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1.
  • Almeida, Juan Pablo, et al. (författare)
  • Ectomycorrhizal community composition and function in a spruce forest transitioning between nitrogen and phosphorus limitation
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 40, s. 20-31
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Nitrogen is the main limiting nutrient in boreal ecosystems, but studies in southwest Sweden suggest that certain forests approach phosphorus (P) limitation driven by nitrogen (N) deposition. We added N, P or N + P to a Norway spruce forest in this region, to push the system to N or P limitation. Tree growth and needle nutrient concentrations indicated that the trees are P limited. EMF biomass was reduced only by N + P additions. Soil EMF communities responded more strongly to P than to N. Addition of apatite to ingrowth meshbags altered EMF community composition and enhanced the abundance of Imleria badia in the control and N plots, but not when P was added. The ecological significance of this species is discussed. Effects on tree growth, needle chemistry, and EMF communities indicate a dynamic interaction between EMF fungi and the nutrient status of trees and soils. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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2.
  • Asplund, Johan, et al. (författare)
  • Contrasting changes in palatability following senescence of the lichenized fungi Lobaria pulmonaria and L. scrobiculata
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 5, s. 710-713
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Epiphytic lichens can contribute significantly to ecosystem nutrient input because they efficiently accumulate atmospheric mineral nutrients and, in the case of cyanolichens, also fix nitrogen. The rate at which carbon and other nutrients gained by lichens enters the ecosystem is determined by lichen litter decomposability and by invertebrate consumption of lichen litter. In turn, these processes are driven by the secondary compounds present in senesced lichens. Therefore, we explored how lichen palatability and concentrations of secondary compounds change with tissue senescence for Lobaria pulmonaria, a green algal lichen with cyanobacterial cephalodia, and L. scrobiculata, a cyanobacterial lichen. During senescence both lichens lost 38-48% of their stictic acid chemosyndrome, while m-scrobiculin and usnic acid in L. scrobiculata remained unchanged. Snails preferred senesced rather than fresh L. pulmonaria, while senesced L. scrobiculata were avoided. This provides evidence that species with labile secondary compounds will have higher turnover rates, through consumption and decomposition, than those producing more stable secondary compounds.
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3.
  • Asplund, Johan, et al. (författare)
  • Removal of secondary compounds increases invertebrate abundance in lichens
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 18, s. 18-25
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We investigated how lichen carbon-based secondary compounds (CBSCs) affect abundance of invertebrates in five lichen species growing on the forest floor (Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia stellaris) or on tree trunks (Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Pseudevemia furfuracea). To do this, CBSCs were removed by rinsing lichen thalli in acetone (which has no adverse effects on the lichens) and the lichens were re-transplanted in their natural habitat. After 4 months there was higher abundance of mites, springtails and spiders in the three epiphytic lichens that had their CBSC concentrations reduced. The increase in predatory spiders following CBSC reduction suggests that the compounds have multitrophic consequences. The acetone treatment reduced the number of nematodes in four of the lichen species. Given that lichens serve as important habitats for a diverse range of invertebrates, increased knowledge of how lichen CBSCs may regulate their abundance helps us to better understand the role that lichens and their defence compounds play in structuring forest food webs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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4.
  • Azeem, Muhammad, et al. (författare)
  • A fungal metabolite masks the host plant odor for the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis)
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 13, s. 103-111
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The pine weevil is one of the most important pest insects of conifer reforestation areas in Europe. Female pine weevils cover their eggs with chewed bark and feces (frass) resulting in avoidance behavior of feeding conspecifics towards egg laying sites. It has been suggested that microorganisms present in the frass may be responsible for producing deterrent compounds for the pine weevil. The fungi Ophiostoma canum, O. pluriannulatum, and yeast Debaryomyces hansenii were isolated from aseptically collected pine-weevil frass. The isolated fungi were cultured on weevil frass broth and their volatiles were collected by SPME and identified by GC MS. D. hansenii produced methyl salicylate (MeS) as a major compound, whereas, in addition, O. canum and O. pluriannulatum produced 6-protoilludene. In a multi-choice lab bioassay, MeS strongly reduced pine weevil's attraction to the Pinus sylvestris volatiles. Thus, a fungal metabolite was found that strongly affects the pine weevil host-odor search. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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5.
  • Bahram, Mohammad (författare)
  • Impact of hurricane disturbance on mycorrhizal co-occurrence networks: Resilience and community dynamics in the Neotropics
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 70
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Extreme climatic events and related disturbances such as hurricanes are increasingly altering forest ecosystems. How these events impact forest fungal communities is poorly characterized. We examined the effect of a hurricane on mycorrhizal community structure and potential interspecific fungal interactions, inferred from OTU co-occurrences. We characterized the root fungal communities of dual-mycorrhizal plants from nine plots during two consecutive years after a category four hurricane impacted the coastal Mexican Pacific tropical forest in Jalisco. Presence-abundance matrices were used to calculate properties of mycorrhizal networks including nestedness and modularity, and to infer patterns of co-occurrence. One year after the hurricane there was a loss of links between plants and fungi. Increased network modularity and connectivity were observed after two years. We also found that disturbance changed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal network structure more strongly than ectomycorrhizal fungal networks. Fungal guilds changed their putative interspecific interactions, from mutual exclusion in the first year to a significant increase in co-occurrence of plant pathogens, saprotrophs, and endophytes in the second year. Our results suggest that in the short term, rhizospheric interactions can be resilient to hurricanes, but fungal guilds may have divergent responses.
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6.
  • Bengtsson, Stina, et al. (författare)
  • Population structure of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus and its genetic relationship to Hymenoscyphus albidus
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 5, s. 147-153
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The ascomycete fungus Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (anamorph Chalara fraxinea) is responsible for ash dieback currently expanding over large parts of Europe. Our objective was to investigate the genetic structure of H. pseudoalbidus and to examine its relationship to the species H. albidus, known as a saprotroph. The study comprised 181 isolates of H. pseudoalbidus collected within the diseased area, 17 H. albidus isolates from six apothecia, collected outside the diseased area in Norway, and nine apothecia of H. pseudoalbidus collected in Sweden. By analysis of microsatellite markers developed for this study, combined with AP-PCR using the M13 primer, we demonstrated sexual heterothally in H. pseudoalbidus, detected high gene flow and low geographic structure of the H. pseudoalbidus population and found indications of a founder effect. Also, substantial genetic differences were detected between the two species of fungi; only four of seven microsatellite markers developed for H. pseudoalbidus were amplified for H. albidus, and no alleles were shared among the species. Furthermore, AP-PCR banding patterns were distinctly different for the two species. We conclude that even though the two fungi have a similar habitat and are morphologically virtually identical, they do not share a recent common ancestor. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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7.
