211-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims. To study the influence of low-intensity solution-focused family therapy with obese and extremely obese pediatric subjects on body mass index (BMI) z-scores and self-esteem. Materials and Methods. Fifty-four obese children, aged 6-17 years, were referred to an outpatient obesity clinic. The families received solution-focused family therapy provided by a multidisciplinary team. Height and weight were recorded; BMI and BMI z-scores were derived. Self-esteem was assessed with a validated questionnaire, "I Think I Am." Parents completed "The Family Climate Scale" assessing family dynamics. Results. Eighty-one percent of the children (n=44, mean age 11.9 years, mean BMI z-score 3.67, range 2.46-5.48) and their parents participated in the follow-up. Eleven children were treated for 6-12 months, and 33 for more than 12 months. On average, the families received 3.8 family therapy sessions. Intervention resulted in a mean decrease in BMI z-score of 0.12 (p=0.0001). Self-esteem on the global scale improved after intervention (p=0.002), and also on sub-scales, depicting physical characteristics (p<0.001), psychological well-being (p=0.026), and relations with others (p=0.046). The Family Climate Scale showed improvement in the sub-scales for Expressiveness (p=0.002) and Chaos (p=0.002). Conclusions. Solution-focused family therapy provided by a multidisciplinary team to obese and extremely obese children may prove useful in the clinical setting, with a positive impact on obesity and self-esteem.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Nowicka, Paulina, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Which psychological method is most effective for group treatment?
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 6:S1, s. 70-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While outcome studies in pediatric obesity have received considerable attention, research on different components of effective interventions remains limited. Little is known which psychological method (i.e., behavior modifi cation, cognitive behavior therapy and family therapy) is most useful or how the choice of program delivery (group/individual) influences the intervention outcomes. Group treatment is of particular interest for two reasons. First, motivation is important for behavior change; in group settings motivation can be increased in two ways: by the group leader and through the interaction with the group participants. Second, group treatment can be more cost-effective than individual approaches (i.e., it requires fewer staff resources and space). This paper aims to comment on the infl uence of the method choice and delivery in pediatric obesity interventions through discussion of the existing evidence on current programs. In addition, two examples of useful models will be described in more detail: the Yale Bright Bodies Weight Management Program and the Family Weight School. These are outpatients programs both targeting families with severely obese children but through different methodological approaches. Finally, directions for future research will be explored, particularly regarding how the selection of program delivery and psychological method affect treatment outcomes in various populations.
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| 21. |
- Nyberg, Gisela, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in metabolic risk factors between normal weight and overweight children
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 6:3-4, s. 244-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. The effect of overweight on metabolic risk factors and the role of physical activity (PA) in pre-pubertal children is unclear. Objective. To study differences in metabolic risk factors between groups of normal weight and overweight children and how these risk factors are associated with objectively measured PA and cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF). Design. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 68 children aged 8-11 years. Children were categorized into normal weight (n = 39) and overweight/obese (n = 24/5). PA and CRF were measured objectively. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and triglycerides (TG) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured. A metabolic risk score (MRS) was calculated from the standardized values of insulin, glucose, TG, inverted HDL-C and blood pressure. Results. There was a significant (P < 0.05) difference between normal weight and overweight children in clustered metabolic risk, insulin (AUC), fasting insulin and systolic blood pressure. PA and CRF did not differ significantly between groups. In linear regression analysis combining the two groups, PA was negatively associated with insulin (AUC) (beta = -0.25, 95% CI = -0.50, -0.002) and CRF was negatively associated with fasting insulin (beta = -0.41, 95% CI = -0.67, -0.15). Conclusions. Metabolic risk factors are elevated in overweight pre-pubertal children compared with normal weight controls. This is not explained by lower PA or CRF in the overweight group although PA and CRF were associated with lower insulin levels in pooled analyses. This highlights the importance of preventing overweight in children from an early age in order to prevent the metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases.
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| 22. |
- Olds, T, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence that the prevalence of childhood overweight is plateauing: data from nine countries.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Int Journal of pediatric obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 6:5-6, s. 342-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Until quite recently, there has been a widespread belief in the popular media and scientific literature that the prevalence of childhood obesity is rapidly increasing. However, high quality evidence has emerged from several countries suggesting that the rise in the prevalence has slowed appreciably, or even plateaued. This review brings together such data from nine countries (Australia, China, England, France, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland and USA), with data from 467,294 children aged 2-19 years. The mean unweighted rate of change in prevalence of overweight and obesity was +0.00 (0.49)% per year across all age ×sex groups and all countries between 1995 and 2008. For overweight alone, the figure was +0.01 (0.56)%, and for obesity alone -0.01 (0.24)%. Rates of change differed by sex, age, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. While the prevalence of overweight and obesity appears to be stabilizing at different levels in different countries, it remains high, and a significant public health issue. Possible reasons for the apparent flattening are hypothesised.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Plasqui, G, et al.