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8.
  • Bengtsson, Stina (författare)
  • Rapid invasion by an aggressive pathogenic fungus (Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus) replaces a native decomposer (Hymenoscyphus albidus): a case of local cryptic extinction?
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 5, s. 663-669
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ash dieback caused by the infectious fungus Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus currently threatens the common ash, Fraxinus excelsior, in Europe. An intriguing aspect is the morphological and ecological similarity between H. pseudoalbidus and the native saprotroph Hymenoscyphus albidus. We revisited four localities where H. albidus apothecia were collected from 1989 to 2005 and established the current relationship of the species in these Danish ash stands based on microsatellites and differences in ITS sequences (used as CAPs marker). Scottish collections from 2010 supported the hypothesis that Danish herbarium samples prior to 2005 are identical to H. albidus still found in Scotland. The markers further revealed that herbarium samples from 1989 to 1994 were all H. albidus, while the latest collection (2005) was H. pseudoalbidus, which coincides with the first Danish symptom observations. Collections from 2010 were purely H. pseudoalbidus. We suggest that expanding H. pseudoalbidus excludes H. albidus from its niche resulting in H. albidus becoming a rare species in Denmark, which is perhaps already locally extinct. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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9.
  • Bergfur, Jenny, et al. (författare)
  • Trade-offs between fungal and bacterial respiration along gradients in temperature, nutrients and substrata: Experiments with stream derived microbial communities
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 5:1, s. 46-52
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We examined the effects of temperature, nutrients and substrata on microbial respiration rates. Leaves of alder and oak were incubated in a natural stream. Leaf discs were incubated in antibiotics to manipulate the ratio of fungi to bacteria with three treatments: antifungal, antibacterial, and combined antifungal and antibacterial treatment in addition to controls. Discs were subsequently incubated in different nutrient set-ups and temperature regimes. Significant effects of temperature, nutrients, microbial treatment and leaf type on respiration rates were found. However, temperature did not significantly add to the effect of eutrophication on microbial respiration rates. A stronger effect of temperature on fungal mediated respiration than on bacterial mediated respiration was found. In streams where leaf litter constitutes the main energy source, fungi constitute the dominant microbial decomposer. Our results indicate that increased temperature due to global warming might have serious implications for ecosystem functioning when leaf litter constitutes the main energy source.
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10.
  • Boberg, Johanna, et al. (författare)
  • Decomposing capacity of fungi commonly detected in Pinus sylvestris needle litter
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 4, s. 110-114
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A major part of the fungal community in coniferous litter consists of fungi whose taxonomic position and ecology are unknown. Here, nine isolates from within commonly occurring phylogenetic groups were tested for their ability to decompose Pinus sylvestris needles. In a 1-yr long incubation study, needle mass loss as well as changes in cellulose and lignin content were determined and compared to those caused by two litter basidiomycetes (Marasmius androsaceus and Mycena epipterygia) with recognized ability to decompose needles. A basidiomycetous Clavulina/Sistotrema strain appeared to be cellulolytic but not ligninolytic. Chalara longipes and three other strains within Helotiales also decomposed cellulose but not lignin, whereas Mollisia cinerea (also Helotiales) and two Dothideomycetes - Sydowia polyspora and a Mytilinidion sp., seemed unable to cause significant mass loss of cellulose. Lophodermium pinastri (Rhytismatales) readily decomposed cellulose, and also caused considerable loss of lignin. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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11.
  • Boberg, Johanna, et al. (författare)
  • Nitrogen availability affects saprotrophic basidiomycetes decomposing pine needles in a long term laboratory study
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 4, s. 408-416
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fungi, especially basidiomycetous litter decomposers, are pivotal to the turnover of soil organic matter in forest soils. Many litter decomposing fungi have a well-developed capacity to translocate resources in their mycelia, a feature that may significantly affect carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in decomposing litter. In an eight-month long laboratory study we investigated how the external availability of N affected the decomposition of Scots pine needles, fungal biomass production, N retention and N-mineralization by two litter decomposing fungi - Marasmius androsaceus and Mycena epipterygia. Glycine additions had a general, positive effect on fungal biomass production and increased accumulated needle mass loss after 8 months, suggesting that low N availability may limit fungal growth and activity in decomposing pine litter. Changes in the needle N pool reflected the dynamics of the fungal mycelium. During late decomposition stages, redistribution of mycelium and N out from the decomposed needles was observed for M. epipterygia, suggesting autophagous self degradation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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12.
  • Carlsson, Fredrik, et al. (författare)
  • Effect of heat on interspecific competition in saprotrophic wood fungi
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 11, s. 100-106
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Some boreal wood fungi that are associated with forest fire or open dry habitats have an increased resistance to heat in comparison to species associated with a less specific distribution or species found in mesic forests. We hypothesize that extreme temperature-stress experienced during fires will favor species adapted to heat and, ultimately, the composition of species inhabiting logs in such habitats will change. Competitiveness after temperature stress was examined in three fire-associated species – Dichomitus squalens, Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Phlebiopsis gigantea – and three non fire-associated species – Ischnoderma benzoinum, Phellinus pini and Fomitopsis pinicola. There was a difference between the fire-associated species and the non fire-associated species with respect to competitive strength after heat stress. All fire-associated species had an advantage after heat treatment, colonizing a larger volume of wood than any non-fire-associated competitor. Our findings suggest that increased heat tolerance of mycelia can exert a competitive balance shift after forest fire. It shows that a system governed by forest fire will be dominance controlled under certain conditions. Furthermore, from a management perspective, during a prescribed burning, certain species already present in the ecosystem will be favored if the fire is not allowed to totally consume the substrates.
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13.
  • Castaño Soler, Carles (författare)
  • Fairy rings harbor distinct soil fungal communities and high fungal diversity in a montane grassland
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 47
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Increasing numbers of fungal species have been described recently from semi-natural grassland soils, raising the conservation interest of these species-rich habitats. Here, we characterize the soil fungal community inhabiting six fairy rings in a montane grassland of the Eastern Pre-Pyrenees through fungal DNA metabarcoding of ITS2 amplicons. Distinct soil fungal communities were observed outside of the rings compared to inside the ring areas. Higher abundances of fungi belonging to Pleosporales and Eurotiales were observed outside fairy rings, whereas zones belonging to the fairy rings showed higher abundances of Agaricales. Fungal diversity was higher inside the rings than outside. We found diverse saprotrophic or putative saprotrophic taxa associated with the studied rings, including the genera Clavaria, Psathyrella, Tricholoma, Amanita and Lycoperdon. These findings highlight the importance of particular keystone taxa in the structuring of fungal communities and their effect on the overall grassland fungal community. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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14.
  • Castaño Soler, Carles, et al. (författare)
  • Rainfall homogenizes while fruiting increases diversity of spore deposition in Mediterranean conditions
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 41, s. 279-288
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is a lack of knowledge regarding the main factors modulating fungal spore deposition in forest ecosystems. We have described the local spatio-temporal dynamics of fungal spore deposition along a single fruiting season and its relation with fruit body emergence and rainfall events. Passive spore traps were weekly sampled during autumn and analysed by metabarcoding of the ITS2 region in combination with qPCR. There were larger compositional changes of deposited spores across sampling weeks than amongst sampling plots. Spore diversity and abundance correlated with mushroom emergence and weekly rainfall. Spore compositional changes were related to rainfall, with lower spatial compositional heterogeneity across plots during weeks with higher rainfall. Soil saprotrophs, and amongst them, puffball species, showed the strongest positive correlation with rainfall across fungal guilds. We saw high fine-scale temporal changes of deposited spores, and both mushroom emergence and rainfall may be important factors driving airborne spore deposition. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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15.
  • Choma, Michal, et al. (författare)
  • Recovery of the ectomycorrhizal community after termination of long-term nitrogen fertilisation of a boreal Norway spruce forest
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 29, s. 116-122
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society.Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) are a fundamental component of boreal forests promoting tree growth and participating in soil nutrient cycling. Increased nitrogen (N) input is known to largely influence ECM communities but their potential recovery is not well understood. Therefore, we studied the effects of long-term N-fertilisation on ECM communities, and their recovery after termination of N treatment. Fungal ITS sequencing data indicated that N-fertilisation (34 kg N ha-1 y-1) for 46 y decreased the relative abundance of ECM species in the fungal community and suppressed originally dominating medium-distance fringe exploration types adapted to N-limited conditions, while the ECM diversity remained unaffected. In other plots, 23 y after termination of fertilisation at 73 kg N ha-1 y-1 for 23 y, the relative abundance of ECM species shifted closer to, but did not reach, control levels. These observations indicate only slow recovery of ECM community, likely due to a high soil N retention capacity.
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16.
  • Clemmensen, Karina, et al. (författare)
  • The balance between accumulation and loss of soil organic matter in subarctic forest is related to ratios of saprotrophic, ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal fungal guilds
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 71
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Free-living saprotrophic fungi and symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi affect organic matter dynamics differently because of contrasting ecological adaptations. We investigated how mass-loss, C:N-ratio and stable isotope dynamics of leaf litter and humus substrates depended on presence of living tree roots and associated fungal communities in a forest-to-tundra ecotone over three years. Litter mass-loss was stimulated by tree roots, contrary to a Gadgil effect. Increases in the litter nitrogen pool and 815N suggested import of nitrogen from deeper soil by the dominating saprotrophic fungi. Over time, humus first lost, then gained, mass, and corresponding shifts in 815N and 813C suggested fluctuating pools of fine roots and fungal mycelium. Ectomycorrhizal tree roots consistently reduced longer-term humus mass-gain, counteracting positive effects of ericoid roots and associated fungi. Across all substrates, mass dynamics correlated with the balance between ectomycorrhizal and littersaprotrophic fungi, both linked to mass-loss, and ericaceous shrubs and associated fungi, linked to mass-gain.
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17.
  • Dahlberg, Anders (författare)
  • Applying IUCN red-listing criteria for assessing and reporting on the conservation status of fungal species
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 4, s. 147-162
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With its strict criteria, required documentation and coverage of all groups of multicellular organisms, the red-listing system of IUCN is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. The aim of red-listing sensu IUCN is to evaluate the risk of extinction of a species using a comparable, revisable, transparent and objective assessment method. The evaluation estimates the potential change in the species' population size over time, aiming to infer extinction risk. Both extremely rare species and more common ones experiencing ongoing decline may be at risk of extinction. Red-listing is an assessment of conservation status, directing awareness and providing a scientific basis for management and decision-making. The IUCN criteria were originally designed for global assessments. However, they can be, and are, commonly applied at the national or regional level. This paper summarizes the basic aspects and usefulness of red-listing in a mycological context, and suggests methods for fungal red-listing that are applicable to most fungal groups, even with limited information on the species being considered. The suggested methods are based on the accumulated experience of national fungal red-listing throughout the world, coupled with recently published research on fungal diversity, distributions, and population biology. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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18.
  • Dahlberg, Anders (författare)
  • Developing a comprehensive strategy for fungal conservation in Europe: current status and future needs
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 3, s. 50-64
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We review the state of fungal conservation in Europe. Despite a large public interest in fungi, they are often insufficiently considered in the conservation initiatives of most countries and not adequately heeded in international biodiversity agreements. We attribute this to the generally low profile of fungi among conservation stakeholders and decision makers together with limited efforts of mycological scientists to put mycological knowledge into a conservation context. Recent advances in mycological knowledge, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and threats now categorically enable fungi to be included within national and European conservation agendas. 33 European countries have produced fungal Red-Lists reporting the status of macrofungi and these are official in 20 countries. These lists indicate that at least 10% of European larger fungi are threatened, mainly due to changing land use and nitrogen deposition. Fungal biodiversity may benefit from many general conservation efforts, but many specific fungus values are also overlooked. We advocate increased interaction between scientists and conservation coordinators and practitioners, greater promotion of fungi and their conservation and ecosystem service values by mycologists, the production of a European fungal Red-List and the need to integrate fungi with animals and plants in conservation issues. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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19.