(författare)
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Body composition in 10-13-year-old children : a comparison between air displacement plethysmography and deuterium dilution.
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 4:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Air diplacement plethysmography (ADP) has become increasingly popular to assess body composition in children. The aim of this study was to compare ADP with deuterium dilution and to investigate the effect of using child-specific prediction equations to correct raw body volume from ADP for thoracic gas volume (TGV) and body surface area (BSA).METHODS: Thirty-seven healthy Dutch children (17 girls, 20 boys) aged 10-13 years were recruited. Body volume was measured using the Bod Pod. Both adult and child-specific prediction equations were used to correct raw body volume from the Bod Pod for TGV and BSA. Total body water (TBW) was assessed using deuterium dilution. Child-specific densities and hydration fractions of fat-free mass were used to convert body volume and TBW to percentage fat mass (%FM). Correlation and agreement between methods was assessed using linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots.RESULTS: Despite a high correlation between the Bod Pod and deuterium dilution (R=0.91, p <0.001), a significant difference was found between %FM obtained using the Bod Pod and deuterium dilution (p <0.001), regardless of the equation used to correct raw body volume for TGV and BSA. Bland-Altman plots showed a systematic bias towards a smaller difference between techniques at higher %FM.CONCLUSION: Significant differences in %FM were found between both methods. Given the underlying assumptions to translate body volume or TBW to %FM, it is recommended to use a 3- or 4-compartment model when assessing body composition in children.
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| 25. |
- Ridgway, C. L., et al.
(författare)
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Fat-free mass mediates the association between birth weight and aerobic fitness in youth
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 6:2-2, s. E590-E596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To investigate whether birth weight acts as a biological determinant of later aerobic fitness, and whether fat-free mass may mediate this association. Methods. The European Youth Heart Study (EYHS) is a population-based cohort of two age groups (9 and 15 years) from Denmark, Portugal, Estonia and Norway. Children with parentally reported birth weight >1.5 kg were included (n = 2 749). Data were collected on weight, height, and skinfold measures to estimate fat mass and fat-free mass. Aerobic fitness (peak power, watts) was assessed using a maximal, progressive cycle ergometer test. Physical activity was collected in a subset (n = 1 505) using a hip-worn accelerometer and defined as total activity counts/wear time, all children with >600 minutes/day for >= 3 days of wear were included. Results. Lower birth weight was associated with lower aerobic fitness, after adjusting for sex, age group, country, sexual maturity and socio-economic status (beta = 5.4; 95% CI: 3.5, 7.3 W per 1 kg increase in birth weight, p < 0.001). When fat-free mass was introduced as a covariate in the model, the association between birth weight and aerobic fitness was almost completely attenuated (p = 0.7). Birth weight was also significantly associated with fat-free mass (beta = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.8, p < 0.001) and fat-free mass was significantly associated with aerobic fitness (beta = 3.6; 95% CI: 3.4, 3.7, p < 0.001). Further adjustment for physical activity did not alter the findings. Conclusion. Birth weight may have long-term influences on fat-free mass and differences in fat-free mass mediate the observed association between birth weight and aerobic fitness.
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| 26. |
- Anikin, Andrey, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptual and acoustic differences between authentic and acted nonverbal emotional vocalizations
- 2018
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1747-0218 .- 1747-0226. ; 71:3, s. 622-641
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most research on nonverbal emotional vocalizations is based on actor portrayals, but how similar are they to the vocalizations produced spontaneously in everyday life? Perceptual and acoustic differences have been discovered between spontaneous and volitional laughs, but little is known about other emotions. We compared 362 acted vocalizations from seven corpora with 427 authentic vocalizations using acoustic analysis, and 278 vocalizations (139 authentic and 139 acted) were also tested in a forced-choice authenticity detection task (N = 154 listeners). Target emotions were: achievement, amusement, anger, disgust, fear, pain, pleasure, and sadness. Listeners distinguished between authentic and acted vocalizations with accuracy levels above chance across all emotions (overall accuracy 65%). Accuracy was highest for vocalizations of achievement, anger, fear, and pleasure, which also displayed the largest differences in acoustic characteristics. In contrast, both perceptual and acoustic differences between authentic and acted vocalizations of amusement, disgust, and sadness were relatively small. Acoustic predictors of authenticity included higher and more variable pitch, lower harmonicity, and less regular temporal structure. The existence of perceptual and acoustic differences between authentic and acted vocalizations for all analysed emotions suggests that it may be useful to include spontaneous expressions in datasets for psychological research and affective computing.
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| 27. |
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