  • Dahlberg, Anders, et al. (författare)
  • Ten principles for conservation translocations of threatened wood-inhabiting fungi
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 44
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Unlike for many other organism groups, conservation translocations of fungi are still rare. Encouraged by recent successful translocations, there is a growing interest in applying this conservation tool to threatened wood-inhabiting fungi. When combined with other conservation or restoration measures, translocation can be an effective measure for preventing further population decline in the short term, and species extinctions in the long term. Translocations can be appropriate for rare and specialist fungal species that occur as small local populations in isolated patches across fragmented landscapes, where there is a low likelihood of successful dispersal between distant host trees that have special qualities and are situated in suitable conditions. As species translocations are a controversial topic, the pros and cons of translocation as a conservation tool for threatened fungi need careful consideration. We highlight the uncertainties and risks that are connected to fungal translocations, and propose ten principles adhering to the precautionary principle. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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20.
  • Dawson, Samantha, et al. (författare)
  • Just how big is intraspecific trait variation in basidiomycete wood fungal fruit bodies?
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 46
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As the use of functional trait approaches is growing in fungal ecology, there is a corresponding need to understand trait variation. Much of trait theory and statistical techniques are built on the assumption that interspecific variation is larger than intraspecific variation. This allows the use of mean trait values for species, which the vast majority of trait studies adopt. We examined the size of intra- vs. inter-specific variation in two wood fungal fruit body traits: size and density. Both coefficients of variation (CV) and Trait Probability Density analyses were used to quantify trait variation. We found that intraspecific variation in fruit body density was more than twice as variable as interspecific variation, and fruit body size was hugely variable (CVs averaged 190%), although interspecific variation was larger. Further, there was a very high degree of overlap in the trait space of species, indicating that there may be little niche partitioning at the species level. These findings show that intraspecific variation is highly important and should be accounted for when using trait approaches to understand fungal ecology. More data on variation of other fungal traits is also desperately needed to ascertain whether the high level of variation found here is typical for fungi. While the need to measure individuals does reduce the ability to generalise at the species level, it does not negate the usefulness of fungal trait measurements. There are two reasons for this: first, the ecology of most fungal species remains poorly known and trait measurements address this gap; and secondly, if trait overlap between species more generally is as much as we found here, then individual measurements may be more helpful than species identity for untangling fungal community dynamics. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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21.
  • Desprez-Loustau, Marie-Laure, et al. (författare)
  • From leaf to continent : The multi-scale distribution of an invasive cryptic pathogen complex on oak
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 36, s. 39-50
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The spatial distribution and niche differentiation of three closely related species (Erysiphe alphitoides, Erysiphe quercicola and Erysiphe hypophylla) causing oak powdery mildew was studied at scales ranging from the European continent, where they are invasive, to a single leaf. While E. alphitoides was dominant at all scales, E. quercicola and E. hypophylla had restricted geographic, stand and leaf distributions. The large-scale distributions were likely explained by climatic factors and species environmental tolerances, with E. quercicola being more frequent in warmer climates and E. hypophylla in colder climates. The extensive sampling and molecular analyses revealed the cryptic invasion of E. quercicola in nine countries from which it had not previously been recorded. The presence of the three species was also strongly affected by host factors, such as oak species and developmental stage. Segregation patterns between Erysiphe species were observed at the leaf scale, between and within leaf surfaces, suggesting competitive effects.
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22.
  • Eriksson, Amanda, et al. (författare)
  • Morphology drives water storage traits in the globally widespreadlichen genus Usnea
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 35, s. 51-61
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Links between lichen morphology, internal/external water storage and distribution patterns are poorly known. We compared mass- (WC, % H2O) and area-based (WHC, mg H2O cm−2) hydration traits in seven pendent or shrubby Usnea species from oceanic to continental climates. All species held more external than internal water. Internal WHC and WC increased with specific thallus mass (STM, mg cm−2), while external WC decreased. Shrubby species had higher STM and total WHC than pendent ones. The continental Usnea hirta (shrubby) had the highest total and external storage; the suboceanic Usnea longissima (pendent) had the lowest internal storage. Morphology drives hydration traits and explains distributions of some Usnea species, but such traits did not distinguish oceanic from widespread species. Shrubby species maximize water storage and thus prolong hydration after rainfall events and/or hydration by dew. The low internal WHC in pendent species is likely an adaptation to frequent hydration in humid air.
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23.
  • Esseen, Per-Anders, et al. (författare)
  • Externally held water : a key factor for hair lichens in boreal forest canopies
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 30, s. 29-38
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Lichens hold water inside (internal pool) and outside their body (external pool). Yet, external pool size is not known in hair lichens dominating boreal forest canopies. Here we quantify morphological traits and internal/external water in two widespread Bryoria species along Picea abies canopy-height gradients: Bryoria fuscescens at 5-20 m and Bryoria capillaris at 15-20 m. Dry mass and specific thallus mass (STM) of intact B. fuscescens increased with height, while STM of individual branches did not. Maximum water holding capacity (mg H2O cm-2) increased with height, but did not differ between the species. Bryoria had much larger external (79-84% of total) than internal water pools, trapping water by dense clusters of thin, overlapping branches. They thus increase water storage in boreal forest canopies and influence hydrology. High external water storage extends hydration periods and improves lichen performance in upper canopies, and thereby contributes to the success of these hair lichens. 
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24.
  • Esseen, Per-Anders, et al. (författare)
  • Morphology influences water storage in hair lichens from boreal forest canopies
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 18, s. 26-35
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Hair lichens (Alectoria, Bryoria, Usnea) with high surface-area-to-mass ratios rapidly trap moisture. By photography and scanning we examined how internal water storage depended on morphological traits in five species. Specific thallus mass (STM, mg DM cm(-2)) and water holding capacity (WHC, mg H2O cm(-2)) after shaking and blotting a fully hydrated thallus increased with thallus area. STM was approximate to 50% higher in Alectoria and Usnea thalli than in Bryoria. WHC was highest in Alectoria while percent water content of freshly blotted thalli was lowest in Usnea. Thallus area overlap ratio (TAO), assessing branch density of the thallus, was highest in the two thinnest Bryoria; lower in the thicker Usnea. Within species, hair lichens increased their water storage by increasing branch density rather than branch diameter. The taxonomically related genera Alectoria and Bryoria shared water storage characteristics, and differed from Usnea. Hair lichens in lower canopies have among the lowest water storage capacity reported in lichens. 
  •  
25.
  • Feckler, Alexander, et al. (författare)
  • A glance into the black box: Novel species-specific quantitative real-time PCR assays to disentangle aquatic hyphomycete community composition
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 42
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aquatic hyphomycetes (AH) are ubiquitous fungi playing a key role in the decomposition of leaf litter in streams. Though their functional performance is modulated by their community composition, this ecological relationship remains poorly investigated due to a lack of suitable methods to identify the biomass-contribution of individual species to AH communities. We, therefore, designed and validated TaqMan (R) probe-based qPCR assays targeting ten AH species common in temperate regions, allowing detection and quantification of these species within complex communities. In a further step, we compared qPCR-obtained DNA levels to concentrations of the traditional fungal biomass proxy ergosterol. We demonstrate that the qPCR assays are valid for use and that DNA and ergosterol concentrations were significantly positively correlated, suggesting DNA levels as a suitable species-specific biomass proxy. Accordingly, the use of these assays may facilitate multi-species experiments to address major research issues in stress and community ecology including biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
  •  
26.
  • Finlay, Roger, et al. (författare)
  • Functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhiza - the role of gene expression, phosphorous nutrition and symbiotic efficiency
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 3, s. 1-8
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We suggest that differential expression of symbiosis-associated genes among different AM associations is a phenotypic response to the different fungal and plant genotypes involved and the environment they inhabit; functional diversity is therefore the rule rather than the exception and necessitates carefully replicated experiments that combine close observation of morphology, physiological traits and gene expression. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
  •  
27.
  • Fransson, Petra, et al. (författare)
  • Ectomycorrhizal exudates and pre-exposure to elevated CO2 affects soil bacterial growth and community structure
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 20, s. 211-224
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ectomycorrhizal fungi produce low molecular weight organic compounds, supporting diverse microbial communities. To link mycorrhizal root exudation directly to bacterial responses, we used Scots pine exudates with (Suillus variegatus and Piloderma fallax) and without mycorrhiza as substrata for forest soil bacteria. Bacterial growth and vitality was monitored, and community composition determined using TRFLP, cloning and sequencing. We investigated if the amount of organic acids in exudates explained bacterial growth, and whether bacterial communities were influenced by pre-exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2. We demonstrated functional differences in bacterial growth rates related to CO2. There was a shift in the bacterial community (e.g. Burkholderia sp. and gamma-proteobacteria) toward organisms better able to rapidly utilize exudates when pine microcosms were pre-exposed to elevated CO2. Soil bacteria from all treatments tended to grow more abundantly and rapidly in exudates from Pilo derma -colonized seedlings, suggesting that the organic acids and/or unidentified compounds present supported greater growth.
  •  
28.
  • Fransson, Petra (författare)
  • Elevated CO2 impacts ectomycorrhiza-mediated forest soil carbon flow: fungal biomass production, respiration and exudation
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 5, s. 85-98
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Large quantities of carbon are exchanged between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, and extensive research efforts are made to understand carbon cycling and the impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. The response of soils to increased carbon availability is largely driven by root associated ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest ecosystems, since they partition host derived carbon belowground. In this review I examine how CO2 enrichment affects ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass production, exudation, respiration, soil carbon fluxes, and other soil microbes, and the importance of the fungal species in these responses. I briefly discuss the significance of CO2 alterations in the mycorrhizal symbiosis in the context of consequences for carbon sequestration, and present research priorities. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
  •  
29.
  • Hasselquist, Niles (författare)
  • Fertilization alters nitrogen isotopes and concentrations in ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil in pine forests
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 39, s. 267-275
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • To assess how nitrogen (N) availability affected ectomycorrhizal functioning and to test a theoretical model of ectomycorrhizal N-15 partitioning, we measured C/N and delta N-15 in soils and nine fungal taxa in two Swedish N addition experiments. Sporocarp C/N and soil C/N decreased with fertilization, implying that N uptake per unit fungal growth increased. The S horizon was more responsive than the F and H horizons to changes in N addition, with N turnover for these horizons of 24, 57, and 57 y, respectively. Fungal and soil delta N-15 patterns identified fungal N sources, with N acquisition primarily from the S, F, or H horizon for two, five, and two taxa, respectively. With increasing N availability, sporocarp N-15 enrichment increased in five taxa, in agreement with our model of fungal-plant N partitioning. However, it decreased in Lactarius rufus and Russula aeruginea, perhaps indicating shifts towards greater inorganic N uptake in these two taxa. This may relate to the generally lower sensitivity of these taxa to N deposition compared to the Cortinarius and Suillus taxa that fit our model of N-15 partitioning. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
  •  
30.
  • Ivarsson, Magnus, et al. (författare)
  • The igneous oceanic crust – Earth’s largest fungal habitat?
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 20, s. 249-255
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In recent years the igneous oceanic crust has been recognized as a substantial microbial habitat and a scientific frontier within Geology, Biology, and Oceanography. A few successful metagenomic investigations have indicated the presence of Archaea and Bacteria, but also fungi in the subseafloor igneous crust. A comprehensive fossil record supports the presence of fungi in these deep environments and provides means of investigating the fungal presence that complements metagenomic methods. Considering the vast volume of the oceanic crust and that it is the largest aquifer on Earth, we put forward that it is the largest fungal habitat on the planet. This review aims to introduce a yet unexplored fungal habitat in an environment considered extreme from a biological perspective. We present the current knowledge of fungal abundance and diversity and discuss the ecological role of fungi in the igneous oceanic crust.
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31.
  • Jabiol, Jeremy, et al. (författare)
  • Diversity patterns of leaf-associated aquatic hyphomycetes along a broad latitudinal gradient
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 6:5, s. 439-448
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Information about the global distribution of aquatic hyphomycetes is scarce, despite the primary importance of these fungi in stream ecosystem functioning. In particular, the relationship between their diversity and latitude remains unclear, due to a lack of coordinated surveys across broad latitudinal ranges. This study is a first report on latitudinal patterns of aquatic hyphomycete diversity associated with native leaf-litter species in five streams located along a gradient extending from the subarctic to the tropics. Exposure of leaf litter in mesh bags of three different mesh sizes facilitated assessing the effects of including or excluding different size-classes of litter-consuming invertebrates. Aquatic hyphomycete evenness was notably constant across all sites, whereas species richness and diversity, expressed as the Hill number, reached a maximum at mid-latitudes (Mediterranean and temperate streams). These latitudinal patterns were consistent across litter species, despite a notable influence of litter identity on fungal communities at the local scale. As a result, the bell-shaped distribution of species richness and Hill diversity deviated markedly from the latitudinal patterns of most other groups of organisms. Differences in the body-size distribution of invertebrate communities colonizing the leaves had no effect on aquatic hyphomycete species richness, Hill diversity or evenness, but invertebrates could still influence fungal communities by depleting litter, an effect that was not captured by the design of our experiment. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
  •  
32.
  • Karlsson, Magnus, et al. (författare)
  • Functional differentiation of chitinases in the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 22, s. 52-60
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Enzymes that act on chitin, including glycoside hydrolases (GH) family 18 (chitinases) and family 20 (NAGases), may have multiple roles in fungal biology. Here, we describe the number, structure and expression of the eleven GH18 and four GH20 genes identified in the wood-rotting basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and measure endochitinase and NAGase activities in situ. A phylogenetic analysis placed a predicted Chi18D protein in a separate, novel subgroup that was clamed B-VI. Chitinolytic activity was induced at the hyphal front of P. chrysosporium both during combative interactions with Heterobasidion irregulare and during secondary colonization of dead H. irregulare mycelium. Gene expression of chil81 and chi18K was induced during combative interactions with H. irregulare, but not during secondary colonization of dead mycelium. In conclusion, our data suggests that P. chrysosporium uses a consortium of different chitinolytic enzymes for nutrient acquisition and for defence of territorial boundaries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
  •  
33.
  • Kirchhoff, Leah, et al. (författare)
  • Microbial community composition unaffected by mycorrhizal plant removal in sub-arctic tundra
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 69
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Vegetation changes in a warming Arctic may affect plant-associated soil microbial communities with possible consequences for the biogeochemical cycling of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). In a sub-arctic tundra heath, we factorially removed plant species with ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal associations. After two years, we explored how mycorrhizal type-specific plant removal influences microbial communities, soil and microbial C and N pools, and extracellular enzymatic activities. Removal of ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal plants did not change the soil fungal or bacterial community composition or their extracellular enzyme activities. However, ericoid plant removal decreased microbial C:N ratio, suggesting a stoichiometric effect decoupled from microbial community composition. In other words, microbial communities appear to show initial plasticity in response to major changes in tundra vegetation. This highlights the importance of longer-term perspectives when investigating the effects of vegetation changes on biogeochemical processes in Arctic ecosystems.
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34.
  • Kohout, Petr, et al. (författare)
  • Elevation, space and host plant species structure Ericaceae root-associated fungal communities in Papua New Guinea
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 30, s. 112-121
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Our study aimed to identify significant predictors (spatial distance, elevation, host plant taxonomy) which shape the structure of endophytic fungal (ENDF) and putative ericoid mycorrhizal (ErMF) communities associated with roots of Ericaceae in Papua New Guinea. Roots of five Ericaceae together with one non-Ericaceae species were sampled at an experimental site and one common Ericaceae species was chosen for sampling along an elevation gradient. ENDF and putative ErMF communities were determined using the 454-sequencing approach. ENDF as well as putative ErMF communities were affected by interacting host plant. While the putative ErMF community was structured by host plants at the genus level, the ENDF community was affected by host plant subfamily level. Composition of ENDF as well as putative ErMF communities were affected by elevation. Non-Ericaceae plant species (Hypericum sp.) harbored similar communities of ENDF as well as putative ErMF as Ericaceae plants. Our study provides a first insight into ErMF and ENDF community ecology of Ericaceae in Papua New Guinea.
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35.
  •  
36.
  • Lindner, Daniel L., et al. (författare)
  • Initial fungal colonizer affects mass loss and fungal community development in Picea abies logs 6 yr after inoculation
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 4:6, s. 449-460
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Picea abies logs were inoculated with Resinicium bicolor, Fomitopsis pinicola or left un-inoculated and placed in an old-growth boreal forest. Mass loss and fungal community data were collected after 6 yr to test whether simplification of the fungal community via inoculation affects mass loss and fungal community development. Three techniques were used to survey communities: (1) observation of fruiting structures; (2) culturing on media; and (3) cloning and sequencing of ITS rDNA. Fruit body surveys detected the smallest number of species (18, 3.8 per log), DNA-based methods detected the most species (72, 31.7 per log), and culturing detected an intermediate number (23, 7.2 per log). Initial colonizer affected community development and inoculation with F. pinicola led to significantly greater mass loss. Relationships among fungal community composition, community richness and mass loss are complex and further work is needed to determine whether simplification of fungal communities affects carbon sequestration in forests.
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37.
  • Malacrinó, Antonino, et al. (författare)
  • Fungal communities associated with bark and ambrosia beetles trapped at international harbours
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 28, s. 44-52
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera; Scolytinae) establish trophic relationships with fungi, which could be also agents of plant diseases. Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston) and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) are two species of Palaearctic origin that have been introduced in several countries around the world. Here, we investigated their associated fungal communities using individuals trapped at harbours in their native range, without strictly focusing on nutritional symbionts. Targeting the ITS2 region of the fungal rDNA through pyrosequencing, we retrieved taxa known to be agents of plant diseases, taxa never previously reported associated with these beetle species, and sequence clusters not linked to any known fungus. These findings underline that surveillance at harbours should be extended to the fungi associated with trapped bark and ambrosia beetles, taking into account their role as potential vectors of plant pathogens. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
  •  
38.
  • Malacrinò, Antonino, et al. (författare)
  • Molecular analysis of the fungal microbiome associated with the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 18, s. 67-74
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A molecular approach was used to investigate the fungal microbiome associated with Bactrocera oleae a major key pest of Olea europea, using the ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as barcode gene. Amplicons were cloned and a representative number of sequenced fragments were used as barcode genes for the identification of fungi. The analysis of the detected sequence types (STs) enabled the identification of a total of 34 phylotypes which were associated with 10 fungal species, 3 species complexes and 8 genera. Three phylotypes remained unresolved within the order Saccharomycetales and the phylum Ascomycota because of the lack of closely related sequences in GenBank. Cladosporium was the most abundantly detected genus, followed by Alternaria and Aureobasidium, well-known components of olive sooty moulds. Interestingly, Colletotrichum sp. and other fungal plant pathogens were also detected, leading to potential new insights into heir epidemiology. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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39.
  • Menkis, Audrius, et al. (författare)
  • Endophytes dominate fungal communities in six-year-old veteranisation wounds in living oak trunks
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 59
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Old trees are rare in the landscape, as are many of their associated species. Veteranisation is a method by which attempts are made to create microhabitats, otherwise found only in old trees, in younger trees at an earlier stage than would occur naturally. Here, we analysed the early fungal succession in 6 y-old veteranisation wounds in ca. 100 y old living oak trunks by DNA-barcoding of the wood at eight sites in Sweden and Norway. We hypothesised basidiomycetes would be most abundant, and exposed sapwood and heartwood would select for different communities. We identified 686 fungal taxa, mainly ascomycetes, with a large overlap in species composition and surprisingly similar species richness, i.e. 325 vs. 308–360, between intact and different types of damaged wood, respectively. Endophytes continued to be present and common in damaged wood. The results demonstrate that damage to sapwood and heartwood partly select for different fungi and that 6 y is too early to evaluate if veteranisation can positively favour fungi of conservation interest.
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40.
  • Millberg, Hanna, et al. (författare)
  • Changes in fungal community of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles along a latitudinal gradient in Sweden
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 17, s. 126-139
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Conifer needles are typically long lived and can host a diverse community of fungal species with various effects on their host tree. The purpose of this study was to analyse shifts in the fungal community of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles on different spatial scales using 454 pyrosequencing. The fungal community composition changed gradually along a north-south gradient through Sweden, representing boreal to temperate vegetation zones. OTU richness and Shannon's diversity index increased with increasing latitude, but only in naturally regenerated forests. On the tree level, needles with symptoms of disease hosted a more diverse mycobiota compared to healthy needles, presumably supporting more pathogenic or saprotrophic species. This study provides a better insight into the patterns of fungal communities of Scots pine needles and highlights the need for further experimental research to identify specific environmental factors shaping the abundance of different fungal species. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
  •  
41.
  • Miller, Kirsten (författare)
  • Predicting the unpredictable: How host specific is the mycobiota of bark and ambrosia beetles?
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 42
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are known for their symbioses with fungi and play a key role in the dispersal of phytopathogens. The scolytine community of eight pine stands along a latitudinal gradient in the UK was surveyed and beetle-associated fungal communities (mycobiota) were assessed using ITS2 metabarcoding (304 specimens, 12 species). Distribution patterns among 2,257 detected fungal Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) revealed that beetle species identity was an important predictor of mycobiotic richness and composition, while the effects of environmental and spatial variables were negligible. Network-based specificity analysis suggested that a relatively small subset of OTUs (75 in total) exhibit an affinity for a subset of beetle species and that these include many Microascales and Saccharomycetes. Notably though, of the OTUs belonging to the family Ophiostoma-taceae, relatively few display host specificity. Our results add to the complex picture of host-associated fungal communities and suggest that host range limits are unlikely to restrict the spread of economically important phytopathogens. Crown Copyright (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  •  
42.
  • Nguyen, Diem, et al. (författare)
  • Do foliar fungal communities of Norway spruce shift along a tree species diversity gradient in mature European forests?
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 23, s. 97-108
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Foliar fungal species are diverse and colonize all plants, though whether forest tree species composition influences the distribution of these fungal communities remains unclear. Fungal communities include quiescent taxa and the functionally important and metabolically active taxa that respond to changes in the environment. To determine fungal community shifts along a tree species diversity gradient, needles of Norway spruce were sampled from trees from four mature European forests. We hypothesized that the fungal communities and specific fungal taxa would correlate with tree species diversity. Furthermore, the active fungal community, and not the total community, would shift along the tree diversity gradient. High-throughput sequencing showed significant differences in the fungal communities in the different forests, and in one forest, tree diversity effects were observed, though this was not a general phenomenon. Our study also suggests that studying the metabolically active community may not provide additional information about community composition or diversity. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
  •  
43.
  • Ottosson, Elisabet, et al. (författare)
  • Species associations during the succession of wood-inhabiting fungal communities
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 11, s. 17-28
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We studied fungal succession in decaying wood by compiling time-series data of fruit body observations. We tested the hypothesis that the presence of a primary species affects the probability of a succeeding species occurring later on the same log. Significant associations were detected for 15 species pairs; these were consistent with earlier findings on cooccurrence patterns in single time surveys. We used enrichment analysis to test if species with particular life-history attributes were more often associated with the occurrence of a succeeding species, or vice versa. White rot fungi and fungi abundant as mycelia were more often associated with the occurrence of succeeding species, compared to brown rot fungi and species with low mycelial abundance. Our results indicate that certain primary species cause priority effects and non-random co-occurrence patterns in the field. These successional patterns are likely to be connected both with substrate modification and species interactions.
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44.
  • Randriamanana, Tendry R., et al. (författare)
  • Does fungal endophyte inoculation affect the responses of aspen seedlings to carbon dioxide enrichment?
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 33, s. 24-31
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Endophytes are microorganisms that live inside plants without causing visible symptoms, at least during some parts of their life cycle. We studied, for the first time, the combined effects of CO2 enrichment (700 ppm) and fungal endophyte inoculation on the growth, the concentrations of low-molecular weight phenolics, and condensed tannins of aspen (Populus tremula) seedlings. As expected, we found that the endophyte strain we inoculated was neutral to plant growth and was able to bypass major plant defences. In addition, CO2 enrichment alone boosted plant growth, but had only minor effects on plant phenolics. Neither did it affect the plant-endophyte relationship. Based on our findings, we suggest that the successful and asymptomatic colonization of endophytes that we found in aspen might be due to the endophytes' special attributes enabling them to thrive inside plant tissues and to avoid or counteract the plant's chemical defences.
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45.
  • Redr, Deanne, et al. (författare)
  • The mating type system of the rare polypore Hapalopilus croceus
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 45
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Hapalopilus croceus is a rare, wood-decay polypore associated with old coarse broadleaf trees, primarily Quercus. It is mainly distributed throughout the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere with its main distribution in Europe. Mating systems in fungi influence the probability of in- or outbreeding and may affect the species' fitness. We found the mating system of H. croceus to be bipolar by pairing 18 single spore isolates from one sporocarp. We discuss this finding from the perspective of H. croceus as a threatened species with a very small and fragmented current population associated with a declining habitat and globally red-listed as Vulnerable (VU). (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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46.
  • Romeralo, Carmen, et al. (författare)
  • Pine species determine fungal microbiome composition in a common garden experiment
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 56
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The factors shaping the composition of microbial communities in trees remain poorly understood. We evaluated whether the core and satellite fungal communities in five pine species (Pinus radiata, Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra, and Pinus uncinata) were shaped by the host species identity. Because the trees had earlier been inoculated with a fungal pathogen (Fusarium circinatum), we also explored the possibilities to detect its presence and potential co-occurrence networks. We found interspecific variation in the fungal community composition and abundance among the different tree species and the existence of a core microbiome that was independent of the host species. The presence of F. circinatum was confirmed in some samples through qPCR but the pathogen did not co-occur with a specific fungal community. The results highlight the importance of host species as a determinant of microbiome assembly in common environments.
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47.
  • Samils, Berit, et al. (författare)
  • Relationship and genetic structure among autoecious and heteroecious populations of Cronartium pini in northern Fennoscandia
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 50
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Epidemics of Scots pine blister rust, caused by Cronartium pini, have become an increasing problem in northern Finland and Sweden. The biology of the rust fungus is complex, with two different life cycle forms that cannot be morphologically distinguished, and it is unclear to what extent the two forms contribute to the epidemics. Genetic structure of fourteen populations of C. pini were investigated in Fennoscandia. Distinction between the two life cycle forms, a heteroecious and an autoecious one, was made by determining zygosity using microsatellite markers, and AFLP markers were developed to analyse population genetic relationships. The results showed that the two life cycle forms are clearly differentiated and occur in separate populations. Within the life cycle forms, geographic differentiation was evident, probably due to restricted gene flow as well as connection with different alternating hosts. The host-alternating form dominated in the epidemic regions in northern Fennoscandia. Implications for silvicultural practices are discussed. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
  •  
48.
  • Siddique, Abu Bakar, First research engineer, et al. (författare)
  • A cost-effective and efficient strategy for Illumina sequencing of fungal communities: A case study of beech endophytes identified elevation as main explanatory factor for diversity and community composition
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 20, s. 175-185
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We describe an accurate and efficient workflow for highly multiplexed paired-end Illumina sequencing of fungal full-length ITS amplicons. The impact of habitat and substratum conditions on leaf-inhabiting fungal communities was analysed. Fully vital and clearly senescent leaves of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) were sampled along an elevation gradient of about 1000 m in the Bavarian Alps, Germany, in autumn 2013. Surface-sterilised leaves were used for genomic DNA extraction, tagging-by-amplification and high-throughput sequencing. Significant correlation of community composition with elevation was observed. The mycobiome was little affected by the physiological state of the leaves, because only a partial shift of taxonomic composition was observed from vital towards clearly senescent leaves.
  •  
49.
  • Stephan, Jörg (författare)
  • Patterns of community composition and diversity in latent fungi of living Quercus serrata trunks across a range of oak wilt prevalence and climate variables in Japan
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 59
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Given that forest dieback due to emerging pests is increasing under global warming, understanding the relationships between pests, climate, and forest biodiversity is an urgent priority. In Japan, mass attacks of an ambrosia beetle, vectoring a pathogenic fungus, cause oak wilt outbreaks in recent decades. Here, the associations of oak wilt and climate with wood-inhabiting fungal communities in apparently healthy Quercus serrata trunks were investigated using DNA metabarcoding in seven sites along a climatic gradient in Japan. Amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 region generated 1,339,958 sequence reads containing 879 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in 234 wood samples. OTU compositions were significantly different between sites with and without oak wilt. OTU richness increased with temperature and precipitation at sites where oak wilt was present, but this relationship was not observed at sites without oak wilt, possibly due to interaction between oak wilt and climate.
  •  
50.
  • Strid, Ylva, et al. (författare)
  • Bark beetles have a decisive impact on fungal communities in Norway spruce stem sections
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 7, s. 47-58
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • To study the importance of insects in the establishment of fungi, stem sections of Norway spruce were placed in mature managed conifer forests in Southeast Sweden. After one or two flying seasons, fungal communities in wood, bark and bark beetle samples were analysed by molecular methods. Excluding insects from stem sections with cages had a significant effect on the fungal community. Small wounds made in the bark to mimic insect activity did not significantly alter the fungal community, indicating that physical holes as such only played a minor role for the insect interaction with the fungal community development. Several white rot species were significantly more abundant in stem sections with insect access and were also detected from bark beetle samples. This suggests that insects do contribute to the development of early fungal succession on dead wood, but that creating small disturbances in the bark only have a minor contributing effect. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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